Transforms/Scalar/MemCpyOptimizer.cpp

//===- MemCpyOptimizer.cpp - Optimize use of memcpy and friends -----------===//
//
// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
//
//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
//
// This pass performs various transformations related to eliminating memcpy
// calls, or transforming sets of stores into memset's.
//
//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//

#include "llvm/Transforms/Scalar/MemCpyOptimizer.h"
#include "llvm/ADT/DenseSet.h"
#include "llvm/ADT/None.h"
#include "llvm/ADT/STLExtras.h"
#include "llvm/ADT/SmallVector.h"
#include "llvm/ADT/Statistic.h"
#include "llvm/ADT/iterator_range.h"
#include "llvm/Analysis/AliasAnalysis.h"
#include "llvm/Analysis/AssumptionCache.h"
#include "llvm/Analysis/GlobalsModRef.h"
#include "llvm/Analysis/Loads.h"
#include "llvm/Analysis/MemoryDependenceAnalysis.h"
#include "llvm/Analysis/MemoryLocation.h"
#include "llvm/Analysis/MemorySSA.h"
#include "llvm/Analysis/MemorySSAUpdater.h"
#include "llvm/Analysis/TargetLibraryInfo.h"
#include "llvm/Analysis/ValueTracking.h"
#include "llvm/IR/Argument.h"
#include "llvm/IR/BasicBlock.h"
#include "llvm/IR/Constants.h"
#include "llvm/IR/DataLayout.h"
#include "llvm/IR/DerivedTypes.h"
#include "llvm/IR/Dominators.h"
#include "llvm/IR/Function.h"
#include "llvm/IR/GetElementPtrTypeIterator.h"
#include "llvm/IR/GlobalVariable.h"
#include "llvm/IR/IRBuilder.h"
#include "llvm/IR/InstrTypes.h"
#include "llvm/IR/Instruction.h"
#include "llvm/IR/Instructions.h"
#include "llvm/IR/IntrinsicInst.h"
#include "llvm/IR/Intrinsics.h"
#include "llvm/IR/LLVMContext.h"
#include "llvm/IR/Module.h"
#include "llvm/IR/Operator.h"
#include "llvm/IR/PassManager.h"
#include "llvm/IR/Type.h"
#include "llvm/IR/User.h"
#include "llvm/IR/Value.h"
#include "llvm/InitializePasses.h"
#include "llvm/Pass.h"
#include "llvm/Support/Casting.h"
#include "llvm/Support/Debug.h"
#include "llvm/Support/MathExtras.h"
#include "llvm/Support/raw_ostream.h"
#include "llvm/Transforms/Scalar.h"
#include "llvm/Transforms/Utils/Local.h"
#include <algorithm>
#include <cassert>
#include <cstdint>
#include <utility>

using namespace llvm;

#define DEBUG_TYPE "memcpyopt"

static cl::opt<bool>
    EnableMemorySSA("enable-memcpyopt-memoryssa", cl::init(true), cl::Hidden,
                    cl::desc("Use MemorySSA-backed MemCpyOpt."));

STATISTIC(NumMemCpyInstr, "Number of memcpy instructions deleted");
STATISTIC(NumMemSetInfer, "Number of memsets inferred");
STATISTIC(NumMoveToCpy,   "Number of memmoves converted to memcpy");
STATISTIC(NumCpyToSet,    "Number of memcpys converted to memset");
STATISTIC(NumCallSlot,    "Number of call slot optimizations performed");

namespace {

/// Represents a range of memset'd bytes with the ByteVal value.
/// This allows us to analyze stores like:
///   store 0 -> P+1
///   store 0 -> P+0
///   store 0 -> P+3
///   store 0 -> P+2
/// which sometimes happens with stores to arrays of structs etc.  When we see
/// the first store, we make a range [1, 2).  The second store extends the range
/// to [0, 2).  The third makes a new range [2, 3).  The fourth store joins the
/// two ranges into [0, 3) which is memset'able.
struct MemsetRange {
  // Start/End - A semi range that describes the span that this range covers.
  // The range is closed at the start and open at the end: [Start, End).
  int64_t Start, End;

  /// StartPtr - The getelementptr instruction that points to the start of the
  /// range.
  Value *StartPtr;

  /// Alignment - The known alignment of the first store.
  unsigned Alignment;

  /// TheStores - The actual stores that make up this range.
  SmallVector<Instruction*, 16> TheStores;

  bool isProfitableToUseMemset(const DataLayout &DL) const;
};

} // end anonymous namespace

bool MemsetRange::isProfitableToUseMemset(const DataLayout &DL) const {
  // If we found more than 4 stores to merge or 16 bytes, use memset.
  if (TheStores.size() >= 4 || End-Start >= 16) return true;

  // If there is nothing to merge, don't do anything.
  if (TheStores.size() < 2) return false;

  // If any of the stores are a memset, then it is always good to extend the
  // memset.
  for (Instruction *SI : TheStores)
    if (!isa<StoreInst>(SI))
      return true;

  // Assume that the code generator is capable of merging pairs of stores
  // together if it wants to.
  if (TheStores.size() == 2) return false;

  // If we have fewer than 8 stores, it can still be worthwhile to do this.
  // For example, merging 4 i8 stores into an i32 store is useful almost always.
  // However, merging 2 32-bit stores isn't useful on a 32-bit architecture (the
  // memset will be split into 2 32-bit stores anyway) and doing so can
  // pessimize the llvm optimizer.
  //
  // Since we don't have perfect knowledge here, make some assumptions: assume
  // the maximum GPR width is the same size as the largest legal integer
  // size. If so, check to see whether we will end up actually reducing the
  // number of stores used.
  unsigned Bytes = unsigned(End-Start);
  unsigned MaxIntSize = DL.getLargestLegalIntTypeSizeInBits() / 8;
  if (MaxIntSize == 0)
    MaxIntSize = 1;
  unsigned NumPointerStores = Bytes / MaxIntSize;

  // Assume the remaining bytes if any are done a byte at a time.
  unsigned NumByteStores = Bytes % MaxIntSize;

  // If we will reduce the # stores (according to this heuristic), do the
  // transformation.  This encourages merging 4 x i8 -> i32 and 2 x i16 -> i32
  // etc.
  return TheStores.size() > NumPointerStores+NumByteStores;
}

namespace {

class MemsetRanges {
  using range_iterator = SmallVectorImpl<MemsetRange>::iterator;

  /// A sorted list of the memset ranges.
  SmallVector<MemsetRange, 8> Ranges;

  const DataLayout &DL;

public:
  MemsetRanges(const DataLayout &DL) : DL(DL) {}

  using const_iterator = SmallVectorImpl<MemsetRange>::const_iterator;

  const_iterator begin() const { return Ranges.begin(); }
  const_iterator end() const { return Ranges.end(); }
  bool empty() const { return Ranges.empty(); }

  void addInst(int64_t OffsetFromFirst, Instruction *Inst) {
    if (StoreInst *SI = dyn_cast<StoreInst>(Inst))
      addStore(OffsetFromFirst, SI);
    else
      addMemSet(OffsetFromFirst, cast<MemSetInst>(Inst));
  }

  void addStore(int64_t OffsetFromFirst, StoreInst *SI) {
    int64_t StoreSize = DL.getTypeStoreSize(SI->getOperand(0)->getType());

    addRange(OffsetFromFirst, StoreSize, SI->getPointerOperand(),
             SI->getAlign().value(), SI);
  }

  void addMemSet(int64_t OffsetFromFirst, MemSetInst *MSI) {
    int64_t Size = cast<ConstantInt>(MSI->getLength())->getZExtValue();
    addRange(OffsetFromFirst, Size, MSI->getDest(), MSI->getDestAlignment(), MSI);
  }

  void addRange(int64_t Start, int64_t Size, Value *Ptr,
                unsigned Alignment, Instruction *Inst);
};

} // end anonymous namespace

/// Add a new store to the MemsetRanges data structure.  This adds a
/// new range for the specified store at the specified offset, merging into
/// existing ranges as appropriate.
void MemsetRanges::addRange(int64_t Start, int64_t Size, Value *Ptr,
                            unsigned Alignment, Instruction *Inst) {
  int64_t End = Start+Size;

  range_iterator I = partition_point(
      Ranges, [=](const MemsetRange &O) { return O.End < Start; });

  // We now know that I == E, in which case we didn't find anything to merge
  // with, or that Start <= I->End.  If End < I->Start or I == E, then we need
  // to insert a new range.  Handle this now.
  if (I == Ranges.end() || End < I->Start) {
    MemsetRange &R = *Ranges.insert(I, MemsetRange());
    R.Start        = Start;
    R.End          = End;
    R.StartPtr     = Ptr;
    R.Alignment    = Alignment;
    R.TheStores.push_back(Inst);
    return;
  }

  // This store overlaps with I, add it.
  I->TheStores.push_back(Inst);

  // At this point, we may have an interval that completely contains our store.
  // If so, just add it to the interval and return.
  if (I->Start <= Start && I->End >= End)
    return;

  // Now we know that Start <= I->End and End >= I->Start so the range overlaps
  // but is not entirely contained within the range.

  // See if the range extends the start of the range.  In this case, it couldn't
  // possibly cause it to join the prior range, because otherwise we would have
  // stopped on *it*.
  if (Start < I->Start) {
    I->Start = Start;
    I->StartPtr = Ptr;
    I->Alignment = Alignment;
  }

  // Now we know that Start <= I->End and Start >= I->Start (so the startpoint
  // is in or right at the end of I), and that End >= I->Start.  Extend I out to
  // End.
  if (End > I->End) {
    I->End = End;
    range_iterator NextI = I;
    while (++NextI != Ranges.end() && End >= NextI->Start) {
      // Merge the range in.
      I->TheStores.append(NextI->TheStores.begin(), NextI->TheStores.end());
      if (NextI->End > I->End)
        I->End = NextI->End;
      Ranges.erase(NextI);
      NextI = I;
    }
  }
}

//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
//                         MemCpyOptLegacyPass Pass
//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//

namespace {

class MemCpyOptLegacyPass : public FunctionPass {
  MemCpyOptPass Impl;

public:
  static char ID; // Pass identification, replacement for typeid

  MemCpyOptLegacyPass() : FunctionPass(ID) {
    initializeMemCpyOptLegacyPassPass(*PassRegistry::getPassRegistry());
  }

  bool runOnFunction(Function &F) override;

private:
  // This transformation requires dominator postdominator info
  void getAnalysisUsage(AnalysisUsage &AU) const override {
    AU.setPreservesCFG();
    AU.addRequired<AssumptionCacheTracker>();
    AU.addRequired<DominatorTreeWrapperPass>();
    AU.addPreserved<DominatorTreeWrapperPass>();
    AU.addPreserved<GlobalsAAWrapperPass>();
    AU.addRequired<TargetLibraryInfoWrapperPass>();
    if (!EnableMemorySSA)
      AU.addRequired<MemoryDependenceWrapperPass>();
    AU.addPreserved<MemoryDependenceWrapperPass>();
    AU.addRequired<AAResultsWrapperPass>();
    AU.addPreserved<AAResultsWrapperPass>();
    if (EnableMemorySSA)
      AU.addRequired<MemorySSAWrapperPass>();
    AU.addPreserved<MemorySSAWrapperPass>();
  }
};

} // end anonymous namespace

char MemCpyOptLegacyPass::ID = 0;

/// The public interface to this file...
FunctionPass *llvm::createMemCpyOptPass() { return new MemCpyOptLegacyPass(); }

INITIALIZE_PASS_BEGIN(MemCpyOptLegacyPass, "memcpyopt", "MemCpy Optimization",
                      false, false)
INITIALIZE_PASS_DEPENDENCY(AssumptionCacheTracker)
INITIALIZE_PASS_DEPENDENCY(DominatorTreeWrapperPass)
INITIALIZE_PASS_DEPENDENCY(MemoryDependenceWrapperPass)
INITIALIZE_PASS_DEPENDENCY(TargetLibraryInfoWrapperPass)
INITIALIZE_PASS_DEPENDENCY(AAResultsWrapperPass)
INITIALIZE_PASS_DEPENDENCY(GlobalsAAWrapperPass)
INITIALIZE_PASS_DEPENDENCY(MemorySSAWrapperPass)
INITIALIZE_PASS_END(MemCpyOptLegacyPass, "memcpyopt", "MemCpy Optimization",
                    false, false)

// Check that V is either not accessible by the caller, or unwinding cannot
// occur between Start and End.
static bool mayBeVisibleThroughUnwinding(Value *V, Instruction *Start,
                                         Instruction *End) {
  assert(Start->getParent() == End->getParent() && "Must be in same block");
  if (!Start->getFunction()->doesNotThrow() &&
      !isa<AllocaInst>(getUnderlyingObject(V))) {
    for (const Instruction &I :
         make_range(Start->getIterator(), End->getIterator())) {
      if (I.mayThrow())
        return true;
    }
  }
  return false;
}

void MemCpyOptPass::eraseInstruction(Instruction *I) {
  if (MSSAU)
    MSSAU->removeMemoryAccess(I);
  if (MD)
    MD->removeInstruction(I);
  I->eraseFromParent();
}

// Check for mod or ref of Loc between Start and End, excluding both boundaries.
// Start and End must be in the same block
static bool accessedBetween(AliasAnalysis &AA, MemoryLocation Loc,
                            const MemoryUseOrDef *Start,
                            const MemoryUseOrDef *End) {
  assert(Start->getBlock() == End->getBlock() && "Only local supported");
  for (const MemoryAccess &MA :
       make_range(++Start->getIterator(), End->getIterator())) {
    if (isModOrRefSet(AA.getModRefInfo(cast<MemoryUseOrDef>(MA).getMemoryInst(),
                                       Loc)))
      return true;
  }
  return false;
}

// Check for mod of Loc between Start and End, excluding both boundaries.
// Start and End can be in different blocks.
static bool writtenBetween(MemorySSA *MSSA, MemoryLocation Loc,
                           const MemoryUseOrDef *Start,
                           const MemoryUseOrDef *End) {
  // TODO: Only walk until we hit Start.
  MemoryAccess *Clobber = MSSA->getWalker()->getClobberingMemoryAccess(
      End->getDefiningAccess(), Loc);
  return !MSSA->dominates(Clobber, Start);
}

/// When scanning forward over instructions, we look for some other patterns to
/// fold away. In particular, this looks for stores to neighboring locations of
/// memory. If it sees enough consecutive ones, it attempts to merge them
/// together into a memcpy/memset.
Instruction *MemCpyOptPass::tryMergingIntoMemset(Instruction *StartInst,
                                                 Value *StartPtr,
                                                 Value *ByteVal) {
  const DataLayout &DL = StartInst->getModule()->getDataLayout();

  // Okay, so we now have a single store that can be splatable.  Scan to find
  // all subsequent stores of the same value to offset from the same pointer.
  // Join these together into ranges, so we can decide whether contiguous blocks
  // are stored.
  MemsetRanges Ranges(DL);

  BasicBlock::iterator BI(StartInst);

  // Keeps track of the last memory use or def before the insertion point for
  // the new memset. The new MemoryDef for the inserted memsets will be inserted
  // after MemInsertPoint. It points to either LastMemDef or to the last user
  // before the insertion point of the memset, if there are any such users.
  MemoryUseOrDef *MemInsertPoint = nullptr;
  // Keeps track of the last MemoryDef between StartInst and the insertion point
  // for the new memset. This will become the defining access of the inserted
  // memsets.
  MemoryDef *LastMemDef = nullptr;
  for (++BI; !BI->isTerminator(); ++BI) {
    if (MSSAU) {
      auto *CurrentAcc = cast_or_null<MemoryUseOrDef>(
          MSSAU->getMemorySSA()->getMemoryAccess(&*BI));
      if (CurrentAcc) {
        MemInsertPoint = CurrentAcc;
        if (auto *CurrentDef = dyn_cast<MemoryDef>(CurrentAcc))
          LastMemDef = CurrentDef;
      }
    }

    // Calls that only access inaccessible memory do not block merging
    // accessible stores.
    if (auto *CB = dyn_cast<CallBase>(BI)) {
      if (CB->onlyAccessesInaccessibleMemory())
        continue;
    }

    if (!isa<StoreInst>(BI) && !isa<MemSetInst>(BI)) {
      // If the instruction is readnone, ignore it, otherwise bail out.  We
      // don't even allow readonly here because we don't want something like:
      // A[1] = 2; strlen(A); A[2] = 2; -> memcpy(A, ...); strlen(A).
      if (BI->mayWriteToMemory() || BI->mayReadFromMemory())
        break;
      continue;
    }

    if (StoreInst *NextStore = dyn_cast<StoreInst>(BI)) {
      // If this is a store, see if we can merge it in.
      if (!NextStore->isSimple()) break;

      Value *StoredVal = NextStore->getValueOperand();

      // Don't convert stores of non-integral pointer types to memsets (which
      // stores integers).
      if (DL.isNonIntegralPointerType(StoredVal->getType()->getScalarType()))
        break;

      // Check to see if this stored value is of the same byte-splattable value.
      Value *StoredByte = isBytewiseValue(StoredVal, DL);
      if (isa<UndefValue>(ByteVal) && StoredByte)
        ByteVal = StoredByte;
      if (ByteVal != StoredByte)
        break;

      // Check to see if this store is to a constant offset from the start ptr.
      Optional<int64_t> Offset =
          isPointerOffset(StartPtr, NextStore->getPointerOperand(), DL);
      if (!Offset)
        break;

      Ranges.addStore(*Offset, NextStore);
    } else {
      MemSetInst *MSI = cast<MemSetInst>(BI);

      if (MSI->isVolatile() || ByteVal != MSI->getValue() ||
          !isa<ConstantInt>(MSI->getLength()))
        break;

      // Check to see if this store is to a constant offset from the start ptr.
      Optional<int64_t> Offset = isPointerOffset(StartPtr, MSI->getDest(), DL);
      if (!Offset)
        break;

      Ranges.addMemSet(*Offset, MSI);
    }
  }

  // If we have no ranges, then we just had a single store with nothing that
  // could be merged in.  This is a very common case of course.
  if (Ranges.empty())
    return nullptr;

  // If we had at least one store that could be merged in, add the starting
  // store as well.  We try to avoid this unless there is at least something
  // interesting as a small compile-time optimization.
  Ranges.addInst(0, StartInst);

  // If we create any memsets, we put it right before the first instruction that
  // isn't part of the memset block.  This ensure that the memset is dominated
  // by any addressing instruction needed by the start of the block.
  IRBuilder<> Builder(&*BI);

  // Now that we have full information about ranges, loop over the ranges and
  // emit memset's for anything big enough to be worthwhile.
  Instruction *AMemSet = nullptr;
  for (const MemsetRange &Range : Ranges) {
    if (Range.TheStores.size() == 1) continue;

    // If it is profitable to lower this range to memset, do so now.
    if (!Range.isProfitableToUseMemset(DL))
      continue;

    // Otherwise, we do want to transform this!  Create a new memset.
    // Get the starting pointer of the block.
    StartPtr = Range.StartPtr;

    AMemSet = Builder.CreateMemSet(StartPtr, ByteVal, Range.End - Range.Start,
                                   MaybeAlign(Range.Alignment));
    LLVM_DEBUG(dbgs() << "Replace stores:\n"; for (Instruction *SI
                                                   : Range.TheStores) dbgs()
                                              << *SI << '\n';
               dbgs() << "With: " << *AMemSet << '\n');
    if (!Range.TheStores.empty())
      AMemSet->setDebugLoc(Range.TheStores[0]->getDebugLoc());

    if (MSSAU) {
      assert(LastMemDef && MemInsertPoint &&
             "Both LastMemDef and MemInsertPoint need to be set");
      auto *NewDef =
          cast<MemoryDef>(MemInsertPoint->getMemoryInst() == &*BI
                              ? MSSAU->createMemoryAccessBefore(
                                    AMemSet, LastMemDef, MemInsertPoint)
                              : MSSAU->createMemoryAccessAfter(
                                    AMemSet, LastMemDef, MemInsertPoint));
      MSSAU->insertDef(NewDef, /*RenameUses=*/true);
      LastMemDef = NewDef;
      MemInsertPoint = NewDef;
    }

    // Zap all the stores.
    for (Instruction *SI : Range.TheStores)
      eraseInstruction(SI);

    ++NumMemSetInfer;
  }

  return AMemSet;
}

// This method try to lift a store instruction before position P.
// It will lift the store and its argument + that anything that
// may alias with these.
// The method returns true if it was successful.
bool MemCpyOptPass::moveUp(StoreInst *SI, Instruction *P, const LoadInst *LI) {
  // If the store alias this position, early bail out.
  MemoryLocation StoreLoc = MemoryLocation::get(SI);
  if (isModOrRefSet(AA->getModRefInfo(P, StoreLoc)))
    return false;

  // Keep track of the arguments of all instruction we plan to lift
  // so we can make sure to lift them as well if appropriate.
  DenseSet<Instruction*> Args;
  if (auto *Ptr = dyn_cast<Instruction>(SI->getPointerOperand()))
    if (Ptr->getParent() == SI->getParent())
      Args.insert(Ptr);

  // Instruction to lift before P.
  SmallVector<Instruction *, 8> ToLift{SI};

  // Memory locations of lifted instructions.
  SmallVector<MemoryLocation, 8> MemLocs{StoreLoc};

  // Lifted calls.
  SmallVector<const CallBase *, 8> Calls;

  const MemoryLocation LoadLoc = MemoryLocation::get(LI);

  for (auto I = --SI->getIterator(), E = P->getIterator(); I != E; --I) {
    auto *C = &*I;

    // Make sure hoisting does not perform a store that was not guaranteed to
    // happen.
    if (!isGuaranteedToTransferExecutionToSuccessor(C))
      return false;

    bool MayAlias = isModOrRefSet(AA->getModRefInfo(C, None));

    bool NeedLift = false;
    if (Args.erase(C))
      NeedLift = true;
    else if (MayAlias) {
      NeedLift = llvm::any_of(MemLocs, [C, this](const MemoryLocation &ML) {
        return isModOrRefSet(AA->getModRefInfo(C, ML));
      });

      if (!NeedLift)
        NeedLift = llvm::any_of(Calls, [C, this](const CallBase *Call) {
          return isModOrRefSet(AA->getModRefInfo(C, Call));
        });
    }

    if (!NeedLift)
      continue;

    if (MayAlias) {
      // Since LI is implicitly moved downwards past the lifted instructions,
      // none of them may modify its source.
      if (isModSet(AA->getModRefInfo(C, LoadLoc)))
        return false;
      else if (const auto *Call = dyn_cast<CallBase>(C)) {
        // If we can't lift this before P, it's game over.
        if (isModOrRefSet(AA->getModRefInfo(P, Call)))
          return false;

        Calls.push_back(Call);
      } else if (isa<LoadInst>(C) || isa<StoreInst>(C) || isa<VAArgInst>(C)) {
        // If we can't lift this before P, it's game over.
        auto ML = MemoryLocation::get(C);
        if (isModOrRefSet(AA->getModRefInfo(P, ML)))
          return false;

        MemLocs.push_back(ML);
      } else
        // We don't know how to lift this instruction.
        return false;
    }

    ToLift.push_back(C);
    for (unsigned k = 0, e = C->getNumOperands(); k != e; ++k)
      if (auto *A = dyn_cast<Instruction>(C->getOperand(k))) {
        if (A->getParent() == SI->getParent()) {
          // Cannot hoist user of P above P
          if(A == P) return false;
          Args.insert(A);
        }
      }
  }

  // Find MSSA insertion point. Normally P will always have a corresponding
  // memory access before which we can insert. However, with non-standard AA
  // pipelines, there may be a mismatch between AA and MSSA, in which case we
  // will scan for a memory access before P. In either case, we know for sure
  // that at least the load will have a memory access.
  // TODO: Simplify this once P will be determined by MSSA, in which case the
  // discrepancy can no longer occur.
  MemoryUseOrDef *MemInsertPoint = nullptr;
  if (MSSAU) {
    if (MemoryUseOrDef *MA = MSSAU->getMemorySSA()->getMemoryAccess(P)) {
      MemInsertPoint = cast<MemoryUseOrDef>(--MA->getIterator());
    } else {
      const Instruction *ConstP = P;
      for (const Instruction &I : make_range(++ConstP->getReverseIterator(),
                                             ++LI->getReverseIterator())) {
        if (MemoryUseOrDef *MA = MSSAU->getMemorySSA()->getMemoryAccess(&I)) {
          MemInsertPoint = MA;
          break;
        }
      }
    }
  }

  // We made it, we need to lift.
  for (auto *I : llvm::reverse(ToLift)) {
    LLVM_DEBUG(dbgs() << "Lifting " << *I << " before " << *P << "\n");
    I->moveBefore(P);
    if (MSSAU) {
      assert(MemInsertPoint && "Must have found insert point");
      if (MemoryUseOrDef *MA = MSSAU->getMemorySSA()->getMemoryAccess(I)) {
        MSSAU->moveAfter(MA, MemInsertPoint);
        MemInsertPoint = MA;
      }
    }
  }

  return true;
}

bool MemCpyOptPass::processStore(StoreInst *SI, BasicBlock::iterator &BBI) {
  if (!SI->isSimple()) return false;

  // Avoid merging nontemporal stores since the resulting
  // memcpy/memset would not be able to preserve the nontemporal hint.
  // In theory we could teach how to propagate the !nontemporal metadata to
  // memset calls. However, that change would force the backend to
  // conservatively expand !nontemporal memset calls back to sequences of
  // store instructions (effectively undoing the merging).
  if (SI->getMetadata(LLVMContext::MD_nontemporal))
    return false;

  const DataLayout &DL = SI->getModule()->getDataLayout();

  Value *StoredVal = SI->getValueOperand();

  // Not all the transforms below are correct for non-integral pointers, bail
  // until we've audited the individual pieces.
  if (DL.isNonIntegralPointerType(StoredVal->getType()->getScalarType()))
    return false;

  // Load to store forwarding can be interpreted as memcpy.
  if (LoadInst *LI = dyn_cast<LoadInst>(StoredVal)) {
    if (LI->isSimple() && LI->hasOneUse() &&
        LI->getParent() == SI->getParent()) {

      auto *T = LI->getType();
      if (T->isAggregateType()) {
        MemoryLocation LoadLoc = MemoryLocation::get(LI);

        // We use alias analysis to check if an instruction may store to
        // the memory we load from in between the load and the store. If
        // such an instruction is found, we try to promote there instead
        // of at the store position.
        // TODO: Can use MSSA for this.
        Instruction *P = SI;
        for (auto &I : make_range(++LI->getIterator(), SI->getIterator())) {
          if (isModSet(AA->getModRefInfo(&I, LoadLoc))) {
            P = &I;
            break;
          }
        }

        // We found an instruction that may write to the loaded memory.
        // We can try to promote at this position instead of the store
        // position if nothing alias the store memory after this and the store
        // destination is not in the range.
        if (P && P != SI) {
          if (!moveUp(SI, P, LI))
            P = nullptr;
        }

        // If a valid insertion position is found, then we can promote
        // the load/store pair to a memcpy.
        if (P) {
          // If we load from memory that may alias the memory we store to,
          // memmove must be used to preserve semantic. If not, memcpy can
          // be used.
          bool UseMemMove = false;
          if (!AA->isNoAlias(MemoryLocation::get(SI), LoadLoc))
            UseMemMove = true;

          uint64_t Size = DL.getTypeStoreSize(T);

          IRBuilder<> Builder(P);
          Instruction *M;
          if (UseMemMove)
            M = Builder.CreateMemMove(
                SI->getPointerOperand(), SI->getAlign(),
                LI->getPointerOperand(), LI->getAlign(), Size);
          else
            M = Builder.CreateMemCpy(
                SI->getPointerOperand(), SI->getAlign(),
                LI->getPointerOperand(), LI->getAlign(), Size);

          LLVM_DEBUG(dbgs() << "Promoting " << *LI << " to " << *SI << " => "
                            << *M << "\n");

          if (MSSAU) {
            auto *LastDef =
                cast<MemoryDef>(MSSAU->getMemorySSA()->getMemoryAccess(SI));
            auto *NewAccess =
                MSSAU->createMemoryAccessAfter(M, LastDef, LastDef);
            MSSAU->insertDef(cast<MemoryDef>(NewAccess), /*RenameUses=*/true);
          }

          eraseInstruction(SI);
          eraseInstruction(LI);
          ++NumMemCpyInstr;

          // Make sure we do not invalidate the iterator.
          BBI = M->getIterator();
          return true;
        }
      }

      // Detect cases where we're performing call slot forwarding, but
      // happen to be using a load-store pair to implement it, rather than
      // a memcpy.
      CallInst *C = nullptr;
      if (EnableMemorySSA) {
        if (auto *LoadClobber = dyn_cast<MemoryUseOrDef>(
                MSSA->getWalker()->getClobberingMemoryAccess(LI))) {
          // The load most post-dom the call. Limit to the same block for now.
          // TODO: Support non-local call-slot optimization?
          if (LoadClobber->getBlock() == SI->getParent())
            C = dyn_cast_or_null<CallInst>(LoadClobber->getMemoryInst());
        }
      } else {
        MemDepResult ldep = MD->getDependency(LI);
        if (ldep.isClobber() && !isa<MemCpyInst>(ldep.getInst()))
          C = dyn_cast<CallInst>(ldep.getInst());
      }

      if (C) {
        // Check that nothing touches the dest of the "copy" between
        // the call and the store.
        MemoryLocation StoreLoc = MemoryLocation::get(SI);
        if (EnableMemorySSA) {
          if (accessedBetween(*AA, StoreLoc, MSSA->getMemoryAccess(C),
                              MSSA->getMemoryAccess(SI)))
            C = nullptr;
        } else {
          for (BasicBlock::iterator I = --SI->getIterator(),
                                    E = C->getIterator();
               I != E; --I) {
            if (isModOrRefSet(AA->getModRefInfo(&*I, StoreLoc))) {
              C = nullptr;
              break;
            }
          }
        }
      }

      if (C) {
        bool changed = performCallSlotOptzn(
            LI, SI, SI->getPointerOperand()->stripPointerCasts(),
            LI->getPointerOperand()->stripPointerCasts(),
            DL.getTypeStoreSize(SI->getOperand(0)->getType()),
            commonAlignment(SI->getAlign(), LI->getAlign()), C);
        if (changed) {
          eraseInstruction(SI);
          eraseInstruction(LI);
          ++NumMemCpyInstr;
          return true;
        }
      }
    }
  }

  // There are two cases that are interesting for this code to handle: memcpy
  // and memset.  Right now we only handle memset.

  // Ensure that the value being stored is something that can be memset'able a
  // byte at a time like "0" or "-1" or any width, as well as things like
  // 0xA0A0A0A0 and 0.0.
  auto *V = SI->getOperand(0);
  if (Value *ByteVal = isBytewiseValue(V, DL)) {
    if (Instruction *I = tryMergingIntoMemset(SI, SI->getPointerOperand(),
                                              ByteVal)) {
      BBI = I->getIterator(); // Don't invalidate iterator.
      return true;
    }

    // If we have an aggregate, we try to promote it to memset regardless
    // of opportunity for merging as it can expose optimization opportunities
    // in subsequent passes.
    auto *T = V->getType();
    if (T->isAggregateType()) {
      uint64_t Size = DL.getTypeStoreSize(T);
      IRBuilder<> Builder(SI);
      auto *M = Builder.CreateMemSet(SI->getPointerOperand(), ByteVal, Size,
                                     SI->getAlign());

      LLVM_DEBUG(dbgs() << "Promoting " << *SI << " to " << *M << "\n");

      if (MSSAU) {
        assert(isa<MemoryDef>(MSSAU->getMemorySSA()->getMemoryAccess(SI)));
        auto *LastDef =
            cast<MemoryDef>(MSSAU->getMemorySSA()->getMemoryAccess(SI));
        auto *NewAccess = MSSAU->createMemoryAccessAfter(M, LastDef, LastDef);
        MSSAU->insertDef(cast<MemoryDef>(NewAccess), /*RenameUses=*/true);
      }

      eraseInstruction(SI);
      NumMemSetInfer++;

      // Make sure we do not invalidate the iterator.
      BBI = M->getIterator();
      return true;
    }
  }

  return false;
}

bool MemCpyOptPass::processMemSet(MemSetInst *MSI, BasicBlock::iterator &BBI) {
  // See if there is another memset or store neighboring this memset which
  // allows us to widen out the memset to do a single larger store.
  if (isa<ConstantInt>(MSI->getLength()) && !MSI->isVolatile())
    if (Instruction *I = tryMergingIntoMemset(MSI, MSI->getDest(),
                                              MSI->getValue())) {
      BBI = I->getIterator(); // Don't invalidate iterator.
      return true;
    }
  return false;
}

/// Takes a memcpy and a call that it depends on,
/// and checks for the possibility of a call slot optimization by having
/// the call write its result directly into the destination of the memcpy.
bool MemCpyOptPass::performCallSlotOptzn(Instruction *cpyLoad,
                                         Instruction *cpyStore, Value *cpyDest,
                                         Value *cpySrc, uint64_t cpyLen,
                                         Align cpyAlign, CallInst *C) {
  // The general transformation to keep in mind is
  //
  //   call @func(..., src, ...)
  //   memcpy(dest, src, ...)
  //
  // ->
  //
  //   memcpy(dest, src, ...)
  //   call @func(..., dest, ...)
  //
  // Since moving the memcpy is technically awkward, we additionally check that
  // src only holds uninitialized values at the moment of the call, meaning that
  // the memcpy can be discarded rather than moved.

  // Lifetime marks shouldn't be operated on.
  if (Function *F = C->getCalledFunction())
    if (F->isIntrinsic() && F->getIntrinsicID() == Intrinsic::lifetime_start)
      return false;

  // Require that src be an alloca.  This simplifies the reasoning considerably.
  AllocaInst *srcAlloca = dyn_cast<AllocaInst>(cpySrc);
  if (!srcAlloca)
    return false;

  ConstantInt *srcArraySize = dyn_cast<ConstantInt>(srcAlloca->getArraySize());
  if (!srcArraySize)
    return false;

  const DataLayout &DL = cpyLoad->getModule()->getDataLayout();
  uint64_t srcSize = DL.getTypeAllocSize(srcAlloca->getAllocatedType()) *
                     srcArraySize->getZExtValue();

  if (cpyLen < srcSize)
    return false;

  // Check that accessing the first srcSize bytes of dest will not cause a
  // trap.  Otherwise the transform is invalid since it might cause a trap
  // to occur earlier than it otherwise would.
  if (!isDereferenceableAndAlignedPointer(cpyDest, Align(1), APInt(64, cpyLen),
                                          DL, C, DT))
    return false;

  // Make sure that nothing can observe cpyDest being written early. There are
  // a number of cases to consider:
  //  1. cpyDest cannot be accessed between C and cpyStore as a precondition of
  //     the transform.
  //  2. C itself may not access cpyDest (prior to the transform). This is
  //     checked further below.
  //  3. If cpyDest is accessible to the caller of this function (potentially
  //     captured and not based on an alloca), we need to ensure that we cannot
  //     unwind between C and cpyStore. This is checked here.
  //  4. If cpyDest is potentially captured, there may be accesses to it from
  //     another thread. In this case, we need to check that cpyStore is
  //     guaranteed to be executed if C is. As it is a non-atomic access, it
  //     renders accesses from other threads undefined.
  //     TODO: This is currently not checked.
  if (mayBeVisibleThroughUnwinding(cpyDest, C, cpyStore))
    return false;

  // Check that dest points to memory that is at least as aligned as src.
  Align srcAlign = srcAlloca->getAlign();
  bool isDestSufficientlyAligned = srcAlign <= cpyAlign;
  // If dest is not aligned enough and we can't increase its alignment then
  // bail out.
  if (!isDestSufficientlyAligned && !isa<AllocaInst>(cpyDest))
    return false;

  // Check that src is not accessed except via the call and the memcpy.  This
  // guarantees that it holds only undefined values when passed in (so the final
  // memcpy can be dropped), that it is not read or written between the call and
  // the memcpy, and that writing beyond the end of it is undefined.
  SmallVector<User *, 8> srcUseList(srcAlloca->users());
  while (!srcUseList.empty()) {
    User *U = srcUseList.pop_back_val();

    if (isa<BitCastInst>(U) || isa<AddrSpaceCastInst>(U)) {
      append_range(srcUseList, U->users());
      continue;
    }
    if (GetElementPtrInst *G = dyn_cast<GetElementPtrInst>(U)) {
      if (!G->hasAllZeroIndices())
        return false;

      append_range(srcUseList, U->users());
      continue;
    }
    if (const IntrinsicInst *IT = dyn_cast<IntrinsicInst>(U))
      if (IT->isLifetimeStartOrEnd())
        continue;

    if (U != C && U != cpyLoad)
      return false;
  }

  // Check that src isn't captured by the called function since the
  // transformation can cause aliasing issues in that case.
  for (unsigned ArgI = 0, E = C->arg_size(); ArgI != E; ++ArgI)
    if (C->getArgOperand(ArgI) == cpySrc && !C->doesNotCapture(ArgI))
      return false;

  // Since we're changing the parameter to the callsite, we need to make sure
  // that what would be the new parameter dominates the callsite.
  if (!DT->dominates(cpyDest, C)) {
    // Support moving a constant index GEP before the call.
    auto *GEP = dyn_cast<GetElementPtrInst>(cpyDest);
    if (GEP && GEP->hasAllConstantIndices() &&
        DT->dominates(GEP->getPointerOperand(), C))
      GEP->moveBefore(C);
    else
      return false;
  }

  // In addition to knowing that the call does not access src in some
  // unexpected manner, for example via a global, which we deduce from
  // the use analysis, we also need to know that it does not sneakily
  // access dest.  We rely on AA to figure this out for us.
  ModRefInfo MR = AA->getModRefInfo(C, cpyDest, LocationSize::precise(srcSize));
  // If necessary, perform additional analysis.
  if (isModOrRefSet(MR))
    MR = AA->callCapturesBefore(C, cpyDest, LocationSize::precise(srcSize), DT);
  if (isModOrRefSet(MR))
    return false;

  // We can't create address space casts here because we don't know if they're
  // safe for the target.
  if (cpySrc->getType()->getPointerAddressSpace() !=
      cpyDest->getType()->getPointerAddressSpace())
    return false;
  for (unsigned ArgI = 0; ArgI < C->arg_size(); ++ArgI)
    if (C->getArgOperand(ArgI)->stripPointerCasts() == cpySrc &&
        cpySrc->getType()->getPointerAddressSpace() !=
            C->getArgOperand(ArgI)->getType()->getPointerAddressSpace())
      return false;

  // All the checks have passed, so do the transformation.
  bool changedArgument = false;
  for (unsigned ArgI = 0; ArgI < C->arg_size(); ++ArgI)
    if (C->getArgOperand(ArgI)->stripPointerCasts() == cpySrc) {
      Value *Dest = cpySrc->getType() == cpyDest->getType() ?  cpyDest
        : CastInst::CreatePointerCast(cpyDest, cpySrc->getType(),
                                      cpyDest->getName(), C);
      changedArgument = true;
      if (C->getArgOperand(ArgI)->getType() == Dest->getType())
        C->setArgOperand(ArgI, Dest);
      else
        C->setArgOperand(ArgI, CastInst::CreatePointerCast(
                                   Dest, C->getArgOperand(ArgI)->getType(),
                                   Dest->getName(), C));
    }

  if (!changedArgument)
    return false;

  // If the destination wasn't sufficiently aligned then increase its alignment.
  if (!isDestSufficientlyAligned) {
    assert(isa<AllocaInst>(cpyDest) && "Can only increase alloca alignment!");
    cast<AllocaInst>(cpyDest)->setAlignment(srcAlign);
  }

  // Drop any cached information about the call, because we may have changed
  // its dependence information by changing its parameter.
  if (MD)
    MD->removeInstruction(C);

  // Update AA metadata
  // FIXME: MD_tbaa_struct and MD_mem_parallel_loop_access should also be
  // handled here, but combineMetadata doesn't support them yet
  unsigned KnownIDs[] = {LLVMContext::MD_tbaa, LLVMContext::MD_alias_scope,
                         LLVMContext::MD_noalias,
                         LLVMContext::MD_invariant_group,
                         LLVMContext::MD_access_group};
  combineMetadata(C, cpyLoad, KnownIDs, true);

  ++NumCallSlot;
  return true;
}

/// We've found that the (upward scanning) memory dependence of memcpy 'M' is
/// the memcpy 'MDep'. Try to simplify M to copy from MDep's input if we can.
bool MemCpyOptPass::processMemCpyMemCpyDependence(MemCpyInst *M,
                                                  MemCpyInst *MDep) {
  // We can only transforms memcpy's where the dest of one is the source of the
  // other.
  if (M->getSource() != MDep->getDest() || MDep->isVolatile())
    return false;

  // If dep instruction is reading from our current input, then it is a noop
  // transfer and substituting the input won't change this instruction.  Just
  // ignore the input and let someone else zap MDep.  This handles cases like:
  //    memcpy(a <- a)
  //    memcpy(b <- a)
  if (M->getSource() == MDep->getSource())
    return false;

  // Second, the length of the memcpy's must be the same, or the preceding one
  // must be larger than the following one.
  if (MDep->getLength() != M->getLength()) {
    ConstantInt *MDepLen = dyn_cast<ConstantInt>(MDep->getLength());
    ConstantInt *MLen = dyn_cast<ConstantInt>(M->getLength());
    if (!MDepLen || !MLen || MDepLen->getZExtValue() < MLen->getZExtValue())
      return false;
  }

  // Verify that the copied-from memory doesn't change in between the two
  // transfers.  For example, in:
  //    memcpy(a <- b)
  //    *b = 42;
  //    memcpy(c <- a)
  // It would be invalid to transform the second memcpy into memcpy(c <- b).
  //
  // TODO: If the code between M and MDep is transparent to the destination "c",
  // then we could still perform the xform by moving M up to the first memcpy.
  if (EnableMemorySSA) {
    // TODO: It would be sufficient to check the MDep source up to the memcpy
    // size of M, rather than MDep.
    if (writtenBetween(MSSA, MemoryLocation::getForSource(MDep),
                       MSSA->getMemoryAccess(MDep), MSSA->getMemoryAccess(M)))
      return false;
  } else {
    // NOTE: This is conservative, it will stop on any read from the source loc,
    // not just the defining memcpy.
    MemDepResult SourceDep =
        MD->getPointerDependencyFrom(MemoryLocation::getForSource(MDep), false,
                                     M->getIterator(), M->getParent());
    if (!SourceDep.isClobber() || SourceDep.getInst() != MDep)
      return false;
  }

  // If the dest of the second might alias the source of the first, then the
  // source and dest might overlap.  We still want to eliminate the intermediate
  // value, but we have to generate a memmove instead of memcpy.
  bool UseMemMove = false;
  if (!AA->isNoAlias(MemoryLocation::getForDest(M),
                     MemoryLocation::getForSource(MDep)))
    UseMemMove = true;

  // If all checks passed, then we can transform M.
  LLVM_DEBUG(dbgs() << "MemCpyOptPass: Forwarding memcpy->memcpy src:\n"
                    << *MDep << '\n' << *M << '\n');

  // TODO: Is this worth it if we're creating a less aligned memcpy? For
  // example we could be moving from movaps -> movq on x86.
  IRBuilder<> Builder(M);
  Instruction *NewM;
  if (UseMemMove)
    NewM = Builder.CreateMemMove(M->getRawDest(), M->getDestAlign(),
                                 MDep->getRawSource(), MDep->getSourceAlign(),
                                 M->getLength(), M->isVolatile());
  else
    NewM = Builder.CreateMemCpy(M->getRawDest(), M->getDestAlign(),
                                MDep->getRawSource(), MDep->getSourceAlign(),
                                M->getLength(), M->isVolatile());

  if (MSSAU) {
    assert(isa<MemoryDef>(MSSAU->getMemorySSA()->getMemoryAccess(M)));
    auto *LastDef = cast<MemoryDef>(MSSAU->getMemorySSA()->getMemoryAccess(M));
    auto *NewAccess = MSSAU->createMemoryAccessAfter(NewM, LastDef, LastDef);
    MSSAU->insertDef(cast<MemoryDef>(NewAccess), /*RenameUses=*/true);
  }

  // Remove the instruction we're replacing.
  eraseInstruction(M);
  ++NumMemCpyInstr;
  return true;
}

/// We've found that the (upward scanning) memory dependence of \p MemCpy is
/// \p MemSet.  Try to simplify \p MemSet to only set the trailing bytes that
/// weren't copied over by \p MemCpy.
///
/// In other words, transform:
/// \code
///   memset(dst, c, dst_size);
///   memcpy(dst, src, src_size);
/// \endcode
/// into:
/// \code
///   memcpy(dst, src, src_size);
///   memset(dst + src_size, c, dst_size <= src_size ? 0 : dst_size - src_size);
/// \endcode
bool MemCpyOptPass::processMemSetMemCpyDependence(MemCpyInst *MemCpy,
                                                  MemSetInst *MemSet) {
  // We can only transform memset/memcpy with the same destination.
  if (!AA->isMustAlias(MemSet->getDest(), MemCpy->getDest()))
    return false;

  // Check that src and dst of the memcpy aren't the same. While memcpy
  // operands cannot partially overlap, exact equality is allowed.
  if (!AA->isNoAlias(MemoryLocation(MemCpy->getSource(),
                                    LocationSize::precise(1)),
                     MemoryLocation(MemCpy->getDest(),
                                    LocationSize::precise(1))))
    return false;

  if (EnableMemorySSA) {
    // We know that dst up to src_size is not written. We now need to make sure
    // that dst up to dst_size is not accessed. (If we did not move the memset,
    // checking for reads would be sufficient.)
    if (accessedBetween(*AA, MemoryLocation::getForDest(MemSet),
                        MSSA->getMemoryAccess(MemSet),
                        MSSA->getMemoryAccess(MemCpy))) {
      return false;
    }
  } else {
    // We have already checked that dst up to src_size is not accessed. We
    // need to make sure that there are no accesses up to dst_size either.
    MemDepResult DstDepInfo = MD->getPointerDependencyFrom(
        MemoryLocation::getForDest(MemSet), false, MemCpy->getIterator(),
        MemCpy->getParent());
    if (DstDepInfo.getInst() != MemSet)
      return false;
  }

  // Use the same i8* dest as the memcpy, killing the memset dest if different.
  Value *Dest = MemCpy->getRawDest();
  Value *DestSize = MemSet->getLength();
  Value *SrcSize = MemCpy->getLength();

  if (mayBeVisibleThroughUnwinding(Dest, MemSet, MemCpy))
    return false;

  // If the sizes are the same, simply drop the memset instead of generating
  // a replacement with zero size.
  if (DestSize == SrcSize) {
    eraseInstruction(MemSet);
    return true;
  }

  // By default, create an unaligned memset.
  unsigned Align = 1;
  // If Dest is aligned, and SrcSize is constant, use the minimum alignment
  // of the sum.
  const unsigned DestAlign =
      std::max(MemSet->getDestAlignment(), MemCpy->getDestAlignment());
  if (DestAlign > 1)
    if (ConstantInt *SrcSizeC = dyn_cast<ConstantInt>(SrcSize))
      Align = MinAlign(SrcSizeC->getZExtValue(), DestAlign);

  IRBuilder<> Builder(MemCpy);

  // If the sizes have different types, zext the smaller one.
  if (DestSize->getType() != SrcSize->getType()) {
    if (DestSize->getType()->getIntegerBitWidth() >
        SrcSize->getType()->getIntegerBitWidth())
      SrcSize = Builder.CreateZExt(SrcSize, DestSize->getType());
    else
      DestSize = Builder.CreateZExt(DestSize, SrcSize->getType());
  }

  Value *Ule = Builder.CreateICmpULE(DestSize, SrcSize);
  Value *SizeDiff = Builder.CreateSub(DestSize, SrcSize);
  Value *MemsetLen = Builder.CreateSelect(
      Ule, ConstantInt::getNullValue(DestSize->getType()), SizeDiff);
  unsigned DestAS = Dest->getType()->getPointerAddressSpace();
  Instruction *NewMemSet = Builder.CreateMemSet(
      Builder.CreateGEP(Builder.getInt8Ty(),
                        Builder.CreatePointerCast(Dest,
                                                  Builder.getInt8PtrTy(DestAS)),
                        SrcSize),
      MemSet->getOperand(1), MemsetLen, MaybeAlign(Align));

  if (MSSAU) {
    assert(isa<MemoryDef>(MSSAU->getMemorySSA()->getMemoryAccess(MemCpy)) &&
           "MemCpy must be a MemoryDef");
    // The new memset is inserted after the memcpy, but it is known that its
    // defining access is the memset about to be removed which immediately
    // precedes the memcpy.
    auto *LastDef =
        cast<MemoryDef>(MSSAU->getMemorySSA()->getMemoryAccess(MemCpy));
    auto *NewAccess = MSSAU->createMemoryAccessBefore(
        NewMemSet, LastDef->getDefiningAccess(), LastDef);
    MSSAU->insertDef(cast<MemoryDef>(NewAccess), /*RenameUses=*/true);
  }

  eraseInstruction(MemSet);
  return true;
}

/// Determine whether the instruction has undefined content for the given Size,
/// either because it was freshly alloca'd or started its lifetime.
static bool hasUndefContents(Instruction *I, Value *Size) {
  if (isa<AllocaInst>(I))
    return true;

  if (ConstantInt *CSize = dyn_cast<ConstantInt>(Size)) {
    if (IntrinsicInst *II = dyn_cast<IntrinsicInst>(I))
      if (II->getIntrinsicID() == Intrinsic::lifetime_start)
        if (ConstantInt *LTSize = dyn_cast<ConstantInt>(II->getArgOperand(0)))
          if (LTSize->getZExtValue() >= CSize->getZExtValue())
            return true;
  }

  return false;
}

static bool hasUndefContentsMSSA(MemorySSA *MSSA, AliasAnalysis *AA, Value *V,
                                 MemoryDef *Def, Value *Size) {
  if (MSSA->isLiveOnEntryDef(Def))
    return isa<AllocaInst>(getUnderlyingObject(V));

  if (IntrinsicInst *II =
          dyn_cast_or_null<IntrinsicInst>(Def->getMemoryInst())) {
    if (II->getIntrinsicID() == Intrinsic::lifetime_start) {
      ConstantInt *LTSize = cast<ConstantInt>(II->getArgOperand(0));

      if (ConstantInt *CSize = dyn_cast<ConstantInt>(Size)) {
        if (AA->isMustAlias(V, II->getArgOperand(1)) &&
            LTSize->getZExtValue() >= CSize->getZExtValue())
          return true;
      }

      // If the lifetime.start covers a whole alloca (as it almost always
      // does) and we're querying a pointer based on that alloca, then we know
      // the memory is definitely undef, regardless of how exactly we alias.
      // The size also doesn't matter, as an out-of-bounds access would be UB.
      AllocaInst *Alloca = dyn_cast<AllocaInst>(getUnderlyingObject(V));
      if (getUnderlyingObject(II->getArgOperand(1)) == Alloca) {
        const DataLayout &DL = Alloca->getModule()->getDataLayout();
        if (Optional<TypeSize> AllocaSize = Alloca->getAllocationSizeInBits(DL))
          if (*AllocaSize == LTSize->getValue() * 8)
            return true;
      }
    }
  }

  return false;
}

/// Transform memcpy to memset when its source was just memset.
/// In other words, turn:
/// \code
///   memset(dst1, c, dst1_size);
///   memcpy(dst2, dst1, dst2_size);
/// \endcode
/// into:
/// \code
///   memset(dst1, c, dst1_size);
///   memset(dst2, c, dst2_size);
/// \endcode
/// When dst2_size <= dst1_size.
bool MemCpyOptPass::performMemCpyToMemSetOptzn(MemCpyInst *MemCpy,
                                               MemSetInst *MemSet) {
  // Make sure that memcpy(..., memset(...), ...), that is we are memsetting and
  // memcpying from the same address. Otherwise it is hard to reason about.
  if (!AA->isMustAlias(MemSet->getRawDest(), MemCpy->getRawSource()))
    return false;

  Value *MemSetSize = MemSet->getLength();
  Value *CopySize = MemCpy->getLength();

  if (MemSetSize != CopySize) {
    // Make sure the memcpy doesn't read any more than what the memset wrote.
    // Don't worry about sizes larger than i64.

    // A known memset size is required.
    ConstantInt *CMemSetSize = dyn_cast<ConstantInt>(MemSetSize);
    if (!CMemSetSize)
      return false;

    // A known memcpy size is also required.
    ConstantInt *CCopySize = dyn_cast<ConstantInt>(CopySize);
    if (!CCopySize)
      return false;
    if (CCopySize->getZExtValue() > CMemSetSize->getZExtValue()) {
      // If the memcpy is larger than the memset, but the memory was undef prior
      // to the memset, we can just ignore the tail. Technically we're only
      // interested in the bytes from MemSetSize..CopySize here, but as we can't
      // easily represent this location, we use the full 0..CopySize range.
      MemoryLocation MemCpyLoc = MemoryLocation::getForSource(MemCpy);
      bool CanReduceSize = false;
      if (EnableMemorySSA) {
        MemoryUseOrDef *MemSetAccess = MSSA->getMemoryAccess(MemSet);
        MemoryAccess *Clobber = MSSA->getWalker()->getClobberingMemoryAccess(
            MemSetAccess->getDefiningAccess(), MemCpyLoc);
        if (auto *MD = dyn_cast<MemoryDef>(Clobber))
          if (hasUndefContentsMSSA(MSSA, AA, MemCpy->getSource(), MD, CopySize))
            CanReduceSize = true;
      } else {
        MemDepResult DepInfo = MD->getPointerDependencyFrom(
            MemCpyLoc, true, MemSet->getIterator(), MemSet->getParent());
        if (DepInfo.isDef() && hasUndefContents(DepInfo.getInst(), CopySize))
          CanReduceSize = true;
      }

      if (!CanReduceSize)
        return false;
      CopySize = MemSetSize;
    }
  }

  IRBuilder<> Builder(MemCpy);
  Instruction *NewM =
      Builder.CreateMemSet(MemCpy->getRawDest(), MemSet->getOperand(1),
                           CopySize, MaybeAlign(MemCpy->getDestAlignment()));
  if (MSSAU) {
    auto *LastDef =
        cast<MemoryDef>(MSSAU->getMemorySSA()->getMemoryAccess(MemCpy));
    auto *NewAccess = MSSAU->createMemoryAccessAfter(NewM, LastDef, LastDef);
    MSSAU->insertDef(cast<MemoryDef>(NewAccess), /*RenameUses=*/true);
  }

  return true;
}

/// Perform simplification of memcpy's.  If we have memcpy A
/// which copies X to Y, and memcpy B which copies Y to Z, then we can rewrite
/// B to be a memcpy from X to Z (or potentially a memmove, depending on
/// circumstances). This allows later passes to remove the first memcpy
/// altogether.
bool MemCpyOptPass::processMemCpy(MemCpyInst *M, BasicBlock::iterator &BBI) {
  // We can only optimize non-volatile memcpy's.
  if (M->isVolatile()) return false;

  // If the source and destination of the memcpy are the same, then zap it.
  if (M->getSource() == M->getDest()) {
    ++BBI;
    eraseInstruction(M);
    return true;
  }

  // If copying from a constant, try to turn the memcpy into a memset.
  if (GlobalVariable *GV = dyn_cast<GlobalVariable>(M->getSource()))
    if (GV->isConstant() && GV->hasDefinitiveInitializer())
      if (Value *ByteVal = isBytewiseValue(GV->getInitializer(),
                                           M->getModule()->getDataLayout())) {
        IRBuilder<> Builder(M);
        Instruction *NewM =
            Builder.CreateMemSet(M->getRawDest(), ByteVal, M->getLength(),
                                 MaybeAlign(M->getDestAlignment()), false);
        if (MSSAU) {
          auto *LastDef =
              cast<MemoryDef>(MSSAU->getMemorySSA()->getMemoryAccess(M));
          auto *NewAccess =
              MSSAU->createMemoryAccessAfter(NewM, LastDef, LastDef);
          MSSAU->insertDef(cast<MemoryDef>(NewAccess), /*RenameUses=*/true);
        }

        eraseInstruction(M);
        ++NumCpyToSet;
        return true;
      }

  if (EnableMemorySSA) {
    MemoryUseOrDef *MA = MSSA->getMemoryAccess(M);
    MemoryAccess *AnyClobber = MSSA->getWalker()->getClobberingMemoryAccess(MA);
    MemoryLocation DestLoc = MemoryLocation::getForDest(M);
    const MemoryAccess *DestClobber =
        MSSA->getWalker()->getClobberingMemoryAccess(AnyClobber, DestLoc);

    // Try to turn a partially redundant memset + memcpy into
    // memcpy + smaller memset.  We don't need the memcpy size for this.
    // The memcpy most post-dom the memset, so limit this to the same basic
    // block. A non-local generalization is likely not worthwhile.
    if (auto *MD = dyn_cast<MemoryDef>(DestClobber))
      if (auto *MDep = dyn_cast_or_null<MemSetInst>(MD->getMemoryInst()))
        if (DestClobber->getBlock() == M->getParent())
          if (processMemSetMemCpyDependence(M, MDep))
            return true;

    MemoryAccess *SrcClobber = MSSA->getWalker()->getClobberingMemoryAccess(
        AnyClobber, MemoryLocation::getForSource(M));

    // There are four possible optimizations we can do for memcpy:
    //   a) memcpy-memcpy xform which exposes redundance for DSE.
    //   b) call-memcpy xform for return slot optimization.
    //   c) memcpy from freshly alloca'd space or space that has just started
    //      its lifetime copies undefined data, and we can therefore eliminate
    //      the memcpy in favor of the data that was already at the destination.
    //   d) memcpy from a just-memset'd source can be turned into memset.
    if (auto *MD = dyn_cast<MemoryDef>(SrcClobber)) {
      if (Instruction *MI = MD->getMemoryInst()) {
        if (ConstantInt *CopySize = dyn_cast<ConstantInt>(M->getLength())) {
          if (auto *C = dyn_cast<CallInst>(MI)) {
            // The memcpy must post-dom the call. Limit to the same block for
            // now. Additionally, we need to ensure that there are no accesses
            // to dest between the call and the memcpy. Accesses to src will be
            // checked by performCallSlotOptzn().
            // TODO: Support non-local call-slot optimization?
            if (C->getParent() == M->getParent() &&
                !accessedBetween(*AA, DestLoc, MD, MA)) {
              // FIXME: Can we pass in either of dest/src alignment here instead
              // of conservatively taking the minimum?
              Align Alignment = std::min(M->getDestAlign().valueOrOne(),
                                         M->getSourceAlign().valueOrOne());
              if (performCallSlotOptzn(M, M, M->getDest(), M->getSource(),
                                       CopySize->getZExtValue(), Alignment,
                                       C)) {
                LLVM_DEBUG(dbgs() << "Performed call slot optimization:\n"
                                  << "    call: " << *C << "\n"
                                  << "    memcpy: " << *M << "\n");
                eraseInstruction(M);
                ++NumMemCpyInstr;
                return true;
              }
            }
          }
        }
        if (auto *MDep = dyn_cast<MemCpyInst>(MI))
          return processMemCpyMemCpyDependence(M, MDep);
        if (auto *MDep = dyn_cast<MemSetInst>(MI)) {
          if (performMemCpyToMemSetOptzn(M, MDep)) {
            LLVM_DEBUG(dbgs() << "Converted memcpy to memset\n");
            eraseInstruction(M);
            ++NumCpyToSet;
            return true;
          }
        }
      }

      if (hasUndefContentsMSSA(MSSA, AA, M->getSource(), MD, M->getLength())) {
        LLVM_DEBUG(dbgs() << "Removed memcpy from undef\n");
        eraseInstruction(M);
        ++NumMemCpyInstr;
        return true;
      }
    }
  } else {
    MemDepResult DepInfo = MD->getDependency(M);

    // Try to turn a partially redundant memset + memcpy into
    // memcpy + smaller memset.  We don't need the memcpy size for this.
    if (DepInfo.isClobber())
      if (MemSetInst *MDep = dyn_cast<MemSetInst>(DepInfo.getInst()))
        if (processMemSetMemCpyDependence(M, MDep))
          return true;

    // There are four possible optimizations we can do for memcpy:
    //   a) memcpy-memcpy xform which exposes redundance for DSE.
    //   b) call-memcpy xform for return slot optimization.
    //   c) memcpy from freshly alloca'd space or space that has just started
    //      its lifetime copies undefined data, and we can therefore eliminate
    //      the memcpy in favor of the data that was already at the destination.
    //   d) memcpy from a just-memset'd source can be turned into memset.
    if (ConstantInt *CopySize = dyn_cast<ConstantInt>(M->getLength())) {
      if (DepInfo.isClobber()) {
        if (CallInst *C = dyn_cast<CallInst>(DepInfo.getInst())) {
          // FIXME: Can we pass in either of dest/src alignment here instead
          // of conservatively taking the minimum?
          Align Alignment = std::min(M->getDestAlign().valueOrOne(),
                                     M->getSourceAlign().valueOrOne());
          if (performCallSlotOptzn(M, M, M->getDest(), M->getSource(),
                                   CopySize->getZExtValue(), Alignment, C)) {
            eraseInstruction(M);
            ++NumMemCpyInstr;
            return true;
          }
        }
      }
    }

    MemoryLocation SrcLoc = MemoryLocation::getForSource(M);
    MemDepResult SrcDepInfo = MD->getPointerDependencyFrom(
        SrcLoc, true, M->getIterator(), M->getParent());

    if (SrcDepInfo.isClobber()) {
      if (MemCpyInst *MDep = dyn_cast<MemCpyInst>(SrcDepInfo.getInst()))
        return processMemCpyMemCpyDependence(M, MDep);
    } else if (SrcDepInfo.isDef()) {
      if (hasUndefContents(SrcDepInfo.getInst(), M->getLength())) {
        eraseInstruction(M);
        ++NumMemCpyInstr;
        return true;
      }
    }

    if (SrcDepInfo.isClobber())
      if (MemSetInst *MDep = dyn_cast<MemSetInst>(SrcDepInfo.getInst()))
        if (performMemCpyToMemSetOptzn(M, MDep)) {
          eraseInstruction(M);
          ++NumCpyToSet;
          return true;
        }
  }

  return false;
}

/// Transforms memmove calls to memcpy calls when the src/dst are guaranteed
/// not to alias.
bool MemCpyOptPass::processMemMove(MemMoveInst *M) {
  if (!TLI->has(LibFunc_memmove))
    return false;

  // See if the pointers alias.
  if (!AA->isNoAlias(MemoryLocation::getForDest(M),
                     MemoryLocation::getForSource(M)))
    return false;

  LLVM_DEBUG(dbgs() << "MemCpyOptPass: Optimizing memmove -> memcpy: " << *M
                    << "\n");

  // If not, then we know we can transform this.
  Type *ArgTys[3] = { M->getRawDest()->getType(),
                      M->getRawSource()->getType(),
                      M->getLength()->getType() };
  M->setCalledFunction(Intrinsic::getDeclaration(M->getModule(),
                                                 Intrinsic::memcpy, ArgTys));

  // For MemorySSA nothing really changes (except that memcpy may imply stricter
  // aliasing guarantees).

  // MemDep may have over conservative information about this instruction, just
  // conservatively flush it from the cache.
  if (MD)
    MD->removeInstruction(M);

  ++NumMoveToCpy;
  return true;
}

/// This is called on every byval argument in call sites.
bool MemCpyOptPass::processByValArgument(CallBase &CB, unsigned ArgNo) {
  const DataLayout &DL = CB.getCaller()->getParent()->getDataLayout();
  // Find out what feeds this byval argument.
  Value *ByValArg = CB.getArgOperand(ArgNo);
  Type *ByValTy = cast<PointerType>(ByValArg->getType())->getElementType();
  uint64_t ByValSize = DL.getTypeAllocSize(ByValTy);
  MemoryLocation Loc(ByValArg, LocationSize::precise(ByValSize));
  MemCpyInst *MDep = nullptr;
  if (EnableMemorySSA) {
    MemoryUseOrDef *CallAccess = MSSA->getMemoryAccess(&CB);
    if (!CallAccess)
      return false;
    MemoryAccess *Clobber = MSSA->getWalker()->getClobberingMemoryAccess(
        CallAccess->getDefiningAccess(), Loc);
    if (auto *MD = dyn_cast<MemoryDef>(Clobber))
      MDep = dyn_cast_or_null<MemCpyInst>(MD->getMemoryInst());
  } else {
    MemDepResult DepInfo = MD->getPointerDependencyFrom(
        Loc, true, CB.getIterator(), CB.getParent());
    if (!DepInfo.isClobber())
      return false;
    MDep = dyn_cast<MemCpyInst>(DepInfo.getInst());
  }

  // If the byval argument isn't fed by a memcpy, ignore it.  If it is fed by
  // a memcpy, see if we can byval from the source of the memcpy instead of the
  // result.
  if (!MDep || MDep->isVolatile() ||
      ByValArg->stripPointerCasts() != MDep->getDest())
    return false;

  // The length of the memcpy must be larger or equal to the size of the byval.
  ConstantInt *C1 = dyn_cast<ConstantInt>(MDep->getLength());
  if (!C1 || C1->getValue().getZExtValue() < ByValSize)
    return false;

  // Get the alignment of the byval.  If the call doesn't specify the alignment,
  // then it is some target specific value that we can't know.
  MaybeAlign ByValAlign = CB.getParamAlign(ArgNo);
  if (!ByValAlign) return false;

  // If it is greater than the memcpy, then we check to see if we can force the
  // source of the memcpy to the alignment we need.  If we fail, we bail out.
  MaybeAlign MemDepAlign = MDep->getSourceAlign();
  if ((!MemDepAlign || *MemDepAlign < *ByValAlign) &&
      getOrEnforceKnownAlignment(MDep->getSource(), ByValAlign, DL, &CB, AC,
                                 DT) < *ByValAlign)
    return false;

  // The address space of the memcpy source must match the byval argument
  if (MDep->getSource()->getType()->getPointerAddressSpace() !=
      ByValArg->getType()->getPointerAddressSpace())
    return false;

  // Verify that the copied-from memory doesn't change in between the memcpy and
  // the byval call.
  //    memcpy(a <- b)
  //    *b = 42;
  //    foo(*a)
  // It would be invalid to transform the second memcpy into foo(*b).
  if (EnableMemorySSA) {
    if (writtenBetween(MSSA, MemoryLocation::getForSource(MDep),
                       MSSA->getMemoryAccess(MDep), MSSA->getMemoryAccess(&CB)))
      return false;
  } else {
    // NOTE: This is conservative, it will stop on any read from the source loc,
    // not just the defining memcpy.
    MemDepResult SourceDep = MD->getPointerDependencyFrom(
        MemoryLocation::getForSource(MDep), false,
        CB.getIterator(), MDep->getParent());
    if (!SourceDep.isClobber() || SourceDep.getInst() != MDep)
      return false;
  }

  Value *TmpCast = MDep->getSource();
  if (MDep->getSource()->getType() != ByValArg->getType()) {
    BitCastInst *TmpBitCast = new BitCastInst(MDep->getSource(), ByValArg->getType(),
                                              "tmpcast", &CB);
    // Set the tmpcast's DebugLoc to MDep's
    TmpBitCast->setDebugLoc(MDep->getDebugLoc());
    TmpCast = TmpBitCast;
  }

  LLVM_DEBUG(dbgs() << "MemCpyOptPass: Forwarding memcpy to byval:\n"
                    << "  " << *MDep << "\n"
                    << "  " << CB << "\n");

  // Otherwise we're good!  Update the byval argument.
  CB.setArgOperand(ArgNo, TmpCast);
  ++NumMemCpyInstr;
  return true;
}

/// Executes one iteration of MemCpyOptPass.
bool MemCpyOptPass::iterateOnFunction(Function &F) {
  bool MadeChange = false;

  // Walk all instruction in the function.
  for (BasicBlock &BB : F) {
    // Skip unreachable blocks. For example processStore assumes that an
    // instruction in a BB can't be dominated by a later instruction in the
    // same BB (which is a scenario that can happen for an unreachable BB that
    // has itself as a predecessor).
    if (!DT->isReachableFromEntry(&BB))
      continue;

    for (BasicBlock::iterator BI = BB.begin(), BE = BB.end(); BI != BE;) {
        // Avoid invalidating the iterator.
      Instruction *I = &*BI++;

      bool RepeatInstruction = false;

      if (StoreInst *SI = dyn_cast<StoreInst>(I))
        MadeChange |= processStore(SI, BI);
      else if (MemSetInst *M = dyn_cast<MemSetInst>(I))
        RepeatInstruction = processMemSet(M, BI);
      else if (MemCpyInst *M = dyn_cast<MemCpyInst>(I))
        RepeatInstruction = processMemCpy(M, BI);
      else if (MemMoveInst *M = dyn_cast<MemMoveInst>(I))
        RepeatInstruction = processMemMove(M);
      else if (auto *CB = dyn_cast<CallBase>(I)) {
        for (unsigned i = 0, e = CB->arg_size(); i != e; ++i)
          if (CB->isByValArgument(i))
            MadeChange |= processByValArgument(*CB, i);
      }

      // Reprocess the instruction if desired.
      if (RepeatInstruction) {
        if (BI != BB.begin())
          --BI;
        MadeChange = true;
      }
    }
  }

  return MadeChange;
}

PreservedAnalyses MemCpyOptPass::run(Function &F, FunctionAnalysisManager &AM) {
  auto *MD = !EnableMemorySSA ? &AM.getResult<MemoryDependenceAnalysis>(F)
                              : AM.getCachedResult<MemoryDependenceAnalysis>(F);
  auto &TLI = AM.getResult<TargetLibraryAnalysis>(F);
  auto *AA = &AM.getResult<AAManager>(F);
  auto *AC = &AM.getResult<AssumptionAnalysis>(F);
  auto *DT = &AM.getResult<DominatorTreeAnalysis>(F);
  auto *MSSA = EnableMemorySSA ? &AM.getResult<MemorySSAAnalysis>(F)
                               : AM.getCachedResult<MemorySSAAnalysis>(F);

  bool MadeChange =
      runImpl(F, MD, &TLI, AA, AC, DT, MSSA ? &MSSA->getMSSA() : nullptr);
  if (!MadeChange)
    return PreservedAnalyses::all();

  PreservedAnalyses PA;
  PA.preserveSet<CFGAnalyses>();
  if (MD)
    PA.preserve<MemoryDependenceAnalysis>();
  if (MSSA)
    PA.preserve<MemorySSAAnalysis>();
  return PA;
}

bool MemCpyOptPass::runImpl(Function &F, MemoryDependenceResults *MD_,
                            TargetLibraryInfo *TLI_, AliasAnalysis *AA_,
                            AssumptionCache *AC_, DominatorTree *DT_,
                            MemorySSA *MSSA_) {
  bool MadeChange = false;
  MD = MD_;
  TLI = TLI_;
  AA = AA_;
  AC = AC_;
  DT = DT_;
  MSSA = MSSA_;
  MemorySSAUpdater MSSAU_(MSSA_);
  MSSAU = MSSA_ ? &MSSAU_ : nullptr;
  // If we don't have at least memset and memcpy, there is little point of doing
  // anything here.  These are required by a freestanding implementation, so if
  // even they are disabled, there is no point in trying hard.
  if (!TLI->has(LibFunc_memset) || !TLI->has(LibFunc_memcpy))
    return false;

  while (true) {
    if (!iterateOnFunction(F))
      break;
    MadeChange = true;
  }

  if (MSSA_ && VerifyMemorySSA)
    MSSA_->verifyMemorySSA();

  MD = nullptr;
  return MadeChange;
}

/// This is the main transformation entry point for a function.
bool MemCpyOptLegacyPass::runOnFunction(Function &F) {
  if (skipFunction(F))
    return false;

  auto *MDWP = !EnableMemorySSA
      ? &getAnalysis<MemoryDependenceWrapperPass>()
      : getAnalysisIfAvailable<MemoryDependenceWrapperPass>();
  auto *TLI = &getAnalysis<TargetLibraryInfoWrapperPass>().getTLI(F);
  auto *AA = &getAnalysis<AAResultsWrapperPass>().getAAResults();
  auto *AC = &getAnalysis<AssumptionCacheTracker>().getAssumptionCache(F);
  auto *DT = &getAnalysis<DominatorTreeWrapperPass>().getDomTree();
  auto *MSSAWP = EnableMemorySSA
      ? &getAnalysis<MemorySSAWrapperPass>()
      : getAnalysisIfAvailable<MemorySSAWrapperPass>();

  return Impl.runImpl(F, MDWP ? & MDWP->getMemDep() : nullptr, TLI, AA, AC, DT,
                      MSSAWP ? &MSSAWP->getMSSA() : nullptr);
}