1=============================================================================== 2= W e l c o m e t o t h e V I M T u t o r - Version 1.7 = 3=============================================================================== 4 5 Vim is a very powerful editor that has many commands, too many to 6 explain in a tutor such as this. This tutor is designed to describe 7 enough of the commands that you will be able to easily use Vim as 8 an all-purpose editor. 9 10 The approximate time required to complete the tutor is 25-30 minutes, 11 depending upon how much time is spent with experimentation. 12 13 ATTENTION: 14 The commands in the lessons will modify the text. Make a copy of this 15 file to practise on (if you started "vimtutor" this is already a copy). 16 17 It is important to remember that this tutor is set up to teach by 18 use. That means that you need to execute the commands to learn them 19 properly. If you only read the text, you will forget the commands! 20 21 Now, make sure that your Shift-Lock key is NOT depressed and press 22 the j key enough times to move the cursor so that Lesson 1.1 23 completely fills the screen. 24~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 25 Lesson 1.1: MOVING THE CURSOR 26 27 28 ** To move the cursor, press the h,j,k,l keys as indicated. ** 29 ^ 30 k Hint: The h key is at the left and moves left. 31 < h l > The l key is at the right and moves right. 32 j The j key looks like a down arrow. 33 v 34 1. Move the cursor around the screen until you are comfortable. 35 36 2. Hold down the down key (j) until it repeats. 37 Now you know how to move to the next lesson. 38 39 3. Using the down key, move to Lesson 1.2. 40 41NOTE: If you are ever unsure about something you typed, press <ESC> to place 42 you in Normal mode. Then retype the command you wanted. 43 44NOTE: The cursor keys should also work. But using hjkl you will be able to 45 move around much faster, once you get used to it. Really! 46 47~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 48 Lesson 1.2: EXITING VIM 49 50 51 !! NOTE: Before executing any of the steps below, read this entire lesson!! 52 53 1. Press the <ESC> key (to make sure you are in Normal mode). 54 55 2. Type: :q! <ENTER>. 56 This exits the editor, DISCARDING any changes you have made. 57 58 3. Get back here by executing the command that got you into this tutor. That 59 might be: vimtutor <ENTER> 60 61 4. If you have these steps memorized and are confident, execute steps 62 1 through 3 to exit and re-enter the editor. 63 64NOTE: :q! <ENTER> discards any changes you made. In a few lessons you 65 will learn how to save the changes to a file. 66 67 5. Move the cursor down to Lesson 1.3. 68 69 70~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 71 Lesson 1.3: TEXT EDITING - DELETION 72 73 74 ** Press x to delete the character under the cursor. ** 75 76 1. Move the cursor to the line below marked --->. 77 78 2. To fix the errors, move the cursor until it is on top of the 79 character to be deleted. 80 81 3. Press the x key to delete the unwanted character. 82 83 4. Repeat steps 2 through 4 until the sentence is correct. 84 85---> The ccow jumpedd ovverr thhe mooon. 86 87 5. Now that the line is correct, go on to Lesson 1.4. 88 89NOTE: As you go through this tutor, do not try to memorize, learn by usage. 90 91 92 93~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 94 Lesson 1.4: TEXT EDITING - INSERTION 95 96 97 ** Press i to insert text. ** 98 99 1. Move the cursor to the first line below marked --->. 100 101 2. To make the first line the same as the second, move the cursor on top 102 of the first character AFTER where the text is to be inserted. 103 104 3. Press i and type in the necessary additions. 105 106 4. As each error is fixed press <ESC> to return to Normal mode. 107 Repeat steps 2 through 4 to correct the sentence. 108 109---> There is text misng this . 110---> There is some text missing from this line. 111 112 5. When you are comfortable inserting text move to lesson 1.5. 113 114 115 116~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 117 Lesson 1.5: TEXT EDITING - APPENDING 118 119 120 ** Press A to append text. ** 121 122 1. Move the cursor to the first line below marked --->. 123 It does not matter on what character the cursor is in that line. 124 125 2. Press A and type in the necessary additions. 126 127 3. As the text has been appended press <ESC> to return to Normal mode. 128 129 4. Move the cursor to the second line marked ---> and repeat 130 steps 2 and 3 to correct this sentence. 131 132---> There is some text missing from th 133 There is some text missing from this line. 134---> There is also some text miss 135 There is also some text missing here. 136 137 5. When you are comfortable appending text move to lesson 1.6. 138 139~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 140 Lesson 1.6: EDITING A FILE 141 142 ** Use :wq to save a file and exit. ** 143 144 !! NOTE: Before executing any of the steps below, read this entire lesson!! 145 146 1. Exit this tutor as you did in lesson 1.2: :q! 147 Or, if you have access to another terminal, do the following there. 148 149 2. At the shell prompt type this command: vim tutor <ENTER> 150 'vim' is the command to start the Vim editor, 'tutor' is the name of the 151 file you wish to edit. Use a file that may be changed. 152 153 3. Insert and delete text as you learned in the previous lessons. 154 155 4. Save the file with changes and exit Vim with: :wq <ENTER> 156 157 5. If you have quit vimtutor in step 1 restart the vimtutor and move down to 158 the following summary. 159 160 6. After reading the above steps and understanding them: do it. 161 162~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 163 Lesson 1 SUMMARY 164 165 166 1. The cursor is moved using either the arrow keys or the hjkl keys. 167 h (left) j (down) k (up) l (right) 168 169 2. To start Vim from the shell prompt type: vim FILENAME <ENTER> 170 171 3. To exit Vim type: <ESC> :q! <ENTER> to trash all changes. 172 OR type: <ESC> :wq <ENTER> to save the changes. 173 174 4. To delete the character at the cursor type: x 175 176 5. To insert or append text type: 177 i type inserted text <ESC> insert before the cursor 178 A type appended text <ESC> append after the line 179 180NOTE: Pressing <ESC> will place you in Normal mode or will cancel 181 an unwanted and partially completed command. 182 183Now continue with Lesson 2. 184 185~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 186 Lesson 2.1: DELETION COMMANDS 187 188 189 ** Type dw to delete a word. ** 190 191 1. Press <ESC> to make sure you are in Normal mode. 192 193 2. Move the cursor to the line below marked --->. 194 195 3. Move the cursor to the beginning of a word that needs to be deleted. 196 197 4. Type dw to make the word disappear. 198 199 NOTE: The letter d will appear on the last line of the screen as you type 200 it. Vim is waiting for you to type w . If you see another character 201 than d you typed something wrong; press <ESC> and start over. 202 203---> There are a some words fun that don't belong paper in this sentence. 204 205 5. Repeat steps 3 and 4 until the sentence is correct and go to Lesson 2.2. 206 207 208~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 209 Lesson 2.2: MORE DELETION COMMANDS 210 211 212 ** Type d$ to delete to the end of the line. ** 213 214 1. Press <ESC> to make sure you are in Normal mode. 215 216 2. Move the cursor to the line below marked --->. 217 218 3. Move the cursor to the end of the correct line (AFTER the first . ). 219 220 4. Type d$ to delete to the end of the line. 221 222---> Somebody typed the end of this line twice. end of this line twice. 223 224 225 5. Move on to Lesson 2.3 to understand what is happening. 226 227 228 229 230 231~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 232 Lesson 2.3: ON OPERATORS AND MOTIONS 233 234 235 Many commands that change text are made from an operator and a motion. 236 The format for a delete command with the d delete operator is as follows: 237 238 d motion 239 240 Where: 241 d - is the delete operator. 242 motion - is what the operator will operate on (listed below). 243 244 A short list of motions: 245 w - until the start of the next word, EXCLUDING its first character. 246 e - to the end of the current word, INCLUDING the last character. 247 $ - to the end of the line, INCLUDING the last character. 248 249 Thus typing de will delete from the cursor to the end of the word. 250 251NOTE: Pressing just the motion while in Normal mode without an operator will 252 move the cursor as specified. 253 254~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 255 Lesson 2.4: USING A COUNT FOR A MOTION 256 257 258 ** Typing a number before a motion repeats it that many times. ** 259 260 1. Move the cursor to the start of the line marked ---> below. 261 262 2. Type 2w to move the cursor two words forward. 263 264 3. Type 3e to move the cursor to the end of the third word forward. 265 266 4. Type 0 (zero) to move to the start of the line. 267 268 5. Repeat steps 2 and 3 with different numbers. 269 270---> This is just a line with words you can move around in. 271 272 6. Move on to Lesson 2.5. 273 274 275 276 277~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 278 Lesson 2.5: USING A COUNT TO DELETE MORE 279 280 281 ** Typing a number with an operator repeats it that many times. ** 282 283 In the combination of the delete operator and a motion mentioned above you 284 insert a count before the motion to delete more: 285 d number motion 286 287 1. Move the cursor to the first UPPER CASE word in the line marked --->. 288 289 2. Type d2w to delete the two UPPER CASE words 290 291 3. Repeat steps 1 and 2 with a different count to delete the consecutive 292 UPPER CASE words with one command 293 294---> this ABC DE line FGHI JK LMN OP of words is Q RS TUV cleaned up. 295 296 297 298 299 300~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 301 Lesson 2.6: OPERATING ON LINES 302 303 304 ** Type dd to delete a whole line. ** 305 306 Due to the frequency of whole line deletion, the designers of Vi decided 307 it would be easier to simply type two d's to delete a line. 308 309 1. Move the cursor to the second line in the phrase below. 310 2. Type dd to delete the line. 311 3. Now move to the fourth line. 312 4. Type 2dd to delete two lines. 313 314---> 1) Roses are red, 315---> 2) Mud is fun, 316---> 3) Violets are blue, 317---> 4) I have a car, 318---> 5) Clocks tell time, 319---> 6) Sugar is sweet 320---> 7) And so are you. 321 322 323~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 324 Lesson 2.7: THE UNDO COMMAND 325 326 327 ** Press u to undo the last commands, U to fix a whole line. ** 328 329 1. Move the cursor to the line below marked ---> and place it on the 330 first error. 331 2. Type x to delete the first unwanted character. 332 3. Now type u to undo the last command executed. 333 4. This time fix all the errors on the line using the x command. 334 5. Now type a capital U to return the line to its original state. 335 6. Now type u a few times to undo the U and preceding commands. 336 7. Now type CTRL-R (keeping CTRL key pressed while hitting R) a few times 337 to redo the commands (undo the undo's). 338 339---> Fiix the errors oon thhis line and reeplace them witth undo. 340 341 8. These are very useful commands. Now move on to the Lesson 2 Summary. 342 343 344 345 346~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 347 Lesson 2 SUMMARY 348 349 350 1. To delete from the cursor up to the next word type: dw 351 2. To delete from the cursor to the end of a line type: d$ 352 3. To delete a whole line type: dd 353 354 4. To repeat a motion prepend it with a number: 2w 355 5. The format for a change command is: 356 operator [number] motion 357 where: 358 operator - is what to do, such as d for delete 359 [number] - is an optional count to repeat the motion 360 motion - moves over the text to operate on, such as w (word), 361 $ (to the end of line), etc. 362 363 6. To move to the start of the line use a zero: 0 364 365 7. To undo previous actions, type: u (lowercase u) 366 To undo all the changes on a line, type: U (capital U) 367 To undo the undo's, type: CTRL-R 368 369~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 370 Lesson 3.1: THE PUT COMMAND 371 372 373 ** Type p to put previously deleted text after the cursor. ** 374 375 1. Move the cursor to the first ---> line below. 376 377 2. Type dd to delete the line and store it in a Vim register. 378 379 3. Move the cursor to the c) line, ABOVE where the deleted line should go. 380 381 4. Type p to put the line below the cursor. 382 383 5. Repeat steps 2 through 4 to put all the lines in correct order. 384 385---> d) Can you learn too? 386---> b) Violets are blue, 387---> c) Intelligence is learned, 388---> a) Roses are red, 389 390 391 392~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 393 Lesson 3.2: THE REPLACE COMMAND 394 395 396 ** Type rx to replace the character at the cursor with x . ** 397 398 1. Move the cursor to the first line below marked --->. 399 400 2. Move the cursor so that it is on top of the first error. 401 402 3. Type r and then the character which should be there. 403 404 4. Repeat steps 2 and 3 until the first line is equal to the second one. 405 406---> Whan this lime was tuoed in, someone presswd some wrojg keys! 407---> When this line was typed in, someone pressed some wrong keys! 408 409 5. Now move on to Lesson 3.3. 410 411NOTE: Remember that you should be learning by doing, not memorization. 412 413 414 415~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 416 Lesson 3.3: THE CHANGE OPERATOR 417 418 419 ** To change until the end of a word, type ce . ** 420 421 1. Move the cursor to the first line below marked --->. 422 423 2. Place the cursor on the u in lubw. 424 425 3. Type ce and the correct word (in this case, type ine ). 426 427 4. Press <ESC> and move to the next character that needs to be changed. 428 429 5. Repeat steps 3 and 4 until the first sentence is the same as the second. 430 431---> This lubw has a few wptfd that mrrf changing usf the change operator. 432---> This line has a few words that need changing using the change operator. 433 434Notice that ce deletes the word and places you in Insert mode. 435 436 437 438~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 439 Lesson 3.4: MORE CHANGES USING c 440 441 442 ** The change operator is used with the same motions as delete. ** 443 444 1. The change operator works in the same way as delete. The format is: 445 446 c [number] motion 447 448 2. The motions are the same, such as w (word) and $ (end of line). 449 450 3. Move to the first line below marked --->. 451 452 4. Move the cursor to the first error. 453 454 5. Type c$ and type the rest of the line like the second and press <ESC>. 455 456---> The end of this line needs some help to make it like the second. 457---> The end of this line needs to be corrected using the c$ command. 458 459NOTE: You can use the Backspace key to correct mistakes while typing. 460 461~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 462 Lesson 3 SUMMARY 463 464 465 1. To put back text that has just been deleted, type p . This puts the 466 deleted text AFTER the cursor (if a line was deleted it will go on the 467 line below the cursor). 468 469 2. To replace the character under the cursor, type r and then the 470 character you want to have there. 471 472 3. The change operator allows you to change from the cursor to where the 473 motion takes you. eg. Type ce to change from the cursor to the end of 474 the word, c$ to change to the end of a line. 475 476 4. The format for change is: 477 478 c [number] motion 479 480Now go on to the next lesson. 481 482 483 484~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 485 Lesson 4.1: CURSOR LOCATION AND FILE STATUS 486 487 ** Type CTRL-G to show your location in the file and the file status. 488 Type G to move to a line in the file. ** 489 490 NOTE: Read this entire lesson before executing any of the steps!! 491 492 1. Hold down the Ctrl key and press g . We call this CTRL-G. 493 A message will appear at the bottom of the page with the filename and the 494 position in the file. Remember the line number for Step 3. 495 496NOTE: You may see the cursor position in the lower right corner of the screen 497 This happens when the 'ruler' option is set (see :help 'ruler' ) 498 499 2. Press G to move you to the bottom of the file. 500 Type gg to move you to the start of the file. 501 502 3. Type the number of the line you were on and then G . This will 503 return you to the line you were on when you first pressed CTRL-G. 504 505 4. If you feel confident to do this, execute steps 1 through 3. 506 507~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 508 Lesson 4.2: THE SEARCH COMMAND 509 510 511 ** Type / followed by a phrase to search for the phrase. ** 512 513 1. In Normal mode type the / character. Notice that it and the cursor 514 appear at the bottom of the screen as with the : command. 515 516 2. Now type 'errroor' <ENTER>. This is the word you want to search for. 517 518 3. To search for the same phrase again, simply type n . 519 To search for the same phrase in the opposite direction, type N . 520 521 4. To search for a phrase in the backward direction, use ? instead of / . 522 523 5. To go back to where you came from press CTRL-O (Keep Ctrl down while 524 pressing the letter o). Repeat to go back further. CTRL-I goes forward. 525 526---> "errroor" is not the way to spell error; errroor is an error. 527NOTE: When the search reaches the end of the file it will continue at the 528 start, unless the 'wrapscan' option has been reset. 529 530~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 531 Lesson 4.3: MATCHING PARENTHESES SEARCH 532 533 534 ** Type % to find a matching ),], or } . ** 535 536 1. Place the cursor on any (, [, or { in the line below marked --->. 537 538 2. Now type the % character. 539 540 3. The cursor will move to the matching parenthesis or bracket. 541 542 4. Type % to move the cursor to the other matching bracket. 543 544 5. Move the cursor to another (,),[,],{ or } and see what % does. 545 546---> This ( is a test line with ('s, ['s ] and {'s } in it. )) 547 548 549NOTE: This is very useful in debugging a program with unmatched parentheses! 550 551 552 553~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 554 Lesson 4.4: THE SUBSTITUTE COMMAND 555 556 557 ** Type :s/old/new/g to substitute 'new' for 'old'. ** 558 559 1. Move the cursor to the line below marked --->. 560 561 2. Type :s/thee/the <ENTER> . Note that this command only changes the 562 first occurrence of "thee" in the line. 563 564 3. Now type :s/thee/the/g . Adding the g flag means to substitute 565 globally in the line, change all occurrences of "thee" in the line. 566 567---> thee best time to see thee flowers is in thee spring. 568 569 4. To change every occurrence of a character string between two lines, 570 type :#,#s/old/new/g where #,# are the line numbers of the range 571 of lines where the substitution is to be done. 572 Type :%s/old/new/g to change every occurrence in the whole file. 573 Type :%s/old/new/gc to find every occurrence in the whole file, 574 with a prompt whether to substitute or not. 575 576~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 577 Lesson 4 SUMMARY 578 579 580 1. CTRL-G displays your location in the file and the file status. 581 G moves to the end of the file. 582 number G moves to that line number. 583 gg moves to the first line. 584 585 2. Typing / followed by a phrase searches FORWARD for the phrase. 586 Typing ? followed by a phrase searches BACKWARD for the phrase. 587 After a search type n to find the next occurrence in the same direction 588 or N to search in the opposite direction. 589 CTRL-O takes you back to older positions, CTRL-I to newer positions. 590 591 3. Typing % while the cursor is on a (,),[,],{, or } goes to its match. 592 593 4. To substitute new for the first old in a line type :s/old/new 594 To substitute new for all 'old's on a line type :s/old/new/g 595 To substitute phrases between two line #'s type :#,#s/old/new/g 596 To substitute all occurrences in the file type :%s/old/new/g 597 To ask for confirmation each time add 'c' :%s/old/new/gc 598 599~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 600 Lesson 5.1: HOW TO EXECUTE AN EXTERNAL COMMAND 601 602 603 ** Type :! followed by an external command to execute that command. ** 604 605 1. Type the familiar command : to set the cursor at the bottom of the 606 screen. This allows you to enter a command-line command. 607 608 2. Now type the ! (exclamation point) character. This allows you to 609 execute any external shell command. 610 611 3. As an example type ls following the ! and then hit <ENTER>. This 612 will show you a listing of your directory, just as if you were at the 613 shell prompt. Or use :!dir if ls doesn't work. 614 615NOTE: It is possible to execute any external command this way, also with 616 arguments. 617 618NOTE: All : commands must be finished by hitting <ENTER> 619 From here on we will not always mention it. 620 621 622~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 623 Lesson 5.2: MORE ON WRITING FILES 624 625 626 ** To save the changes made to the text, type :w FILENAME. ** 627 628 1. Type :!dir or :!ls to get a listing of your directory. 629 You already know you must hit <ENTER> after this. 630 631 2. Choose a filename that does not exist yet, such as TEST. 632 633 3. Now type: :w TEST (where TEST is the filename you chose.) 634 635 4. This saves the whole file (the Vim Tutor) under the name TEST. 636 To verify this, type :!dir or :!ls again to see your directory. 637 638NOTE: If you were to exit Vim and start it again with vim TEST , the file 639 would be an exact copy of the tutor when you saved it. 640 641 5. Now remove the file by typing (MS-DOS): :!del TEST 642 or (Unix): :!rm TEST 643 644 645~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 646 Lesson 5.3: SELECTING TEXT TO WRITE 647 648 649 ** To save part of the file, type v motion :w FILENAME ** 650 651 1. Move the cursor to this line. 652 653 2. Press v and move the cursor to the fifth item below. Notice that the 654 text is highlighted. 655 656 3. Press the : character. At the bottom of the screen :'<,'> will appear. 657 658 4. Type w TEST , where TEST is a filename that does not exist yet. Verify 659 that you see :'<,'>w TEST before you press <ENTER>. 660 661 5. Vim will write the selected lines to the file TEST. Use :!dir or :!ls 662 to see it. Do not remove it yet! We will use it in the next lesson. 663 664NOTE: Pressing v starts Visual selection. You can move the cursor around 665 to make the selection bigger or smaller. Then you can use an operator 666 to do something with the text. For example, d deletes the text. 667 668~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 669 Lesson 5.4: RETRIEVING AND MERGING FILES 670 671 672 ** To insert the contents of a file, type :r FILENAME ** 673 674 1. Place the cursor just above this line. 675 676NOTE: After executing Step 2 you will see text from Lesson 5.3. Then move 677 DOWN to see this lesson again. 678 679 2. Now retrieve your TEST file using the command :r TEST where TEST is 680 the name of the file you used. 681 The file you retrieve is placed below the cursor line. 682 683 3. To verify that a file was retrieved, cursor back and notice that there 684 are now two copies of Lesson 5.3, the original and the file version. 685 686NOTE: You can also read the output of an external command. For example, 687 :r !ls reads the output of the ls command and puts it below the 688 cursor. 689 690 691~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 692 Lesson 5 SUMMARY 693 694 695 1. :!command executes an external command. 696 697 Some useful examples are: 698 (MS-DOS) (Unix) 699 :!dir :!ls - shows a directory listing. 700 :!del FILENAME :!rm FILENAME - removes file FILENAME. 701 702 2. :w FILENAME writes the current Vim file to disk with name FILENAME. 703 704 3. v motion :w FILENAME saves the Visually selected lines in file 705 FILENAME. 706 707 4. :r FILENAME retrieves disk file FILENAME and puts it below the 708 cursor position. 709 710 5. :r !dir reads the output of the dir command and puts it below the 711 cursor position. 712 713 714~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 715 Lesson 6.1: THE OPEN COMMAND 716 717 718 ** Type o to open a line below the cursor and place you in Insert mode. ** 719 720 1. Move the cursor to the line below marked --->. 721 722 2. Type the lowercase letter o to open up a line BELOW the cursor and place 723 you in Insert mode. 724 725 3. Now type some text and press <ESC> to exit Insert mode. 726 727---> After typing o the cursor is placed on the open line in Insert mode. 728 729 4. To open up a line ABOVE the cursor, simply type a capital O , rather 730 than a lowercase o. Try this on the line below. 731 732---> Open up a line above this by typing O while the cursor is on this line. 733 734 735 736 737~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 738 Lesson 6.2: THE APPEND COMMAND 739 740 741 ** Type a to insert text AFTER the cursor. ** 742 743 1. Move the cursor to the start of the line below marked --->. 744 745 2. Press e until the cursor is on the end of li . 746 747 3. Type an a (lowercase) to append text AFTER the cursor. 748 749 4. Complete the word like the line below it. Press <ESC> to exit Insert 750 mode. 751 752 5. Use e to move to the next incomplete word and repeat steps 3 and 4. 753 754---> This li will allow you to pract appendi text to a line. 755---> This line will allow you to practice appending text to a line. 756 757NOTE: a, i and A all go to the same Insert mode, the only difference is where 758 the characters are inserted. 759 760~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 761 Lesson 6.3: ANOTHER WAY TO REPLACE 762 763 764 ** Type a capital R to replace more than one character. ** 765 766 1. Move the cursor to the first line below marked --->. Move the cursor to 767 the beginning of the first xxx . 768 769 2. Now press R and type the number below it in the second line, so that it 770 replaces the xxx . 771 772 3. Press <ESC> to leave Replace mode. Notice that the rest of the line 773 remains unmodified. 774 775 4. Repeat the steps to replace the remaining xxx. 776 777---> Adding 123 to xxx gives you xxx. 778---> Adding 123 to 456 gives you 579. 779 780NOTE: Replace mode is like Insert mode, but every typed character deletes an 781 existing character. 782 783~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 784 Lesson 6.4: COPY AND PASTE TEXT 785 786 787 ** Use the y operator to copy text and p to paste it ** 788 789 1. Go to the line marked with ---> below and place the cursor after "a)". 790 791 2. Start Visual mode with v and move the cursor to just before "first". 792 793 3. Type y to yank (copy) the highlighted text. 794 795 4. Move the cursor to the end of the next line: j$ 796 797 5. Type p to put (paste) the text. Then type: a second <ESC> . 798 799 6. Use Visual mode to select " item.", yank it with y , move to the end of 800 the next line with j$ and put the text there with p . 801 802---> a) this is the first item. 803 b) 804 805 NOTE: you can also use y as an operator; yw yanks one word. 806~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 807 Lesson 6.5: SET OPTION 808 809 810 ** Set an option so a search or substitute ignores case ** 811 812 1. Search for 'ignore' by entering: /ignore <ENTER> 813 Repeat several times by pressing n . 814 815 2. Set the 'ic' (Ignore case) option by entering: :set ic 816 817 3. Now search for 'ignore' again by pressing n 818 Notice that Ignore and IGNORE are now also found. 819 820 4. Set the 'hlsearch' and 'incsearch' options: :set hls is 821 822 5. Now type the search command again and see what happens: /ignore <ENTER> 823 824 6. To disable ignoring case enter: :set noic 825 826NOTE: To remove the highlighting of matches enter: :nohlsearch 827NOTE: If you want to ignore case for just one search command, use \c 828 in the phrase: /ignore\c <ENTER> 829~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 830 Lesson 6 SUMMARY 831 832 1. Type o to open a line BELOW the cursor and start Insert mode. 833 Type O to open a line ABOVE the cursor. 834 835 2. Type a to insert text AFTER the cursor. 836 Type A to insert text after the end of the line. 837 838 3. The e command moves to the end of a word. 839 840 4. The y operator yanks (copies) text, p puts (pastes) it. 841 842 5. Typing a capital R enters Replace mode until <ESC> is pressed. 843 844 6. Typing ":set xxx" sets the option "xxx". Some options are: 845 'ic' 'ignorecase' ignore upper/lower case when searching 846 'is' 'incsearch' show partial matches for a search phrase 847 'hls' 'hlsearch' highlight all matching phrases 848 You can either use the long or the short option name. 849 850 7. Prepend "no" to switch an option off: :set noic 851 852~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 853 Lesson 7.1: GETTING HELP 854 855 856 ** Use the on-line help system ** 857 858 Vim has a comprehensive on-line help system. To get started, try one of 859 these three: 860 - press the <HELP> key (if you have one) 861 - press the <F1> key (if you have one) 862 - type :help <ENTER> 863 864 Read the text in the help window to find out how the help works. 865 Type CTRL-W CTRL-W to jump from one window to another. 866 Type :q <ENTER> to close the help window. 867 868 You can find help on just about any subject, by giving an argument to the 869 ":help" command. Try these (don't forget pressing <ENTER>): 870 871 :help w 872 :help c_CTRL-D 873 :help insert-index 874 :help user-manual 875~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 876 Lesson 7.2: CREATE A STARTUP SCRIPT 877 878 879 ** Enable Vim features ** 880 881 Vim has many more features than Vi, but most of them are disabled by 882 default. To start using more features you have to create a "vimrc" file. 883 884 1. Start editing the "vimrc" file. This depends on your system: 885 :e ~/.vimrc for Unix 886 :e $VIM/_vimrc for MS-Windows 887 888 2. Now read the example "vimrc" file contents: 889 :r $VIMRUNTIME/vimrc_example.vim 890 891 3. Write the file with: 892 :w 893 894 The next time you start Vim it will use syntax highlighting. 895 You can add all your preferred settings to this "vimrc" file. 896 For more information type :help vimrc-intro 897 898~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 899 Lesson 7.3: COMPLETION 900 901 902 ** Command line completion with CTRL-D and <TAB> ** 903 904 1. Make sure Vim is not in compatible mode: :set nocp 905 906 2. Look what files exist in the directory: :!ls or :!dir 907 908 3. Type the start of a command: :e 909 910 4. Press CTRL-D and Vim will show a list of commands that start with "e". 911 912 5. Press <TAB> and Vim will complete the command name to ":edit". 913 914 6. Now add a space and the start of an existing file name: :edit FIL 915 916 7. Press <TAB>. Vim will complete the name (if it is unique). 917 918NOTE: Completion works for many commands. Just try pressing CTRL-D and 919 <TAB>. It is especially useful for :help . 920 921~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 922 Lesson 7 SUMMARY 923 924 925 1. Type :help or press <F1> or <Help> to open a help window. 926 927 2. Type :help cmd to find help on cmd . 928 929 3. Type CTRL-W CTRL-W to jump to another window 930 931 4. Type :q to close the help window 932 933 5. Create a vimrc startup script to keep your preferred settings. 934 935 6. When typing a : command, press CTRL-D to see possible completions. 936 Press <TAB> to use one completion. 937 938 939 940 941 942 943 944~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 945 946 This concludes the Vim Tutor. It was intended to give a brief overview of 947 the Vim editor, just enough to allow you to use the editor fairly easily. 948 It is far from complete as Vim has many many more commands. Read the user 949 manual next: ":help user-manual". 950 951 For further reading and studying, this book is recommended: 952 Vim - Vi Improved - by Steve Oualline 953 Publisher: New Riders 954 The first book completely dedicated to Vim. Especially useful for beginners. 955 There are many examples and pictures. 956 See http://iccf-holland.org/click5.html 957 958 This book is older and more about Vi than Vim, but also recommended: 959 Learning the Vi Editor - by Linda Lamb 960 Publisher: O'Reilly & Associates Inc. 961 It is a good book to get to know almost anything you want to do with Vi. 962 The sixth edition also includes information on Vim. 963 964 This tutorial was written by Michael C. Pierce and Robert K. Ware, 965 Colorado School of Mines using ideas supplied by Charles Smith, 966 Colorado State University. E-mail: [email protected]. 967 968 Modified for Vim by Bram Moolenaar. 969 970~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 971