xref: /llvm-project-15.0.7/llvm/lib/CodeGen/LiveDebugValues/InstrRefBasedImpl.cpp (revision 2ff5a56e)

//===- InstrRefBasedImpl.cpp - Tracking Debug Value MIs -------------------===//
//
// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
//
//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
/// \file InstrRefBasedImpl.cpp
///
/// This is a separate implementation of LiveDebugValues, see
/// LiveDebugValues.cpp and VarLocBasedImpl.cpp for more information.
///
/// This pass propagates variable locations between basic blocks, resolving
/// control flow conflicts between them. The problem is much like SSA
/// construction, where each DBG_VALUE instruction assigns the *value* that
/// a variable has, and every instruction where the variable is in scope uses
/// that variable. The resulting map of instruction-to-value is then translated
/// into a register (or spill) location for each variable over each instruction.
///
/// This pass determines which DBG_VALUE dominates which instructions, or if
/// none do, where values must be merged (like PHI nodes). The added
/// complication is that because codegen has already finished, a PHI node may
/// be needed for a variable location to be correct, but no register or spill
/// slot merges the necessary values. In these circumstances, the variable
/// location is dropped.
///
/// What makes this analysis non-trivial is loops: we cannot tell in advance
/// whether a variable location is live throughout a loop, or whether its
/// location is clobbered (or redefined by another DBG_VALUE), without
/// exploring all the way through.
///
/// To make this simpler we perform two kinds of analysis. First, we identify
/// every value defined by every instruction (ignoring those that only move
/// another value), then compute a map of which values are available for each
/// instruction. This is stronger than a reaching-def analysis, as we create
/// PHI values where other values merge.
///
/// Secondly, for each variable, we effectively re-construct SSA using each
/// DBG_VALUE as a def. The DBG_VALUEs read a value-number computed by the
/// first analysis from the location they refer to. We can then compute the
/// dominance frontiers of where a variable has a value, and create PHI nodes
/// where they merge.
/// This isn't precisely SSA-construction though, because the function shape
/// is pre-defined. If a variable location requires a PHI node, but no
/// PHI for the relevant values is present in the function (as computed by the
/// first analysis), the location must be dropped.
///
/// Once both are complete, we can pass back over all instructions knowing:
///  * What _value_ each variable should contain, either defined by an
///    instruction or where control flow merges
///  * What the location of that value is (if any).
/// Allowing us to create appropriate live-in DBG_VALUEs, and DBG_VALUEs when
/// a value moves location. After this pass runs, all variable locations within
/// a block should be specified by DBG_VALUEs within that block, allowing
/// DbgEntityHistoryCalculator to focus on individual blocks.
///
/// This pass is able to go fast because the size of the first
/// reaching-definition analysis is proportional to the working-set size of
/// the function, which the compiler tries to keep small. (It's also
/// proportional to the number of blocks). Additionally, we repeatedly perform
/// the second reaching-definition analysis with only the variables and blocks
/// in a single lexical scope, exploiting their locality.
///
/// Determining where PHIs happen is trickier with this approach, and it comes
/// to a head in the major problem for LiveDebugValues: is a value live-through
/// a loop, or not? Your garden-variety dataflow analysis aims to build a set of
/// facts about a function, however this analysis needs to generate new value
/// numbers at joins.
///
/// To do this, consider a lattice of all definition values, from instructions
/// and from PHIs. Each PHI is characterised by the RPO number of the block it
/// occurs in. Each value pair A, B can be ordered by RPO(A) < RPO(B):
/// with non-PHI values at the top, and any PHI value in the last block (by RPO
/// order) at the bottom.
///
/// (Awkwardly: lower-down-the _lattice_ means a greater RPO _number_. Below,
/// "rank" always refers to the former).
///
/// At any join, for each register, we consider:
///  * All incoming values, and
///  * The PREVIOUS live-in value at this join.
/// If all incoming values agree: that's the live-in value. If they do not, the
/// incoming values are ranked according to the partial order, and the NEXT
/// LOWEST rank after the PREVIOUS live-in value is picked (multiple values of
/// the same rank are ignored as conflicting). If there are no candidate values,
/// or if the rank of the live-in would be lower than the rank of the current
/// blocks PHIs, create a new PHI value.
///
/// Intuitively: if it's not immediately obvious what value a join should result
/// in, we iteratively descend from instruction-definitions down through PHI
/// values, getting closer to the current block each time. If the current block
/// is a loop head, this ordering is effectively searching outer levels of
/// loops, to find a value that's live-through the current loop.
///
/// If there is no value that's live-through this loop, a PHI is created for
/// this location instead. We can't use a lower-ranked PHI because by definition
/// it doesn't dominate the current block. We can't create a PHI value any
/// earlier, because we risk creating a PHI value at a location where values do
/// not in fact merge, thus misrepresenting the truth, and not making the true
/// live-through value for variable locations.
///
/// This algorithm applies to both calculating the availability of values in
/// the first analysis, and the location of variables in the second. However
/// for the second we add an extra dimension of pain: creating a variable
/// location PHI is only valid if, for each incoming edge,
///  * There is a value for the variable on the incoming edge, and
///  * All the edges have that value in the same register.
/// Or put another way: we can only create a variable-location PHI if there is
/// a matching machine-location PHI, each input to which is the variables value
/// in the predecessor block.
///
/// To accommodate this difference, each point on the lattice is split in
/// two: a "proposed" PHI and "definite" PHI. Any PHI that can immediately
/// have a location determined are "definite" PHIs, and no further work is
/// needed. Otherwise, a location that all non-backedge predecessors agree
/// on is picked and propagated as a "proposed" PHI value. If that PHI value
/// is truly live-through, it'll appear on the loop backedges on the next
/// dataflow iteration, after which the block live-in moves to be a "definite"
/// PHI. If it's not truly live-through, the variable value will be downgraded
/// further as we explore the lattice, or remains "proposed" and is considered
/// invalid once dataflow completes.
///
/// ### Terminology
///
/// A machine location is a register or spill slot, a value is something that's
/// defined by an instruction or PHI node, while a variable value is the value
/// assigned to a variable. A variable location is a machine location, that must
/// contain the appropriate variable value. A value that is a PHI node is
/// occasionally called an mphi.
///
/// The first dataflow problem is the "machine value location" problem,
/// because we're determining which machine locations contain which values.
/// The "locations" are constant: what's unknown is what value they contain.
///
/// The second dataflow problem (the one for variables) is the "variable value
/// problem", because it's determining what values a variable has, rather than
/// what location those values are placed in. Unfortunately, it's not that
/// simple, because producing a PHI value always involves picking a location.
/// This is an imperfection that we just have to accept, at least for now.
///
/// TODO:
///   Overlapping fragments
///   Entry values
///   Add back DEBUG statements for debugging this
///   Collect statistics
///
//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//

#include "llvm/ADT/DenseMap.h"
#include "llvm/ADT/PostOrderIterator.h"
#include "llvm/ADT/STLExtras.h"
#include "llvm/ADT/SmallPtrSet.h"
#include "llvm/ADT/SmallSet.h"
#include "llvm/ADT/SmallVector.h"
#include "llvm/ADT/Statistic.h"
#include "llvm/ADT/UniqueVector.h"
#include "llvm/CodeGen/LexicalScopes.h"
#include "llvm/CodeGen/MachineBasicBlock.h"
#include "llvm/CodeGen/MachineFrameInfo.h"
#include "llvm/CodeGen/MachineFunction.h"
#include "llvm/CodeGen/MachineFunctionPass.h"
#include "llvm/CodeGen/MachineInstr.h"
#include "llvm/CodeGen/MachineInstrBuilder.h"
#include "llvm/CodeGen/MachineInstrBundle.h"
#include "llvm/CodeGen/MachineMemOperand.h"
#include "llvm/CodeGen/MachineOperand.h"
#include "llvm/CodeGen/PseudoSourceValue.h"
#include "llvm/CodeGen/RegisterScavenging.h"
#include "llvm/CodeGen/TargetFrameLowering.h"
#include "llvm/CodeGen/TargetInstrInfo.h"
#include "llvm/CodeGen/TargetLowering.h"
#include "llvm/CodeGen/TargetPassConfig.h"
#include "llvm/CodeGen/TargetRegisterInfo.h"
#include "llvm/CodeGen/TargetSubtargetInfo.h"
#include "llvm/Config/llvm-config.h"
#include "llvm/IR/DIBuilder.h"
#include "llvm/IR/DebugInfoMetadata.h"
#include "llvm/IR/DebugLoc.h"
#include "llvm/IR/Function.h"
#include "llvm/IR/Module.h"
#include "llvm/InitializePasses.h"
#include "llvm/MC/MCRegisterInfo.h"
#include "llvm/Pass.h"
#include "llvm/Support/Casting.h"
#include "llvm/Support/Compiler.h"
#include "llvm/Support/Debug.h"
#include "llvm/Support/TypeSize.h"
#include "llvm/Support/raw_ostream.h"
#include "llvm/Target/TargetMachine.h"
#include "llvm/Transforms/Utils/SSAUpdaterImpl.h"
#include <algorithm>
#include <cassert>
#include <cstdint>
#include <functional>
#include <queue>
#include <tuple>
#include <utility>
#include <vector>
#include <limits.h>
#include <limits>

#include "LiveDebugValues.h"

using namespace llvm;

// SSAUpdaterImple sets DEBUG_TYPE, change it.
#undef DEBUG_TYPE
#define DEBUG_TYPE "livedebugvalues"

// Act more like the VarLoc implementation, by propagating some locations too
// far and ignoring some transfers.
static cl::opt<bool> EmulateOldLDV("emulate-old-livedebugvalues", cl::Hidden,
                                   cl::desc("Act like old LiveDebugValues did"),
                                   cl::init(false));

// Rely on isStoreToStackSlotPostFE and similar to observe all stack spills.
static cl::opt<bool>
    ObserveAllStackops("observe-all-stack-ops", cl::Hidden,
                       cl::desc("Allow non-kill spill and restores"),
                       cl::init(false));

namespace {

// The location at which a spilled value resides. It consists of a register and
// an offset.
struct SpillLoc {
  unsigned SpillBase;
  StackOffset SpillOffset;
  bool operator==(const SpillLoc &Other) const {
    return std::make_pair(SpillBase, SpillOffset) ==
           std::make_pair(Other.SpillBase, Other.SpillOffset);
  }
  bool operator<(const SpillLoc &Other) const {
    return std::make_tuple(SpillBase, SpillOffset.getFixed(),
                    SpillOffset.getScalable()) <
           std::make_tuple(Other.SpillBase, Other.SpillOffset.getFixed(),
                    Other.SpillOffset.getScalable());
  }
};

class LocIdx {
  unsigned Location;

  // Default constructor is private, initializing to an illegal location number.
  // Use only for "not an entry" elements in IndexedMaps.
  LocIdx() : Location(UINT_MAX) { }

public:
  #define NUM_LOC_BITS 24
  LocIdx(unsigned L) : Location(L) {
    assert(L < (1 << NUM_LOC_BITS) && "Machine locations must fit in 24 bits");
  }

  static LocIdx MakeIllegalLoc() {
    return LocIdx();
  }

  bool isIllegal() const {
    return Location == UINT_MAX;
  }

  uint64_t asU64() const {
    return Location;
  }

  bool operator==(unsigned L) const {
    return Location == L;
  }

  bool operator==(const LocIdx &L) const {
    return Location == L.Location;
  }

  bool operator!=(unsigned L) const {
    return !(*this == L);
  }

  bool operator!=(const LocIdx &L) const {
    return !(*this == L);
  }

  bool operator<(const LocIdx &Other) const {
    return Location < Other.Location;
  }
};

class LocIdxToIndexFunctor {
public:
  using argument_type = LocIdx;
  unsigned operator()(const LocIdx &L) const {
    return L.asU64();
  }
};

/// Unique identifier for a value defined by an instruction, as a value type.
/// Casts back and forth to a uint64_t. Probably replacable with something less
/// bit-constrained. Each value identifies the instruction and machine location
/// where the value is defined, although there may be no corresponding machine
/// operand for it (ex: regmasks clobbering values). The instructions are
/// one-based, and definitions that are PHIs have instruction number zero.
///
/// The obvious limits of a 1M block function or 1M instruction blocks are
/// problematic; but by that point we should probably have bailed out of
/// trying to analyse the function.
class ValueIDNum {
  uint64_t BlockNo : 20;         /// The block where the def happens.
  uint64_t InstNo : 20;          /// The Instruction where the def happens.
                                 /// One based, is distance from start of block.
  uint64_t LocNo : NUM_LOC_BITS; /// The machine location where the def happens.

public:
  // XXX -- temporarily enabled while the live-in / live-out tables are moved
  // to something more type-y
  ValueIDNum() : BlockNo(0xFFFFF),
                 InstNo(0xFFFFF),
                 LocNo(0xFFFFFF) { }

  ValueIDNum(uint64_t Block, uint64_t Inst, uint64_t Loc)
    : BlockNo(Block), InstNo(Inst), LocNo(Loc) { }

  ValueIDNum(uint64_t Block, uint64_t Inst, LocIdx Loc)
    : BlockNo(Block), InstNo(Inst), LocNo(Loc.asU64()) { }

  uint64_t getBlock() const { return BlockNo; }
  uint64_t getInst() const { return InstNo; }
  uint64_t getLoc() const { return LocNo; }
  bool isPHI() const { return InstNo == 0; }

  uint64_t asU64() const {
    uint64_t TmpBlock = BlockNo;
    uint64_t TmpInst = InstNo;
    return TmpBlock << 44ull | TmpInst << NUM_LOC_BITS | LocNo;
  }

  static ValueIDNum fromU64(uint64_t v) {
    uint64_t L = (v & 0x3FFF);
    return {v >> 44ull, ((v >> NUM_LOC_BITS) & 0xFFFFF), L};
  }

  bool operator<(const ValueIDNum &Other) const {
    return asU64() < Other.asU64();
  }

  bool operator==(const ValueIDNum &Other) const {
    return std::tie(BlockNo, InstNo, LocNo) ==
           std::tie(Other.BlockNo, Other.InstNo, Other.LocNo);
  }

  bool operator!=(const ValueIDNum &Other) const { return !(*this == Other); }

  std::string asString(const std::string &mlocname) const {
    return Twine("Value{bb: ")
        .concat(Twine(BlockNo).concat(
            Twine(", inst: ")
                .concat((InstNo ? Twine(InstNo) : Twine("live-in"))
                            .concat(Twine(", loc: ").concat(Twine(mlocname)))
                            .concat(Twine("}")))))
        .str();
  }

  static ValueIDNum EmptyValue;
};

} // end anonymous namespace

namespace {

/// Meta qualifiers for a value. Pair of whatever expression is used to qualify
/// the the value, and Boolean of whether or not it's indirect.
class DbgValueProperties {
public:
  DbgValueProperties(const DIExpression *DIExpr, bool Indirect)
      : DIExpr(DIExpr), Indirect(Indirect) {}

  /// Extract properties from an existing DBG_VALUE instruction.
  DbgValueProperties(const MachineInstr &MI) {
    assert(MI.isDebugValue());
    DIExpr = MI.getDebugExpression();
    Indirect = MI.getOperand(1).isImm();
  }

  bool operator==(const DbgValueProperties &Other) const {
    return std::tie(DIExpr, Indirect) == std::tie(Other.DIExpr, Other.Indirect);
  }

  bool operator!=(const DbgValueProperties &Other) const {
    return !(*this == Other);
  }

  const DIExpression *DIExpr;
  bool Indirect;
};

/// Tracker for what values are in machine locations. Listens to the Things
/// being Done by various instructions, and maintains a table of what machine
/// locations have what values (as defined by a ValueIDNum).
///
/// There are potentially a much larger number of machine locations on the
/// target machine than the actual working-set size of the function. On x86 for
/// example, we're extremely unlikely to want to track values through control
/// or debug registers. To avoid doing so, MLocTracker has several layers of
/// indirection going on, with two kinds of ``location'':
///  * A LocID uniquely identifies a register or spill location, with a
///    predictable value.
///  * A LocIdx is a key (in the database sense) for a LocID and a ValueIDNum.
/// Whenever a location is def'd or used by a MachineInstr, we automagically
/// create a new LocIdx for a location, but not otherwise. This ensures we only
/// account for locations that are actually used or defined. The cost is another
/// vector lookup (of LocID -> LocIdx) over any other implementation. This is
/// fairly cheap, and the compiler tries to reduce the working-set at any one
/// time in the function anyway.
///
/// Register mask operands completely blow this out of the water; I've just
/// piled hacks on top of hacks to get around that.
class MLocTracker {
public:
  MachineFunction &MF;
  const TargetInstrInfo &TII;
  const TargetRegisterInfo &TRI;
  const TargetLowering &TLI;

  /// IndexedMap type, mapping from LocIdx to ValueIDNum.
  using LocToValueType = IndexedMap<ValueIDNum, LocIdxToIndexFunctor>;

  /// Map of LocIdxes to the ValueIDNums that they store. This is tightly
  /// packed, entries only exist for locations that are being tracked.
  LocToValueType LocIdxToIDNum;

  /// "Map" of machine location IDs (i.e., raw register or spill number) to the
  /// LocIdx key / number for that location. There are always at least as many
  /// as the number of registers on the target -- if the value in the register
  /// is not being tracked, then the LocIdx value will be zero. New entries are
  /// appended if a new spill slot begins being tracked.
  /// This, and the corresponding reverse map persist for the analysis of the
  /// whole function, and is necessarying for decoding various vectors of
  /// values.
  std::vector<LocIdx> LocIDToLocIdx;

  /// Inverse map of LocIDToLocIdx.
  IndexedMap<unsigned, LocIdxToIndexFunctor> LocIdxToLocID;

  /// Unique-ification of spill slots. Used to number them -- their LocID
  /// number is the index in SpillLocs minus one plus NumRegs.
  UniqueVector<SpillLoc> SpillLocs;

  // If we discover a new machine location, assign it an mphi with this
  // block number.
  unsigned CurBB;

  /// Cached local copy of the number of registers the target has.
  unsigned NumRegs;

  /// Collection of register mask operands that have been observed. Second part
  /// of pair indicates the instruction that they happened in. Used to
  /// reconstruct where defs happened if we start tracking a location later
  /// on.
  SmallVector<std::pair<const MachineOperand *, unsigned>, 32> Masks;

  /// Iterator for locations and the values they contain. Dereferencing
  /// produces a struct/pair containing the LocIdx key for this location,
  /// and a reference to the value currently stored. Simplifies the process
  /// of seeking a particular location.
  class MLocIterator {
    LocToValueType &ValueMap;
    LocIdx Idx;

  public:
    class value_type {
      public:
      value_type(LocIdx Idx, ValueIDNum &Value) : Idx(Idx), Value(Value) { }
      const LocIdx Idx;  /// Read-only index of this location.
      ValueIDNum &Value; /// Reference to the stored value at this location.
    };

    MLocIterator(LocToValueType &ValueMap, LocIdx Idx)
      : ValueMap(ValueMap), Idx(Idx) { }

    bool operator==(const MLocIterator &Other) const {
      assert(&ValueMap == &Other.ValueMap);
      return Idx == Other.Idx;
    }

    bool operator!=(const MLocIterator &Other) const {
      return !(*this == Other);
    }

    void operator++() {
      Idx = LocIdx(Idx.asU64() + 1);
    }

    value_type operator*() {
      return value_type(Idx, ValueMap[LocIdx(Idx)]);
    }
  };

  MLocTracker(MachineFunction &MF, const TargetInstrInfo &TII,
              const TargetRegisterInfo &TRI, const TargetLowering &TLI)
      : MF(MF), TII(TII), TRI(TRI), TLI(TLI),
        LocIdxToIDNum(ValueIDNum::EmptyValue),
        LocIdxToLocID(0) {
    NumRegs = TRI.getNumRegs();
    reset();
    LocIDToLocIdx.resize(NumRegs, LocIdx::MakeIllegalLoc());
    assert(NumRegs < (1u << NUM_LOC_BITS)); // Detect bit packing failure

    // Always track SP. This avoids the implicit clobbering caused by regmasks
    // from affectings its values. (LiveDebugValues disbelieves calls and
    // regmasks that claim to clobber SP).
    Register SP = TLI.getStackPointerRegisterToSaveRestore();
    if (SP) {
      unsigned ID = getLocID(SP, false);
      (void)lookupOrTrackRegister(ID);
    }
  }

  /// Produce location ID number for indexing LocIDToLocIdx. Takes the register
  /// or spill number, and flag for whether it's a spill or not.
  unsigned getLocID(Register RegOrSpill, bool isSpill) {
    return (isSpill) ? RegOrSpill.id() + NumRegs - 1 : RegOrSpill.id();
  }

  /// Accessor for reading the value at Idx.
  ValueIDNum getNumAtPos(LocIdx Idx) const {
    assert(Idx.asU64() < LocIdxToIDNum.size());
    return LocIdxToIDNum[Idx];
  }

  unsigned getNumLocs(void) const { return LocIdxToIDNum.size(); }

  /// Reset all locations to contain a PHI value at the designated block. Used
  /// sometimes for actual PHI values, othertimes to indicate the block entry
  /// value (before any more information is known).
  void setMPhis(unsigned NewCurBB) {
    CurBB = NewCurBB;
    for (auto Location : locations())
      Location.Value = {CurBB, 0, Location.Idx};
  }

  /// Load values for each location from array of ValueIDNums. Take current
  /// bbnum just in case we read a value from a hitherto untouched register.
  void loadFromArray(ValueIDNum *Locs, unsigned NewCurBB) {
    CurBB = NewCurBB;
    // Iterate over all tracked locations, and load each locations live-in
    // value into our local index.
    for (auto Location : locations())
      Location.Value = Locs[Location.Idx.asU64()];
  }

  /// Wipe any un-necessary location records after traversing a block.
  void reset(void) {
    // We could reset all the location values too; however either loadFromArray
    // or setMPhis should be called before this object is re-used. Just
    // clear Masks, they're definitely not needed.
    Masks.clear();
  }

  /// Clear all data. Destroys the LocID <=> LocIdx map, which makes most of
  /// the information in this pass uninterpretable.
  void clear(void) {
    reset();
    LocIDToLocIdx.clear();
    LocIdxToLocID.clear();
    LocIdxToIDNum.clear();
    //SpillLocs.reset(); XXX UniqueVector::reset assumes a SpillLoc casts from 0
    SpillLocs = decltype(SpillLocs)();

    LocIDToLocIdx.resize(NumRegs, LocIdx::MakeIllegalLoc());
  }

  /// Set a locaiton to a certain value.
  void setMLoc(LocIdx L, ValueIDNum Num) {
    assert(L.asU64() < LocIdxToIDNum.size());
    LocIdxToIDNum[L] = Num;
  }

  /// Create a LocIdx for an untracked register ID. Initialize it to either an
  /// mphi value representing a live-in, or a recent register mask clobber.
  LocIdx trackRegister(unsigned ID) {
    assert(ID != 0);
    LocIdx NewIdx = LocIdx(LocIdxToIDNum.size());
    LocIdxToIDNum.grow(NewIdx);
    LocIdxToLocID.grow(NewIdx);

    // Default: it's an mphi.
    ValueIDNum ValNum = {CurBB, 0, NewIdx};
    // Was this reg ever touched by a regmask?
    for (const auto &MaskPair : reverse(Masks)) {
      if (MaskPair.first->clobbersPhysReg(ID)) {
        // There was an earlier def we skipped.
        ValNum = {CurBB, MaskPair.second, NewIdx};
        break;
      }
    }

    LocIdxToIDNum[NewIdx] = ValNum;
    LocIdxToLocID[NewIdx] = ID;
    return NewIdx;
  }

  LocIdx lookupOrTrackRegister(unsigned ID) {
    LocIdx &Index = LocIDToLocIdx[ID];
    if (Index.isIllegal())
      Index = trackRegister(ID);
    return Index;
  }

  /// Record a definition of the specified register at the given block / inst.
  /// This doesn't take a ValueIDNum, because the definition and its location
  /// are synonymous.
  void defReg(Register R, unsigned BB, unsigned Inst) {
    unsigned ID = getLocID(R, false);
    LocIdx Idx = lookupOrTrackRegister(ID);
    ValueIDNum ValueID = {BB, Inst, Idx};
    LocIdxToIDNum[Idx] = ValueID;
  }

  /// Set a register to a value number. To be used if the value number is
  /// known in advance.
  void setReg(Register R, ValueIDNum ValueID) {
    unsigned ID = getLocID(R, false);
    LocIdx Idx = lookupOrTrackRegister(ID);
    LocIdxToIDNum[Idx] = ValueID;
  }

  ValueIDNum readReg(Register R) {
    unsigned ID = getLocID(R, false);
    LocIdx Idx = lookupOrTrackRegister(ID);
    return LocIdxToIDNum[Idx];
  }

  /// Reset a register value to zero / empty. Needed to replicate the
  /// VarLoc implementation where a copy to/from a register effectively
  /// clears the contents of the source register. (Values can only have one
  ///  machine location in VarLocBasedImpl).
  void wipeRegister(Register R) {
    unsigned ID = getLocID(R, false);
    LocIdx Idx = LocIDToLocIdx[ID];
    LocIdxToIDNum[Idx] = ValueIDNum::EmptyValue;
  }

  /// Determine the LocIdx of an existing register.
  LocIdx getRegMLoc(Register R) {
    unsigned ID = getLocID(R, false);
    return LocIDToLocIdx[ID];
  }

  /// Record a RegMask operand being executed. Defs any register we currently
  /// track, stores a pointer to the mask in case we have to account for it
  /// later.
  void writeRegMask(const MachineOperand *MO, unsigned CurBB, unsigned InstID) {
    // Ensure SP exists, so that we don't override it later.
    Register SP = TLI.getStackPointerRegisterToSaveRestore();

    // Def any register we track have that isn't preserved. The regmask
    // terminates the liveness of a register, meaning its value can't be
    // relied upon -- we represent this by giving it a new value.
    for (auto Location : locations()) {
      unsigned ID = LocIdxToLocID[Location.Idx];
      // Don't clobber SP, even if the mask says it's clobbered.
      if (ID < NumRegs && ID != SP && MO->clobbersPhysReg(ID))
        defReg(ID, CurBB, InstID);
    }
    Masks.push_back(std::make_pair(MO, InstID));
  }

  /// Find LocIdx for SpillLoc \p L, creating a new one if it's not tracked.
  LocIdx getOrTrackSpillLoc(SpillLoc L) {
    unsigned SpillID = SpillLocs.idFor(L);
    if (SpillID == 0) {
      SpillID = SpillLocs.insert(L);
      unsigned L = getLocID(SpillID, true);
      LocIdx Idx = LocIdx(LocIdxToIDNum.size()); // New idx
      LocIdxToIDNum.grow(Idx);
      LocIdxToLocID.grow(Idx);
      LocIDToLocIdx.push_back(Idx);
      LocIdxToLocID[Idx] = L;
      return Idx;
    } else {
      unsigned L = getLocID(SpillID, true);
      LocIdx Idx = LocIDToLocIdx[L];
      return Idx;
    }
  }

  /// Set the value stored in a spill slot.
  void setSpill(SpillLoc L, ValueIDNum ValueID) {
    LocIdx Idx = getOrTrackSpillLoc(L);
    LocIdxToIDNum[Idx] = ValueID;
  }

  /// Read whatever value is in a spill slot, or None if it isn't tracked.
  Optional<ValueIDNum> readSpill(SpillLoc L) {
    unsigned SpillID = SpillLocs.idFor(L);
    if (SpillID == 0)
      return None;

    unsigned LocID = getLocID(SpillID, true);
    LocIdx Idx = LocIDToLocIdx[LocID];
    return LocIdxToIDNum[Idx];
  }

  /// Determine the LocIdx of a spill slot. Return None if it previously
  /// hasn't had a value assigned.
  Optional<LocIdx> getSpillMLoc(SpillLoc L) {
    unsigned SpillID = SpillLocs.idFor(L);
    if (SpillID == 0)
      return None;
    unsigned LocNo = getLocID(SpillID, true);
    return LocIDToLocIdx[LocNo];
  }

  /// Return true if Idx is a spill machine location.
  bool isSpill(LocIdx Idx) const {
    return LocIdxToLocID[Idx] >= NumRegs;
  }

  MLocIterator begin() {
    return MLocIterator(LocIdxToIDNum, 0);
  }

  MLocIterator end() {
    return MLocIterator(LocIdxToIDNum, LocIdxToIDNum.size());
  }

  /// Return a range over all locations currently tracked.
  iterator_range<MLocIterator> locations() {
    return llvm::make_range(begin(), end());
  }

  std::string LocIdxToName(LocIdx Idx) const {
    unsigned ID = LocIdxToLocID[Idx];
    if (ID >= NumRegs)
      return Twine("slot ").concat(Twine(ID - NumRegs)).str();
    else
      return TRI.getRegAsmName(ID).str();
  }

  std::string IDAsString(const ValueIDNum &Num) const {
    std::string DefName = LocIdxToName(Num.getLoc());
    return Num.asString(DefName);
  }

  LLVM_DUMP_METHOD
  void dump() {
    for (auto Location : locations()) {
      std::string MLocName = LocIdxToName(Location.Value.getLoc());
      std::string DefName = Location.Value.asString(MLocName);
      dbgs() << LocIdxToName(Location.Idx) << " --> " << DefName << "\n";
    }
  }

  LLVM_DUMP_METHOD
  void dump_mloc_map() {
    for (auto Location : locations()) {
      std::string foo = LocIdxToName(Location.Idx);
      dbgs() << "Idx " << Location.Idx.asU64() << " " << foo << "\n";
    }
  }

  /// Create a DBG_VALUE based on  machine location \p MLoc. Qualify it with the
  /// information in \pProperties, for variable Var. Don't insert it anywhere,
  /// just return the builder for it.
  MachineInstrBuilder emitLoc(Optional<LocIdx> MLoc, const DebugVariable &Var,
                              const DbgValueProperties &Properties) {
    DebugLoc DL = DILocation::get(Var.getVariable()->getContext(), 0, 0,
                                  Var.getVariable()->getScope(),
                                  const_cast<DILocation *>(Var.getInlinedAt()));
    auto MIB = BuildMI(MF, DL, TII.get(TargetOpcode::DBG_VALUE));

    const DIExpression *Expr = Properties.DIExpr;
    if (!MLoc) {
      // No location -> DBG_VALUE $noreg
      MIB.addReg(0, RegState::Debug);
      MIB.addReg(0, RegState::Debug);
    } else if (LocIdxToLocID[*MLoc] >= NumRegs) {
      unsigned LocID = LocIdxToLocID[*MLoc];
      const SpillLoc &Spill = SpillLocs[LocID - NumRegs + 1];

      auto *TRI = MF.getSubtarget().getRegisterInfo();
      Expr = TRI->prependOffsetExpression(Expr, DIExpression::ApplyOffset,
                                          Spill.SpillOffset);
      unsigned Base = Spill.SpillBase;
      MIB.addReg(Base, RegState::Debug);
      MIB.addImm(0);
    } else {
      unsigned LocID = LocIdxToLocID[*MLoc];
      MIB.addReg(LocID, RegState::Debug);
      if (Properties.Indirect)
        MIB.addImm(0);
      else
        MIB.addReg(0, RegState::Debug);
    }

    MIB.addMetadata(Var.getVariable());
    MIB.addMetadata(Expr);
    return MIB;
  }
};

/// Class recording the (high level) _value_ of a variable. Identifies either
/// the value of the variable as a ValueIDNum, or a constant MachineOperand.
/// This class also stores meta-information about how the value is qualified.
/// Used to reason about variable values when performing the second
/// (DebugVariable specific) dataflow analysis.
class DbgValue {
public:
  union {
    /// If Kind is Def, the value number that this value is based on.
    ValueIDNum ID;
    /// If Kind is Const, the MachineOperand defining this value.
    MachineOperand MO;
    /// For a NoVal DbgValue, which block it was generated in.
    unsigned BlockNo;
  };
  /// Qualifiers for the ValueIDNum above.
  DbgValueProperties Properties;

  typedef enum {
    Undef,     // Represents a DBG_VALUE $noreg in the transfer function only.
    Def,       // This value is defined by an inst, or is a PHI value.
    Const,     // A constant value contained in the MachineOperand field.
    Proposed,  // This is a tentative PHI value, which may be confirmed or
               // invalidated later.
    NoVal      // Empty DbgValue, generated during dataflow. BlockNo stores
               // which block this was generated in.
   } KindT;
  /// Discriminator for whether this is a constant or an in-program value.
  KindT Kind;

  DbgValue(const ValueIDNum &Val, const DbgValueProperties &Prop, KindT Kind)
    : ID(Val), Properties(Prop), Kind(Kind) {
    assert(Kind == Def || Kind == Proposed);
  }

  DbgValue(unsigned BlockNo, const DbgValueProperties &Prop, KindT Kind)
    : BlockNo(BlockNo), Properties(Prop), Kind(Kind) {
    assert(Kind == NoVal);
  }

  DbgValue(const MachineOperand &MO, const DbgValueProperties &Prop, KindT Kind)
    : MO(MO), Properties(Prop), Kind(Kind) {
    assert(Kind == Const);
  }

  DbgValue(const DbgValueProperties &Prop, KindT Kind)
    : Properties(Prop), Kind(Kind) {
    assert(Kind == Undef &&
           "Empty DbgValue constructor must pass in Undef kind");
  }

  void dump(const MLocTracker *MTrack) const {
    if (Kind == Const) {
      MO.dump();
    } else if (Kind == NoVal) {
      dbgs() << "NoVal(" << BlockNo << ")";
    } else if (Kind == Proposed) {
      dbgs() << "VPHI(" << MTrack->IDAsString(ID) << ")";
    } else {
      assert(Kind == Def);
      dbgs() << MTrack->IDAsString(ID);
    }
    if (Properties.Indirect)
      dbgs() << " indir";
    if (Properties.DIExpr)
      dbgs() << " " << *Properties.DIExpr;
  }

  bool operator==(const DbgValue &Other) const {
    if (std::tie(Kind, Properties) != std::tie(Other.Kind, Other.Properties))
      return false;
    else if (Kind == Proposed && ID != Other.ID)
      return false;
    else if (Kind == Def && ID != Other.ID)
      return false;
    else if (Kind == NoVal && BlockNo != Other.BlockNo)
      return false;
    else if (Kind == Const)
      return MO.isIdenticalTo(Other.MO);

    return true;
  }

  bool operator!=(const DbgValue &Other) const { return !(*this == Other); }
};

/// Types for recording sets of variable fragments that overlap. For a given
/// local variable, we record all other fragments of that variable that could
/// overlap it, to reduce search time.
using FragmentOfVar =
    std::pair<const DILocalVariable *, DIExpression::FragmentInfo>;
using OverlapMap =
    DenseMap<FragmentOfVar, SmallVector<DIExpression::FragmentInfo, 1>>;

/// Collection of DBG_VALUEs observed when traversing a block. Records each
/// variable and the value the DBG_VALUE refers to. Requires the machine value
/// location dataflow algorithm to have run already, so that values can be
/// identified.
class VLocTracker {
public:
  /// Map DebugVariable to the latest Value it's defined to have.
  /// Needs to be a MapVector because we determine order-in-the-input-MIR from
  /// the order in this container.
  /// We only retain the last DbgValue in each block for each variable, to
  /// determine the blocks live-out variable value. The Vars container forms the
  /// transfer function for this block, as part of the dataflow analysis. The
  /// movement of values between locations inside of a block is handled at a
  /// much later stage, in the TransferTracker class.
  MapVector<DebugVariable, DbgValue> Vars;
  DenseMap<DebugVariable, const DILocation *> Scopes;
  MachineBasicBlock *MBB;

public:
  VLocTracker() {}

  void defVar(const MachineInstr &MI, const DbgValueProperties &Properties,
              Optional<ValueIDNum> ID) {
    assert(MI.isDebugValue() || MI.isDebugRef());
    DebugVariable Var(MI.getDebugVariable(), MI.getDebugExpression(),
                      MI.getDebugLoc()->getInlinedAt());
    DbgValue Rec = (ID) ? DbgValue(*ID, Properties, DbgValue::Def)
                        : DbgValue(Properties, DbgValue::Undef);

    // Attempt insertion; overwrite if it's already mapped.
    auto Result = Vars.insert(std::make_pair(Var, Rec));
    if (!Result.second)
      Result.first->second = Rec;
    Scopes[Var] = MI.getDebugLoc().get();
  }

  void defVar(const MachineInstr &MI, const MachineOperand &MO) {
    // Only DBG_VALUEs can define constant-valued variables.
    assert(MI.isDebugValue());
    DebugVariable Var(MI.getDebugVariable(), MI.getDebugExpression(),
                      MI.getDebugLoc()->getInlinedAt());
    DbgValueProperties Properties(MI);
    DbgValue Rec = DbgValue(MO, Properties, DbgValue::Const);

    // Attempt insertion; overwrite if it's already mapped.
    auto Result = Vars.insert(std::make_pair(Var, Rec));
    if (!Result.second)
      Result.first->second = Rec;
    Scopes[Var] = MI.getDebugLoc().get();
  }
};

/// Tracker for converting machine value locations and variable values into
/// variable locations (the output of LiveDebugValues), recorded as DBG_VALUEs
/// specifying block live-in locations and transfers within blocks.
///
/// Operating on a per-block basis, this class takes a (pre-loaded) MLocTracker
/// and must be initialized with the set of variable values that are live-in to
/// the block. The caller then repeatedly calls process(). TransferTracker picks
/// out variable locations for the live-in variable values (if there _is_ a
/// location) and creates the corresponding DBG_VALUEs. Then, as the block is
/// stepped through, transfers of values between machine locations are
/// identified and if profitable, a DBG_VALUE created.
///
/// This is where debug use-before-defs would be resolved: a variable with an
/// unavailable value could materialize in the middle of a block, when the
/// value becomes available. Or, we could detect clobbers and re-specify the
/// variable in a backup location. (XXX these are unimplemented).
class TransferTracker {
public:
  const TargetInstrInfo *TII;
  const TargetLowering *TLI;
  /// This machine location tracker is assumed to always contain the up-to-date
  /// value mapping for all machine locations. TransferTracker only reads
  /// information from it. (XXX make it const?)
  MLocTracker *MTracker;
  MachineFunction &MF;
  bool ShouldEmitDebugEntryValues;

  /// Record of all changes in variable locations at a block position. Awkwardly
  /// we allow inserting either before or after the point: MBB != nullptr
  /// indicates it's before, otherwise after.
  struct Transfer {
    MachineBasicBlock::instr_iterator Pos; /// Position to insert DBG_VALUes
    MachineBasicBlock *MBB; /// non-null if we should insert after.
    SmallVector<MachineInstr *, 4> Insts; /// Vector of DBG_VALUEs to insert.
  };

  struct LocAndProperties {
    LocIdx Loc;
    DbgValueProperties Properties;
  };

  /// Collection of transfers (DBG_VALUEs) to be inserted.
  SmallVector<Transfer, 32> Transfers;

  /// Local cache of what-value-is-in-what-LocIdx. Used to identify differences
  /// between TransferTrackers view of variable locations and MLocTrackers. For
  /// example, MLocTracker observes all clobbers, but TransferTracker lazily
  /// does not.
  std::vector<ValueIDNum> VarLocs;

  /// Map from LocIdxes to which DebugVariables are based that location.
  /// Mantained while stepping through the block. Not accurate if
  /// VarLocs[Idx] != MTracker->LocIdxToIDNum[Idx].
  std::map<LocIdx, SmallSet<DebugVariable, 4>> ActiveMLocs;

  /// Map from DebugVariable to it's current location and qualifying meta
  /// information. To be used in conjunction with ActiveMLocs to construct
  /// enough information for the DBG_VALUEs for a particular LocIdx.
  DenseMap<DebugVariable, LocAndProperties> ActiveVLocs;

  /// Temporary cache of DBG_VALUEs to be entered into the Transfers collection.
  SmallVector<MachineInstr *, 4> PendingDbgValues;

  /// Record of a use-before-def: created when a value that's live-in to the
  /// current block isn't available in any machine location, but it will be
  /// defined in this block.
  struct UseBeforeDef {
    /// Value of this variable, def'd in block.
    ValueIDNum ID;
    /// Identity of this variable.
    DebugVariable Var;
    /// Additional variable properties.
    DbgValueProperties Properties;
  };

  /// Map from instruction index (within the block) to the set of UseBeforeDefs
  /// that become defined at that instruction.
  DenseMap<unsigned, SmallVector<UseBeforeDef, 1>> UseBeforeDefs;

  /// The set of variables that are in UseBeforeDefs and can become a location
  /// once the relevant value is defined. An element being erased from this
  /// collection prevents the use-before-def materializing.
  DenseSet<DebugVariable> UseBeforeDefVariables;

  const TargetRegisterInfo &TRI;
  const BitVector &CalleeSavedRegs;

  TransferTracker(const TargetInstrInfo *TII, MLocTracker *MTracker,
                  MachineFunction &MF, const TargetRegisterInfo &TRI,
                  const BitVector &CalleeSavedRegs, const TargetPassConfig &TPC)
      : TII(TII), MTracker(MTracker), MF(MF), TRI(TRI),
        CalleeSavedRegs(CalleeSavedRegs) {
    TLI = MF.getSubtarget().getTargetLowering();
    auto &TM = TPC.getTM<TargetMachine>();
    ShouldEmitDebugEntryValues = TM.Options.ShouldEmitDebugEntryValues();
  }

  /// Load object with live-in variable values. \p mlocs contains the live-in
  /// values in each machine location, while \p vlocs the live-in variable
  /// values. This method picks variable locations for the live-in variables,
  /// creates DBG_VALUEs and puts them in #Transfers, then prepares the other
  /// object fields to track variable locations as we step through the block.
  /// FIXME: could just examine mloctracker instead of passing in \p mlocs?
  void loadInlocs(MachineBasicBlock &MBB, ValueIDNum *MLocs,
                  SmallVectorImpl<std::pair<DebugVariable, DbgValue>> &VLocs,
                  unsigned NumLocs) {
    ActiveMLocs.clear();
    ActiveVLocs.clear();
    VarLocs.clear();
    VarLocs.reserve(NumLocs);
    UseBeforeDefs.clear();
    UseBeforeDefVariables.clear();

    auto isCalleeSaved = [&](LocIdx L) {
      unsigned Reg = MTracker->LocIdxToLocID[L];
      if (Reg >= MTracker->NumRegs)
        return false;
      for (MCRegAliasIterator RAI(Reg, &TRI, true); RAI.isValid(); ++RAI)
        if (CalleeSavedRegs.test(*RAI))
          return true;
      return false;
    };

    // Map of the preferred location for each value.
    std::map<ValueIDNum, LocIdx> ValueToLoc;

    // Produce a map of value numbers to the current machine locs they live
    // in. When emulating VarLocBasedImpl, there should only be one
    // location; when not, we get to pick.
    for (auto Location : MTracker->locations()) {
      LocIdx Idx = Location.Idx;
      ValueIDNum &VNum = MLocs[Idx.asU64()];
      VarLocs.push_back(VNum);
      auto it = ValueToLoc.find(VNum);
      // In order of preference, pick:
      //  * Callee saved registers,
      //  * Other registers,
      //  * Spill slots.
      if (it == ValueToLoc.end() || MTracker->isSpill(it->second) ||
          (!isCalleeSaved(it->second) && isCalleeSaved(Idx.asU64()))) {
        // Insert, or overwrite if insertion failed.
        auto PrefLocRes = ValueToLoc.insert(std::make_pair(VNum, Idx));
        if (!PrefLocRes.second)
          PrefLocRes.first->second = Idx;
      }
    }

    // Now map variables to their picked LocIdxes.
    for (auto Var : VLocs) {
      if (Var.second.Kind == DbgValue::Const) {
        PendingDbgValues.push_back(
            emitMOLoc(Var.second.MO, Var.first, Var.second.Properties));
        continue;
      }

      // If the value has no location, we can't make a variable location.
      const ValueIDNum &Num = Var.second.ID;
      auto ValuesPreferredLoc = ValueToLoc.find(Num);
      if (ValuesPreferredLoc == ValueToLoc.end()) {
        // If it's a def that occurs in this block, register it as a
        // use-before-def to be resolved as we step through the block.
        if (Num.getBlock() == (unsigned)MBB.getNumber() && !Num.isPHI())
          addUseBeforeDef(Var.first, Var.second.Properties, Num);
        else
          recoverAsEntryValue(Var.first, Var.second.Properties, Num);
        continue;
      }

      LocIdx M = ValuesPreferredLoc->second;
      auto NewValue = LocAndProperties{M, Var.second.Properties};
      auto Result = ActiveVLocs.insert(std::make_pair(Var.first, NewValue));
      if (!Result.second)
        Result.first->second = NewValue;
      ActiveMLocs[M].insert(Var.first);
      PendingDbgValues.push_back(
          MTracker->emitLoc(M, Var.first, Var.second.Properties));
    }
    flushDbgValues(MBB.begin(), &MBB);
  }

  /// Record that \p Var has value \p ID, a value that becomes available
  /// later in the function.
  void addUseBeforeDef(const DebugVariable &Var,
                       const DbgValueProperties &Properties, ValueIDNum ID) {
    UseBeforeDef UBD = {ID, Var, Properties};
    UseBeforeDefs[ID.getInst()].push_back(UBD);
    UseBeforeDefVariables.insert(Var);
  }

  /// After the instruction at index \p Inst and position \p pos has been
  /// processed, check whether it defines a variable value in a use-before-def.
  /// If so, and the variable value hasn't changed since the start of the
  /// block, create a DBG_VALUE.
  void checkInstForNewValues(unsigned Inst, MachineBasicBlock::iterator pos) {
    auto MIt = UseBeforeDefs.find(Inst);
    if (MIt == UseBeforeDefs.end())
      return;

    for (auto &Use : MIt->second) {
      LocIdx L = Use.ID.getLoc();

      // If something goes very wrong, we might end up labelling a COPY
      // instruction or similar with an instruction number, where it doesn't
      // actually define a new value, instead it moves a value. In case this
      // happens, discard.
      if (MTracker->LocIdxToIDNum[L] != Use.ID)
        continue;

      // If a different debug instruction defined the variable value / location
      // since the start of the block, don't materialize this use-before-def.
      if (!UseBeforeDefVariables.count(Use.Var))
        continue;

      PendingDbgValues.push_back(MTracker->emitLoc(L, Use.Var, Use.Properties));
    }
    flushDbgValues(pos, nullptr);
  }

  /// Helper to move created DBG_VALUEs into Transfers collection.
  void flushDbgValues(MachineBasicBlock::iterator Pos, MachineBasicBlock *MBB) {
    if (PendingDbgValues.size() == 0)
      return;

    // Pick out the instruction start position.
    MachineBasicBlock::instr_iterator BundleStart;
    if (MBB && Pos == MBB->begin())
      BundleStart = MBB->instr_begin();
    else
      BundleStart = getBundleStart(Pos->getIterator());

    Transfers.push_back({BundleStart, MBB, PendingDbgValues});
    PendingDbgValues.clear();
  }

  bool isEntryValueVariable(const DebugVariable &Var,
                            const DIExpression *Expr) const {
    if (!Var.getVariable()->isParameter())
      return false;

    if (Var.getInlinedAt())
      return false;

    if (Expr->getNumElements() > 0)
      return false;

    return true;
  }

  bool isEntryValueValue(const ValueIDNum &Val) const {
    // Must be in entry block (block number zero), and be a PHI / live-in value.
    if (Val.getBlock() || !Val.isPHI())
      return false;

    // Entry values must enter in a register.
    if (MTracker->isSpill(Val.getLoc()))
      return false;

    Register SP = TLI->getStackPointerRegisterToSaveRestore();
    Register FP = TRI.getFrameRegister(MF);
    Register Reg = MTracker->LocIdxToLocID[Val.getLoc()];
    return Reg != SP && Reg != FP;
  }

  bool recoverAsEntryValue(const DebugVariable &Var, DbgValueProperties &Prop,
                           const ValueIDNum &Num) {
    // Is this variable location a candidate to be an entry value. First,
    // should we be trying this at all?
    if (!ShouldEmitDebugEntryValues)
      return false;

    // Is the variable appropriate for entry values (i.e., is a parameter).
    if (!isEntryValueVariable(Var, Prop.DIExpr))
      return false;

    // Is the value assigned to this variable still the entry value?
    if (!isEntryValueValue(Num))
      return false;

    // Emit a variable location using an entry value expression.
    DIExpression *NewExpr =
        DIExpression::prepend(Prop.DIExpr, DIExpression::EntryValue);
    Register Reg = MTracker->LocIdxToLocID[Num.getLoc()];
    MachineOperand MO = MachineOperand::CreateReg(Reg, false);
    MO.setIsDebug(true);

    PendingDbgValues.push_back(emitMOLoc(MO, Var, {NewExpr, Prop.Indirect}));
    return true;
  }

  /// Change a variable value after encountering a DBG_VALUE inside a block.
  void redefVar(const MachineInstr &MI) {
    DebugVariable Var(MI.getDebugVariable(), MI.getDebugExpression(),
                      MI.getDebugLoc()->getInlinedAt());
    DbgValueProperties Properties(MI);

    const MachineOperand &MO = MI.getOperand(0);

    // Ignore non-register locations, we don't transfer those.
    if (!MO.isReg() || MO.getReg() == 0) {
      auto It = ActiveVLocs.find(Var);
      if (It != ActiveVLocs.end()) {
        ActiveMLocs[It->second.Loc].erase(Var);
        ActiveVLocs.erase(It);
     }
      // Any use-before-defs no longer apply.
      UseBeforeDefVariables.erase(Var);
      return;
    }

    Register Reg = MO.getReg();
    LocIdx NewLoc = MTracker->getRegMLoc(Reg);
    redefVar(MI, Properties, NewLoc);
  }

  /// Handle a change in variable location within a block. Terminate the
  /// variables current location, and record the value it now refers to, so
  /// that we can detect location transfers later on.
  void redefVar(const MachineInstr &MI, const DbgValueProperties &Properties,
                Optional<LocIdx> OptNewLoc) {
    DebugVariable Var(MI.getDebugVariable(), MI.getDebugExpression(),
                      MI.getDebugLoc()->getInlinedAt());
    // Any use-before-defs no longer apply.
    UseBeforeDefVariables.erase(Var);

    // Erase any previous location,
    auto It = ActiveVLocs.find(Var);
    if (It != ActiveVLocs.end())
      ActiveMLocs[It->second.Loc].erase(Var);

    // If there _is_ no new location, all we had to do was erase.
    if (!OptNewLoc)
      return;
    LocIdx NewLoc = *OptNewLoc;

    // Check whether our local copy of values-by-location in #VarLocs is out of
    // date. Wipe old tracking data for the location if it's been clobbered in
    // the meantime.
    if (MTracker->getNumAtPos(NewLoc) != VarLocs[NewLoc.asU64()]) {
      for (auto &P : ActiveMLocs[NewLoc]) {
        ActiveVLocs.erase(P);
      }
      ActiveMLocs[NewLoc.asU64()].clear();
      VarLocs[NewLoc.asU64()] = MTracker->getNumAtPos(NewLoc);
    }

    ActiveMLocs[NewLoc].insert(Var);
    if (It == ActiveVLocs.end()) {
      ActiveVLocs.insert(
          std::make_pair(Var, LocAndProperties{NewLoc, Properties}));
    } else {
      It->second.Loc = NewLoc;
      It->second.Properties = Properties;
    }
  }

  /// Account for a location \p mloc being clobbered. Examine the variable
  /// locations that will be terminated: and try to recover them by using
  /// another location. Optionally, given \p MakeUndef, emit a DBG_VALUE to
  /// explicitly terminate a location if it can't be recovered.
  void clobberMloc(LocIdx MLoc, MachineBasicBlock::iterator Pos,
                   bool MakeUndef = true) {
    auto ActiveMLocIt = ActiveMLocs.find(MLoc);
    if (ActiveMLocIt == ActiveMLocs.end())
      return;

    // What was the old variable value?
    ValueIDNum OldValue = VarLocs[MLoc.asU64()];
    VarLocs[MLoc.asU64()] = ValueIDNum::EmptyValue;

    // Examine the remaining variable locations: if we can find the same value
    // again, we can recover the location.
    Optional<LocIdx> NewLoc = None;
    for (auto Loc : MTracker->locations())
      if (Loc.Value == OldValue)
        NewLoc = Loc.Idx;

    // If there is no location, and we weren't asked to make the variable
    // explicitly undef, then stop here.
    if (!NewLoc && !MakeUndef) {
      // Try and recover a few more locations with entry values.
      for (auto &Var : ActiveMLocIt->second) {
        auto &Prop = ActiveVLocs.find(Var)->second.Properties;
        recoverAsEntryValue(Var, Prop, OldValue);
      }
      flushDbgValues(Pos, nullptr);
      return;
    }

    // Examine all the variables based on this location.
    DenseSet<DebugVariable> NewMLocs;
    for (auto &Var : ActiveMLocIt->second) {
      auto ActiveVLocIt = ActiveVLocs.find(Var);
      // Re-state the variable location: if there's no replacement then NewLoc
      // is None and a $noreg DBG_VALUE will be created. Otherwise, a DBG_VALUE
      // identifying the alternative location will be emitted.
      const DIExpression *Expr = ActiveVLocIt->second.Properties.DIExpr;
      DbgValueProperties Properties(Expr, false);
      PendingDbgValues.push_back(MTracker->emitLoc(NewLoc, Var, Properties));

      // Update machine locations <=> variable locations maps. Defer updating
      // ActiveMLocs to avoid invalidaing the ActiveMLocIt iterator.
      if (!NewLoc) {
        ActiveVLocs.erase(ActiveVLocIt);
      } else {
        ActiveVLocIt->second.Loc = *NewLoc;
        NewMLocs.insert(Var);
      }
    }

    // Commit any deferred ActiveMLoc changes.
    if (!NewMLocs.empty())
      for (auto &Var : NewMLocs)
        ActiveMLocs[*NewLoc].insert(Var);

    // We lazily track what locations have which values; if we've found a new
    // location for the clobbered value, remember it.
    if (NewLoc)
      VarLocs[NewLoc->asU64()] = OldValue;

    flushDbgValues(Pos, nullptr);

    ActiveMLocIt->second.clear();
  }

  /// Transfer variables based on \p Src to be based on \p Dst. This handles
  /// both register copies as well as spills and restores. Creates DBG_VALUEs
  /// describing the movement.
  void transferMlocs(LocIdx Src, LocIdx Dst, MachineBasicBlock::iterator Pos) {
    // Does Src still contain the value num we expect? If not, it's been
    // clobbered in the meantime, and our variable locations are stale.
    if (VarLocs[Src.asU64()] != MTracker->getNumAtPos(Src))
      return;

    // assert(ActiveMLocs[Dst].size() == 0);
    //^^^ Legitimate scenario on account of un-clobbered slot being assigned to?
    ActiveMLocs[Dst] = ActiveMLocs[Src];
    VarLocs[Dst.asU64()] = VarLocs[Src.asU64()];

    // For each variable based on Src; create a location at Dst.
    for (auto &Var : ActiveMLocs[Src]) {
      auto ActiveVLocIt = ActiveVLocs.find(Var);
      assert(ActiveVLocIt != ActiveVLocs.end());
      ActiveVLocIt->second.Loc = Dst;

      assert(Dst != 0);
      MachineInstr *MI =
          MTracker->emitLoc(Dst, Var, ActiveVLocIt->second.Properties);
      PendingDbgValues.push_back(MI);
    }
    ActiveMLocs[Src].clear();
    flushDbgValues(Pos, nullptr);

    // XXX XXX XXX "pretend to be old LDV" means dropping all tracking data
    // about the old location.
    if (EmulateOldLDV)
      VarLocs[Src.asU64()] = ValueIDNum::EmptyValue;
  }

  MachineInstrBuilder emitMOLoc(const MachineOperand &MO,
                                const DebugVariable &Var,
                                const DbgValueProperties &Properties) {
    DebugLoc DL = DILocation::get(Var.getVariable()->getContext(), 0, 0,
                                  Var.getVariable()->getScope(),
                                  const_cast<DILocation *>(Var.getInlinedAt()));
    auto MIB = BuildMI(MF, DL, TII->get(TargetOpcode::DBG_VALUE));
    MIB.add(MO);
    if (Properties.Indirect)
      MIB.addImm(0);
    else
      MIB.addReg(0);
    MIB.addMetadata(Var.getVariable());
    MIB.addMetadata(Properties.DIExpr);
    return MIB;
  }
};

class InstrRefBasedLDV : public LDVImpl {
private:
  using FragmentInfo = DIExpression::FragmentInfo;
  using OptFragmentInfo = Optional<DIExpression::FragmentInfo>;

  // Helper while building OverlapMap, a map of all fragments seen for a given
  // DILocalVariable.
  using VarToFragments =
      DenseMap<const DILocalVariable *, SmallSet<FragmentInfo, 4>>;

  /// Machine location/value transfer function, a mapping of which locations
  /// are assigned which new values.
  using MLocTransferMap = std::map<LocIdx, ValueIDNum>;

  /// Live in/out structure for the variable values: a per-block map of
  /// variables to their values. XXX, better name?
  using LiveIdxT =
      DenseMap<const MachineBasicBlock *, DenseMap<DebugVariable, DbgValue> *>;

  using VarAndLoc = std::pair<DebugVariable, DbgValue>;

  /// Type for a live-in value: the predecessor block, and its value.
  using InValueT = std::pair<MachineBasicBlock *, DbgValue *>;

  /// Vector (per block) of a collection (inner smallvector) of live-ins.
  /// Used as the result type for the variable value dataflow problem.
  using LiveInsT = SmallVector<SmallVector<VarAndLoc, 8>, 8>;

  const TargetRegisterInfo *TRI;
  const TargetInstrInfo *TII;
  const TargetFrameLowering *TFI;
  const MachineFrameInfo *MFI;
  BitVector CalleeSavedRegs;
  LexicalScopes LS;
  TargetPassConfig *TPC;

  /// Object to track machine locations as we step through a block. Could
  /// probably be a field rather than a pointer, as it's always used.
  MLocTracker *MTracker;

  /// Number of the current block LiveDebugValues is stepping through.
  unsigned CurBB;

  /// Number of the current instruction LiveDebugValues is evaluating.
  unsigned CurInst;

  /// Variable tracker -- listens to DBG_VALUEs occurring as InstrRefBasedImpl
  /// steps through a block. Reads the values at each location from the
  /// MLocTracker object.
  VLocTracker *VTracker;

  /// Tracker for transfers, listens to DBG_VALUEs and transfers of values
  /// between locations during stepping, creates new DBG_VALUEs when values move
  /// location.
  TransferTracker *TTracker;

  /// Blocks which are artificial, i.e. blocks which exclusively contain
  /// instructions without DebugLocs, or with line 0 locations.
  SmallPtrSet<const MachineBasicBlock *, 16> ArtificialBlocks;

  // Mapping of blocks to and from their RPOT order.
  DenseMap<unsigned int, MachineBasicBlock *> OrderToBB;
  DenseMap<MachineBasicBlock *, unsigned int> BBToOrder;
  DenseMap<unsigned, unsigned> BBNumToRPO;

  /// Pair of MachineInstr, and its 1-based offset into the containing block.
  using InstAndNum = std::pair<const MachineInstr *, unsigned>;
  /// Map from debug instruction number to the MachineInstr labelled with that
  /// number, and its location within the function. Used to transform
  /// instruction numbers in DBG_INSTR_REFs into machine value numbers.
  std::map<uint64_t, InstAndNum> DebugInstrNumToInstr;

  /// Record of where we observed a DBG_PHI instruction.
  class DebugPHIRecord {
  public:
    uint64_t InstrNum;      ///< Instruction number of this DBG_PHI.
    MachineBasicBlock *MBB; ///< Block where DBG_PHI occurred.
    ValueIDNum ValueRead;   ///< The value number read by the DBG_PHI.
    LocIdx ReadLoc;         ///< Register/Stack location the DBG_PHI reads.

    operator unsigned() const { return InstrNum; }
  };

  /// Map from instruction numbers defined by DBG_PHIs to a record of what that
  /// DBG_PHI read and where. Populated and edited during the machine value
  /// location problem -- we use LLVMs SSA Updater to fix changes by
  /// optimizations that destroy PHI instructions.
  SmallVector<DebugPHIRecord, 32> DebugPHINumToValue;

  // Map of overlapping variable fragments.
  OverlapMap OverlapFragments;
  VarToFragments SeenFragments;

  /// Tests whether this instruction is a spill to a stack slot.
  bool isSpillInstruction(const MachineInstr &MI, MachineFunction *MF);

  /// Decide if @MI is a spill instruction and return true if it is. We use 2
  /// criteria to make this decision:
  /// - Is this instruction a store to a spill slot?
  /// - Is there a register operand that is both used and killed?
  /// TODO: Store optimization can fold spills into other stores (including
  /// other spills). We do not handle this yet (more than one memory operand).
  bool isLocationSpill(const MachineInstr &MI, MachineFunction *MF,
                       unsigned &Reg);

  /// If a given instruction is identified as a spill, return the spill slot
  /// and set \p Reg to the spilled register.
  Optional<SpillLoc> isRestoreInstruction(const MachineInstr &MI,
                                          MachineFunction *MF, unsigned &Reg);

  /// Given a spill instruction, extract the register and offset used to
  /// address the spill slot in a target independent way.
  SpillLoc extractSpillBaseRegAndOffset(const MachineInstr &MI);

  /// Observe a single instruction while stepping through a block.
  void process(MachineInstr &MI, ValueIDNum **MLiveOuts = nullptr,
               ValueIDNum **MLiveIns = nullptr);

  /// Examines whether \p MI is a DBG_VALUE and notifies trackers.
  /// \returns true if MI was recognized and processed.
  bool transferDebugValue(const MachineInstr &MI);

  /// Examines whether \p MI is a DBG_INSTR_REF and notifies trackers.
  /// \returns true if MI was recognized and processed.
  bool transferDebugInstrRef(MachineInstr &MI, ValueIDNum **MLiveOuts,
                             ValueIDNum **MLiveIns);

  /// Stores value-information about where this PHI occurred, and what
  /// instruction number is associated with it.
  /// \returns true if MI was recognized and processed.
  bool transferDebugPHI(MachineInstr &MI);

  /// Examines whether \p MI is copy instruction, and notifies trackers.
  /// \returns true if MI was recognized and processed.
  bool transferRegisterCopy(MachineInstr &MI);

  /// Examines whether \p MI is stack spill or restore  instruction, and
  /// notifies trackers. \returns true if MI was recognized and processed.
  bool transferSpillOrRestoreInst(MachineInstr &MI);

  /// Examines \p MI for any registers that it defines, and notifies trackers.
  void transferRegisterDef(MachineInstr &MI);

  /// Copy one location to the other, accounting for movement of subregisters
  /// too.
  void performCopy(Register Src, Register Dst);

  void accumulateFragmentMap(MachineInstr &MI);

  /// Determine the machine value number referred to by (potentially several)
  /// DBG_PHI instructions. Block duplication and tail folding can duplicate
  /// DBG_PHIs, shifting the position where values in registers merge, and
  /// forming another mini-ssa problem to solve.
  /// \p Here the position of a DBG_INSTR_REF seeking a machine value number
  /// \p InstrNum Debug instruction number defined by DBG_PHI instructions.
  /// \returns The machine value number at position Here, or None.
  Optional<ValueIDNum> resolveDbgPHIs(MachineFunction &MF,
                                      ValueIDNum **MLiveOuts,
                                      ValueIDNum **MLiveIns, MachineInstr &Here,
                                      uint64_t InstrNum);

  /// Step through the function, recording register definitions and movements
  /// in an MLocTracker. Convert the observations into a per-block transfer
  /// function in \p MLocTransfer, suitable for using with the machine value
  /// location dataflow problem.
  void
  produceMLocTransferFunction(MachineFunction &MF,
                              SmallVectorImpl<MLocTransferMap> &MLocTransfer,
                              unsigned MaxNumBlocks);

  /// Solve the machine value location dataflow problem. Takes as input the
  /// transfer functions in \p MLocTransfer. Writes the output live-in and
  /// live-out arrays to the (initialized to zero) multidimensional arrays in
  /// \p MInLocs and \p MOutLocs. The outer dimension is indexed by block
  /// number, the inner by LocIdx.
  void mlocDataflow(ValueIDNum **MInLocs, ValueIDNum **MOutLocs,
                    SmallVectorImpl<MLocTransferMap> &MLocTransfer);

  /// Perform a control flow join (lattice value meet) of the values in machine
  /// locations at \p MBB. Follows the algorithm described in the file-comment,
  /// reading live-outs of predecessors from \p OutLocs, the current live ins
  /// from \p InLocs, and assigning the newly computed live ins back into
  /// \p InLocs. \returns two bools -- the first indicates whether a change
  /// was made, the second whether a lattice downgrade occurred. If the latter
  /// is true, revisiting this block is necessary.
  std::tuple<bool, bool>
  mlocJoin(MachineBasicBlock &MBB,
           SmallPtrSet<const MachineBasicBlock *, 16> &Visited,
           ValueIDNum **OutLocs, ValueIDNum *InLocs);

  /// Solve the variable value dataflow problem, for a single lexical scope.
  /// Uses the algorithm from the file comment to resolve control flow joins,
  /// although there are extra hacks, see vlocJoin. Reads the
  /// locations of values from the \p MInLocs and \p MOutLocs arrays (see
  /// mlocDataflow) and reads the variable values transfer function from
  /// \p AllTheVlocs. Live-in and Live-out variable values are stored locally,
  /// with the live-ins permanently stored to \p Output once the fixedpoint is
  /// reached.
  /// \p VarsWeCareAbout contains a collection of the variables in \p Scope
  /// that we should be tracking.
  /// \p AssignBlocks contains the set of blocks that aren't in \p Scope, but
  /// which do contain DBG_VALUEs, which VarLocBasedImpl tracks locations
  /// through.
  void vlocDataflow(const LexicalScope *Scope, const DILocation *DILoc,
                    const SmallSet<DebugVariable, 4> &VarsWeCareAbout,
                    SmallPtrSetImpl<MachineBasicBlock *> &AssignBlocks,
                    LiveInsT &Output, ValueIDNum **MOutLocs,
                    ValueIDNum **MInLocs,
                    SmallVectorImpl<VLocTracker> &AllTheVLocs);

  /// Compute the live-ins to a block, considering control flow merges according
  /// to the method in the file comment. Live out and live in variable values
  /// are stored in \p VLOCOutLocs and \p VLOCInLocs. The live-ins for \p MBB
  /// are computed and stored into \p VLOCInLocs. \returns true if the live-ins
  /// are modified.
  /// \p InLocsT Output argument, storage for calculated live-ins.
  /// \returns two bools -- the first indicates whether a change
  /// was made, the second whether a lattice downgrade occurred. If the latter
  /// is true, revisiting this block is necessary.
  std::tuple<bool, bool>
  vlocJoin(MachineBasicBlock &MBB, LiveIdxT &VLOCOutLocs, LiveIdxT &VLOCInLocs,
           SmallPtrSet<const MachineBasicBlock *, 16> *VLOCVisited,
           unsigned BBNum, const SmallSet<DebugVariable, 4> &AllVars,
           ValueIDNum **MOutLocs, ValueIDNum **MInLocs,
           SmallPtrSet<const MachineBasicBlock *, 8> &InScopeBlocks,
           SmallPtrSet<const MachineBasicBlock *, 8> &BlocksToExplore,
           DenseMap<DebugVariable, DbgValue> &InLocsT);

  /// Continue exploration of the variable-value lattice, as explained in the
  /// file-level comment. \p OldLiveInLocation contains the current
  /// exploration position, from which we need to descend further. \p Values
  /// contains the set of live-in values, \p CurBlockRPONum the RPO number of
  /// the current block, and \p CandidateLocations a set of locations that
  /// should be considered as PHI locations, if we reach the bottom of the
  /// lattice. \returns true if we should downgrade; the value is the agreeing
  /// value number in a non-backedge predecessor.
  bool vlocDowngradeLattice(const MachineBasicBlock &MBB,
                            const DbgValue &OldLiveInLocation,
                            const SmallVectorImpl<InValueT> &Values,
                            unsigned CurBlockRPONum);

  /// For the given block and live-outs feeding into it, try to find a
  /// machine location where they all join. If a solution for all predecessors
  /// can't be found, a location where all non-backedge-predecessors join
  /// will be returned instead. While this method finds a join location, this
  /// says nothing as to whether it should be used.
  /// \returns Pair of value ID if found, and true when the correct value
  /// is available on all predecessor edges, or false if it's only available
  /// for non-backedge predecessors.
  std::tuple<Optional<ValueIDNum>, bool>
  pickVPHILoc(MachineBasicBlock &MBB, const DebugVariable &Var,
              const LiveIdxT &LiveOuts, ValueIDNum **MOutLocs,
              ValueIDNum **MInLocs,
              const SmallVectorImpl<MachineBasicBlock *> &BlockOrders);

  /// Given the solutions to the two dataflow problems, machine value locations
  /// in \p MInLocs and live-in variable values in \p SavedLiveIns, runs the
  /// TransferTracker class over the function to produce live-in and transfer
  /// DBG_VALUEs, then inserts them. Groups of DBG_VALUEs are inserted in the
  /// order given by AllVarsNumbering -- this could be any stable order, but
  /// right now "order of appearence in function, when explored in RPO", so
  /// that we can compare explictly against VarLocBasedImpl.
  void emitLocations(MachineFunction &MF, LiveInsT SavedLiveIns,
                     ValueIDNum **MOutLocs, ValueIDNum **MInLocs,
                     DenseMap<DebugVariable, unsigned> &AllVarsNumbering,
                     const TargetPassConfig &TPC);

  /// Boilerplate computation of some initial sets, artifical blocks and
  /// RPOT block ordering.
  void initialSetup(MachineFunction &MF);

  bool ExtendRanges(MachineFunction &MF, TargetPassConfig *TPC) override;

public:
  /// Default construct and initialize the pass.
  InstrRefBasedLDV();

  LLVM_DUMP_METHOD
  void dump_mloc_transfer(const MLocTransferMap &mloc_transfer) const;

  bool isCalleeSaved(LocIdx L) {
    unsigned Reg = MTracker->LocIdxToLocID[L];
    for (MCRegAliasIterator RAI(Reg, TRI, true); RAI.isValid(); ++RAI)
      if (CalleeSavedRegs.test(*RAI))
        return true;
    return false;
  }
};

} // end anonymous namespace

//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
//            Implementation
//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//

ValueIDNum ValueIDNum::EmptyValue = {UINT_MAX, UINT_MAX, UINT_MAX};

/// Default construct and initialize the pass.
InstrRefBasedLDV::InstrRefBasedLDV() {}

//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
//            Debug Range Extension Implementation
//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//

#ifndef NDEBUG
// Something to restore in the future.
// void InstrRefBasedLDV::printVarLocInMBB(..)
#endif

SpillLoc
InstrRefBasedLDV::extractSpillBaseRegAndOffset(const MachineInstr &MI) {
  assert(MI.hasOneMemOperand() &&
         "Spill instruction does not have exactly one memory operand?");
  auto MMOI = MI.memoperands_begin();
  const PseudoSourceValue *PVal = (*MMOI)->getPseudoValue();
  assert(PVal->kind() == PseudoSourceValue::FixedStack &&
         "Inconsistent memory operand in spill instruction");
  int FI = cast<FixedStackPseudoSourceValue>(PVal)->getFrameIndex();
  const MachineBasicBlock *MBB = MI.getParent();
  Register Reg;
  StackOffset Offset = TFI->getFrameIndexReference(*MBB->getParent(), FI, Reg);
  return {Reg, Offset};
}

/// End all previous ranges related to @MI and start a new range from @MI
/// if it is a DBG_VALUE instr.
bool InstrRefBasedLDV::transferDebugValue(const MachineInstr &MI) {
  if (!MI.isDebugValue())
    return false;

  const DILocalVariable *Var = MI.getDebugVariable();
  const DIExpression *Expr = MI.getDebugExpression();
  const DILocation *DebugLoc = MI.getDebugLoc();
  const DILocation *InlinedAt = DebugLoc->getInlinedAt();
  assert(Var->isValidLocationForIntrinsic(DebugLoc) &&
         "Expected inlined-at fields to agree");

  DebugVariable V(Var, Expr, InlinedAt);
  DbgValueProperties Properties(MI);

  // If there are no instructions in this lexical scope, do no location tracking
  // at all, this variable shouldn't get a legitimate location range.
  auto *Scope = LS.findLexicalScope(MI.getDebugLoc().get());
  if (Scope == nullptr)
    return true; // handled it; by doing nothing

  const MachineOperand &MO = MI.getOperand(0);

  // MLocTracker needs to know that this register is read, even if it's only
  // read by a debug inst.
  if (MO.isReg() && MO.getReg() != 0)
    (void)MTracker->readReg(MO.getReg());

  // If we're preparing for the second analysis (variables), the machine value
  // locations are already solved, and we report this DBG_VALUE and the value
  // it refers to to VLocTracker.
  if (VTracker) {
    if (MO.isReg()) {
      // Feed defVar the new variable location, or if this is a
      // DBG_VALUE $noreg, feed defVar None.
      if (MO.getReg())
        VTracker->defVar(MI, Properties, MTracker->readReg(MO.getReg()));
      else
        VTracker->defVar(MI, Properties, None);
    } else if (MI.getOperand(0).isImm() || MI.getOperand(0).isFPImm() ||
               MI.getOperand(0).isCImm()) {
      VTracker->defVar(MI, MI.getOperand(0));
    }
  }

  // If performing final tracking of transfers, report this variable definition
  // to the TransferTracker too.
  if (TTracker)
    TTracker->redefVar(MI);
  return true;
}

bool InstrRefBasedLDV::transferDebugInstrRef(MachineInstr &MI,
                                             ValueIDNum **MLiveOuts,
                                             ValueIDNum **MLiveIns) {
  if (!MI.isDebugRef())
    return false;

  // Only handle this instruction when we are building the variable value
  // transfer function.
  if (!VTracker)
    return false;

  unsigned InstNo = MI.getOperand(0).getImm();
  unsigned OpNo = MI.getOperand(1).getImm();

  const DILocalVariable *Var = MI.getDebugVariable();
  const DIExpression *Expr = MI.getDebugExpression();
  const DILocation *DebugLoc = MI.getDebugLoc();
  const DILocation *InlinedAt = DebugLoc->getInlinedAt();
  assert(Var->isValidLocationForIntrinsic(DebugLoc) &&
         "Expected inlined-at fields to agree");

  DebugVariable V(Var, Expr, InlinedAt);

  auto *Scope = LS.findLexicalScope(MI.getDebugLoc().get());
  if (Scope == nullptr)
    return true; // Handled by doing nothing. This variable is never in scope.

  const MachineFunction &MF = *MI.getParent()->getParent();

  // Various optimizations may have happened to the value during codegen,
  // recorded in the value substitution table. Apply any substitutions to
  // the instruction / operand number in this DBG_INSTR_REF.
  auto Sub = MF.DebugValueSubstitutions.find(std::make_pair(InstNo, OpNo));
  // Collect any subregister extractions performed during optimization.
  SmallVector<unsigned, 4> SeenSubregs;
  while (Sub != MF.DebugValueSubstitutions.end()) {
    std::tie(InstNo, OpNo) = Sub->second.Dest;
    unsigned Subreg = Sub->second.Subreg;
    if (Subreg)
      SeenSubregs.push_back(Subreg);
    Sub = MF.DebugValueSubstitutions.find(std::make_pair(InstNo, OpNo));
  }

  // Default machine value number is <None> -- if no instruction defines
  // the corresponding value, it must have been optimized out.
  Optional<ValueIDNum> NewID = None;

  // Try to lookup the instruction number, and find the machine value number
  // that it defines. It could be an instruction, or a PHI.
  auto InstrIt = DebugInstrNumToInstr.find(InstNo);
  auto PHIIt = std::lower_bound(DebugPHINumToValue.begin(),
                                DebugPHINumToValue.end(), InstNo);
  if (InstrIt != DebugInstrNumToInstr.end()) {
    const MachineInstr &TargetInstr = *InstrIt->second.first;
    uint64_t BlockNo = TargetInstr.getParent()->getNumber();

    // Pick out the designated operand.
    assert(OpNo < TargetInstr.getNumOperands());
    const MachineOperand &MO = TargetInstr.getOperand(OpNo);

    // Today, this can only be a register.
    assert(MO.isReg() && MO.isDef());

    unsigned LocID = MTracker->getLocID(MO.getReg(), false);
    LocIdx L = MTracker->LocIDToLocIdx[LocID];
    NewID = ValueIDNum(BlockNo, InstrIt->second.second, L);
  } else if (PHIIt != DebugPHINumToValue.end() && PHIIt->InstrNum == InstNo) {
    // It's actually a PHI value. Which value it is might not be obvious, use
    // the resolver helper to find out.
    NewID = resolveDbgPHIs(*MI.getParent()->getParent(), MLiveOuts, MLiveIns,
                           MI, InstNo);
  }

  // Apply any subregister extractions, in reverse. We might have seen code
  // like this:
  //    CALL64 @foo, implicit-def $rax
  //    %0:gr64 = COPY $rax
  //    %1:gr32 = COPY %0.sub_32bit
  //    %2:gr16 = COPY %1.sub_16bit
  //    %3:gr8  = COPY %2.sub_8bit
  // In which case each copy would have been recorded as a substitution with
  // a subregister qualifier. Apply those qualifiers now.
  if (NewID && !SeenSubregs.empty()) {
    unsigned Offset = 0;
    unsigned Size = 0;

    // Look at each subregister that we passed through, and progressively
    // narrow in, accumulating any offsets that occur. Substitutions should
    // only ever be the same or narrower width than what they read from;
    // iterate in reverse order so that we go from wide to small.
    for (unsigned Subreg : reverse(SeenSubregs)) {
      unsigned ThisSize = TRI->getSubRegIdxSize(Subreg);
      unsigned ThisOffset = TRI->getSubRegIdxOffset(Subreg);
      Offset += ThisOffset;
      Size = (Size == 0) ? ThisSize : std::min(Size, ThisSize);
    }

    // If that worked, look for an appropriate subregister with the register
    // where the define happens. Don't look at values that were defined during
    // a stack write: we can't currently express register locations within
    // spills.
    LocIdx L = NewID->getLoc();
    if (NewID && !MTracker->isSpill(L)) {
      // Find the register class for the register where this def happened.
      // FIXME: no index for this?
      Register Reg = MTracker->LocIdxToLocID[L];
      const TargetRegisterClass *TRC = nullptr;
      for (auto *TRCI : TRI->regclasses())
        if (TRCI->contains(Reg))
          TRC = TRCI;
      assert(TRC && "Couldn't find target register class?");

      // If the register we have isn't the right size or in the right place,
      // Try to find a subregister inside it.
      unsigned MainRegSize = TRI->getRegSizeInBits(*TRC);
      if (Size != MainRegSize || Offset) {
        // Enumerate all subregisters, searching.
        Register NewReg = 0;
        for (MCSubRegIterator SRI(Reg, TRI, false); SRI.isValid(); ++SRI) {
          unsigned Subreg = TRI->getSubRegIndex(Reg, *SRI);
          unsigned SubregSize = TRI->getSubRegIdxSize(Subreg);
          unsigned SubregOffset = TRI->getSubRegIdxOffset(Subreg);
          if (SubregSize == Size && SubregOffset == Offset) {
            NewReg = *SRI;
            break;
          }
        }

        // If we didn't find anything: there's no way to express our value.
        if (!NewReg) {
          NewID = None;
        } else {
          // Re-state the value as being defined within the subregister
          // that we found.
          LocIdx NewLoc = MTracker->lookupOrTrackRegister(NewReg);
          NewID = ValueIDNum(NewID->getBlock(), NewID->getInst(), NewLoc);
        }
      }
    } else {
      // If we can't handle subregisters, unset the new value.
      NewID = None;
    }
  }

  // We, we have a value number or None. Tell the variable value tracker about
  // it. The rest of this LiveDebugValues implementation acts exactly the same
  // for DBG_INSTR_REFs as DBG_VALUEs (just, the former can refer to values that
  // aren't immediately available).
  DbgValueProperties Properties(Expr, false);
  VTracker->defVar(MI, Properties, NewID);

  // If we're on the final pass through the function, decompose this INSTR_REF
  // into a plain DBG_VALUE.
  if (!TTracker)
    return true;

  // Pick a location for the machine value number, if such a location exists.
  // (This information could be stored in TransferTracker to make it faster).
  Optional<LocIdx> FoundLoc = None;
  for (auto Location : MTracker->locations()) {
    LocIdx CurL = Location.Idx;
    ValueIDNum ID = MTracker->LocIdxToIDNum[CurL];
    if (NewID && ID == NewID) {
      // If this is the first location with that value, pick it. Otherwise,
      // consider whether it's a "longer term" location.
      if (!FoundLoc) {
        FoundLoc = CurL;
        continue;
      }

      if (MTracker->isSpill(CurL))
        FoundLoc = CurL; // Spills are a longer term location.
      else if (!MTracker->isSpill(*FoundLoc) &&
               !MTracker->isSpill(CurL) &&
               !isCalleeSaved(*FoundLoc) &&
               isCalleeSaved(CurL))
        FoundLoc = CurL; // Callee saved regs are longer term than normal.
    }
  }

  // Tell transfer tracker that the variable value has changed.
  TTracker->redefVar(MI, Properties, FoundLoc);

  // If there was a value with no location; but the value is defined in a
  // later instruction in this block, this is a block-local use-before-def.
  if (!FoundLoc && NewID && NewID->getBlock() == CurBB &&
      NewID->getInst() > CurInst)
    TTracker->addUseBeforeDef(V, {MI.getDebugExpression(), false}, *NewID);

  // Produce a DBG_VALUE representing what this DBG_INSTR_REF meant.
  // This DBG_VALUE is potentially a $noreg / undefined location, if
  // FoundLoc is None.
  // (XXX -- could morph the DBG_INSTR_REF in the future).
  MachineInstr *DbgMI = MTracker->emitLoc(FoundLoc, V, Properties);
  TTracker->PendingDbgValues.push_back(DbgMI);
  TTracker->flushDbgValues(MI.getIterator(), nullptr);
  return true;
}

bool InstrRefBasedLDV::transferDebugPHI(MachineInstr &MI) {
  if (!MI.isDebugPHI())
    return false;

  // Analyse these only when solving the machine value location problem.
  if (VTracker || TTracker)
    return true;

  // First operand is the value location, either a stack slot or register.
  // Second is the debug instruction number of the original PHI.
  const MachineOperand &MO = MI.getOperand(0);
  unsigned InstrNum = MI.getOperand(1).getImm();

  if (MO.isReg()) {
    // The value is whatever's currently in the register. Read and record it,
    // to be analysed later.
    Register Reg = MO.getReg();
    ValueIDNum Num = MTracker->readReg(Reg);
    auto PHIRec = DebugPHIRecord(
        {InstrNum, MI.getParent(), Num, MTracker->lookupOrTrackRegister(Reg)});
    DebugPHINumToValue.push_back(PHIRec);
  } else {
    // The value is whatever's in this stack slot.
    assert(MO.isFI());
    unsigned FI = MO.getIndex();

    // If the stack slot is dead, then this was optimized away.
    // FIXME: stack slot colouring should account for slots that get merged.
    if (MFI->isDeadObjectIndex(FI))
      return true;

    // Identify this spill slot.
    Register Base;
    StackOffset Offs = TFI->getFrameIndexReference(*MI.getMF(), FI, Base);
    SpillLoc SL = {Base, Offs};
    Optional<ValueIDNum> Num = MTracker->readSpill(SL);

    if (!Num)
      // Nothing ever writes to this slot. Curious, but nothing we can do.
      return true;

    // Record this DBG_PHI for later analysis.
    auto DbgPHI = DebugPHIRecord(
        {InstrNum, MI.getParent(), *Num, *MTracker->getSpillMLoc(SL)});
    DebugPHINumToValue.push_back(DbgPHI);
  }

  return true;
}

void InstrRefBasedLDV::transferRegisterDef(MachineInstr &MI) {
  // Meta Instructions do not affect the debug liveness of any register they
  // define.
  if (MI.isImplicitDef()) {
    // Except when there's an implicit def, and the location it's defining has
    // no value number. The whole point of an implicit def is to announce that
    // the register is live, without be specific about it's value. So define
    // a value if there isn't one already.
    ValueIDNum Num = MTracker->readReg(MI.getOperand(0).getReg());
    // Has a legitimate value -> ignore the implicit def.
    if (Num.getLoc() != 0)
      return;
    // Otherwise, def it here.
  } else if (MI.isMetaInstruction())
    return;

  MachineFunction *MF = MI.getMF();
  const TargetLowering *TLI = MF->getSubtarget().getTargetLowering();
  Register SP = TLI->getStackPointerRegisterToSaveRestore();

  // Find the regs killed by MI, and find regmasks of preserved regs.
  // Max out the number of statically allocated elements in `DeadRegs`, as this
  // prevents fallback to std::set::count() operations.
  SmallSet<uint32_t, 32> DeadRegs;
  SmallVector<const uint32_t *, 4> RegMasks;
  SmallVector<const MachineOperand *, 4> RegMaskPtrs;
  for (const MachineOperand &MO : MI.operands()) {
    // Determine whether the operand is a register def.
    if (MO.isReg() && MO.isDef() && MO.getReg() &&
        Register::isPhysicalRegister(MO.getReg()) &&
        !(MI.isCall() && MO.getReg() == SP)) {
      // Remove ranges of all aliased registers.
      for (MCRegAliasIterator RAI(MO.getReg(), TRI, true); RAI.isValid(); ++RAI)
        // FIXME: Can we break out of this loop early if no insertion occurs?
        DeadRegs.insert(*RAI);
    } else if (MO.isRegMask()) {
      RegMasks.push_back(MO.getRegMask());
      RegMaskPtrs.push_back(&MO);
    }
  }

  // Tell MLocTracker about all definitions, of regmasks and otherwise.
  for (uint32_t DeadReg : DeadRegs)
    MTracker->defReg(DeadReg, CurBB, CurInst);

  for (auto *MO : RegMaskPtrs)
    MTracker->writeRegMask(MO, CurBB, CurInst);

  if (!TTracker)
    return;

  // When committing variable values to locations: tell transfer tracker that
  // we've clobbered things. It may be able to recover the variable from a
  // different location.

  // Inform TTracker about any direct clobbers.
  for (uint32_t DeadReg : DeadRegs) {
    LocIdx Loc = MTracker->lookupOrTrackRegister(DeadReg);
    TTracker->clobberMloc(Loc, MI.getIterator(), false);
  }

  // Look for any clobbers performed by a register mask. Only test locations
  // that are actually being tracked.
  for (auto L : MTracker->locations()) {
    // Stack locations can't be clobbered by regmasks.
    if (MTracker->isSpill(L.Idx))
      continue;

    Register Reg = MTracker->LocIdxToLocID[L.Idx];
    for (auto *MO : RegMaskPtrs)
      if (MO->clobbersPhysReg(Reg))
        TTracker->clobberMloc(L.Idx, MI.getIterator(), false);
  }
}

void InstrRefBasedLDV::performCopy(Register SrcRegNum, Register DstRegNum) {
  ValueIDNum SrcValue = MTracker->readReg(SrcRegNum);

  MTracker->setReg(DstRegNum, SrcValue);

  // In all circumstances, re-def the super registers. It's definitely a new
  // value now. This doesn't uniquely identify the composition of subregs, for
  // example, two identical values in subregisters composed in different
  // places would not get equal value numbers.
  for (MCSuperRegIterator SRI(DstRegNum, TRI); SRI.isValid(); ++SRI)
    MTracker->defReg(*SRI, CurBB, CurInst);

  // If we're emulating VarLocBasedImpl, just define all the subregisters.
  // DBG_VALUEs of them will expect to be tracked from the DBG_VALUE, not
  // through prior copies.
  if (EmulateOldLDV) {
    for (MCSubRegIndexIterator DRI(DstRegNum, TRI); DRI.isValid(); ++DRI)
      MTracker->defReg(DRI.getSubReg(), CurBB, CurInst);
    return;
  }

  // Otherwise, actually copy subregisters from one location to another.
  // XXX: in addition, any subregisters of DstRegNum that don't line up with
  // the source register should be def'd.
  for (MCSubRegIndexIterator SRI(SrcRegNum, TRI); SRI.isValid(); ++SRI) {
    unsigned SrcSubReg = SRI.getSubReg();
    unsigned SubRegIdx = SRI.getSubRegIndex();
    unsigned DstSubReg = TRI->getSubReg(DstRegNum, SubRegIdx);
    if (!DstSubReg)
      continue;

    // Do copy. There are two matching subregisters, the source value should
    // have been def'd when the super-reg was, the latter might not be tracked
    // yet.
    // This will force SrcSubReg to be tracked, if it isn't yet.
    (void)MTracker->readReg(SrcSubReg);
    LocIdx SrcL = MTracker->getRegMLoc(SrcSubReg);
    assert(SrcL.asU64());
    (void)MTracker->readReg(DstSubReg);
    LocIdx DstL = MTracker->getRegMLoc(DstSubReg);
    assert(DstL.asU64());
    (void)DstL;
    ValueIDNum CpyValue = {SrcValue.getBlock(), SrcValue.getInst(), SrcL};

    MTracker->setReg(DstSubReg, CpyValue);
  }
}

bool InstrRefBasedLDV::isSpillInstruction(const MachineInstr &MI,
                                          MachineFunction *MF) {
  // TODO: Handle multiple stores folded into one.
  if (!MI.hasOneMemOperand())
    return false;

  if (!MI.getSpillSize(TII) && !MI.getFoldedSpillSize(TII))
    return false; // This is not a spill instruction, since no valid size was
                  // returned from either function.

  return true;
}

bool InstrRefBasedLDV::isLocationSpill(const MachineInstr &MI,
                                       MachineFunction *MF, unsigned &Reg) {
  if (!isSpillInstruction(MI, MF))
    return false;

  // XXX FIXME: On x86, isStoreToStackSlotPostFE returns '1' instead of an
  // actual register number.
  if (ObserveAllStackops) {
    int FI;
    Reg = TII->isStoreToStackSlotPostFE(MI, FI);
    return Reg != 0;
  }

  auto isKilledReg = [&](const MachineOperand MO, unsigned &Reg) {
    if (!MO.isReg() || !MO.isUse()) {
      Reg = 0;
      return false;
    }
    Reg = MO.getReg();
    return MO.isKill();
  };

  for (const MachineOperand &MO : MI.operands()) {
    // In a spill instruction generated by the InlineSpiller the spilled
    // register has its kill flag set.
    if (isKilledReg(MO, Reg))
      return true;
    if (Reg != 0) {
      // Check whether next instruction kills the spilled register.
      // FIXME: Current solution does not cover search for killed register in
      // bundles and instructions further down the chain.
      auto NextI = std::next(MI.getIterator());
      // Skip next instruction that points to basic block end iterator.
      if (MI.getParent()->end() == NextI)
        continue;
      unsigned RegNext;
      for (const MachineOperand &MONext : NextI->operands()) {
        // Return true if we came across the register from the
        // previous spill instruction that is killed in NextI.
        if (isKilledReg(MONext, RegNext) && RegNext == Reg)
          return true;
      }
    }
  }
  // Return false if we didn't find spilled register.
  return false;
}

Optional<SpillLoc>
InstrRefBasedLDV::isRestoreInstruction(const MachineInstr &MI,
                                       MachineFunction *MF, unsigned &Reg) {
  if (!MI.hasOneMemOperand())
    return None;

  // FIXME: Handle folded restore instructions with more than one memory
  // operand.
  if (MI.getRestoreSize(TII)) {
    Reg = MI.getOperand(0).getReg();
    return extractSpillBaseRegAndOffset(MI);
  }
  return None;
}

bool InstrRefBasedLDV::transferSpillOrRestoreInst(MachineInstr &MI) {
  // XXX -- it's too difficult to implement VarLocBasedImpl's  stack location
  // limitations under the new model. Therefore, when comparing them, compare
  // versions that don't attempt spills or restores at all.
  if (EmulateOldLDV)
    return false;

  MachineFunction *MF = MI.getMF();
  unsigned Reg;
  Optional<SpillLoc> Loc;

  LLVM_DEBUG(dbgs() << "Examining instruction: "; MI.dump(););

  // First, if there are any DBG_VALUEs pointing at a spill slot that is
  // written to, terminate that variable location. The value in memory
  // will have changed. DbgEntityHistoryCalculator doesn't try to detect this.
  if (isSpillInstruction(MI, MF)) {
    Loc = extractSpillBaseRegAndOffset(MI);

    if (TTracker) {
      Optional<LocIdx> MLoc = MTracker->getSpillMLoc(*Loc);
      if (MLoc) {
        // Un-set this location before clobbering, so that we don't salvage
        // the variable location back to the same place.
        MTracker->setMLoc(*MLoc, ValueIDNum::EmptyValue);
        TTracker->clobberMloc(*MLoc, MI.getIterator());
      }
    }
  }

  // Try to recognise spill and restore instructions that may transfer a value.
  if (isLocationSpill(MI, MF, Reg)) {
    Loc = extractSpillBaseRegAndOffset(MI);
    auto ValueID = MTracker->readReg(Reg);

    // If the location is empty, produce a phi, signify it's the live-in value.
    if (ValueID.getLoc() == 0)
      ValueID = {CurBB, 0, MTracker->getRegMLoc(Reg)};

    MTracker->setSpill(*Loc, ValueID);
    auto OptSpillLocIdx = MTracker->getSpillMLoc(*Loc);
    assert(OptSpillLocIdx && "Spill slot set but has no LocIdx?");
    LocIdx SpillLocIdx = *OptSpillLocIdx;

    // Tell TransferTracker about this spill, produce DBG_VALUEs for it.
    if (TTracker)
      TTracker->transferMlocs(MTracker->getRegMLoc(Reg), SpillLocIdx,
                              MI.getIterator());
  } else {
    if (!(Loc = isRestoreInstruction(MI, MF, Reg)))
      return false;

    // Is there a value to be restored?
    auto OptValueID = MTracker->readSpill(*Loc);
    if (OptValueID) {
      ValueIDNum ValueID = *OptValueID;
      LocIdx SpillLocIdx = *MTracker->getSpillMLoc(*Loc);
      // XXX -- can we recover sub-registers of this value? Until we can, first
      // overwrite all defs of the register being restored to.
      for (MCRegAliasIterator RAI(Reg, TRI, true); RAI.isValid(); ++RAI)
        MTracker->defReg(*RAI, CurBB, CurInst);

      // Now override the reg we're restoring to.
      MTracker->setReg(Reg, ValueID);

      // Report this restore to the transfer tracker too.
      if (TTracker)
        TTracker->transferMlocs(SpillLocIdx, MTracker->getRegMLoc(Reg),
                                MI.getIterator());
    } else {
      // There isn't anything in the location; not clear if this is a code path
      // that still runs. Def this register anyway just in case.
      for (MCRegAliasIterator RAI(Reg, TRI, true); RAI.isValid(); ++RAI)
        MTracker->defReg(*RAI, CurBB, CurInst);

      // Force the spill slot to be tracked.
      LocIdx L = MTracker->getOrTrackSpillLoc(*Loc);

      // Set the restored value to be a machine phi number, signifying that it's
      // whatever the spills live-in value is in this block. Definitely has
      // a LocIdx due to the setSpill above.
      ValueIDNum ValueID = {CurBB, 0, L};
      MTracker->setReg(Reg, ValueID);
      MTracker->setSpill(*Loc, ValueID);
    }
  }
  return true;
}

bool InstrRefBasedLDV::transferRegisterCopy(MachineInstr &MI) {
  auto DestSrc = TII->isCopyInstr(MI);
  if (!DestSrc)
    return false;

  const MachineOperand *DestRegOp = DestSrc->Destination;
  const MachineOperand *SrcRegOp = DestSrc->Source;

  auto isCalleeSavedReg = [&](unsigned Reg) {
    for (MCRegAliasIterator RAI(Reg, TRI, true); RAI.isValid(); ++RAI)
      if (CalleeSavedRegs.test(*RAI))
        return true;
    return false;
  };

  Register SrcReg = SrcRegOp->getReg();
  Register DestReg = DestRegOp->getReg();

  // Ignore identity copies. Yep, these make it as far as LiveDebugValues.
  if (SrcReg == DestReg)
    return true;

  // For emulating VarLocBasedImpl:
  // We want to recognize instructions where destination register is callee
  // saved register. If register that could be clobbered by the call is
  // included, there would be a great chance that it is going to be clobbered
  // soon. It is more likely that previous register, which is callee saved, is
  // going to stay unclobbered longer, even if it is killed.
  //
  // For InstrRefBasedImpl, we can track multiple locations per value, so
  // ignore this condition.
  if (EmulateOldLDV && !isCalleeSavedReg(DestReg))
    return false;

  // InstrRefBasedImpl only followed killing copies.
  if (EmulateOldLDV && !SrcRegOp->isKill())
    return false;

  // Copy MTracker info, including subregs if available.
  InstrRefBasedLDV::performCopy(SrcReg, DestReg);

  // Only produce a transfer of DBG_VALUE within a block where old LDV
  // would have. We might make use of the additional value tracking in some
  // other way, later.
  if (TTracker && isCalleeSavedReg(DestReg) && SrcRegOp->isKill())
    TTracker->transferMlocs(MTracker->getRegMLoc(SrcReg),
                            MTracker->getRegMLoc(DestReg), MI.getIterator());

  // VarLocBasedImpl would quit tracking the old location after copying.
  if (EmulateOldLDV && SrcReg != DestReg)
    MTracker->defReg(SrcReg, CurBB, CurInst);

  // Finally, the copy might have clobbered variables based on the destination
  // register. Tell TTracker about it, in case a backup location exists.
  if (TTracker) {
    for (MCRegAliasIterator RAI(DestReg, TRI, true); RAI.isValid(); ++RAI) {
      LocIdx ClobberedLoc = MTracker->getRegMLoc(*RAI);
      TTracker->clobberMloc(ClobberedLoc, MI.getIterator(), false);
    }
  }

  return true;
}

/// Accumulate a mapping between each DILocalVariable fragment and other
/// fragments of that DILocalVariable which overlap. This reduces work during
/// the data-flow stage from "Find any overlapping fragments" to "Check if the
/// known-to-overlap fragments are present".
/// \param MI A previously unprocessed DEBUG_VALUE instruction to analyze for
///           fragment usage.
void InstrRefBasedLDV::accumulateFragmentMap(MachineInstr &MI) {
  DebugVariable MIVar(MI.getDebugVariable(), MI.getDebugExpression(),
                      MI.getDebugLoc()->getInlinedAt());
  FragmentInfo ThisFragment = MIVar.getFragmentOrDefault();

  // If this is the first sighting of this variable, then we are guaranteed
  // there are currently no overlapping fragments either. Initialize the set
  // of seen fragments, record no overlaps for the current one, and return.
  auto SeenIt = SeenFragments.find(MIVar.getVariable());
  if (SeenIt == SeenFragments.end()) {
    SmallSet<FragmentInfo, 4> OneFragment;
    OneFragment.insert(ThisFragment);
    SeenFragments.insert({MIVar.getVariable(), OneFragment});

    OverlapFragments.insert({{MIVar.getVariable(), ThisFragment}, {}});
    return;
  }

  // If this particular Variable/Fragment pair already exists in the overlap
  // map, it has already been accounted for.
  auto IsInOLapMap =
      OverlapFragments.insert({{MIVar.getVariable(), ThisFragment}, {}});
  if (!IsInOLapMap.second)
    return;

  auto &ThisFragmentsOverlaps = IsInOLapMap.first->second;
  auto &AllSeenFragments = SeenIt->second;

  // Otherwise, examine all other seen fragments for this variable, with "this"
  // fragment being a previously unseen fragment. Record any pair of
  // overlapping fragments.
  for (auto &ASeenFragment : AllSeenFragments) {
    // Does this previously seen fragment overlap?
    if (DIExpression::fragmentsOverlap(ThisFragment, ASeenFragment)) {
      // Yes: Mark the current fragment as being overlapped.
      ThisFragmentsOverlaps.push_back(ASeenFragment);
      // Mark the previously seen fragment as being overlapped by the current
      // one.
      auto ASeenFragmentsOverlaps =
          OverlapFragments.find({MIVar.getVariable(), ASeenFragment});
      assert(ASeenFragmentsOverlaps != OverlapFragments.end() &&
             "Previously seen var fragment has no vector of overlaps");
      ASeenFragmentsOverlaps->second.push_back(ThisFragment);
    }
  }

  AllSeenFragments.insert(ThisFragment);
}

void InstrRefBasedLDV::process(MachineInstr &MI, ValueIDNum **MLiveOuts,
                               ValueIDNum **MLiveIns) {
  // Try to interpret an MI as a debug or transfer instruction. Only if it's
  // none of these should we interpret it's register defs as new value
  // definitions.
  if (transferDebugValue(MI))
    return;
  if (transferDebugInstrRef(MI, MLiveOuts, MLiveIns))
    return;
  if (transferDebugPHI(MI))
    return;
  if (transferRegisterCopy(MI))
    return;
  if (transferSpillOrRestoreInst(MI))
    return;
  transferRegisterDef(MI);
}

void InstrRefBasedLDV::produceMLocTransferFunction(
    MachineFunction &MF, SmallVectorImpl<MLocTransferMap> &MLocTransfer,
    unsigned MaxNumBlocks) {
  // Because we try to optimize around register mask operands by ignoring regs
  // that aren't currently tracked, we set up something ugly for later: RegMask
  // operands that are seen earlier than the first use of a register, still need
  // to clobber that register in the transfer function. But this information
  // isn't actively recorded. Instead, we track each RegMask used in each block,
  // and accumulated the clobbered but untracked registers in each block into
  // the following bitvector. Later, if new values are tracked, we can add
  // appropriate clobbers.
  SmallVector<BitVector, 32> BlockMasks;
  BlockMasks.resize(MaxNumBlocks);

  // Reserve one bit per register for the masks described above.
  unsigned BVWords = MachineOperand::getRegMaskSize(TRI->getNumRegs());
  for (auto &BV : BlockMasks)
    BV.resize(TRI->getNumRegs(), true);

  // Step through all instructions and inhale the transfer function.
  for (auto &MBB : MF) {
    // Object fields that are read by trackers to know where we are in the
    // function.
    CurBB = MBB.getNumber();
    CurInst = 1;

    // Set all machine locations to a PHI value. For transfer function
    // production only, this signifies the live-in value to the block.
    MTracker->reset();
    MTracker->setMPhis(CurBB);

    // Step through each instruction in this block.
    for (auto &MI : MBB) {
      process(MI);
      // Also accumulate fragment map.
      if (MI.isDebugValue())
        accumulateFragmentMap(MI);

      // Create a map from the instruction number (if present) to the
      // MachineInstr and its position.
      if (uint64_t InstrNo = MI.peekDebugInstrNum()) {
        auto InstrAndPos = std::make_pair(&MI, CurInst);
        auto InsertResult =
            DebugInstrNumToInstr.insert(std::make_pair(InstrNo, InstrAndPos));

        // There should never be duplicate instruction numbers.
        assert(InsertResult.second);
        (void)InsertResult;
      }

      ++CurInst;
    }

    // Produce the transfer function, a map of machine location to new value. If
    // any machine location has the live-in phi value from the start of the
    // block, it's live-through and doesn't need recording in the transfer
    // function.
    for (auto Location : MTracker->locations()) {
      LocIdx Idx = Location.Idx;
      ValueIDNum &P = Location.Value;
      if (P.isPHI() && P.getLoc() == Idx.asU64())
        continue;

      // Insert-or-update.
      auto &TransferMap = MLocTransfer[CurBB];
      auto Result = TransferMap.insert(std::make_pair(Idx.asU64(), P));
      if (!Result.second)
        Result.first->second = P;
    }

    // Accumulate any bitmask operands into the clobberred reg mask for this
    // block.
    for (auto &P : MTracker->Masks) {
      BlockMasks[CurBB].clearBitsNotInMask(P.first->getRegMask(), BVWords);
    }
  }

  // Compute a bitvector of all the registers that are tracked in this block.
  const TargetLowering *TLI = MF.getSubtarget().getTargetLowering();
  Register SP = TLI->getStackPointerRegisterToSaveRestore();
  BitVector UsedRegs(TRI->getNumRegs());
  for (auto Location : MTracker->locations()) {
    unsigned ID = MTracker->LocIdxToLocID[Location.Idx];
    if (ID >= TRI->getNumRegs() || ID == SP)
      continue;
    UsedRegs.set(ID);
  }

  // Check that any regmask-clobber of a register that gets tracked, is not
  // live-through in the transfer function. It needs to be clobbered at the
  // very least.
  for (unsigned int I = 0; I < MaxNumBlocks; ++I) {
    BitVector &BV = BlockMasks[I];
    BV.flip();
    BV &= UsedRegs;
    // This produces all the bits that we clobber, but also use. Check that
    // they're all clobbered or at least set in the designated transfer
    // elem.
    for (unsigned Bit : BV.set_bits()) {
      unsigned ID = MTracker->getLocID(Bit, false);
      LocIdx Idx = MTracker->LocIDToLocIdx[ID];
      auto &TransferMap = MLocTransfer[I];

      // Install a value representing the fact that this location is effectively
      // written to in this block. As there's no reserved value, instead use
      // a value number that is never generated. Pick the value number for the
      // first instruction in the block, def'ing this location, which we know
      // this block never used anyway.
      ValueIDNum NotGeneratedNum = ValueIDNum(I, 1, Idx);
      auto Result =
        TransferMap.insert(std::make_pair(Idx.asU64(), NotGeneratedNum));
      if (!Result.second) {
        ValueIDNum &ValueID = Result.first->second;
        if (ValueID.getBlock() == I && ValueID.isPHI())
          // It was left as live-through. Set it to clobbered.
          ValueID = NotGeneratedNum;
      }
    }
  }
}

std::tuple<bool, bool>
InstrRefBasedLDV::mlocJoin(MachineBasicBlock &MBB,
                           SmallPtrSet<const MachineBasicBlock *, 16> &Visited,
                           ValueIDNum **OutLocs, ValueIDNum *InLocs) {
  LLVM_DEBUG(dbgs() << "join MBB: " << MBB.getNumber() << "\n");
  bool Changed = false;
  bool DowngradeOccurred = false;

  // Collect predecessors that have been visited. Anything that hasn't been
  // visited yet is a backedge on the first iteration, and the meet of it's
  // lattice value for all locations will be unaffected.
  SmallVector<const MachineBasicBlock *, 8> BlockOrders;
  for (auto Pred : MBB.predecessors()) {
    if (Visited.count(Pred)) {
      BlockOrders.push_back(Pred);
    }
  }

  // Visit predecessors in RPOT order.
  auto Cmp = [&](const MachineBasicBlock *A, const MachineBasicBlock *B) {
    return BBToOrder.find(A)->second < BBToOrder.find(B)->second;
  };
  llvm::sort(BlockOrders, Cmp);

  // Skip entry block.
  if (BlockOrders.size() == 0)
    return std::tuple<bool, bool>(false, false);

  // Step through all machine locations, then look at each predecessor and
  // detect disagreements.
  unsigned ThisBlockRPO = BBToOrder.find(&MBB)->second;
  for (auto Location : MTracker->locations()) {
    LocIdx Idx = Location.Idx;
    // Pick out the first predecessors live-out value for this location. It's
    // guaranteed to be not a backedge, as we order by RPO.
    ValueIDNum BaseVal = OutLocs[BlockOrders[0]->getNumber()][Idx.asU64()];

    // Some flags for whether there's a disagreement, and whether it's a
    // disagreement with a backedge or not.
    bool Disagree = false;
    bool NonBackEdgeDisagree = false;

    // Loop around everything that wasn't 'base'.
    for (unsigned int I = 1; I < BlockOrders.size(); ++I) {
      auto *MBB = BlockOrders[I];
      if (BaseVal != OutLocs[MBB->getNumber()][Idx.asU64()]) {
        // Live-out of a predecessor disagrees with the first predecessor.
        Disagree = true;

        // Test whether it's a disagreemnt in the backedges or not.
        if (BBToOrder.find(MBB)->second < ThisBlockRPO) // might be self b/e
          NonBackEdgeDisagree = true;
      }
    }

    bool OverRide = false;
    if (Disagree && !NonBackEdgeDisagree) {
      // Only the backedges disagree. Consider demoting the livein
      // lattice value, as per the file level comment. The value we consider
      // demoting to is the value that the non-backedge predecessors agree on.
      // The order of values is that non-PHIs are \top, a PHI at this block
      // \bot, and phis between the two are ordered by their RPO number.
      // If there's no agreement, or we've already demoted to this PHI value
      // before, replace with a PHI value at this block.

      // Calculate order numbers: zero means normal def, nonzero means RPO
      // number.
      unsigned BaseBlockRPONum = BBNumToRPO[BaseVal.getBlock()] + 1;
      if (!BaseVal.isPHI())
        BaseBlockRPONum = 0;

      ValueIDNum &InLocID = InLocs[Idx.asU64()];
      unsigned InLocRPONum = BBNumToRPO[InLocID.getBlock()] + 1;
      if (!InLocID.isPHI())
        InLocRPONum = 0;

      // Should we ignore the disagreeing backedges, and override with the
      // value the other predecessors agree on (in "base")?
      unsigned ThisBlockRPONum = BBNumToRPO[MBB.getNumber()] + 1;
      if (BaseBlockRPONum > InLocRPONum && BaseBlockRPONum < ThisBlockRPONum) {
        // Override.
        OverRide = true;
        DowngradeOccurred = true;
      }
    }
    // else: if we disagree in the non-backedges, then this is definitely
    // a control flow merge where different values merge. Make it a PHI.

    // Generate a phi...
    ValueIDNum PHI = {(uint64_t)MBB.getNumber(), 0, Idx};
    ValueIDNum NewVal = (Disagree && !OverRide) ? PHI : BaseVal;
    if (InLocs[Idx.asU64()] != NewVal) {
      Changed |= true;
      InLocs[Idx.asU64()] = NewVal;
    }
  }

  // TODO: Reimplement NumInserted and NumRemoved.
  return std::tuple<bool, bool>(Changed, DowngradeOccurred);
}

void InstrRefBasedLDV::mlocDataflow(
    ValueIDNum **MInLocs, ValueIDNum **MOutLocs,
    SmallVectorImpl<MLocTransferMap> &MLocTransfer) {
  std::priority_queue<unsigned int, std::vector<unsigned int>,
                      std::greater<unsigned int>>
      Worklist, Pending;

  // We track what is on the current and pending worklist to avoid inserting
  // the same thing twice. We could avoid this with a custom priority queue,
  // but this is probably not worth it.
  SmallPtrSet<MachineBasicBlock *, 16> OnPending, OnWorklist;

  // Initialize worklist with every block to be visited.
  for (unsigned int I = 0; I < BBToOrder.size(); ++I) {
    Worklist.push(I);
    OnWorklist.insert(OrderToBB[I]);
  }

  MTracker->reset();

  // Set inlocs for entry block -- each as a PHI at the entry block. Represents
  // the incoming value to the function.
  MTracker->setMPhis(0);
  for (auto Location : MTracker->locations())
    MInLocs[0][Location.Idx.asU64()] = Location.Value;

  SmallPtrSet<const MachineBasicBlock *, 16> Visited;
  while (!Worklist.empty() || !Pending.empty()) {
    // Vector for storing the evaluated block transfer function.
    SmallVector<std::pair<LocIdx, ValueIDNum>, 32> ToRemap;

    while (!Worklist.empty()) {
      MachineBasicBlock *MBB = OrderToBB[Worklist.top()];
      CurBB = MBB->getNumber();
      Worklist.pop();

      // Join the values in all predecessor blocks.
      bool InLocsChanged, DowngradeOccurred;
      std::tie(InLocsChanged, DowngradeOccurred) =
          mlocJoin(*MBB, Visited, MOutLocs, MInLocs[CurBB]);
      InLocsChanged |= Visited.insert(MBB).second;

      // If a downgrade occurred, book us in for re-examination on the next
      // iteration.
      if (DowngradeOccurred && OnPending.insert(MBB).second)
        Pending.push(BBToOrder[MBB]);

      // Don't examine transfer function if we've visited this loc at least
      // once, and inlocs haven't changed.
      if (!InLocsChanged)
        continue;

      // Load the current set of live-ins into MLocTracker.
      MTracker->loadFromArray(MInLocs[CurBB], CurBB);

      // Each element of the transfer function can be a new def, or a read of
      // a live-in value. Evaluate each element, and store to "ToRemap".
      ToRemap.clear();
      for (auto &P : MLocTransfer[CurBB]) {
        if (P.second.getBlock() == CurBB && P.second.isPHI()) {
          // This is a movement of whatever was live in. Read it.
          ValueIDNum NewID = MTracker->getNumAtPos(P.second.getLoc());
          ToRemap.push_back(std::make_pair(P.first, NewID));
        } else {
          // It's a def. Just set it.
          assert(P.second.getBlock() == CurBB);
          ToRemap.push_back(std::make_pair(P.first, P.second));
        }
      }

      // Commit the transfer function changes into mloc tracker, which
      // transforms the contents of the MLocTracker into the live-outs.
      for (auto &P : ToRemap)
        MTracker->setMLoc(P.first, P.second);

      // Now copy out-locs from mloc tracker into out-loc vector, checking
      // whether changes have occurred. These changes can have come from both
      // the transfer function, and mlocJoin.
      bool OLChanged = false;
      for (auto Location : MTracker->locations()) {
        OLChanged |= MOutLocs[CurBB][Location.Idx.asU64()] != Location.Value;
        MOutLocs[CurBB][Location.Idx.asU64()] = Location.Value;
      }

      MTracker->reset();

      // No need to examine successors again if out-locs didn't change.
      if (!OLChanged)
        continue;

      // All successors should be visited: put any back-edges on the pending
      // list for the next dataflow iteration, and any other successors to be
      // visited this iteration, if they're not going to be already.
      for (auto s : MBB->successors()) {
        // Does branching to this successor represent a back-edge?
        if (BBToOrder[s] > BBToOrder[MBB]) {
          // No: visit it during this dataflow iteration.
          if (OnWorklist.insert(s).second)
            Worklist.push(BBToOrder[s]);
        } else {
          // Yes: visit it on the next iteration.
          if (OnPending.insert(s).second)
            Pending.push(BBToOrder[s]);
        }
      }
    }

    Worklist.swap(Pending);
    std::swap(OnPending, OnWorklist);
    OnPending.clear();
    // At this point, pending must be empty, since it was just the empty
    // worklist
    assert(Pending.empty() && "Pending should be empty");
  }

  // Once all the live-ins don't change on mlocJoin(), we've reached a
  // fixedpoint.
}

bool InstrRefBasedLDV::vlocDowngradeLattice(
    const MachineBasicBlock &MBB, const DbgValue &OldLiveInLocation,
    const SmallVectorImpl<InValueT> &Values, unsigned CurBlockRPONum) {
  // Ranking value preference: see file level comment, the highest rank is
  // a plain def, followed by PHI values in reverse post-order. Numerically,
  // we assign all defs the rank '0', all PHIs their blocks RPO number plus
  // one, and consider the lowest value the highest ranked.
  int OldLiveInRank = BBNumToRPO[OldLiveInLocation.ID.getBlock()] + 1;
  if (!OldLiveInLocation.ID.isPHI())
    OldLiveInRank = 0;

  // Allow any unresolvable conflict to be over-ridden.
  if (OldLiveInLocation.Kind == DbgValue::NoVal) {
    // Although if it was an unresolvable conflict from _this_ block, then
    // all other seeking of downgrades and PHIs must have failed before hand.
    if (OldLiveInLocation.BlockNo == (unsigned)MBB.getNumber())
      return false;
    OldLiveInRank = INT_MIN;
  }

  auto &InValue = *Values[0].second;

  if (InValue.Kind == DbgValue::Const || InValue.Kind == DbgValue::NoVal)
    return false;

  unsigned ThisRPO = BBNumToRPO[InValue.ID.getBlock()];
  int ThisRank = ThisRPO + 1;
  if (!InValue.ID.isPHI())
    ThisRank = 0;

  // Too far down the lattice?
  if (ThisRPO >= CurBlockRPONum)
    return false;

  // Higher in the lattice than what we've already explored?
  if (ThisRank <= OldLiveInRank)
    return false;

  return true;
}

std::tuple<Optional<ValueIDNum>, bool> InstrRefBasedLDV::pickVPHILoc(
    MachineBasicBlock &MBB, const DebugVariable &Var, const LiveIdxT &LiveOuts,
    ValueIDNum **MOutLocs, ValueIDNum **MInLocs,
    const SmallVectorImpl<MachineBasicBlock *> &BlockOrders) {
  // Collect a set of locations from predecessor where its live-out value can
  // be found.
  SmallVector<SmallVector<LocIdx, 4>, 8> Locs;
  unsigned NumLocs = MTracker->getNumLocs();
  unsigned BackEdgesStart = 0;

  for (auto p : BlockOrders) {
    // Pick out where backedges start in the list of predecessors. Relies on
    // BlockOrders being sorted by RPO.
    if (BBToOrder[p] < BBToOrder[&MBB])
      ++BackEdgesStart;

    // For each predecessor, create a new set of locations.
    Locs.resize(Locs.size() + 1);
    unsigned ThisBBNum = p->getNumber();
    auto LiveOutMap = LiveOuts.find(p);
    if (LiveOutMap == LiveOuts.end())
      // This predecessor isn't in scope, it must have no live-in/live-out
      // locations.
      continue;

    auto It = LiveOutMap->second->find(Var);
    if (It == LiveOutMap->second->end())
      // There's no value recorded for this variable in this predecessor,
      // leave an empty set of locations.
      continue;

    const DbgValue &OutVal = It->second;

    if (OutVal.Kind == DbgValue::Const || OutVal.Kind == DbgValue::NoVal)
      // Consts and no-values cannot have locations we can join on.
      continue;

    assert(OutVal.Kind == DbgValue::Proposed || OutVal.Kind == DbgValue::Def);
    ValueIDNum ValToLookFor = OutVal.ID;

    // Search the live-outs of the predecessor for the specified value.
    for (unsigned int I = 0; I < NumLocs; ++I) {
      if (MOutLocs[ThisBBNum][I] == ValToLookFor)
        Locs.back().push_back(LocIdx(I));
    }
  }

  // If there were no locations at all, return an empty result.
  if (Locs.empty())
    return std::tuple<Optional<ValueIDNum>, bool>(None, false);

  // Lambda for seeking a common location within a range of location-sets.
  using LocsIt = SmallVector<SmallVector<LocIdx, 4>, 8>::iterator;
  auto SeekLocation =
      [&Locs](llvm::iterator_range<LocsIt> SearchRange) -> Optional<LocIdx> {
    // Starting with the first set of locations, take the intersection with
    // subsequent sets.
    SmallVector<LocIdx, 4> base = Locs[0];
    for (auto &S : SearchRange) {
      SmallVector<LocIdx, 4> new_base;
      std::set_intersection(base.begin(), base.end(), S.begin(), S.end(),
                            std::inserter(new_base, new_base.begin()));
      base = new_base;
    }
    if (base.empty())
      return None;

    // We now have a set of LocIdxes that contain the right output value in
    // each of the predecessors. Pick the lowest; if there's a register loc,
    // that'll be it.
    return *base.begin();
  };

  // Search for a common location for all predecessors. If we can't, then fall
  // back to only finding a common location between non-backedge predecessors.
  bool ValidForAllLocs = true;
  auto TheLoc = SeekLocation(Locs);
  if (!TheLoc) {
    ValidForAllLocs = false;
    TheLoc =
        SeekLocation(make_range(Locs.begin(), Locs.begin() + BackEdgesStart));
  }

  if (!TheLoc)
    return std::tuple<Optional<ValueIDNum>, bool>(None, false);

  // Return a PHI-value-number for the found location.
  LocIdx L = *TheLoc;
  ValueIDNum PHIVal = {(unsigned)MBB.getNumber(), 0, L};
  return std::tuple<Optional<ValueIDNum>, bool>(PHIVal, ValidForAllLocs);
}

std::tuple<bool, bool> InstrRefBasedLDV::vlocJoin(
    MachineBasicBlock &MBB, LiveIdxT &VLOCOutLocs, LiveIdxT &VLOCInLocs,
    SmallPtrSet<const MachineBasicBlock *, 16> *VLOCVisited, unsigned BBNum,
    const SmallSet<DebugVariable, 4> &AllVars, ValueIDNum **MOutLocs,
    ValueIDNum **MInLocs,
    SmallPtrSet<const MachineBasicBlock *, 8> &InScopeBlocks,
    SmallPtrSet<const MachineBasicBlock *, 8> &BlocksToExplore,
    DenseMap<DebugVariable, DbgValue> &InLocsT) {
  bool DowngradeOccurred = false;

  // To emulate VarLocBasedImpl, process this block if it's not in scope but
  // _does_ assign a variable value. No live-ins for this scope are transferred
  // in though, so we can return immediately.
  if (InScopeBlocks.count(&MBB) == 0 && !ArtificialBlocks.count(&MBB)) {
    if (VLOCVisited)
      return std::tuple<bool, bool>(true, false);
    return std::tuple<bool, bool>(false, false);
  }

  LLVM_DEBUG(dbgs() << "join MBB: " << MBB.getNumber() << "\n");
  bool Changed = false;

  // Find any live-ins computed in a prior iteration.
  auto ILSIt = VLOCInLocs.find(&MBB);
  assert(ILSIt != VLOCInLocs.end());
  auto &ILS = *ILSIt->second;

  // Order predecessors by RPOT order, for exploring them in that order.
  SmallVector<MachineBasicBlock *, 8> BlockOrders(MBB.predecessors());

  auto Cmp = [&](MachineBasicBlock *A, MachineBasicBlock *B) {
    return BBToOrder[A] < BBToOrder[B];
  };

  llvm::sort(BlockOrders, Cmp);

  unsigned CurBlockRPONum = BBToOrder[&MBB];

  // Force a re-visit to loop heads in the first dataflow iteration.
  // FIXME: if we could "propose" Const values this wouldn't be needed,
  // because they'd need to be confirmed before being emitted.
  if (!BlockOrders.empty() &&
      BBToOrder[BlockOrders[BlockOrders.size() - 1]] >= CurBlockRPONum &&
      VLOCVisited)
    DowngradeOccurred = true;

  auto ConfirmValue = [&InLocsT](const DebugVariable &DV, DbgValue VR) {
    auto Result = InLocsT.insert(std::make_pair(DV, VR));
    (void)Result;
    assert(Result.second);
  };

  auto ConfirmNoVal = [&ConfirmValue, &MBB](const DebugVariable &Var, const DbgValueProperties &Properties) {
    DbgValue NoLocPHIVal(MBB.getNumber(), Properties, DbgValue::NoVal);

    ConfirmValue(Var, NoLocPHIVal);
  };

  // Attempt to join the values for each variable.
  for (auto &Var : AllVars) {
    // Collect all the DbgValues for this variable.
    SmallVector<InValueT, 8> Values;
    bool Bail = false;
    unsigned BackEdgesStart = 0;
    for (auto p : BlockOrders) {
      // If the predecessor isn't in scope / to be explored, we'll never be
      // able to join any locations.
      if (!BlocksToExplore.contains(p)) {
        Bail = true;
        break;
      }

      // Don't attempt to handle unvisited predecessors: they're implicitly
      // "unknown"s in the lattice.
      if (VLOCVisited && !VLOCVisited->count(p))
        continue;

      // If the predecessors OutLocs is absent, there's not much we can do.
      auto OL = VLOCOutLocs.find(p);
      if (OL == VLOCOutLocs.end()) {
        Bail = true;
        break;
      }

      // No live-out value for this predecessor also means we can't produce
      // a joined value.
      auto VIt = OL->second->find(Var);
      if (VIt == OL->second->end()) {
        Bail = true;
        break;
      }

      // Keep track of where back-edges begin in the Values vector. Relies on
      // BlockOrders being sorted by RPO.
      unsigned ThisBBRPONum = BBToOrder[p];
      if (ThisBBRPONum < CurBlockRPONum)
        ++BackEdgesStart;

      Values.push_back(std::make_pair(p, &VIt->second));
    }

    // If there were no values, or one of the predecessors couldn't have a
    // value, then give up immediately. It's not safe to produce a live-in
    // value.
    if (Bail || Values.size() == 0)
      continue;

    // Enumeration identifying the current state of the predecessors values.
    enum {
      Unset = 0,
      Agreed,       // All preds agree on the variable value.
      PropDisagree, // All preds agree, but the value kind is Proposed in some.
      BEDisagree,   // Only back-edges disagree on variable value.
      PHINeeded,    // Non-back-edge predecessors have conflicing values.
      NoSolution    // Conflicting Value metadata makes solution impossible.
    } OurState = Unset;

    // All (non-entry) blocks have at least one non-backedge predecessor.
    // Pick the variable value from the first of these, to compare against
    // all others.
    const DbgValue &FirstVal = *Values[0].second;
    const ValueIDNum &FirstID = FirstVal.ID;

    // Scan for variable values that can't be resolved: if they have different
    // DIExpressions, different indirectness, or are mixed constants /
    // non-constants.
    for (auto &V : Values) {
      if (V.second->Properties != FirstVal.Properties)
        OurState = NoSolution;
      if (V.second->Kind == DbgValue::Const && FirstVal.Kind != DbgValue::Const)
        OurState = NoSolution;
    }

    // Flags diagnosing _how_ the values disagree.
    bool NonBackEdgeDisagree = false;
    bool DisagreeOnPHINess = false;
    bool IDDisagree = false;
    bool Disagree = false;
    if (OurState == Unset) {
      for (auto &V : Values) {
        if (*V.second == FirstVal)
          continue; // No disagreement.

        Disagree = true;

        // Flag whether the value number actually diagrees.
        if (V.second->ID != FirstID)
          IDDisagree = true;

        // Distinguish whether disagreement happens in backedges or not.
        // Relies on Values (and BlockOrders) being sorted by RPO.
        unsigned ThisBBRPONum = BBToOrder[V.first];
        if (ThisBBRPONum < CurBlockRPONum)
          NonBackEdgeDisagree = true;

        // Is there a difference in whether the value is definite or only
        // proposed?
        if (V.second->Kind != FirstVal.Kind &&
            (V.second->Kind == DbgValue::Proposed ||
             V.second->Kind == DbgValue::Def) &&
            (FirstVal.Kind == DbgValue::Proposed ||
             FirstVal.Kind == DbgValue::Def))
          DisagreeOnPHINess = true;
      }

      // Collect those flags together and determine an overall state for
      // what extend the predecessors agree on a live-in value.
      if (!Disagree)
        OurState = Agreed;
      else if (!IDDisagree && DisagreeOnPHINess)
        OurState = PropDisagree;
      else if (!NonBackEdgeDisagree)
        OurState = BEDisagree;
      else
        OurState = PHINeeded;
    }

    // An extra indicator: if we only disagree on whether the value is a
    // Def, or proposed, then also flag whether that disagreement happens
    // in backedges only.
    bool PropOnlyInBEs = Disagree && !IDDisagree && DisagreeOnPHINess &&
                         !NonBackEdgeDisagree && FirstVal.Kind == DbgValue::Def;

    const auto &Properties = FirstVal.Properties;

    auto OldLiveInIt = ILS.find(Var);
    const DbgValue *OldLiveInLocation =
        (OldLiveInIt != ILS.end()) ? &OldLiveInIt->second : nullptr;

    bool OverRide = false;
    if (OurState == BEDisagree && OldLiveInLocation) {
      // Only backedges disagree: we can consider downgrading. If there was a
      // previous live-in value, use it to work out whether the current
      // incoming value represents a lattice downgrade or not.
      OverRide =
          vlocDowngradeLattice(MBB, *OldLiveInLocation, Values, CurBlockRPONum);
    }

    // Use the current state of predecessor agreement and other flags to work
    // out what to do next. Possibilities include:
    //  * Accept a value all predecessors agree on, or accept one that
    //    represents a step down the exploration lattice,
    //  * Use a PHI value number, if one can be found,
    //  * Propose a PHI value number, and see if it gets confirmed later,
    //  * Emit a 'NoVal' value, indicating we couldn't resolve anything.
    if (OurState == Agreed) {
      // Easiest solution: all predecessors agree on the variable value.
      ConfirmValue(Var, FirstVal);
    } else if (OurState == BEDisagree && OverRide) {
      // Only backedges disagree, and the other predecessors have produced
      // a new live-in value further down the exploration lattice.
      DowngradeOccurred = true;
      ConfirmValue(Var, FirstVal);
    } else if (OurState == PropDisagree) {
      // Predecessors agree on value, but some say it's only a proposed value.
      // Propagate it as proposed: unless it was proposed in this block, in
      // which case we're able to confirm the value.
      if (FirstID.getBlock() == (uint64_t)MBB.getNumber() && FirstID.isPHI()) {
        ConfirmValue(Var, DbgValue(FirstID, Properties, DbgValue::Def));
      } else if (PropOnlyInBEs) {
        // If only backedges disagree, a higher (in RPO) block confirmed this
        // location, and we need to propagate it into this loop.
        ConfirmValue(Var, DbgValue(FirstID, Properties, DbgValue::Def));
      } else {
        // Otherwise; a Def meeting a Proposed is still a Proposed.
        ConfirmValue(Var, DbgValue(FirstID, Properties, DbgValue::Proposed));
      }
    } else if ((OurState == PHINeeded || OurState == BEDisagree)) {
      // Predecessors disagree and can't be downgraded: this can only be
      // solved with a PHI. Use pickVPHILoc to go look for one.
      Optional<ValueIDNum> VPHI;
      bool AllEdgesVPHI = false;
      std::tie(VPHI, AllEdgesVPHI) =
          pickVPHILoc(MBB, Var, VLOCOutLocs, MOutLocs, MInLocs, BlockOrders);

      if (VPHI && AllEdgesVPHI) {
        // There's a PHI value that's valid for all predecessors -- we can use
        // it. If any of the non-backedge predecessors have proposed values
        // though, this PHI is also only proposed, until the predecessors are
        // confirmed.
        DbgValue::KindT K = DbgValue::Def;
        for (unsigned int I = 0; I < BackEdgesStart; ++I)
          if (Values[I].second->Kind == DbgValue::Proposed)
            K = DbgValue::Proposed;

        ConfirmValue(Var, DbgValue(*VPHI, Properties, K));
      } else if (VPHI) {
        // There's a PHI value, but it's only legal for backedges. Leave this
        // as a proposed PHI value: it might come back on the backedges,
        // and allow us to confirm it in the future.
        DbgValue NoBEValue = DbgValue(*VPHI, Properties, DbgValue::Proposed);
        ConfirmValue(Var, NoBEValue);
      } else {
        ConfirmNoVal(Var, Properties);
      }
    } else {
      // Otherwise: we don't know. Emit a "phi but no real loc" phi.
      ConfirmNoVal(Var, Properties);
    }
  }

  // Store newly calculated in-locs into VLOCInLocs, if they've changed.
  Changed = ILS != InLocsT;
  if (Changed)
    ILS = InLocsT;

  return std::tuple<bool, bool>(Changed, DowngradeOccurred);
}

void InstrRefBasedLDV::vlocDataflow(
    const LexicalScope *Scope, const DILocation *DILoc,
    const SmallSet<DebugVariable, 4> &VarsWeCareAbout,
    SmallPtrSetImpl<MachineBasicBlock *> &AssignBlocks, LiveInsT &Output,
    ValueIDNum **MOutLocs, ValueIDNum **MInLocs,
    SmallVectorImpl<VLocTracker> &AllTheVLocs) {
  // This method is much like mlocDataflow: but focuses on a single
  // LexicalScope at a time. Pick out a set of blocks and variables that are
  // to have their value assignments solved, then run our dataflow algorithm
  // until a fixedpoint is reached.
  std::priority_queue<unsigned int, std::vector<unsigned int>,
                      std::greater<unsigned int>>
      Worklist, Pending;
  SmallPtrSet<MachineBasicBlock *, 16> OnWorklist, OnPending;

  // The set of blocks we'll be examining.
  SmallPtrSet<const MachineBasicBlock *, 8> BlocksToExplore;

  // The order in which to examine them (RPO).
  SmallVector<MachineBasicBlock *, 8> BlockOrders;

  // RPO ordering function.
  auto Cmp = [&](MachineBasicBlock *A, MachineBasicBlock *B) {
    return BBToOrder[A] < BBToOrder[B];
  };

  LS.getMachineBasicBlocks(DILoc, BlocksToExplore);

  // A separate container to distinguish "blocks we're exploring" versus
  // "blocks that are potentially in scope. See comment at start of vlocJoin.
  SmallPtrSet<const MachineBasicBlock *, 8> InScopeBlocks = BlocksToExplore;

  // Old LiveDebugValues tracks variable locations that come out of blocks
  // not in scope, where DBG_VALUEs occur. This is something we could
  // legitimately ignore, but lets allow it for now.
  if (EmulateOldLDV)
    BlocksToExplore.insert(AssignBlocks.begin(), AssignBlocks.end());

  // We also need to propagate variable values through any artificial blocks
  // that immediately follow blocks in scope.
  DenseSet<const MachineBasicBlock *> ToAdd;

  // Helper lambda: For a given block in scope, perform a depth first search
  // of all the artificial successors, adding them to the ToAdd collection.
  auto AccumulateArtificialBlocks =
      [this, &ToAdd, &BlocksToExplore,
       &InScopeBlocks](const MachineBasicBlock *MBB) {
        // Depth-first-search state: each node is a block and which successor
        // we're currently exploring.
        SmallVector<std::pair<const MachineBasicBlock *,
                              MachineBasicBlock::const_succ_iterator>,
                    8>
            DFS;

        // Find any artificial successors not already tracked.
        for (auto *succ : MBB->successors()) {
          if (BlocksToExplore.count(succ) || InScopeBlocks.count(succ))
            continue;
          if (!ArtificialBlocks.count(succ))
            continue;
          DFS.push_back(std::make_pair(succ, succ->succ_begin()));
          ToAdd.insert(succ);
        }

        // Search all those blocks, depth first.
        while (!DFS.empty()) {
          const MachineBasicBlock *CurBB = DFS.back().first;
          MachineBasicBlock::const_succ_iterator &CurSucc = DFS.back().second;
          // Walk back if we've explored this blocks successors to the end.
          if (CurSucc == CurBB->succ_end()) {
            DFS.pop_back();
            continue;
          }

          // If the current successor is artificial and unexplored, descend into
          // it.
          if (!ToAdd.count(*CurSucc) && ArtificialBlocks.count(*CurSucc)) {
            DFS.push_back(std::make_pair(*CurSucc, (*CurSucc)->succ_begin()));
            ToAdd.insert(*CurSucc);
            continue;
          }

          ++CurSucc;
        }
      };

  // Search in-scope blocks and those containing a DBG_VALUE from this scope
  // for artificial successors.
  for (auto *MBB : BlocksToExplore)
    AccumulateArtificialBlocks(MBB);
  for (auto *MBB : InScopeBlocks)
    AccumulateArtificialBlocks(MBB);

  BlocksToExplore.insert(ToAdd.begin(), ToAdd.end());
  InScopeBlocks.insert(ToAdd.begin(), ToAdd.end());

  // Single block scope: not interesting! No propagation at all. Note that
  // this could probably go above ArtificialBlocks without damage, but
  // that then produces output differences from original-live-debug-values,
  // which propagates from a single block into many artificial ones.
  if (BlocksToExplore.size() == 1)
    return;

  // Picks out relevants blocks RPO order and sort them.
  for (auto *MBB : BlocksToExplore)
    BlockOrders.push_back(const_cast<MachineBasicBlock *>(MBB));

  llvm::sort(BlockOrders, Cmp);
  unsigned NumBlocks = BlockOrders.size();

  // Allocate some vectors for storing the live ins and live outs. Large.
  SmallVector<DenseMap<DebugVariable, DbgValue>, 32> LiveIns, LiveOuts;
  LiveIns.resize(NumBlocks);
  LiveOuts.resize(NumBlocks);

  // Produce by-MBB indexes of live-in/live-outs, to ease lookup within
  // vlocJoin.
  LiveIdxT LiveOutIdx, LiveInIdx;
  LiveOutIdx.reserve(NumBlocks);
  LiveInIdx.reserve(NumBlocks);
  for (unsigned I = 0; I < NumBlocks; ++I) {
    LiveOutIdx[BlockOrders[I]] = &LiveOuts[I];
    LiveInIdx[BlockOrders[I]] = &LiveIns[I];
  }

  for (auto *MBB : BlockOrders) {
    Worklist.push(BBToOrder[MBB]);
    OnWorklist.insert(MBB);
  }

  // Iterate over all the blocks we selected, propagating variable values.
  bool FirstTrip = true;
  SmallPtrSet<const MachineBasicBlock *, 16> VLOCVisited;
  while (!Worklist.empty() || !Pending.empty()) {
    while (!Worklist.empty()) {
      auto *MBB = OrderToBB[Worklist.top()];
      CurBB = MBB->getNumber();
      Worklist.pop();

      DenseMap<DebugVariable, DbgValue> JoinedInLocs;

      // Join values from predecessors. Updates LiveInIdx, and writes output
      // into JoinedInLocs.
      bool InLocsChanged, DowngradeOccurred;
      std::tie(InLocsChanged, DowngradeOccurred) = vlocJoin(
          *MBB, LiveOutIdx, LiveInIdx, (FirstTrip) ? &VLOCVisited : nullptr,
          CurBB, VarsWeCareAbout, MOutLocs, MInLocs, InScopeBlocks,
          BlocksToExplore, JoinedInLocs);

      bool FirstVisit = VLOCVisited.insert(MBB).second;

      // Always explore transfer function if inlocs changed, or if we've not
      // visited this block before.
      InLocsChanged |= FirstVisit;

      // If a downgrade occurred, book us in for re-examination on the next
      // iteration.
      if (DowngradeOccurred && OnPending.insert(MBB).second)
        Pending.push(BBToOrder[MBB]);

      if (!InLocsChanged)
        continue;

      // Do transfer function.
      auto &VTracker = AllTheVLocs[MBB->getNumber()];
      for (auto &Transfer : VTracker.Vars) {
        // Is this var we're mangling in this scope?
        if (VarsWeCareAbout.count(Transfer.first)) {
          // Erase on empty transfer (DBG_VALUE $noreg).
          if (Transfer.second.Kind == DbgValue::Undef) {
            JoinedInLocs.erase(Transfer.first);
          } else {
            // Insert new variable value; or overwrite.
            auto NewValuePair = std::make_pair(Transfer.first, Transfer.second);
            auto Result = JoinedInLocs.insert(NewValuePair);
            if (!Result.second)
              Result.first->second = Transfer.second;
          }
        }
      }

      // Did the live-out locations change?
      bool OLChanged = JoinedInLocs != *LiveOutIdx[MBB];

      // If they haven't changed, there's no need to explore further.
      if (!OLChanged)
        continue;

      // Commit to the live-out record.
      *LiveOutIdx[MBB] = JoinedInLocs;

      // We should visit all successors. Ensure we'll visit any non-backedge
      // successors during this dataflow iteration; book backedge successors
      // to be visited next time around.
      for (auto s : MBB->successors()) {
        // Ignore out of scope / not-to-be-explored successors.
        if (LiveInIdx.find(s) == LiveInIdx.end())
          continue;

        if (BBToOrder[s] > BBToOrder[MBB]) {
          if (OnWorklist.insert(s).second)
            Worklist.push(BBToOrder[s]);
        } else if (OnPending.insert(s).second && (FirstTrip || OLChanged)) {
          Pending.push(BBToOrder[s]);
        }
      }
    }
    Worklist.swap(Pending);
    std::swap(OnWorklist, OnPending);
    OnPending.clear();
    assert(Pending.empty());
    FirstTrip = false;
  }

  // Dataflow done. Now what? Save live-ins. Ignore any that are still marked
  // as being variable-PHIs, because those did not have their machine-PHI
  // value confirmed. Such variable values are places that could have been
  // PHIs, but are not.
  for (auto *MBB : BlockOrders) {
    auto &VarMap = *LiveInIdx[MBB];
    for (auto &P : VarMap) {
      if (P.second.Kind == DbgValue::Proposed ||
          P.second.Kind == DbgValue::NoVal)
        continue;
      Output[MBB->getNumber()].push_back(P);
    }
  }

  BlockOrders.clear();
  BlocksToExplore.clear();
}

#if !defined(NDEBUG) || defined(LLVM_ENABLE_DUMP)
void InstrRefBasedLDV::dump_mloc_transfer(
    const MLocTransferMap &mloc_transfer) const {
  for (auto &P : mloc_transfer) {
    std::string foo = MTracker->LocIdxToName(P.first);
    std::string bar = MTracker->IDAsString(P.second);
    dbgs() << "Loc " << foo << " --> " << bar << "\n";
  }
}
#endif

void InstrRefBasedLDV::emitLocations(
    MachineFunction &MF, LiveInsT SavedLiveIns, ValueIDNum **MOutLocs,
    ValueIDNum **MInLocs, DenseMap<DebugVariable, unsigned> &AllVarsNumbering,
    const TargetPassConfig &TPC) {
  TTracker = new TransferTracker(TII, MTracker, MF, *TRI, CalleeSavedRegs, TPC);
  unsigned NumLocs = MTracker->getNumLocs();

  // For each block, load in the machine value locations and variable value
  // live-ins, then step through each instruction in the block. New DBG_VALUEs
  // to be inserted will be created along the way.
  for (MachineBasicBlock &MBB : MF) {
    unsigned bbnum = MBB.getNumber();
    MTracker->reset();
    MTracker->loadFromArray(MInLocs[bbnum], bbnum);
    TTracker->loadInlocs(MBB, MInLocs[bbnum], SavedLiveIns[MBB.getNumber()],
                         NumLocs);

    CurBB = bbnum;
    CurInst = 1;
    for (auto &MI : MBB) {
      process(MI, MOutLocs, MInLocs);
      TTracker->checkInstForNewValues(CurInst, MI.getIterator());
      ++CurInst;
    }
  }

  // We have to insert DBG_VALUEs in a consistent order, otherwise they appeaer
  // in DWARF in different orders. Use the order that they appear when walking
  // through each block / each instruction, stored in AllVarsNumbering.
  auto OrderDbgValues = [&](const MachineInstr *A,
                            const MachineInstr *B) -> bool {
    DebugVariable VarA(A->getDebugVariable(), A->getDebugExpression(),
                       A->getDebugLoc()->getInlinedAt());
    DebugVariable VarB(B->getDebugVariable(), B->getDebugExpression(),
                       B->getDebugLoc()->getInlinedAt());
    return AllVarsNumbering.find(VarA)->second <
           AllVarsNumbering.find(VarB)->second;
  };

  // Go through all the transfers recorded in the TransferTracker -- this is
  // both the live-ins to a block, and any movements of values that happen
  // in the middle.
  for (auto &P : TTracker->Transfers) {
    // Sort them according to appearance order.
    llvm::sort(P.Insts, OrderDbgValues);
    // Insert either before or after the designated point...
    if (P.MBB) {
      MachineBasicBlock &MBB = *P.MBB;
      for (auto *MI : P.Insts) {
        MBB.insert(P.Pos, MI);
      }
    } else {
      // Terminators, like tail calls, can clobber things. Don't try and place
      // transfers after them.
      if (P.Pos->isTerminator())
        continue;

      MachineBasicBlock &MBB = *P.Pos->getParent();
      for (auto *MI : P.Insts) {
        MBB.insertAfterBundle(P.Pos, MI);
      }
    }
  }
}

void InstrRefBasedLDV::initialSetup(MachineFunction &MF) {
  // Build some useful data structures.
  auto hasNonArtificialLocation = [](const MachineInstr &MI) -> bool {
    if (const DebugLoc &DL = MI.getDebugLoc())
      return DL.getLine() != 0;
    return false;
  };
  // Collect a set of all the artificial blocks.
  for (auto &MBB : MF)
    if (none_of(MBB.instrs(), hasNonArtificialLocation))
      ArtificialBlocks.insert(&MBB);

  // Compute mappings of block <=> RPO order.
  ReversePostOrderTraversal<MachineFunction *> RPOT(&MF);
  unsigned int RPONumber = 0;
  for (MachineBasicBlock *MBB : RPOT) {
    OrderToBB[RPONumber] = MBB;
    BBToOrder[MBB] = RPONumber;
    BBNumToRPO[MBB->getNumber()] = RPONumber;
    ++RPONumber;
  }
}

/// Calculate the liveness information for the given machine function and
/// extend ranges across basic blocks.
bool InstrRefBasedLDV::ExtendRanges(MachineFunction &MF,
                                    TargetPassConfig *TPC) {
  // No subprogram means this function contains no debuginfo.
  if (!MF.getFunction().getSubprogram())
    return false;

  LLVM_DEBUG(dbgs() << "\nDebug Range Extension\n");
  this->TPC = TPC;

  TRI = MF.getSubtarget().getRegisterInfo();
  TII = MF.getSubtarget().getInstrInfo();
  TFI = MF.getSubtarget().getFrameLowering();
  TFI->getCalleeSaves(MF, CalleeSavedRegs);
  MFI = &MF.getFrameInfo();
  LS.initialize(MF);

  MTracker =
      new MLocTracker(MF, *TII, *TRI, *MF.getSubtarget().getTargetLowering());
  VTracker = nullptr;
  TTracker = nullptr;

  SmallVector<MLocTransferMap, 32> MLocTransfer;
  SmallVector<VLocTracker, 8> vlocs;
  LiveInsT SavedLiveIns;

  int MaxNumBlocks = -1;
  for (auto &MBB : MF)
    MaxNumBlocks = std::max(MBB.getNumber(), MaxNumBlocks);
  assert(MaxNumBlocks >= 0);
  ++MaxNumBlocks;

  MLocTransfer.resize(MaxNumBlocks);
  vlocs.resize(MaxNumBlocks);
  SavedLiveIns.resize(MaxNumBlocks);

  initialSetup(MF);

  produceMLocTransferFunction(MF, MLocTransfer, MaxNumBlocks);

  // Allocate and initialize two array-of-arrays for the live-in and live-out
  // machine values. The outer dimension is the block number; while the inner
  // dimension is a LocIdx from MLocTracker.
  ValueIDNum **MOutLocs = new ValueIDNum *[MaxNumBlocks];
  ValueIDNum **MInLocs = new ValueIDNum *[MaxNumBlocks];
  unsigned NumLocs = MTracker->getNumLocs();
  for (int i = 0; i < MaxNumBlocks; ++i) {
    MOutLocs[i] = new ValueIDNum[NumLocs];
    MInLocs[i] = new ValueIDNum[NumLocs];
  }

  // Solve the machine value dataflow problem using the MLocTransfer function,
  // storing the computed live-ins / live-outs into the array-of-arrays. We use
  // both live-ins and live-outs for decision making in the variable value
  // dataflow problem.
  mlocDataflow(MInLocs, MOutLocs, MLocTransfer);

  // Patch up debug phi numbers, turning unknown block-live-in values into
  // either live-through machine values, or PHIs.
  for (auto &DBG_PHI : DebugPHINumToValue) {
    // Identify unresolved block-live-ins.
    ValueIDNum &Num = DBG_PHI.ValueRead;
    if (!Num.isPHI())
      continue;

    unsigned BlockNo = Num.getBlock();
    LocIdx LocNo = Num.getLoc();
    Num = MInLocs[BlockNo][LocNo.asU64()];
  }
  // Later, we'll be looking up ranges of instruction numbers.
  llvm::sort(DebugPHINumToValue);

  // Walk back through each block / instruction, collecting DBG_VALUE
  // instructions and recording what machine value their operands refer to.
  for (auto &OrderPair : OrderToBB) {
    MachineBasicBlock &MBB = *OrderPair.second;
    CurBB = MBB.getNumber();
    VTracker = &vlocs[CurBB];
    VTracker->MBB = &MBB;
    MTracker->loadFromArray(MInLocs[CurBB], CurBB);
    CurInst = 1;
    for (auto &MI : MBB) {
      process(MI, MOutLocs, MInLocs);
      ++CurInst;
    }
    MTracker->reset();
  }

  // Number all variables in the order that they appear, to be used as a stable
  // insertion order later.
  DenseMap<DebugVariable, unsigned> AllVarsNumbering;

  // Map from one LexicalScope to all the variables in that scope.
  DenseMap<const LexicalScope *, SmallSet<DebugVariable, 4>> ScopeToVars;

  // Map from One lexical scope to all blocks in that scope.
  DenseMap<const LexicalScope *, SmallPtrSet<MachineBasicBlock *, 4>>
      ScopeToBlocks;

  // Store a DILocation that describes a scope.
  DenseMap<const LexicalScope *, const DILocation *> ScopeToDILocation;

  // To mirror old LiveDebugValues, enumerate variables in RPOT order. Otherwise
  // the order is unimportant, it just has to be stable.
  for (unsigned int I = 0; I < OrderToBB.size(); ++I) {
    auto *MBB = OrderToBB[I];
    auto *VTracker = &vlocs[MBB->getNumber()];
    // Collect each variable with a DBG_VALUE in this block.
    for (auto &idx : VTracker->Vars) {
      const auto &Var = idx.first;
      const DILocation *ScopeLoc = VTracker->Scopes[Var];
      assert(ScopeLoc != nullptr);
      auto *Scope = LS.findLexicalScope(ScopeLoc);

      // No insts in scope -> shouldn't have been recorded.
      assert(Scope != nullptr);

      AllVarsNumbering.insert(std::make_pair(Var, AllVarsNumbering.size()));
      ScopeToVars[Scope].insert(Var);
      ScopeToBlocks[Scope].insert(VTracker->MBB);
      ScopeToDILocation[Scope] = ScopeLoc;
    }
  }

  // OK. Iterate over scopes: there might be something to be said for
  // ordering them by size/locality, but that's for the future. For each scope,
  // solve the variable value problem, producing a map of variables to values
  // in SavedLiveIns.
  for (auto &P : ScopeToVars) {
    vlocDataflow(P.first, ScopeToDILocation[P.first], P.second,
                 ScopeToBlocks[P.first], SavedLiveIns, MOutLocs, MInLocs,
                 vlocs);
  }

  // Using the computed value locations and variable values for each block,
  // create the DBG_VALUE instructions representing the extended variable
  // locations.
  emitLocations(MF, SavedLiveIns, MOutLocs, MInLocs, AllVarsNumbering, *TPC);

  for (int Idx = 0; Idx < MaxNumBlocks; ++Idx) {
    delete[] MOutLocs[Idx];
    delete[] MInLocs[Idx];
  }
  delete[] MOutLocs;
  delete[] MInLocs;

  // Did we actually make any changes? If we created any DBG_VALUEs, then yes.
  bool Changed = TTracker->Transfers.size() != 0;

  delete MTracker;
  delete TTracker;
  MTracker = nullptr;
  VTracker = nullptr;
  TTracker = nullptr;

  ArtificialBlocks.clear();
  OrderToBB.clear();
  BBToOrder.clear();
  BBNumToRPO.clear();
  DebugInstrNumToInstr.clear();
  DebugPHINumToValue.clear();

  return Changed;
}

LDVImpl *llvm::makeInstrRefBasedLiveDebugValues() {
  return new InstrRefBasedLDV();
}

namespace {
class LDVSSABlock;
class LDVSSAUpdater;

// Pick a type to identify incoming block values as we construct SSA. We
// can't use anything more robust than an integer unfortunately, as SSAUpdater
// expects to zero-initialize the type.
typedef uint64_t BlockValueNum;

/// Represents an SSA PHI node for the SSA updater class. Contains the block
/// this PHI is in, the value number it would have, and the expected incoming
/// values from parent blocks.
class LDVSSAPhi {
public:
  SmallVector<std::pair<LDVSSABlock *, BlockValueNum>, 4> IncomingValues;
  LDVSSABlock *ParentBlock;
  BlockValueNum PHIValNum;
  LDVSSAPhi(BlockValueNum PHIValNum, LDVSSABlock *ParentBlock)
      : ParentBlock(ParentBlock), PHIValNum(PHIValNum) {}

  LDVSSABlock *getParent() { return ParentBlock; }
};

/// Thin wrapper around a block predecessor iterator. Only difference from a
/// normal block iterator is that it dereferences to an LDVSSABlock.
class LDVSSABlockIterator {
public:
  MachineBasicBlock::pred_iterator PredIt;
  LDVSSAUpdater &Updater;

  LDVSSABlockIterator(MachineBasicBlock::pred_iterator PredIt,
                      LDVSSAUpdater &Updater)
      : PredIt(PredIt), Updater(Updater) {}

  bool operator!=(const LDVSSABlockIterator &OtherIt) const {
    return OtherIt.PredIt != PredIt;
  }

  LDVSSABlockIterator &operator++() {
    ++PredIt;
    return *this;
  }

  LDVSSABlock *operator*();
};

/// Thin wrapper around a block for SSA Updater interface. Necessary because
/// we need to track the PHI value(s) that we may have observed as necessary
/// in this block.
class LDVSSABlock {
public:
  MachineBasicBlock &BB;
  LDVSSAUpdater &Updater;
  using PHIListT = SmallVector<LDVSSAPhi, 1>;
  /// List of PHIs in this block. There should only ever be one.
  PHIListT PHIList;

  LDVSSABlock(MachineBasicBlock &BB, LDVSSAUpdater &Updater)
      : BB(BB), Updater(Updater) {}

  LDVSSABlockIterator succ_begin() {
    return LDVSSABlockIterator(BB.succ_begin(), Updater);
  }

  LDVSSABlockIterator succ_end() {
    return LDVSSABlockIterator(BB.succ_end(), Updater);
  }

  /// SSAUpdater has requested a PHI: create that within this block record.
  LDVSSAPhi *newPHI(BlockValueNum Value) {
    PHIList.emplace_back(Value, this);
    return &PHIList.back();
  }

  /// SSAUpdater wishes to know what PHIs already exist in this block.
  PHIListT &phis() { return PHIList; }
};

/// Utility class for the SSAUpdater interface: tracks blocks, PHIs and values
/// while SSAUpdater is exploring the CFG. It's passed as a handle / baton to
// SSAUpdaterTraits<LDVSSAUpdater>.
class LDVSSAUpdater {
public:
  /// Map of value numbers to PHI records.
  DenseMap<BlockValueNum, LDVSSAPhi *> PHIs;
  /// Map of which blocks generate Undef values -- blocks that are not
  /// dominated by any Def.
  DenseMap<MachineBasicBlock *, BlockValueNum> UndefMap;
  /// Map of machine blocks to our own records of them.
  DenseMap<MachineBasicBlock *, LDVSSABlock *> BlockMap;
  /// Machine location where any PHI must occur.
  LocIdx Loc;
  /// Table of live-in machine value numbers for blocks / locations.
  ValueIDNum **MLiveIns;

  LDVSSAUpdater(LocIdx L, ValueIDNum **MLiveIns) : Loc(L), MLiveIns(MLiveIns) {}

  void reset() {
    for (auto &Block : BlockMap)
      delete Block.second;

    PHIs.clear();
    UndefMap.clear();
    BlockMap.clear();
  }

  ~LDVSSAUpdater() { reset(); }

  /// For a given MBB, create a wrapper block for it. Stores it in the
  /// LDVSSAUpdater block map.
  LDVSSABlock *getSSALDVBlock(MachineBasicBlock *BB) {
    auto it = BlockMap.find(BB);
    if (it == BlockMap.end()) {
      BlockMap[BB] = new LDVSSABlock(*BB, *this);
      it = BlockMap.find(BB);
    }
    return it->second;
  }

  /// Find the live-in value number for the given block. Looks up the value at
  /// the PHI location on entry.
  BlockValueNum getValue(LDVSSABlock *LDVBB) {
    return MLiveIns[LDVBB->BB.getNumber()][Loc.asU64()].asU64();
  }
};

LDVSSABlock *LDVSSABlockIterator::operator*() {
  return Updater.getSSALDVBlock(*PredIt);
}

#ifndef NDEBUG

raw_ostream &operator<<(raw_ostream &out, const LDVSSAPhi &PHI) {
  out << "SSALDVPHI " << PHI.PHIValNum;
  return out;
}

#endif

} // namespace

namespace llvm {

/// Template specialization to give SSAUpdater access to CFG and value
/// information. SSAUpdater calls methods in these traits, passing in the
/// LDVSSAUpdater object, to learn about blocks and the values they define.
/// It also provides methods to create PHI nodes and track them.
template <> class SSAUpdaterTraits<LDVSSAUpdater> {
public:
  using BlkT = LDVSSABlock;
  using ValT = BlockValueNum;
  using PhiT = LDVSSAPhi;
  using BlkSucc_iterator = LDVSSABlockIterator;

  // Methods to access block successors -- dereferencing to our wrapper class.
  static BlkSucc_iterator BlkSucc_begin(BlkT *BB) { return BB->succ_begin(); }
  static BlkSucc_iterator BlkSucc_end(BlkT *BB) { return BB->succ_end(); }

  /// Iterator for PHI operands.
  class PHI_iterator {
  private:
    LDVSSAPhi *PHI;
    unsigned Idx;

  public:
    explicit PHI_iterator(LDVSSAPhi *P) // begin iterator
        : PHI(P), Idx(0) {}
    PHI_iterator(LDVSSAPhi *P, bool) // end iterator
        : PHI(P), Idx(PHI->IncomingValues.size()) {}

    PHI_iterator &operator++() {
      Idx++;
      return *this;
    }
    bool operator==(const PHI_iterator &X) const { return Idx == X.Idx; }
    bool operator!=(const PHI_iterator &X) const { return !operator==(X); }

    BlockValueNum getIncomingValue() { return PHI->IncomingValues[Idx].second; }

    LDVSSABlock *getIncomingBlock() { return PHI->IncomingValues[Idx].first; }
  };

  static inline PHI_iterator PHI_begin(PhiT *PHI) { return PHI_iterator(PHI); }

  static inline PHI_iterator PHI_end(PhiT *PHI) {
    return PHI_iterator(PHI, true);
  }

  /// FindPredecessorBlocks - Put the predecessors of BB into the Preds
  /// vector.
  static void FindPredecessorBlocks(LDVSSABlock *BB,
                                    SmallVectorImpl<LDVSSABlock *> *Preds) {
    for (MachineBasicBlock::pred_iterator PI = BB->BB.pred_begin(),
                                          E = BB->BB.pred_end();
         PI != E; ++PI)
      Preds->push_back(BB->Updater.getSSALDVBlock(*PI));
  }

  /// GetUndefVal - Normally creates an IMPLICIT_DEF instruction with a new
  /// register. For LiveDebugValues, represents a block identified as not having
  /// any DBG_PHI predecessors.
  static BlockValueNum GetUndefVal(LDVSSABlock *BB, LDVSSAUpdater *Updater) {
    // Create a value number for this block -- it needs to be unique and in the
    // "undef" collection, so that we know it's not real. Use a number
    // representing a PHI into this block.
    BlockValueNum Num = ValueIDNum(BB->BB.getNumber(), 0, Updater->Loc).asU64();
    Updater->UndefMap[&BB->BB] = Num;
    return Num;
  }

  /// CreateEmptyPHI - Create a (representation of a) PHI in the given block.
  /// SSAUpdater will populate it with information about incoming values. The
  /// value number of this PHI is whatever the  machine value number problem
  /// solution determined it to be. This includes non-phi values if SSAUpdater
  /// tries to create a PHI where the incoming values are identical.
  static BlockValueNum CreateEmptyPHI(LDVSSABlock *BB, unsigned NumPreds,
                                   LDVSSAUpdater *Updater) {
    BlockValueNum PHIValNum = Updater->getValue(BB);
    LDVSSAPhi *PHI = BB->newPHI(PHIValNum);
    Updater->PHIs[PHIValNum] = PHI;
    return PHIValNum;
  }

  /// AddPHIOperand - Add the specified value as an operand of the PHI for
  /// the specified predecessor block.
  static void AddPHIOperand(LDVSSAPhi *PHI, BlockValueNum Val, LDVSSABlock *Pred) {
    PHI->IncomingValues.push_back(std::make_pair(Pred, Val));
  }

  /// ValueIsPHI - Check if the instruction that defines the specified value
  /// is a PHI instruction.
  static LDVSSAPhi *ValueIsPHI(BlockValueNum Val, LDVSSAUpdater *Updater) {
    auto PHIIt = Updater->PHIs.find(Val);
    if (PHIIt == Updater->PHIs.end())
      return nullptr;
    return PHIIt->second;
  }

  /// ValueIsNewPHI - Like ValueIsPHI but also check if the PHI has no source
  /// operands, i.e., it was just added.
  static LDVSSAPhi *ValueIsNewPHI(BlockValueNum Val, LDVSSAUpdater *Updater) {
    LDVSSAPhi *PHI = ValueIsPHI(Val, Updater);
    if (PHI && PHI->IncomingValues.size() == 0)
      return PHI;
    return nullptr;
  }

  /// GetPHIValue - For the specified PHI instruction, return the value
  /// that it defines.
  static BlockValueNum GetPHIValue(LDVSSAPhi *PHI) { return PHI->PHIValNum; }
};

} // end namespace llvm

Optional<ValueIDNum> InstrRefBasedLDV::resolveDbgPHIs(MachineFunction &MF,
                                                      ValueIDNum **MLiveOuts,
                                                      ValueIDNum **MLiveIns,
                                                      MachineInstr &Here,
                                                      uint64_t InstrNum) {
  // Pick out records of DBG_PHI instructions that have been observed. If there
  // are none, then we cannot compute a value number.
  auto RangePair = std::equal_range(DebugPHINumToValue.begin(),
                                    DebugPHINumToValue.end(), InstrNum);
  auto LowerIt = RangePair.first;
  auto UpperIt = RangePair.second;

  // No DBG_PHI means there can be no location.
  if (LowerIt == UpperIt)
    return None;

  // If there's only one DBG_PHI, then that is our value number.
  if (std::distance(LowerIt, UpperIt) == 1)
    return LowerIt->ValueRead;

  auto DBGPHIRange = make_range(LowerIt, UpperIt);

  // Pick out the location (physreg, slot) where any PHIs must occur. It's
  // technically possible for us to merge values in different registers in each
  // block, but highly unlikely that LLVM will generate such code after register
  // allocation.
  LocIdx Loc = LowerIt->ReadLoc;

  // We have several DBG_PHIs, and a use position (the Here inst). All each
  // DBG_PHI does is identify a value at a program position. We can treat each
  // DBG_PHI like it's a Def of a value, and the use position is a Use of a
  // value, just like SSA. We use the bulk-standard LLVM SSA updater class to
  // determine which Def is used at the Use, and any PHIs that happen along
  // the way.
  // Adapted LLVM SSA Updater:
  LDVSSAUpdater Updater(Loc, MLiveIns);
  // Map of which Def or PHI is the current value in each block.
  DenseMap<LDVSSABlock *, BlockValueNum> AvailableValues;
  // Set of PHIs that we have created along the way.
  SmallVector<LDVSSAPhi *, 8> CreatedPHIs;

  // Each existing DBG_PHI is a Def'd value under this model. Record these Defs
  // for the SSAUpdater.
  for (const auto &DBG_PHI : DBGPHIRange) {
    LDVSSABlock *Block = Updater.getSSALDVBlock(DBG_PHI.MBB);
    const ValueIDNum &Num = DBG_PHI.ValueRead;
    AvailableValues.insert(std::make_pair(Block, Num.asU64()));
  }

  LDVSSABlock *HereBlock = Updater.getSSALDVBlock(Here.getParent());
  const auto &AvailIt = AvailableValues.find(HereBlock);
  if (AvailIt != AvailableValues.end()) {
    // Actually, we already know what the value is -- the Use is in the same
    // block as the Def.
    return ValueIDNum::fromU64(AvailIt->second);
  }

  // Otherwise, we must use the SSA Updater. It will identify the value number
  // that we are to use, and the PHIs that must happen along the way.
  SSAUpdaterImpl<LDVSSAUpdater> Impl(&Updater, &AvailableValues, &CreatedPHIs);
  BlockValueNum ResultInt = Impl.GetValue(Updater.getSSALDVBlock(Here.getParent()));
  ValueIDNum Result = ValueIDNum::fromU64(ResultInt);

  // We have the number for a PHI, or possibly live-through value, to be used
  // at this Use. There are a number of things we have to check about it though:
  //  * Does any PHI use an 'Undef' (like an IMPLICIT_DEF) value? If so, this
  //    Use was not completely dominated by DBG_PHIs and we should abort.
  //  * Are the Defs or PHIs clobbered in a block? SSAUpdater isn't aware that
  //    we've left SSA form. Validate that the inputs to each PHI are the
  //    expected values.
  //  * Is a PHI we've created actually a merging of values, or are all the
  //    predecessor values the same, leading to a non-PHI machine value number?
  //    (SSAUpdater doesn't know that either). Remap validated PHIs into the
  //    the ValidatedValues collection below to sort this out.
  DenseMap<LDVSSABlock *, ValueIDNum> ValidatedValues;

  // Define all the input DBG_PHI values in ValidatedValues.
  for (const auto &DBG_PHI : DBGPHIRange) {
    LDVSSABlock *Block = Updater.getSSALDVBlock(DBG_PHI.MBB);
    const ValueIDNum &Num = DBG_PHI.ValueRead;
    ValidatedValues.insert(std::make_pair(Block, Num));
  }

  // Sort PHIs to validate into RPO-order.
  SmallVector<LDVSSAPhi *, 8> SortedPHIs;
  for (auto &PHI : CreatedPHIs)
    SortedPHIs.push_back(PHI);

  std::sort(
      SortedPHIs.begin(), SortedPHIs.end(), [&](LDVSSAPhi *A, LDVSSAPhi *B) {
        return BBToOrder[&A->getParent()->BB] < BBToOrder[&B->getParent()->BB];
      });

  for (auto &PHI : SortedPHIs) {
    ValueIDNum ThisBlockValueNum =
        MLiveIns[PHI->ParentBlock->BB.getNumber()][Loc.asU64()];

    // Are all these things actually defined?
    for (auto &PHIIt : PHI->IncomingValues) {
      // Any undef input means DBG_PHIs didn't dominate the use point.
      if (Updater.UndefMap.find(&PHIIt.first->BB) != Updater.UndefMap.end())
        return None;

      ValueIDNum ValueToCheck;
      ValueIDNum *BlockLiveOuts = MLiveOuts[PHIIt.first->BB.getNumber()];

      auto VVal = ValidatedValues.find(PHIIt.first);
      if (VVal == ValidatedValues.end()) {
        // We cross a loop, and this is a backedge. LLVMs tail duplication
        // happens so late that DBG_PHI instructions should not be able to
        // migrate into loops -- meaning we can only be live-through this
        // loop.
        ValueToCheck = ThisBlockValueNum;
      } else {
        // Does the block have as a live-out, in the location we're examining,
        // the value that we expect? If not, it's been moved or clobbered.
        ValueToCheck = VVal->second;
      }

      if (BlockLiveOuts[Loc.asU64()] != ValueToCheck)
        return None;
    }

    // Record this value as validated.
    ValidatedValues.insert({PHI->ParentBlock, ThisBlockValueNum});
  }

  // All the PHIs are valid: we can return what the SSAUpdater said our value
  // number was.
  return Result;
}