[2/3] upgrade react native 0.71 (#20832)

# Why

follow up #20799 for react-native 0.71 upgrade. this pr aims for jest upgrade and fix all broken tests.
close ENG-7192

# How

- upgrade packag

[2/3] upgrade react native 0.71 (#20832)

# Why

follow up #20799 for react-native 0.71 upgrade. this pr aims for jest upgrade and fix all broken tests.
close ENG-7192

# How

- upgrade packages
- `jest: ^26.0.24 -> ^29.2.1`
- `jest-watch-typeahead: 0.6.4 -> 2.2.1`
- `@types/jest: ^26.0.24 -> ^29.2.1`
- `babel-jest: ^26.6.3 -> ^29.2.1`
- `@jest/create-cache-key-function: ^27.0.1 -> ^29.2.1`
- `@babel/preset-env: ^7.12.9 -> ^7.14.0`
- `eslint: ^8.20.0 -> ^8.29.0`
- add `jest-environment-jsdom` because new jest does not include it by default
- [core] fix `SyntheticPlatformEmitter` type error. originally it refers to `react-native/Libraries/EventEmitter/RCTDeviceEventEmitter` internal file which has incorrect type setup in 0.71. we could use the `react-native.DeviceEventEmitter` instead.
- [expo-linking]: remove the deprecated `Linking.removeEventListener` (which is also removed from upstream)
- [firebase-recaptcha] remove broken web test because firebase ESM which is not supported by jest. this pr simply remove the test case because the package is deprecated.
- [jest-expo-enzyme] remove this package and move to [the archived repo](https://github.com/expo/jest-expo-enzyme). enzyme cannot upgrade to jest 29.
- remove `@types/react-native` and the versioned cli package check. because 0.71 ships the types directly.
- [ncl] workaround `@react-native-community/slider`, `@react-native-segmented-control/segmented-control`, and `@react-native-masked-view/masked-view` type errors in the `react-native-71-fix.d.ts`.
- for other details, please check the commit histories one by one.

# Test Plan

- ci passed
- for test-suite ios ci error, i've mentioned in #20799

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Copy expo-random module to crypto (#20217)

Co-authored-by: Expo Bot <[email protected]>
Co-authored-by: Tomasz Sapeta <[email protected]>