1=============================================================================== 2= W e l c o m e t o t h e V I M T u t o r - Version 1.7 = 3=============================================================================== 4 5 Vim is a very powerful editor that has many commands, too many to 6 explain in a tutor such as this. This tutor is designed to describe 7 enough of the commands that you will be able to easily use Vim as 8 an all-purpose editor. 9 10 The approximate time required to complete the tutor is 30 minutes, 11 depending upon how much time is spent with experimentation. 12 13 ATTENTION: 14 The commands in the lessons will modify the text. Make a copy of this 15 file to practice on (if you started "vimtutor" this is already a copy). 16 17 It is important to remember that this tutor is set up to teach by 18 use. That means that you need to execute the commands to learn them 19 properly. If you only read the text, you will forget the commands! 20 21 Now, make sure that your Caps-Lock key is NOT depressed and press 22 the j key enough times to move the cursor so that lesson 1.1 23 completely fills the screen. 24~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 25 Lesson 1.1: MOVING THE CURSOR 26 27 28 ** To move the cursor, press the h,j,k,l keys as indicated. ** 29 ^ 30 k Hint: The h key is at the left and moves left. 31 < h l > The l key is at the right and moves right. 32 j The j key looks like a down arrow. 33 v 34 1. Move the cursor around the screen until you are comfortable. 35 36 2. Hold down the down key (j) until it repeats. 37 Now you know how to move to the next lesson. 38 39 3. Using the down key, move to lesson 1.2. 40 41NOTE: If you are ever unsure about something you typed, press <ESC> to place 42 you in Normal mode. Then retype the command you wanted. 43 44NOTE: The cursor keys should also work. But using hjkl you will be able to 45 move around much faster, once you get used to it. Really! 46 47~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 48 Lesson 1.2: EXITING VIM 49 50 51 !! NOTE: Before executing any of the steps below, read this entire lesson!! 52 53 1. Press the <ESC> key (to make sure you are in Normal mode). 54 55 2. Type: :q! <ENTER>. 56 This exits the editor, DISCARDING any changes you have made. 57 58 3. Get back here by executing the command that got you into this tutor. That 59 might be: vimtutor <ENTER> 60 61 4. If you have these steps memorized and are confident, execute steps 62 1 through 3 to exit and re-enter the editor. 63 64NOTE: :q! <ENTER> discards any changes you made. In a few lessons you 65 will learn how to save the changes to a file. 66 67 5. Move the cursor down to lesson 1.3. 68 69 70~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 71 Lesson 1.3: TEXT EDITING - DELETION 72 73 74 ** Press x to delete the character under the cursor. ** 75 76 1. Move the cursor to the line below marked --->. 77 78 2. To fix the errors, move the cursor until it is on top of the 79 character to be deleted. 80 81 3. Press the x key to delete the unwanted character. 82 83 4. Repeat steps 2 through 4 until the sentence is correct. 84 85---> The ccow jumpedd ovverr thhe mooon. 86 87 5. Now that the line is correct, go on to lesson 1.4. 88 89NOTE: As you go through this tutor, do not try to memorize, learn by usage. 90 91 92 93~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 94 Lesson 1.4: TEXT EDITING - INSERTION 95 96 97 ** Press i to insert text. ** 98 99 1. Move the cursor to the first line below marked --->. 100 101 2. To make the first line the same as the second, move the cursor on top 102 of the character BEFORE which the text is to be inserted. 103 104 3. Press i and type in the necessary additions. 105 106 4. As each error is fixed press <ESC> to return to Normal mode. 107 Repeat steps 2 through 4 to correct the sentence. 108 109---> There is text misng this . 110---> There is some text missing from this line. 111 112 5. When you are comfortable inserting text move to lesson 1.5. 113 114 115 116~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 117 Lesson 1.5: TEXT EDITING - APPENDING 118 119 120 ** Press A to append text. ** 121 122 1. Move the cursor to the first line below marked --->. 123 It does not matter on what character the cursor is in that line. 124 125 2. Press A and type in the necessary additions. 126 127 3. As the text has been appended press <ESC> to return to Normal mode. 128 129 4. Move the cursor to the second line marked ---> and repeat 130 steps 2 and 3 to correct this sentence. 131 132---> There is some text missing from th 133 There is some text missing from this line. 134---> There is also some text miss 135 There is also some text missing here. 136 137 5. When you are comfortable appending text move to lesson 1.6. 138 139~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 140 Lesson 1.6: EDITING A FILE 141 142 ** Use :wq to save a file and exit. ** 143 144 !! NOTE: Before executing any of the steps below, read this entire lesson!! 145 146 1. If you have access to another terminal, do the following there. 147 Otherwise, exit this tutor as you did in lesson 1.2: :q! 148 149 2. At the shell prompt type this command: vim file.txt <ENTER> 150 'vim' is the command to start the Vim editor, 'file.txt' is the name of 151 the file you wish to edit. Use the name of a file that you can change. 152 153 3. Insert and delete text as you learned in the previous lessons. 154 155 4. Save the file with changes and exit Vim with: :wq <ENTER> 156 157 5. If you have quit vimtutor in step 1 restart the vimtutor and move down to 158 the following summary. 159 160 6. After reading the above steps and understanding them: do it. 161 162~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 163 Lesson 1 SUMMARY 164 165 166 1. The cursor is moved using either the arrow keys or the hjkl keys. 167 h (left) j (down) k (up) l (right) 168 169 2. To start Vim from the shell prompt type: vim FILENAME <ENTER> 170 171 3. To exit Vim type: <ESC> :q! <ENTER> to trash all changes. 172 OR type: <ESC> :wq <ENTER> to save the changes. 173 174 4. To delete the character at the cursor type: x 175 176 5. To insert or append text type: 177 i type inserted text <ESC> insert before the cursor 178 A type appended text <ESC> append after the line 179 180NOTE: Pressing <ESC> will place you in Normal mode or will cancel 181 an unwanted and partially completed command. 182 183Now continue with lesson 2. 184 185~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 186 Lesson 2.1: DELETION COMMANDS 187 188 189 ** Type dw to delete a word. ** 190 191 1. Press <ESC> to make sure you are in Normal mode. 192 193 2. Move the cursor to the line below marked --->. 194 195 3. Move the cursor to the beginning of a word that needs to be deleted. 196 197 4. Type dw to make the word disappear. 198 199 NOTE: The letter d will appear on the last line of the screen as you type 200 it. Vim is waiting for you to type w . If you see another character 201 than d you typed something wrong; press <ESC> and start over. 202 203---> There are a some words fun that don't belong paper in this sentence. 204 205 5. Repeat steps 3 and 4 until the sentence is correct and go to lesson 2.2. 206 207 208~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 209 Lesson 2.2: MORE DELETION COMMANDS 210 211 212 ** Type d$ to delete to the end of the line. ** 213 214 1. Press <ESC> to make sure you are in Normal mode. 215 216 2. Move the cursor to the line below marked --->. 217 218 3. Move the cursor to the end of the correct line (AFTER the first . ). 219 220 4. Type d$ to delete to the end of the line. 221 222---> Somebody typed the end of this line twice. end of this line twice. 223 224 225 5. Move on to lesson 2.3 to understand what is happening. 226 227 228 229 230 231~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 232 Lesson 2.3: ON OPERATORS AND MOTIONS 233 234 235 Many commands that change text are made from an operator and a motion. 236 The format for a delete command with the d delete operator is as follows: 237 238 d motion 239 240 Where: 241 d - is the delete operator. 242 motion - is what the operator will operate on (listed below). 243 244 A short list of motions: 245 w - until the start of the next word, EXCLUDING its first character. 246 e - to the end of the current word, INCLUDING the last character. 247 $ - to the end of the line, INCLUDING the last character. 248 249 Thus typing de will delete from the cursor to the end of the word. 250 251NOTE: Pressing just the motion while in Normal mode without an operator will 252 move the cursor as specified. 253 254~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 255 Lesson 2.4: USING A COUNT FOR A MOTION 256 257 258 ** Typing a number before a motion repeats it that many times. ** 259 260 1. Move the cursor to the start of the line below marked --->. 261 262 2. Type 2w to move the cursor two words forward. 263 264 3. Type 3e to move the cursor to the end of the third word forward. 265 266 4. Type 0 (zero) to move to the start of the line. 267 268 5. Repeat steps 2 and 3 with different numbers. 269 270---> This is just a line with words you can move around in. 271 272 6. Move on to lesson 2.5. 273 274 275 276 277~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 278 Lesson 2.5: USING A COUNT TO DELETE MORE 279 280 281 ** Typing a number with an operator repeats it that many times. ** 282 283 In the combination of the delete operator and a motion mentioned above you 284 insert a count before the motion to delete more: 285 d number motion 286 287 1. Move the cursor to the first UPPER CASE word in the line marked --->. 288 289 2. Type d2w to delete the two UPPER CASE words. 290 291 3. Repeat steps 1 and 2 with a different count to delete the consecutive 292 UPPER CASE words with one command. 293 294---> this ABC DE line FGHI JK LMN OP of words is Q RS TUV cleaned up. 295 296 297 298 299 300~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 301 Lesson 2.6: OPERATING ON LINES 302 303 304 ** Type dd to delete a whole line. ** 305 306 Due to the frequency of whole line deletion, the designers of Vi decided 307 it would be easier to simply type two d's to delete a line. 308 309 1. Move the cursor to the second line in the phrase below. 310 2. Type dd to delete the line. 311 3. Now move to the fourth line. 312 4. Type 2dd to delete two lines. 313 314---> 1) Roses are red, 315---> 2) Mud is fun, 316---> 3) Violets are blue, 317---> 4) I have a car, 318---> 5) Clocks tell time, 319---> 6) Sugar is sweet 320---> 7) And so are you. 321 322Doubling to operate on a line also works for operators mentioned below. 323 324~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 325 Lesson 2.7: THE UNDO COMMAND 326 327 328 ** Press u to undo the last commands, U to fix a whole line. ** 329 330 1. Move the cursor to the line below marked ---> and place it on the 331 first error. 332 2. Type x to delete the first unwanted character. 333 3. Now type u to undo the last command executed. 334 4. This time fix all the errors on the line using the x command. 335 5. Now type a capital U to return the line to its original state. 336 6. Now type u a few times to undo the U and preceding commands. 337 7. Now type CTRL-R (keeping CTRL key pressed while hitting R) a few times 338 to redo the commands (undo the undo's). 339 340---> Fiix the errors oon thhis line and reeplace them witth undo. 341 342 8. These are very useful commands. Now move on to the lesson 2 Summary. 343 344 345 346 347~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 348 Lesson 2 SUMMARY 349 350 1. To delete from the cursor up to the next word type: dw 351 2. To delete from the cursor up to the end of the word type: de 352 3. To delete from the cursor to the end of a line type: d$ 353 4. To delete a whole line type: dd 354 355 5. To repeat a motion prepend it with a number: 2w 356 6. The format for a change command is: 357 operator [number] motion 358 where: 359 operator - is what to do, such as d for delete 360 [number] - is an optional count to repeat the motion 361 motion - moves over the text to operate on, such as w (word), 362 e (end of word), $ (end of the line), etc. 363 364 7. To move to the start of the line use a zero: 0 365 366 8. To undo previous actions, type: u (lowercase u) 367 To undo all the changes on a line, type: U (capital U) 368 To undo the undo's, type: CTRL-R 369 370~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 371 Lesson 3.1: THE PUT COMMAND 372 373 374 ** Type p to put previously deleted text after the cursor. ** 375 376 1. Move the cursor to the first line below marked --->. 377 378 2. Type dd to delete the line and store it in a Vim register. 379 380 3. Move the cursor to the c) line, ABOVE where the deleted line should go. 381 382 4. Type p to put the line below the cursor. 383 384 5. Repeat steps 2 through 4 to put all the lines in correct order. 385 386---> d) Can you learn too? 387---> b) Violets are blue, 388---> c) Intelligence is learned, 389---> a) Roses are red, 390 391 392 393~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 394 Lesson 3.2: THE REPLACE COMMAND 395 396 397 ** Type rx to replace the character at the cursor with x . ** 398 399 1. Move the cursor to the first line below marked --->. 400 401 2. Move the cursor so that it is on top of the first error. 402 403 3. Type r and then the character which should be there. 404 405 4. Repeat steps 2 and 3 until the first line is equal to the second one. 406 407---> Whan this lime was tuoed in, someone presswd some wrojg keys! 408---> When this line was typed in, someone pressed some wrong keys! 409 410 5. Now move on to lesson 3.3. 411 412NOTE: Remember that you should be learning by doing, not memorization. 413 414 415 416~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 417 Lesson 3.3: THE CHANGE OPERATOR 418 419 420 ** To change until the end of a word, type ce . ** 421 422 1. Move the cursor to the first line below marked --->. 423 424 2. Place the cursor on the u in lubw. 425 426 3. Type ce and the correct word (in this case, type ine ). 427 428 4. Press <ESC> and move to the next character that needs to be changed. 429 430 5. Repeat steps 3 and 4 until the first sentence is the same as the second. 431 432---> This lubw has a few wptfd that mrrf changing usf the change operator. 433---> This line has a few words that need changing using the change operator. 434 435Notice that ce deletes the word and places you in Insert mode. 436 cc does the same for the whole line. 437 438 439~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 440 Lesson 3.4: MORE CHANGES USING c 441 442 443 ** The change operator is used with the same motions as delete. ** 444 445 1. The change operator works in the same way as delete. The format is: 446 447 c [number] motion 448 449 2. The motions are the same, such as w (word) and $ (end of line). 450 451 3. Move the cursor to the first line below marked --->. 452 453 4. Move the cursor to the first error. 454 455 5. Type c$ and type the rest of the line like the second and press <ESC>. 456 457---> The end of this line needs some help to make it like the second. 458---> The end of this line needs to be corrected using the c$ command. 459 460NOTE: You can use the Backspace key to correct mistakes while typing. 461 462~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 463 Lesson 3 SUMMARY 464 465 466 1. To put back text that has just been deleted, type p . This puts the 467 deleted text AFTER the cursor (if a line was deleted it will go on the 468 line below the cursor). 469 470 2. To replace the character under the cursor, type r and then the 471 character you want to have there. 472 473 3. The change operator allows you to change from the cursor to where the 474 motion takes you. eg. Type ce to change from the cursor to the end of 475 the word, c$ to change to the end of a line. 476 477 4. The format for change is: 478 479 c [number] motion 480 481Now go on to the next lesson. 482 483 484 485~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 486 Lesson 4.1: CURSOR LOCATION AND FILE STATUS 487 488 ** Type CTRL-G to show your location in the file and the file status. 489 Type G to move to a line in the file. ** 490 491 NOTE: Read this entire lesson before executing any of the steps!! 492 493 1. Hold down the Ctrl key and press g . We call this CTRL-G. 494 A message will appear at the bottom of the page with the filename and the 495 position in the file. Remember the line number for Step 3. 496 497NOTE: You may see the cursor position in the lower right corner of the screen 498 This happens when the 'ruler' option is set (see :help 'ruler' ) 499 500 2. Press G to move you to the bottom of the file. 501 Type gg to move you to the start of the file. 502 503 3. Type the number of the line you were on and then G . This will 504 return you to the line you were on when you first pressed CTRL-G. 505 506 4. If you feel confident to do this, execute steps 1 through 3. 507 508~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 509 Lesson 4.2: THE SEARCH COMMAND 510 511 512 ** Type / followed by a phrase to search for the phrase. ** 513 514 1. In Normal mode type the / character. Notice that it and the cursor 515 appear at the bottom of the screen as with the : command. 516 517 2. Now type 'errroor' <ENTER>. This is the word you want to search for. 518 519 3. To search for the same phrase again, simply type n . 520 To search for the same phrase in the opposite direction, type N . 521 522 4. To search for a phrase in the backward direction, use ? instead of / . 523 524 5. To go back to where you came from press CTRL-O (Keep Ctrl down while 525 pressing the letter o). Repeat to go back further. CTRL-I goes forward. 526 527---> "errroor" is not the way to spell error; errroor is an error. 528NOTE: When the search reaches the end of the file it will continue at the 529 start, unless the 'wrapscan' option has been reset. 530 531~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 532 Lesson 4.3: MATCHING PARENTHESES SEARCH 533 534 535 ** Type % to find a matching ),], or } . ** 536 537 1. Place the cursor on any (, [, or { in the line below marked --->. 538 539 2. Now type the % character. 540 541 3. The cursor will move to the matching parenthesis or bracket. 542 543 4. Type % to move the cursor to the other matching bracket. 544 545 5. Move the cursor to another (,),[,],{ or } and see what % does. 546 547---> This ( is a test line with ('s, ['s ] and {'s } in it. )) 548 549 550NOTE: This is very useful in debugging a program with unmatched parentheses! 551 552 553 554~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 555 Lesson 4.4: THE SUBSTITUTE COMMAND 556 557 558 ** Type :s/old/new/g to substitute 'new' for 'old'. ** 559 560 1. Move the cursor to the line below marked --->. 561 562 2. Type :s/thee/the <ENTER> . Note that this command only changes the 563 first occurrence of "thee" in the line. 564 565 3. Now type :s/thee/the/g . Adding the g flag means to substitute 566 globally in the line, change all occurrences of "thee" in the line. 567 568---> thee best time to see thee flowers is in thee spring. 569 570 4. To change every occurrence of a character string between two lines, 571 type :#,#s/old/new/g where #,# are the line numbers of the range 572 of lines where the substitution is to be done. 573 Type :%s/old/new/g to change every occurrence in the whole file. 574 Type :%s/old/new/gc to find every occurrence in the whole file, 575 with a prompt whether to substitute or not. 576 577~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 578 Lesson 4 SUMMARY 579 580 581 1. CTRL-G displays your location in the file and the file status. 582 G moves to the end of the file. 583 number G moves to that line number. 584 gg moves to the first line. 585 586 2. Typing / followed by a phrase searches FORWARD for the phrase. 587 Typing ? followed by a phrase searches BACKWARD for the phrase. 588 After a search type n to find the next occurrence in the same direction 589 or N to search in the opposite direction. 590 CTRL-O takes you back to older positions, CTRL-I to newer positions. 591 592 3. Typing % while the cursor is on a (,),[,],{, or } goes to its match. 593 594 4. To substitute new for the first old in a line type :s/old/new 595 To substitute new for all 'old's on a line type :s/old/new/g 596 To substitute phrases between two line #'s type :#,#s/old/new/g 597 To substitute all occurrences in the file type :%s/old/new/g 598 To ask for confirmation each time add 'c' :%s/old/new/gc 599 600~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 601 Lesson 5.1: HOW TO EXECUTE AN EXTERNAL COMMAND 602 603 604 ** Type :! followed by an external command to execute that command. ** 605 606 1. Type the familiar command : to set the cursor at the bottom of the 607 screen. This allows you to enter a command-line command. 608 609 2. Now type the ! (exclamation point) character. This allows you to 610 execute any external shell command. 611 612 3. As an example type ls following the ! and then hit <ENTER>. This 613 will show you a listing of your directory, just as if you were at the 614 shell prompt. Or use :!dir if ls doesn't work. 615 616NOTE: It is possible to execute any external command this way, also with 617 arguments. 618 619NOTE: All : commands must be finished by hitting <ENTER> 620 From here on we will not always mention it. 621 622 623~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 624 Lesson 5.2: MORE ON WRITING FILES 625 626 627 ** To save the changes made to the text, type :w FILENAME ** 628 629 1. Type :!dir or :!ls to get a listing of your directory. 630 You already know you must hit <ENTER> after this. 631 632 2. Choose a filename that does not exist yet, such as TEST. 633 634 3. Now type: :w TEST (where TEST is the filename you chose.) 635 636 4. This saves the whole file (the Vim Tutor) under the name TEST. 637 To verify this, type :!dir or :!ls again to see your directory. 638 639NOTE: If you were to exit Vim and start it again with vim TEST , the file 640 would be an exact copy of the tutor when you saved it. 641 642 5. Now remove the file by typing (Windows): :!del TEST 643 or (Unix): :!rm TEST 644 645 646~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 647 Lesson 5.3: SELECTING TEXT TO WRITE 648 649 650 ** To save part of the file, type v motion :w FILENAME ** 651 652 1. Move the cursor to this line. 653 654 2. Press v and move the cursor to the fifth item below. Notice that the 655 text is highlighted. 656 657 3. Press the : character. At the bottom of the screen :'<,'> will appear. 658 659 4. Type w TEST , where TEST is a filename that does not exist yet. Verify 660 that you see :'<,'>w TEST before you press <ENTER>. 661 662 5. Vim will write the selected lines to the file TEST. Use :!dir or :!ls 663 to see it. Do not remove it yet! We will use it in the next lesson. 664 665NOTE: Pressing v starts Visual selection. You can move the cursor around 666 to make the selection bigger or smaller. Then you can use an operator 667 to do something with the text. For example, d deletes the text. 668 669~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 670 Lesson 5.4: RETRIEVING AND MERGING FILES 671 672 673 ** To insert the contents of a file, type :r FILENAME ** 674 675 1. Place the cursor just above this line. 676 677NOTE: After executing Step 2 you will see text from lesson 5.3. Then move 678 DOWN to see this lesson again. 679 680 2. Now retrieve your TEST file using the command :r TEST where TEST is 681 the name of the file you used. 682 The file you retrieve is placed below the cursor line. 683 684 3. To verify that a file was retrieved, cursor back and notice that there 685 are now two copies of lesson 5.3, the original and the file version. 686 687NOTE: You can also read the output of an external command. For example, 688 :r !ls reads the output of the ls command and puts it below the 689 cursor. 690 691 692~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 693 Lesson 5 SUMMARY 694 695 696 1. :!command executes an external command. 697 698 Some useful examples are: 699 (Windows) (Unix) 700 :!dir :!ls - shows a directory listing. 701 :!del FILENAME :!rm FILENAME - removes file FILENAME. 702 703 2. :w FILENAME writes the current Vim file to disk with name FILENAME. 704 705 3. v motion :w FILENAME saves the Visually selected lines in file 706 FILENAME. 707 708 4. :r FILENAME retrieves disk file FILENAME and puts it below the 709 cursor position. 710 711 5. :r !dir reads the output of the dir command and puts it below the 712 cursor position. 713 714 715~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 716 Lesson 6.1: THE OPEN COMMAND 717 718 719 ** Type o to open a line below the cursor and place you in Insert mode. ** 720 721 1. Move the cursor to the first line below marked --->. 722 723 2. Type the lowercase letter o to open up a line BELOW the cursor and place 724 you in Insert mode. 725 726 3. Now type some text and press <ESC> to exit Insert mode. 727 728---> After typing o the cursor is placed on the open line in Insert mode. 729 730 4. To open up a line ABOVE the cursor, simply type a capital O , rather 731 than a lowercase o. Try this on the line below. 732 733---> Open up a line above this by typing O while the cursor is on this line. 734 735 736 737 738~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 739 Lesson 6.2: THE APPEND COMMAND 740 741 742 ** Type a to insert text AFTER the cursor. ** 743 744 1. Move the cursor to the start of the first line below marked --->. 745 746 2. Press e until the cursor is on the end of li . 747 748 3. Type an a (lowercase) to append text AFTER the cursor. 749 750 4. Complete the word like the line below it. Press <ESC> to exit Insert 751 mode. 752 753 5. Use e to move to the next incomplete word and repeat steps 3 and 4. 754 755---> This li will allow you to pract appendi text to a line. 756---> This line will allow you to practice appending text to a line. 757 758NOTE: a, i and A all go to the same Insert mode, the only difference is where 759 the characters are inserted. 760 761~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 762 Lesson 6.3: ANOTHER WAY TO REPLACE 763 764 765 ** Type a capital R to replace more than one character. ** 766 767 1. Move the cursor to the first line below marked --->. Move the cursor to 768 the beginning of the first xxx . 769 770 2. Now press R and type the number below it in the second line, so that it 771 replaces the xxx . 772 773 3. Press <ESC> to leave Replace mode. Notice that the rest of the line 774 remains unmodified. 775 776 4. Repeat the steps to replace the remaining xxx. 777 778---> Adding 123 to xxx gives you xxx. 779---> Adding 123 to 456 gives you 579. 780 781NOTE: Replace mode is like Insert mode, but every typed character deletes an 782 existing character. 783 784~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 785 Lesson 6.4: COPY AND PASTE TEXT 786 787 788 ** Use the y operator to copy text and p to paste it ** 789 790 1. Move to the line below marked ---> and place the cursor after "a)". 791 792 2. Start Visual mode with v and move the cursor to just before "first". 793 794 3. Type y to yank (copy) the highlighted text. 795 796 4. Move the cursor to the end of the next line: j$ 797 798 5. Type p to put (paste) the text. Then type: a second <ESC> . 799 800 6. Use Visual mode to select " item.", yank it with y , move to the end of 801 the next line with j$ and put the text there with p . 802 803---> a) this is the first item. 804 b) 805 806 NOTE: You can also use y as an operator: yw yanks one word, 807 yy yanks the whole line, then p puts that line. 808~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 809 Lesson 6.5: SET OPTION 810 811 812 ** Set an option so a search or substitute ignores case ** 813 814 1. Search for 'ignore' by entering: /ignore <ENTER> 815 Repeat several times by pressing n . 816 817 2. Set the 'ic' (Ignore case) option by entering: :set ic 818 819 3. Now search for 'ignore' again by pressing n 820 Notice that Ignore and IGNORE are now also found. 821 822 4. Set the 'hlsearch' and 'incsearch' options: :set hls is 823 824 5. Now type the search command again and see what happens: /ignore <ENTER> 825 826 6. To disable ignoring case enter: :set noic 827 828NOTE: To remove the highlighting of matches enter: :nohlsearch 829NOTE: If you want to ignore case for just one search command, use \c 830 in the phrase: /ignore\c <ENTER> 831~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 832 Lesson 6 SUMMARY 833 834 1. Type o to open a line BELOW the cursor and start Insert mode. 835 Type O to open a line ABOVE the cursor. 836 837 2. Type a to insert text AFTER the cursor. 838 Type A to insert text after the end of the line. 839 840 3. The e command moves to the end of a word. 841 842 4. The y operator yanks (copies) text, p puts (pastes) it. 843 844 5. Typing a capital R enters Replace mode until <ESC> is pressed. 845 846 6. Typing ":set xxx" sets the option "xxx". Some options are: 847 'ic' 'ignorecase' ignore upper/lower case when searching 848 'is' 'incsearch' show partial matches for a search phrase 849 'hls' 'hlsearch' highlight all matching phrases 850 You can either use the long or the short option name. 851 852 7. Prepend "no" to switch an option off: :set noic 853 854~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 855 Lesson 7.1: GETTING HELP 856 857 858 ** Use the on-line help system ** 859 860 Vim has a comprehensive on-line help system. To get started, try one of 861 these three: 862 - press the <HELP> key (if you have one) 863 - press the <F1> key (if you have one) 864 - type :help <ENTER> 865 866 Read the text in the help window to find out how the help works. 867 Type CTRL-W CTRL-W to jump from one window to another. 868 Type :q <ENTER> to close the help window. 869 870 You can find help on just about any subject, by giving an argument to the 871 ":help" command. Try these (don't forget pressing <ENTER>): 872 873 :help w 874 :help c_CTRL-D 875 :help insert-index 876 :help user-manual 877~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 878 Lesson 7.2: CREATE A STARTUP SCRIPT 879 880 881 ** Enable Vim features ** 882 883 Vim has many more features than Vi, but most of them are disabled by 884 default. To start using more features you should create a "vimrc" file. 885 886 1. Start editing the "vimrc" file. This depends on your system: 887 :e ~/.vimrc for Unix 888 :e ~/_vimrc for Windows 889 890 2. Now read the example "vimrc" file contents: 891 :r $VIMRUNTIME/vimrc_example.vim 892 893 3. Write the file with: 894 :w 895 896 The next time you start Vim it will use syntax highlighting. 897 You can add all your preferred settings to this "vimrc" file. 898 For more information type :help vimrc-intro 899 900~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 901 Lesson 7.3: COMPLETION 902 903 904 ** Command line completion with CTRL-D and <TAB> ** 905 906 1. Make sure Vim is not in compatible mode: :set nocp 907 908 2. Look what files exist in the directory: :!ls or :!dir 909 910 3. Type the start of a command: :e 911 912 4. Press CTRL-D and Vim will show a list of commands that start with "e". 913 914 5. Type d<TAB> and Vim will complete the command name to ":edit". 915 916 6. Now add a space and the start of an existing file name: :edit FIL 917 918 7. Press <TAB>. Vim will complete the name (if it is unique). 919 920NOTE: Completion works for many commands. Just try pressing CTRL-D and 921 <TAB>. It is especially useful for :help . 922 923~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 924 Lesson 7 SUMMARY 925 926 927 1. Type :help or press <F1> or <HELP> to open a help window. 928 929 2. Type :help cmd to find help on cmd . 930 931 3. Type CTRL-W CTRL-W to jump to another window. 932 933 4. Type :q to close the help window. 934 935 5. Create a vimrc startup script to keep your preferred settings. 936 937 6. When typing a : command, press CTRL-D to see possible completions. 938 Press <TAB> to use one completion. 939 940 941 942 943 944 945 946~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 947 948 This concludes the Vim Tutor. It was intended to give a brief overview of 949 the Vim editor, just enough to allow you to use the editor fairly easily. 950 It is far from complete as Vim has many many more commands. Read the user 951 manual next: ":help user-manual". 952 953 For further reading and studying, this book is recommended: 954 Vim - Vi Improved - by Steve Oualline 955 Publisher: New Riders 956 The first book completely dedicated to Vim. Especially useful for beginners. 957 There are many examples and pictures. 958 See http://iccf-holland.org/click5.html 959 960 This book is older and more about Vi than Vim, but also recommended: 961 Learning the Vi Editor - by Linda Lamb 962 Publisher: O'Reilly & Associates Inc. 963 It is a good book to get to know almost anything you want to do with Vi. 964 The sixth edition also includes information on Vim. 965 966 This tutorial was written by Michael C. Pierce and Robert K. Ware, 967 Colorado School of Mines using ideas supplied by Charles Smith, 968 Colorado State University. E-mail: [email protected]. 969 970 Modified for Vim by Bram Moolenaar. 971 972~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 973