lib/sort.c: add _nonatomic() variants with cond_resched()

bcachefs calls sort() during recovery to sort all keys it found in the
journal, and this may be very large - gigabytes on large machines.

T

lib/sort.c: add _nonatomic() variants with cond_resched()

bcachefs calls sort() during recovery to sort all keys it found in the
journal, and this may be very large - gigabytes on large machines.

This has been causing "task blocked" warnings, so needs a
cond_resched().

[[email protected]: fix kerneldoc]
Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/cgsr5a447pxqomc4gvznsp5yroqmif4omd7o5lsr2swifjhoic@yzjjrx2bvrq7
Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/[email protected]
Signed-off-by: Kent Overstreet <[email protected]>
Cc: Kuan-Wei Chiu <[email protected]>
Cc: Stephen Rothwell <[email protected]>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <[email protected]>

show more ...

lib/sort: clarify comparison function requirements in sort_r()

Patch series "lib: clarify comparison function requirements", v2.

Add a detailed explanation in the sort_r/list_sort kernel doc commen

lib/sort: clarify comparison function requirements in sort_r()

Patch series "lib: clarify comparison function requirements", v2.

Add a detailed explanation in the sort_r/list_sort kernel doc comment
specifying that the comparison function must satisfy antisymmetry and
transitivity. These properties are essential for the sorting algorithm to
produce correct results.

Issues have arisen in the past [1][2][3][4] where comparison functions
violated the transitivity property, causing sorting algorithms to fail to
correctly order elements. While these requirements may seem
straightforward, they are commonly misunderstood or overlooked, leading to
bugs. Highlighting these properties in the documentation will help
prevent such mistakes in the future.

Link: https://lore.kernel.org/lkml/[email protected] [1]
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/lkml/[email protected] [2]
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/lkml/[email protected] [3]
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/lkml/[email protected] [4]


This patch (of 2):

Add a detailed explanation in the sort_r() kernel doc comment specifying
that the comparison function must satisfy antisymmetry and transitivity.
These properties are essential for the sorting algorithm to produce
correct results.

Issues have arisen in the past [1][2][3][4] where comparison functions
violated the transitivity property, causing sorting algorithms to fail to
correctly order elements. While these requirements may seem
straightforward, they are commonly misunderstood or overlooked, leading to
bugs. Highlighting these properties in the documentation will help
prevent such mistakes in the future.

Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/[email protected]
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/lkml/[email protected] [1]
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/lkml/[email protected] [2]
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/lkml/[email protected] [3]
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/lkml/[email protected] [4]
Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/[email protected]
Signed-off-by: Kuan-Wei Chiu <[email protected]>
Cc: Ching-Chun (Jim) Huang <[email protected]>
Cc: <[email protected]>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <[email protected]>

show more ...

lib/sort: optimize heapsort for handling final 2 or 3 elements

After building the heap, the code continuously pops two elements from the
heap until only 2 or 3 elements remain, at which point it swi

lib/sort: optimize heapsort for handling final 2 or 3 elements

After building the heap, the code continuously pops two elements from the
heap until only 2 or 3 elements remain, at which point it switches back to
a regular heapsort with one element popped at a time. However, to handle
the final 2 or 3 elements, an additional else-if statement in the while
loop was introduced, potentially increasing branch misses. Moreover, when
there are only 2 or 3 elements left, continuing with regular heapify
operations is unnecessary as these cases are simple enough to be handled
with a single comparison and 1 or 2 swaps outside the while loop.

Eliminating the additional else-if statement and directly managing cases
involving 2 or 3 elements outside the loop reduces unnecessary conditional
branches resulting from the numerous loops and conditionals in heapify.

This optimization maintains consistent numbers of comparisons and swaps
for arrays with even lengths while reducing swaps and comparisons for
arrays with odd lengths from 2.5 swaps and 1 comparison to 1.5 swaps and 1
comparison.

Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/[email protected]
Signed-off-by: Kuan-Wei Chiu <[email protected]>
Cc: Ching-Chun (Jim) Huang <[email protected]>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <[email protected]>

show more ...

lib/sort: fix outdated comment regarding glibc qsort()

The existing comment in lib/sort refers to glibc qsort() using quicksort.
However, glibc qsort() no longer uses quicksort; it now uses mergeso

lib/sort: fix outdated comment regarding glibc qsort()

The existing comment in lib/sort refers to glibc qsort() using quicksort.
However, glibc qsort() no longer uses quicksort; it now uses mergesort and
falls back to heapsort if memory allocation for mergesort fails. This
makes the comment outdated and incorrect.

Update the comment to refer to quicksort in general rather than glibc's
implementation to provide accurate information about the comparisons and
trade-offs without implying an outdated implementation.

Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/[email protected]
Signed-off-by: Kuan-Wei Chiu <[email protected]>
Cc: Ching-Chun (Jim) Huang <[email protected]>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <[email protected]>

show more ...

lib/sort: remove unused pr_fmt macro

Patch series "lib/sort: Optimizations and cleanups".

This patch series optimizes the handling of the last 2 or 3 elements in
lib/sort and adds a testcase in lib

lib/sort: remove unused pr_fmt macro

Patch series "lib/sort: Optimizations and cleanups".

This patch series optimizes the handling of the last 2 or 3 elements in
lib/sort and adds a testcase in lib/test_sort to maintain 100% code
coverage reflecting this change. Additionally, it corrects outdated
descriptions regarding glibc qsort() and removes the unused pr_fmt macro.


This patch (of 4):

The pr_fmt macro is defined but not used in lib/sort.c. Since there are
no pr_* functions printing any messages, the pr_fmt macro is redundant and
can be safely removed.

Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/[email protected]
Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/[email protected]
Signed-off-by: Kuan-Wei Chiu <[email protected]>
Cc: Ching-Chun (Jim) Huang <[email protected]>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <[email protected]>

show more ...

lib/sort: optimize heapsort with double-pop variation

Instead of popping only the maximum element from the heap during each
iteration, we now pop the two largest elements at once. Although this
int

lib/sort: optimize heapsort with double-pop variation

Instead of popping only the maximum element from the heap during each
iteration, we now pop the two largest elements at once. Although this
introduces an additional comparison to determine the second largest
element, it enables a reduction in the height of the tree by one during
the heapify operations starting from root's left/right child. This
reduction in tree height by one leads to a decrease of one comparison and
one swap.

This optimization results in saving approximately 0.5 * n swaps without
increasing the number of comparisons. Additionally, the heap size during
heapify is now one less than the original size, offering a chance for
further reduction in comparisons and swaps.

The following experimental data is based on the array generated using
get_random_u32().

| N | swaps (old) | swaps (new) | comparisons (old) | comparisons (new) |
|-------|-------------|-------------|-------------------|-------------------|
| 1000 | 9054 | 8569 | 10328 | 10320 |
| 2000 | 20137 | 19182 | 22634 | 22587 |
| 3000 | 32062 | 30623 | 35833 | 35752 |
| 4000 | 44274 | 42282 | 49332 | 49306 |
| 5000 | 57195 | 54676 | 63300 | 63294 |
| 6000 | 70205 | 67202 | 77599 | 77557 |
| 7000 | 83276 | 79831 | 92113 | 92032 |
| 8000 | 96630 | 92678 | 106635 | 106617 |
| 9000 | 110349 | 105883 | 121505 | 121404 |
| 10000 | 124165 | 119202 | 136628 | 136617 |


Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/[email protected]
Signed-off-by: Kuan-Wei Chiu <[email protected]>
Cc: Ching-Chun (Jim) Huang <[email protected]>
Cc: George Spelvin <[email protected]>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <[email protected]>

show more ...

lib/sort: optimize heapsort for equal elements in sift-down path

Patch series "lib/sort: Optimize the number of swaps and comparisons".

This patch series aims to optimize the heapsort algorithm, sp

lib/sort: optimize heapsort for equal elements in sift-down path

Patch series "lib/sort: Optimize the number of swaps and comparisons".

This patch series aims to optimize the heapsort algorithm, specifically
targeting a reduction in the number of swaps and comparisons required.


This patch (of 2):

Currently, when searching for the sift-down path and encountering equal
elements, the algorithm chooses the left child. However, considering that
the height of the right subtree may be one less than that of the left
subtree, selecting the right child in such cases can potentially reduce
the number of comparisons and swaps.

For instance, when sorting an array of 10,000 identical elements, the
current implementation requires 247,209 comparisons. With this patch, the
number of comparisons can be reduced to 227,241.

Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/[email protected]
Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/[email protected]
Signed-off-by: Kuan-Wei Chiu <[email protected]>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <[email protected]>

show more ...

lib/sort: Add priv pointer to swap function

Adding support to have priv pointer in swap callback function.

Following the initial change on cmp callback functions [1]
and adding SWAP_WRAPPER macro t

lib/sort: Add priv pointer to swap function

Adding support to have priv pointer in swap callback function.

Following the initial change on cmp callback functions [1]
and adding SWAP_WRAPPER macro to identify sort call of sort_r.

Signed-off-by: Jiri Olsa <[email protected]>
Signed-off-by: Alexei Starovoitov <[email protected]>
Reviewed-by: Masami Hiramatsu <[email protected]>
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/bpf/[email protected]

[1] 4333fb96ca10 ("media: lib/sort.c: implement sort() variant taking context argument")

show more ...

lib: fix spelling mistakes

Fix some spelling mistakes in comments:
permanentely ==> permanently
wont ==> won't
remaning ==> remaining
succed ==> succeed
shouldnt ==> shouldn't
alpha-numeric ==> alph

lib: fix spelling mistakes

Fix some spelling mistakes in comments:
permanentely ==> permanently
wont ==> won't
remaning ==> remaining
succed ==> succeed
shouldnt ==> shouldn't
alpha-numeric ==> alphanumeric
storeing ==> storing
funtion ==> function
documenation ==> documentation
Determin ==> Determine
intepreted ==> interpreted
ammount ==> amount
obious ==> obvious
interupts ==> interrupts
occured ==> occurred
asssociated ==> associated
taking into acount ==> taking into account
squence ==> sequence
stil ==> still
contiguos ==> contiguous
matchs ==> matches

Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/[email protected]
Signed-off-by: Zhen Lei <[email protected]>
Reviewed-by: Jacob Keller <[email protected]>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <[email protected]>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <[email protected]>

show more ...

lib/sort: Move swap, cmp and cmp_r function types for wider use

The function types for swap, cmp and cmp_r functions are already
being in use by modules.

Move them to types.h that everybody in kern

lib/sort: Move swap, cmp and cmp_r function types for wider use

The function types for swap, cmp and cmp_r functions are already
being in use by modules.

Move them to types.h that everybody in kernel will be able to use
generic types instead of custom ones.

This adds more sense to the comment in bsearch() later on.

Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/[email protected]

Signed-off-by: Andy Shevchenko <[email protected]>
Signed-off-by: Steven Rostedt (VMware) <[email protected]>

show more ...

media: lib/sort.c: implement sort() variant taking context argument

Our list_sort() utility has always supported a context argument that
is passed through to the comparison routine. Now there's a us

media: lib/sort.c: implement sort() variant taking context argument

Our list_sort() utility has always supported a context argument that
is passed through to the comparison routine. Now there's a use case
for the similar thing for sort().

This implements sort_r by simply extending the existing sort function
in the obvious way. To avoid code duplication, we want to implement
sort() in terms of sort_r(). The naive way to do that is

static int cmp_wrapper(const void *a, const void *b, const void *ctx)
{
int (*real_cmp)(const void*, const void*) = ctx;
return real_cmp(a, b);
}

sort(..., cmp) { sort_r(..., cmp_wrapper, cmp) }

but this would do two indirect calls for each comparison. Instead, do
as is done for the default swap functions - that only adds a cost of a
single easily predicted branch to each comparison call.

Aside from introducing support for the context argument, this also
serves as preparation for patches that will eliminate the indirect
comparison calls in common cases.

Requested-by: Boris Brezillon <[email protected]>

Signed-off-by: Rasmus Villemoes <[email protected]>
Signed-off-by: Boris Brezillon <[email protected]>
Acked-by: Andrew Morton <[email protected]>
Tested-by: Philipp Zabel <[email protected]>
Signed-off-by: Hans Verkuil <[email protected]>
Signed-off-by: Mauro Carvalho Chehab <[email protected]>

show more ...

lib/sort.c: fix kernel-doc notation warnings

Fix kernel-doc notation in lib/sort.c by using correct function parameter
names.

lib/sort.c:59: warning: Excess function parameter 'size' description

lib/sort.c: fix kernel-doc notation warnings

Fix kernel-doc notation in lib/sort.c by using correct function parameter
names.

lib/sort.c:59: warning: Excess function parameter 'size' description in 'swap_words_32'
lib/sort.c:83: warning: Excess function parameter 'size' description in 'swap_words_64'
lib/sort.c:110: warning: Excess function parameter 'size' description in 'swap_bytes'

Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/[email protected]
Fixes: 37d0ec34d111a ("lib/sort: make swap functions more generic")
Signed-off-by: Randy Dunlap <[email protected]>
Cc: George Spelvin <[email protected]>
Cc: Andrew Morton <[email protected]>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <[email protected]>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <[email protected]>

show more ...

lib/sort: avoid indirect calls to built-in swap

Similar to what's being done in the net code, this takes advantage of
the fact that most invocations use only a few common swap functions, and
replace

lib/sort: avoid indirect calls to built-in swap

Similar to what's being done in the net code, this takes advantage of
the fact that most invocations use only a few common swap functions, and
replaces indirect calls to them with (highly predictable) conditional
branches. (The downside, of course, is that if you *do* use a custom
swap function, there are a few extra predicted branches on the code
path.)

This actually *shrinks* the x86-64 code, because it inlines the various
swap functions inside do_swap, eliding function prologues & epilogues.

x86-64 code size 767 -> 703 bytes (-64)

Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/d10c5d4b393a1847f32f5b26f4bbaa2857140e1e.1552704200.git.lkml@sdf.org
Signed-off-by: George Spelvin <[email protected]>
Acked-by: Andrey Abramov <[email protected]>
Acked-by: Rasmus Villemoes <[email protected]>
Reviewed-by: Andy Shevchenko <[email protected]>
Cc: Daniel Wagner <[email protected]>
Cc: Dave Chinner <[email protected]>
Cc: Don Mullis <[email protected]>
Cc: Geert Uytterhoeven <[email protected]>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <[email protected]>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <[email protected]>

show more ...

lib/sort: use more efficient bottom-up heapsort variant

This uses fewer comparisons than the previous code (approaching half as
many for large random inputs), but produces identical results; it
actu

lib/sort: use more efficient bottom-up heapsort variant

This uses fewer comparisons than the previous code (approaching half as
many for large random inputs), but produces identical results; it
actually performs the exact same series of swap operations.

Specifically, it reduces the average number of compares from
2*n*log2(n) - 3*n + o(n)
to
n*log2(n) + 0.37*n + o(n).

This is still 1.63*n worse than glibc qsort() which manages n*log2(n) -
1.26*n, but at least the leading coefficient is correct.

Standard heapsort, when sifting down, performs two comparisons per
level: one to find the greater child, and a second to see if the current
node should be exchanged with that child.

Bottom-up heapsort observes that it's better to postpone the second
comparison and search for the leaf where -infinity would be sent to,
then search back *up* for the current node's destination.

Since sifting down usually proceeds to the leaf level (that's where half
the nodes are), this does O(1) second comparisons rather than log2(n).
That saves a lot of (expensive since Spectre) indirect function calls.

The one time it's worse than the previous code is if there are large
numbers of duplicate keys, when the top-down algorithm is O(n) and
bottom-up is O(n log n). For distinct keys, it's provably always
better, doing 1.5*n*log2(n) + O(n) in the worst case.

(The code is not significantly more complex. This patch also merges the
heap-building and -extracting sift-down loops, resulting in a net code
size savings.)

x86-64 code size 885 -> 767 bytes (-118)

(I see the checkpatch complaint about "else if (n -= size)". The
alternative is significantly uglier.)

Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/2de8348635a1a421a72620677898c7fd5bd4b19d.1552704200.git.lkml@sdf.org
Signed-off-by: George Spelvin <[email protected]>
Acked-by: Andrey Abramov <[email protected]>
Acked-by: Rasmus Villemoes <[email protected]>
Reviewed-by: Andy Shevchenko <[email protected]>
Cc: Daniel Wagner <[email protected]>
Cc: Dave Chinner <[email protected]>
Cc: Don Mullis <[email protected]>
Cc: Geert Uytterhoeven <[email protected]>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <[email protected]>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <[email protected]>

show more ...

lib/sort: make swap functions more generic

Patch series "lib/sort & lib/list_sort: faster and smaller", v2.

Because CONFIG_RETPOLINE has made indirect calls much more expensive, I
thought I'd try t

lib/sort: make swap functions more generic

Patch series "lib/sort & lib/list_sort: faster and smaller", v2.

Because CONFIG_RETPOLINE has made indirect calls much more expensive, I
thought I'd try to reduce the number made by the library sort functions.

The first three patches apply to lib/sort.c.

Patch #1 is a simple optimization. The built-in swap has special cases
for aligned 4- and 8-byte objects. But those are almost never used;
most calls to sort() work on larger structures, which fall back to the
byte-at-a-time loop. This generalizes them to aligned *multiples* of 4
and 8 bytes. (If nothing else, it saves an awful lot of energy by not
thrashing the store buffers as much.)

Patch #2 grabs a juicy piece of low-hanging fruit. I agree that nice
simple solid heapsort is preferable to more complex algorithms (sorry,
Andrey), but it's possible to implement heapsort with far fewer
comparisons (50% asymptotically, 25-40% reduction for realistic sizes)
than the way it's been done up to now. And with some care, the code
ends up smaller, as well. This is the "big win" patch.

Patch #3 adds the same sort of indirect call bypass that has been added
to the net code of late. The great majority of the callers use the
builtin swap functions, so replace the indirect call to sort_func with a
(highly preditable) series of if() statements. Rather surprisingly,
this decreased code size, as the swap functions were inlined and their
prologue & epilogue code eliminated.

lib/list_sort.c is a bit trickier, as merge sort is already close to
optimal, and we don't want to introduce triumphs of theory over
practicality like the Ford-Johnson merge-insertion sort.

Patch #4, without changing the algorithm, chops 32% off the code size
and removes the part[MAX_LIST_LENGTH+1] pointer array (and the
corresponding upper limit on efficiently sortable input size).

Patch #5 improves the algorithm. The previous code is already optimal
for power-of-two (or slightly smaller) size inputs, but when the input
size is just over a power of 2, there's a very unbalanced final merge.

There are, in the literature, several algorithms which solve this, but
they all depend on the "breadth-first" merge order which was replaced by
commit 835cc0c8477f with a more cache-friendly "depth-first" order.
Some hard thinking came up with a depth-first algorithm which defers
merges as little as possible while avoiding bad merges. This saves
0.2*n compares, averaged over all sizes.

The code size increase is minimal (64 bytes on x86-64, reducing the net
savings to 26%), but the comments expanded significantly to document the
clever algorithm.

TESTING NOTES: I have some ugly user-space benchmarking code which I
used for testing before moving this code into the kernel. Shout if you
want a copy.

I'm running this code right now, with CONFIG_TEST_SORT and
CONFIG_TEST_LIST_SORT, but I confess I haven't rebooted since the last
round of minor edits to quell checkpatch. I figure there will be at
least one round of comments and final testing.

This patch (of 5):

Rather than having special-case swap functions for 4- and 8-byte
objects, special-case aligned multiples of 4 or 8 bytes. This speeds up
most users of sort() by avoiding fallback to the byte copy loop.

Despite what ca96ab859ab4 ("lib/sort: Add 64 bit swap function") claims,
very few users of sort() sort pointers (or pointer-sized objects); most
sort structures containing at least two words. (E.g.
drivers/acpi/fan.c:acpi_fan_get_fps() sorts an array of 40-byte struct
acpi_fan_fps.)

The functions also got renamed to reflect the fact that they support
multiple words. In the great tradition of bikeshedding, the names were
by far the most contentious issue during review of this patch series.

x86-64 code size 872 -> 886 bytes (+14)

With feedback from Andy Shevchenko, Rasmus Villemoes and Geert
Uytterhoeven.

Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/f24f932df3a7fa1973c1084154f1cea596bcf341.1552704200.git.lkml@sdf.org
Signed-off-by: George Spelvin <[email protected]>
Acked-by: Andrey Abramov <[email protected]>
Acked-by: Rasmus Villemoes <[email protected]>
Reviewed-by: Andy Shevchenko <[email protected]>
Cc: Rasmus Villemoes <[email protected]>
Cc: Geert Uytterhoeven <[email protected]>
Cc: Daniel Wagner <[email protected]>
Cc: Don Mullis <[email protected]>
Cc: Dave Chinner <[email protected]>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <[email protected]>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <[email protected]>

show more ...

License cleanup: add SPDX GPL-2.0 license identifier to files with no license

Many source files in the tree are missing licensing information, which
makes it harder for compliance tools to determine

License cleanup: add SPDX GPL-2.0 license identifier to files with no license

Many source files in the tree are missing licensing information, which
makes it harder for compliance tools to determine the correct license.

By default all files without license information are under the default
license of the kernel, which is GPL version 2.

Update the files which contain no license information with the 'GPL-2.0'
SPDX license identifier. The SPDX identifier is a legally binding
shorthand, which can be used instead of the full boiler plate text.

This patch is based on work done by Thomas Gleixner and Kate Stewart and
Philippe Ombredanne.

How this work was done:

Patches were generated and checked against linux-4.14-rc6 for a subset of
the use cases:
- file had no licensing information it it.
- file was a */uapi/* one with no licensing information in it,
- file was a */uapi/* one with existing licensing information,

Further patches will be generated in subsequent months to fix up cases
where non-standard license headers were used, and references to license
had to be inferred by heuristics based on keywords.

The analysis to determine which SPDX License Identifier to be applied to
a file was done in a spreadsheet of side by side results from of the
output of two independent scanners (ScanCode & Windriver) producing SPDX
tag:value files created by Philippe Ombredanne. Philippe prepared the
base worksheet, and did an initial spot review of a few 1000 files.

The 4.13 kernel was the starting point of the analysis with 60,537 files
assessed. Kate Stewart did a file by file comparison of the scanner
results in the spreadsheet to determine which SPDX license identifier(s)
to be applied to the file. She confirmed any determination that was not
immediately clear with lawyers working with the Linux Foundation.

Criteria used to select files for SPDX license identifier tagging was:
- Files considered eligible had to be source code files.
- Make and config files were included as candidates if they contained >5
lines of source
- File already had some variant of a license header in it (even if <5
lines).

All documentation files were explicitly excluded.

The following heuristics were used to determine which SPDX license
identifiers to apply.

- when both scanners couldn't find any license traces, file was
considered to have no license information in it, and the top level
COPYING file license applied.

For non */uapi/* files that summary was:

SPDX license identifier # files
---------------------------------------------------|-------
GPL-2.0 11139

and resulted in the first patch in this series.

If that file was a */uapi/* path one, it was "GPL-2.0 WITH
Linux-syscall-note" otherwise it was "GPL-2.0". Results of that was:

SPDX license identifier # files
---------------------------------------------------|-------
GPL-2.0 WITH Linux-syscall-note 930

and resulted in the second patch in this series.

- if a file had some form of licensing information in it, and was one
of the */uapi/* ones, it was denoted with the Linux-syscall-note if
any GPL family license was found in the file or had no licensing in
it (per prior point). Results summary:

SPDX license identifier # files
---------------------------------------------------|------
GPL-2.0 WITH Linux-syscall-note 270
GPL-2.0+ WITH Linux-syscall-note 169
((GPL-2.0 WITH Linux-syscall-note) OR BSD-2-Clause) 21
((GPL-2.0 WITH Linux-syscall-note) OR BSD-3-Clause) 17
LGPL-2.1+ WITH Linux-syscall-note 15
GPL-1.0+ WITH Linux-syscall-note 14
((GPL-2.0+ WITH Linux-syscall-note) OR BSD-3-Clause) 5
LGPL-2.0+ WITH Linux-syscall-note 4
LGPL-2.1 WITH Linux-syscall-note 3
((GPL-2.0 WITH Linux-syscall-note) OR MIT) 3
((GPL-2.0 WITH Linux-syscall-note) AND MIT) 1

and that resulted in the third patch in this series.

- when the two scanners agreed on the detected license(s), that became
the concluded license(s).

- when there was disagreement between the two scanners (one detected a
license but the other didn't, or they both detected different
licenses) a manual inspection of the file occurred.

- In most cases a manual inspection of the information in the file
resulted in a clear resolution of the license that should apply (and
which scanner probably needed to revisit its heuristics).

- When it was not immediately clear, the license identifier was
confirmed with lawyers working with the Linux Foundation.

- If there was any question as to the appropriate license identifier,
the file was flagged for further research and to be revisited later
in time.

In total, over 70 hours of logged manual review was done on the
spreadsheet to determine the SPDX license identifiers to apply to the
source files by Kate, Philippe, Thomas and, in some cases, confirmation
by lawyers working with the Linux Foundation.

Kate also obtained a third independent scan of the 4.13 code base from
FOSSology, and compared selected files where the other two scanners
disagreed against that SPDX file, to see if there was new insights. The
Windriver scanner is based on an older version of FOSSology in part, so
they are related.

Thomas did random spot checks in about 500 files from the spreadsheets
for the uapi headers and agreed with SPDX license identifier in the
files he inspected. For the non-uapi files Thomas did random spot checks
in about 15000 files.

In initial set of patches against 4.14-rc6, 3 files were found to have
copy/paste license identifier errors, and have been fixed to reflect the
correct identifier.

Additionally Philippe spent 10 hours this week doing a detailed manual
inspection and review of the 12,461 patched files from the initial patch
version early this week with:
- a full scancode scan run, collecting the matched texts, detected
license ids and scores
- reviewing anything where there was a license detected (about 500+
files) to ensure that the applied SPDX license was correct
- reviewing anything where there was no detection but the patch license
was not GPL-2.0 WITH Linux-syscall-note to ensure that the applied
SPDX license was correct

This produced a worksheet with 20 files needing minor correction. This
worksheet was then exported into 3 different .csv files for the
different types of files to be modified.

These .csv files were then reviewed by Greg. Thomas wrote a script to
parse the csv files and add the proper SPDX tag to the file, in the
format that the file expected. This script was further refined by Greg
based on the output to detect more types of files automatically and to
distinguish between header and source .c files (which need different
comment types.) Finally Greg ran the script using the .csv files to
generate the patches.

Reviewed-by: Kate Stewart <[email protected]>
Reviewed-by: Philippe Ombredanne <[email protected]>
Reviewed-by: Thomas Gleixner <[email protected]>
Signed-off-by: Greg Kroah-Hartman <[email protected]>

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lib: add CONFIG_TEST_SORT to enable self-test of sort()

Along with the addition made to Kconfig.debug, the prior existing but
permanently disabled test function has been slightly refactored.

Patch

lib: add CONFIG_TEST_SORT to enable self-test of sort()

Along with the addition made to Kconfig.debug, the prior existing but
permanently disabled test function has been slightly refactored.

Patch has been tested using QEMU 2.1.2 with a .config obtained through
'make defconfig' (x86_64) and manually enabling the option.

[[email protected]: move sort self-test into a separate file]
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/[email protected]
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/HE1PR09MB0394B0418D504DCD27167D4FD49B0@HE1PR09MB0394.eurprd09.prod.outlook.com
Signed-off-by: Kostenzer Felix <[email protected]>
Signed-off-by: Arnd Bergmann <[email protected]>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <[email protected]>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <[email protected]>

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lib/sort: Add 64 bit swap function

In case the call side is not providing a swap function, we either use a
32 bit or a generic swap function. When swapping around pointers on 64
bit architectures f

lib/sort: Add 64 bit swap function

In case the call side is not providing a swap function, we either use a
32 bit or a generic swap function. When swapping around pointers on 64
bit architectures falling back to use the generic swap function seems
like an unnecessary waste.

There at least 9 users ('sort' is of difficult to grep for) of sort()
and all of them use the sort function without a customized swap
function. Furthermore, they are all using pointers to swap around:

arch/x86/kernel/e820.c:sanitize_e820_map()
arch/x86/mm/extable.c:sort_extable()
drivers/acpi/fan.c:acpi_fan_get_fps()
fs/btrfs/super.c:btrfs_descending_sort_devices()
fs/xfs/libxfs/xfs_dir2_block.c:xfs_dir2_sf_to_block()
kernel/range.c:clean_sort_range()
mm/memcontrol.c:__mem_cgroup_usage_register_event()
sound/pci/hda/hda_auto_parser.c:snd_hda_parse_pin_defcfg()
sound/pci/hda/hda_auto_parser.c:sort_pins_by_sequence()

Obviously, we could improve the swap for other sizes as well
but this is overkill at this point.

A simple test shows sorting a 400 element array (try to stay in one
page) with either with u32_swap() or u64_swap() show that the theory
actually works. This test was done on a x86_64 (Intel Xeon E5-4610)
machine.

- swap_32:

NumSamples = 100; Min = 48.00; Max = 49.00
Mean = 48.320000; Variance = 0.217600; SD = 0.466476; Median 48.000000
each * represents a count of 1
48.0000 - 48.1000 [ 68]: ********************************************************************
48.1000 - 48.2000 [ 0]:
48.2000 - 48.3000 [ 0]:
48.3000 - 48.4000 [ 0]:
48.4000 - 48.5000 [ 0]:
48.5000 - 48.6000 [ 0]:
48.6000 - 48.7000 [ 0]:
48.7000 - 48.8000 [ 0]:
48.8000 - 48.9000 [ 0]:
48.9000 - 49.0000 [ 32]: ********************************

- swap_64:

NumSamples = 100; Min = 44.00; Max = 63.00
Mean = 48.250000; Variance = 18.687500; SD = 4.322904; Median 47.000000
each * represents a count of 1
44.0000 - 45.9000 [ 15]: ***************
45.9000 - 47.8000 [ 37]: *************************************
47.8000 - 49.7000 [ 39]: ***************************************
49.7000 - 51.6000 [ 0]:
51.6000 - 53.5000 [ 0]:
53.5000 - 55.4000 [ 0]:
55.4000 - 57.3000 [ 0]:
57.3000 - 59.2000 [ 1]: *
59.2000 - 61.1000 [ 3]: ***
61.1000 - 63.0000 [ 5]: *****

- swap_72:

NumSamples = 100; Min = 53.00; Max = 71.00
Mean = 55.070000; Variance = 21.565100; SD = 4.643824; Median 53.000000
each * represents a count of 1
53.0000 - 54.8000 [ 73]: *************************************************************************
54.8000 - 56.6000 [ 9]: *********
56.6000 - 58.4000 [ 9]: *********
58.4000 - 60.2000 [ 0]:
60.2000 - 62.0000 [ 0]:
62.0000 - 63.8000 [ 0]:
63.8000 - 65.6000 [ 0]:
65.6000 - 67.4000 [ 1]: *
67.4000 - 69.2000 [ 4]: ****
69.2000 - 71.0000 [ 4]: ****

- test program:

static int cmp_32(const void *a, const void *b)
{
u32 l = *(u32 *)a;
u32 r = *(u32 *)b;

if (l < r)
return -1;
if (l > r)
return 1;
return 0;
}

static int cmp_64(const void *a, const void *b)
{
u64 l = *(u64 *)a;
u64 r = *(u64 *)b;

if (l < r)
return -1;
if (l > r)
return 1;
return 0;
}

static int cmp_72(const void *a, const void *b)
{
u32 l = get_unaligned((u32 *) a);
u32 r = get_unaligned((u32 *) b);

if (l < r)
return -1;
if (l > r)
return 1;
return 0;
}

static void init_array32(void *array)
{
u32 *a = array;
int i;

a[0] = 3821;
for (i = 1; i < ARRAY_ELEMENTS; i++)
a[i] = next_pseudo_random32(a[i-1]);
}

static void init_array64(void *array)
{
u64 *a = array;
int i;

a[0] = 3821;
for (i = 1; i < ARRAY_ELEMENTS; i++)
a[i] = next_pseudo_random32(a[i-1]);
}

static void init_array72(void *array)
{
char *p;
u32 v;
int i;

v = 3821;
for (i = 0; i < ARRAY_ELEMENTS; i++) {
p = (char *)array + (i * 9);
put_unaligned(v, (u32*) p);
v = next_pseudo_random32(v);
}
}

static void sort_test(void (*init)(void *array),
int (*cmp) (const void *, const void *),
void *array, size_t size)
{
ktime_t start, stop;
int i;

for (i = 0; i < 10000; i++) {
init(array);

local_irq_disable();
start = ktime_get();

sort(array, ARRAY_ELEMENTS, size, cmp, NULL);

stop = ktime_get();
local_irq_enable();

if (i > 10000 - 101)
pr_info("%lld\n", ktime_to_us(ktime_sub(stop, start)));
}
}

static void *create_array(size_t size)
{
void *array;

array = kmalloc(ARRAY_ELEMENTS * size, GFP_KERNEL);
if (!array)
return NULL;

return array;
}

static int perform_test(size_t size)
{
void *array;

array = create_array(size);
if (!array)
return -ENOMEM;

pr_info("test element size %d bytes\n", (int)size);
switch (size) {
case 4:
sort_test(init_array32, cmp_32, array, size);
break;
case 8:
sort_test(init_array64, cmp_64, array, size);
break;
case 9:
sort_test(init_array72, cmp_72, array, size);
break;
}
kfree(array);

return 0;
}

static int __init sort_tests_init(void)
{
int err;

err = perform_test(sizeof(u32));
if (err)
return err;

err = perform_test(sizeof(u64));
if (err)
return err;

err = perform_test(sizeof(u64)+1);
if (err)
return err;

return 0;
}

static void __exit sort_tests_exit(void)
{
}

module_init(sort_tests_init);
module_exit(sort_tests_exit);

MODULE_LICENSE("GPL v2");
MODULE_AUTHOR("Daniel Wagner");
MODULE_DESCRIPTION("sort perfomance tests");

Signed-off-by: Daniel Wagner <[email protected]>
Cc: Rasmus Villemoes <[email protected]>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <[email protected]>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <[email protected]>

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lib/sort.c: move include inside #if 0

The sort function and its helpers don't do memory allocation, so the
slab.h include is redundant. Move it inside the #if 0 protecting the
self-test, similar to

lib/sort.c: move include inside #if 0

The sort function and its helpers don't do memory allocation, so the
slab.h include is redundant. Move it inside the #if 0 protecting the
self-test, similar to how it is done in lib/list_sort.c. This removes
over 450 lines from the generated dependency file.

Signed-off-by: Rasmus Villemoes <[email protected]>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <[email protected]>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <[email protected]>

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lib/sort.c: use simpler includes

sort.c doesn't use facilities from kernel.h, but does use some types
defined in linux/types.h. Include the latter directly instead of relying
on some other header d

lib/sort.c: use simpler includes

sort.c doesn't use facilities from kernel.h, but does use some types
defined in linux/types.h. Include the latter directly instead of relying
on some other header doing it. Similarly, include linux/export.h directly
instead of through module.h. This removes 80 lines from the dependency
file .sort.o.cmd.

Signed-off-by: Rasmus Villemoes <[email protected]>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <[email protected]>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <[email protected]>

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generic swap(): lib/sort.c: rename swap to swap_func

This is to avoid name clashes for the introduction of a global swap()
macro.

Signed-off-by: Wu Fengguang <[email protected]>
Signed-off-by:

generic swap(): lib/sort.c: rename swap to swap_func

This is to avoid name clashes for the introduction of a global swap()
macro.

Signed-off-by: Wu Fengguang <[email protected]>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <[email protected]>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <[email protected]>

show more ...

lib/sort.c optimization

Hello, I fixed and tested a small bug in lib/sort.c file, heap sort
function.

The fix avoids unnecessary swap of contents when i is 0 (saves few loads
and stores), which hap

lib/sort.c optimization

Hello, I fixed and tested a small bug in lib/sort.c file, heap sort
function.

The fix avoids unnecessary swap of contents when i is 0 (saves few loads
and stores), which happens every time sort function is called. I felt the
fix is worth bringing it to your attention given the importance and
frequent use of the sort function.

Acked-by: Matt Mackall <[email protected]>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <[email protected]>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <[email protected]>

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[PATCH] Numerous fixes to kernel-doc info in source files.

A variety of (mostly) innocuous fixes to the embedded kernel-doc content in
source files, including:

* make multi-line initial descripti

[PATCH] Numerous fixes to kernel-doc info in source files.

A variety of (mostly) innocuous fixes to the embedded kernel-doc content in
source files, including:

* make multi-line initial descriptions single line
* denote some function names, constants and structs as such
* change erroneous opening '/*' to '/**' in a few places
* reword some text for clarity

Signed-off-by: Robert P. J. Day <[email protected]>
Cc: "Randy.Dunlap" <[email protected]>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <[email protected]>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <[email protected]>

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[PATCH] low performance of lib/sort.c

It is a non-standard heap-sort algorithm implementation because the index
of child node is wrong . The sort function still outputs right result, but
the perfor

[PATCH] low performance of lib/sort.c

It is a non-standard heap-sort algorithm implementation because the index
of child node is wrong . The sort function still outputs right result, but
the performance is O( n * ( log(n) + 1 ) ) , about 10% ~ 20% worse than
standard algorithm.

Signed-off-by: keios <[email protected]>
Acked-by: Matt Mackall <[email protected]>
Acked-by: Zou Nan hai <[email protected]>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <[email protected]>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <[email protected]>

show more ...

[PATCH] fix missing includes

I recently picked up my older work to remove unnecessary #includes of
sched.h, starting from a patch by Dave Jones to not include sched.h
from module.h. This reduces the

[PATCH] fix missing includes

I recently picked up my older work to remove unnecessary #includes of
sched.h, starting from a patch by Dave Jones to not include sched.h
from module.h. This reduces the number of indirect includes of sched.h
by ~300. Another ~400 pointless direct includes can be removed after
this disentangling (patch to follow later).
However, quite a few indirect includes need to be fixed up for this.

In order to feed the patches through -mm with as little disturbance as
possible, I've split out the fixes I accumulated up to now (complete for
i386 and x86_64, more archs to follow later) and post them before the real
patch. This way this large part of the patch is kept simple with only
adding #includes, and all hunks are independent of each other. So if any
hunk rejects or gets in the way of other patches, just drop it. My scripts
will pick it up again in the next round.

Signed-off-by: Tim Schmielau <[email protected]>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <[email protected]>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <[email protected]>

show more ...