runtime/component/component.rs

use crate::component::matching::InstanceType;
use crate::component::types;
use crate::runtime::vm::component::ComponentRuntimeInfo;
use crate::runtime::vm::{
    VMArrayCallFunction, VMFuncRef, VMFunctionBody, VMNativeCallFunction, VMWasmCallFunction,
};
use crate::{
    code::CodeObject, code_memory::CodeMemory, type_registry::TypeCollection, Engine, Module,
    ResourcesRequired,
};
use crate::{FuncType, ValType};
use anyhow::Result;
use std::mem;
use std::ops::Range;
use std::path::Path;
use std::ptr::NonNull;
use std::sync::Arc;
use wasmtime_environ::component::{
    AllCallFunc, CompiledComponentInfo, ComponentArtifacts, ComponentTypes, GlobalInitializer,
    InstantiateModule, StaticModuleIndex, TrampolineIndex, TypeComponentIndex, VMComponentOffsets,
};
use wasmtime_environ::{FunctionLoc, HostPtr, ObjectKind, PrimaryMap};

/// A compiled WebAssembly Component.
///
/// This structure represents a compiled component that is ready to be
/// instantiated. This owns a region of virtual memory which contains executable
/// code compiled from a WebAssembly binary originally. This is the analog of
/// [`Module`](crate::Module) in the component embedding API.
///
/// A [`Component`] can be turned into an
/// [`Instance`](crate::component::Instance) through a
/// [`Linker`](crate::component::Linker). [`Component`]s are safe to share
/// across threads. The compilation model of a component is the same as that of
/// [a module](crate::Module) which is to say:
///
/// * Compilation happens synchronously during [`Component::new`].
/// * The result of compilation can be saved into storage with
///   [`Component::serialize`].
/// * A previously compiled artifact can be parsed with
///   [`Component::deserialize`].
/// * No compilation happens at runtime for a component — everything is done
///   by the time [`Component::new`] returns.
///
/// ## Components and `Clone`
///
/// Using `clone` on a `Component` is a cheap operation. It will not create an
/// entirely new component, but rather just a new reference to the existing
/// component. In other words it's a shallow copy, not a deep copy.
///
/// ## Examples
///
/// For example usage see the documentation of [`Module`](crate::Module) as
/// [`Component`] has the same high-level API.
#[derive(Clone)]
pub struct Component {
    inner: Arc<ComponentInner>,
}

struct ComponentInner {
    /// Component type index
    ty: TypeComponentIndex,

    /// Core wasm modules that the component defined internally, indexed by the
    /// compile-time-assigned `ModuleUpvarIndex`.
    static_modules: PrimaryMap<StaticModuleIndex, Module>,

    /// Code-related information such as the compiled artifact, type
    /// information, etc.
    ///
    /// Note that the `Arc` here is used to share this allocation with internal
    /// modules.
    code: Arc<CodeObject>,

    /// Metadata produced during compilation.
    info: CompiledComponentInfo,

    /// A cached handle to the `wasmtime::FuncType` for the canonical ABI's
    /// `realloc`, to avoid the need to look up types in the registry and take
    /// locks when calling `realloc` via `TypedFunc::call_raw`.
    realloc_func_type: Arc<dyn std::any::Any + Send + Sync>,
}

pub(crate) struct AllCallFuncPointers {
    pub wasm_call: NonNull<VMWasmCallFunction>,
    pub array_call: VMArrayCallFunction,
    pub native_call: NonNull<VMNativeCallFunction>,
}

impl Component {
    /// Compiles a new WebAssembly component from the in-memory list of bytes
    /// provided.
    ///
    /// The `bytes` provided can either be the binary or text format of a
    /// [WebAssembly component]. Note that the text format requires the `wat`
    /// feature of this crate to be enabled. This API does not support
    /// streaming compilation.
    ///
    /// This function will synchronously validate the entire component,
    /// including all core modules, and then compile all components, modules,
    /// etc., found within the provided bytes.
    ///
    /// [WebAssembly component]: https://github.com/WebAssembly/component-model/blob/main/design/mvp/Binary.md
    ///
    /// # Errors
    ///
    /// This function may fail and return an error. Errors may include
    /// situations such as:
    ///
    /// * The binary provided could not be decoded because it's not a valid
    ///   WebAssembly binary
    /// * The WebAssembly binary may not validate (e.g. contains type errors)
    /// * Implementation-specific limits were exceeded with a valid binary (for
    ///   example too many locals)
    /// * The wasm binary may use features that are not enabled in the
    ///   configuration of `engine`
    /// * If the `wat` feature is enabled and the input is text, then it may be
    ///   rejected if it fails to parse.
    ///
    /// The error returned should contain full information about why compilation
    /// failed.
    ///
    /// # Examples
    ///
    /// The `new` function can be invoked with a in-memory array of bytes:
    ///
    /// ```no_run
    /// # use wasmtime::*;
    /// # use wasmtime::component::Component;
    /// # fn main() -> anyhow::Result<()> {
    /// # let engine = Engine::default();
    /// # let wasm_bytes: Vec<u8> = Vec::new();
    /// let component = Component::new(&engine, &wasm_bytes)?;
    /// # Ok(())
    /// # }
    /// ```
    ///
    /// Or you can also pass in a string to be parsed as the wasm text
    /// format:
    ///
    /// ```
    /// # use wasmtime::*;
    /// # use wasmtime::component::Component;
    /// # fn main() -> anyhow::Result<()> {
    /// # let engine = Engine::default();
    /// let component = Component::new(&engine, "(component (core module))")?;
    /// # Ok(())
    /// # }
    #[cfg(any(feature = "cranelift", feature = "winch"))]
    #[cfg_attr(docsrs, doc(cfg(any(feature = "cranelift", feature = "winch"))))]
    pub fn new(engine: &Engine, bytes: impl AsRef<[u8]>) -> Result<Component> {
        crate::CodeBuilder::new(engine)
            .wasm(bytes.as_ref(), None)?
            .compile_component()
    }

    /// Compiles a new WebAssembly component from a wasm file on disk pointed
    /// to by `file`.
    ///
    /// This is a convenience function for reading the contents of `file` on
    /// disk and then calling [`Component::new`].
    #[cfg(any(feature = "cranelift", feature = "winch"))]
    #[cfg_attr(docsrs, doc(cfg(any(feature = "cranelift", feature = "winch"))))]
    pub fn from_file(engine: &Engine, file: impl AsRef<Path>) -> Result<Component> {
        crate::CodeBuilder::new(engine)
            .wasm_file(file.as_ref())?
            .compile_component()
    }

    /// Compiles a new WebAssembly component from the in-memory wasm image
    /// provided.
    ///
    /// This function is the same as [`Component::new`] except that it does not
    /// accept the text format of WebAssembly. Even if the `wat` feature
    /// is enabled an error will be returned here if `binary` is the text
    /// format.
    ///
    /// For more information on semantics and errors see [`Component::new`].
    #[cfg(any(feature = "cranelift", feature = "winch"))]
    #[cfg_attr(docsrs, doc(cfg(any(feature = "cranelift", feature = "winch"))))]
    pub fn from_binary(engine: &Engine, binary: &[u8]) -> Result<Component> {
        crate::CodeBuilder::new(engine)
            .wasm(binary, None)?
            .wat(false)?
            .compile_component()
    }

    /// Same as [`Module::deserialize`], but for components.
    ///
    /// Note that the bytes referenced here must contain contents previously
    /// produced by [`Engine::precompile_component`] or
    /// [`Component::serialize`].
    ///
    /// For more information see the [`Module::deserialize`] method.
    ///
    /// # Unsafety
    ///
    /// The unsafety of this method is the same as that of the
    /// [`Module::deserialize`] method.
    ///
    /// [`Module::deserialize`]: crate::Module::deserialize
    pub unsafe fn deserialize(engine: &Engine, bytes: impl AsRef<[u8]>) -> Result<Component> {
        let code = engine.load_code_bytes(bytes.as_ref(), ObjectKind::Component)?;
        Component::from_parts(engine, code, None)
    }

    /// Same as [`Module::deserialize_file`], but for components.
    ///
    /// Note that the file referenced here must contain contents previously
    /// produced by [`Engine::precompile_component`] or
    /// [`Component::serialize`].
    ///
    /// For more information see the [`Module::deserialize_file`] method.
    ///
    /// # Unsafety
    ///
    /// The unsafety of this method is the same as that of the
    /// [`Module::deserialize_file`] method.
    ///
    /// [`Module::deserialize_file`]: crate::Module::deserialize_file
    pub unsafe fn deserialize_file(engine: &Engine, path: impl AsRef<Path>) -> Result<Component> {
        let code = engine.load_code_file(path.as_ref(), ObjectKind::Component)?;
        Component::from_parts(engine, code, None)
    }

    /// Returns the type of this component as a [`types::Component`].
    ///
    /// This method enables runtime introspection of the type of a component
    /// before instantiation, if necessary.
    ///
    /// ## Component types and Resources
    ///
    /// An important point to note here is that the precise type of imports and
    /// exports of a component change when it is instantiated with respect to
    /// resources. For example a [`Component`] represents an un-instantiated
    /// component meaning that its imported resources are represeted as abstract
    /// resource types. These abstract types are not equal to any other
    /// component's types.
    ///
    /// For example:
    ///
    /// ```
    /// # use wasmtime::Engine;
    /// # use wasmtime::component::Component;
    /// # use wasmtime::component::types::ComponentItem;
    /// # fn main() -> wasmtime::Result<()> {
    /// # let engine = Engine::default();
    /// let a = Component::new(&engine, r#"
    ///     (component (import "x" (type (sub resource))))
    /// "#)?;
    /// let b = Component::new(&engine, r#"
    ///     (component (import "x" (type (sub resource))))
    /// "#)?;
    ///
    /// let (_, a_ty) = a.component_type().imports(&engine).next().unwrap();
    /// let (_, b_ty) = b.component_type().imports(&engine).next().unwrap();
    ///
    /// let a_ty = match a_ty {
    ///     ComponentItem::Resource(ty) => ty,
    ///     _ => unreachable!(),
    /// };
    /// let b_ty = match b_ty {
    ///     ComponentItem::Resource(ty) => ty,
    ///     _ => unreachable!(),
    /// };
    /// assert!(a_ty != b_ty);
    /// # Ok(())
    /// # }
    /// ```
    ///
    /// Additionally, however, these abstract types are "substituted" during
    /// instantiation meaning that a component type will appear to have changed
    /// once it is instantiated.
    ///
    /// ```
    /// # use wasmtime::{Engine, Store};
    /// # use wasmtime::component::{Component, Linker, ResourceType};
    /// # use wasmtime::component::types::ComponentItem;
    /// # fn main() -> wasmtime::Result<()> {
    /// # let engine = Engine::default();
    /// // Here this component imports a resource and then exports it as-is
    /// // which means that the export is equal to the import.
    /// let a = Component::new(&engine, r#"
    ///     (component
    ///         (import "x" (type $x (sub resource)))
    ///         (export "x" (type $x))
    ///     )
    /// "#)?;
    ///
    /// let (_, import) = a.component_type().imports(&engine).next().unwrap();
    /// let (_, export) = a.component_type().exports(&engine).next().unwrap();
    ///
    /// let import = match import {
    ///     ComponentItem::Resource(ty) => ty,
    ///     _ => unreachable!(),
    /// };
    /// let export = match export {
    ///     ComponentItem::Resource(ty) => ty,
    ///     _ => unreachable!(),
    /// };
    /// assert_eq!(import, export);
    ///
    /// // However after instantiation the resource type "changes"
    /// let mut store = Store::new(&engine, ());
    /// let mut linker = Linker::new(&engine);
    /// linker.root().resource("x", ResourceType::host::<()>(), |_, _| Ok(()))?;
    /// let instance = linker.instantiate(&mut store, &a)?;
    /// let instance_ty = instance.exports(&mut store).root().resource("x").unwrap();
    ///
    /// // Here `instance_ty` is not the same as either `import` or `export`,
    /// // but it is equal to what we provided as an import.
    /// assert!(instance_ty != import);
    /// assert!(instance_ty != export);
    /// assert!(instance_ty == ResourceType::host::<()>());
    /// # Ok(())
    /// # }
    /// ```
    ///
    /// Finally, each instantiation of an exported resource from a component is
    /// considered "fresh" for all instantiations meaning that different
    /// instantiations will have different exported resource types:
    ///
    /// ```
    /// # use wasmtime::{Engine, Store};
    /// # use wasmtime::component::{Component, Linker};
    /// # fn main() -> wasmtime::Result<()> {
    /// # let engine = Engine::default();
    /// let a = Component::new(&engine, r#"
    ///     (component
    ///         (type $x (resource (rep i32)))
    ///         (export "x" (type $x))
    ///     )
    /// "#)?;
    ///
    /// let mut store = Store::new(&engine, ());
    /// let linker = Linker::new(&engine);
    /// let instance1 = linker.instantiate(&mut store, &a)?;
    /// let instance2 = linker.instantiate(&mut store, &a)?;
    ///
    /// let x1 = instance1.exports(&mut store).root().resource("x").unwrap();
    /// let x2 = instance2.exports(&mut store).root().resource("x").unwrap();
    ///
    /// // Despite these two resources being the same export of the same
    /// // component they come from two different instances meaning that their
    /// // types will be unique.
    /// assert!(x1 != x2);
    /// # Ok(())
    /// # }
    /// ```
    pub fn component_type(&self) -> types::Component {
        let resources = Arc::new(PrimaryMap::new());
        types::Component::from(
            self.inner.ty,
            &InstanceType {
                types: self.types(),
                resources: &resources,
            },
        )
    }

    /// Final assembly step for a component from its in-memory representation.
    ///
    /// If the `artifacts` are specified as `None` here then they will be
    /// deserialized from `code_memory`.
    pub(crate) fn from_parts(
        engine: &Engine,
        code_memory: Arc<CodeMemory>,
        artifacts: Option<ComponentArtifacts>,
    ) -> Result<Component> {
        let ComponentArtifacts {
            ty,
            info,
            types,
            static_modules,
        } = match artifacts {
            Some(artifacts) => artifacts,
            None => postcard::from_bytes(code_memory.wasmtime_info())?,
        };

        // Validate that the component can be used with the current instance
        // allocator.
        engine.allocator().validate_component(
            &info.component,
            &VMComponentOffsets::new(HostPtr, &info.component),
            &|module_index| &static_modules[module_index].module,
        )?;

        // Create a signature registration with the `Engine` for all trampolines
        // and core wasm types found within this component, both for the
        // component and for all included core wasm modules.
        let signatures = TypeCollection::new_for_module(engine, types.module_types());

        // Assemble the `CodeObject` artifact which is shared by all core wasm
        // modules as well as the final component.
        let types = Arc::new(types);
        let code = Arc::new(CodeObject::new(code_memory, signatures, types.into()));

        // Convert all information about static core wasm modules into actual
        // `Module` instances by converting each `CompiledModuleInfo`, the
        // `types` type information, and the code memory to a runtime object.
        let static_modules = static_modules
            .into_iter()
            .map(|(_, info)| Module::from_parts_raw(engine, code.clone(), info, false))
            .collect::<Result<_>>()?;

        let realloc_func_type = Arc::new(FuncType::new(
            engine,
            [ValType::I32, ValType::I32, ValType::I32, ValType::I32],
            [ValType::I32],
        )) as _;

        Ok(Component {
            inner: Arc::new(ComponentInner {
                ty,
                static_modules,
                code,
                info,
                realloc_func_type,
            }),
        })
    }

    pub(crate) fn ty(&self) -> TypeComponentIndex {
        self.inner.ty
    }

    pub(crate) fn env_component(&self) -> &wasmtime_environ::component::Component {
        &self.inner.info.component
    }

    pub(crate) fn static_module(&self, idx: StaticModuleIndex) -> &Module {
        &self.inner.static_modules[idx]
    }

    #[inline]
    pub(crate) fn types(&self) -> &Arc<ComponentTypes> {
        self.inner.component_types()
    }

    pub(crate) fn signatures(&self) -> &TypeCollection {
        self.inner.code.signatures()
    }

    pub(crate) fn text(&self) -> &[u8] {
        self.inner.code.code_memory().text()
    }

    pub(crate) fn trampoline_ptrs(&self, index: TrampolineIndex) -> AllCallFuncPointers {
        let AllCallFunc {
            wasm_call,
            array_call,
            native_call,
        } = &self.inner.info.trampolines[index];
        AllCallFuncPointers {
            wasm_call: self.func(wasm_call).cast(),
            array_call: unsafe {
                mem::transmute::<NonNull<VMFunctionBody>, VMArrayCallFunction>(
                    self.func(array_call),
                )
            },
            native_call: self.func(native_call).cast(),
        }
    }

    fn func(&self, loc: &FunctionLoc) -> NonNull<VMFunctionBody> {
        let text = self.text();
        let trampoline = &text[loc.start as usize..][..loc.length as usize];
        NonNull::new(trampoline.as_ptr() as *mut VMFunctionBody).unwrap()
    }

    pub(crate) fn code_object(&self) -> &Arc<CodeObject> {
        &self.inner.code
    }

    /// Same as [`Module::serialize`], except for a component.
    ///
    /// Note that the artifact produced here must be passed to
    /// [`Component::deserialize`] and is not compatible for use with
    /// [`Module`].
    ///
    /// [`Module::serialize`]: crate::Module::serialize
    /// [`Module`]: crate::Module
    pub fn serialize(&self) -> Result<Vec<u8>> {
        Ok(self.code_object().code_memory().mmap().to_vec())
    }

    pub(crate) fn runtime_info(&self) -> Arc<dyn ComponentRuntimeInfo> {
        self.inner.clone()
    }

    /// Creates a new `VMFuncRef` with all fields filled out for the destructor
    /// specified.
    ///
    /// The `dtor`'s own `VMFuncRef` won't have `wasm_call` filled out but this
    /// component may have `resource_drop_wasm_to_native_trampoline` filled out
    /// if necessary in which case it's filled in here.
    pub(crate) fn resource_drop_func_ref(&self, dtor: &crate::func::HostFunc) -> VMFuncRef {
        // Host functions never have their `wasm_call` filled in at this time.
        assert!(dtor.func_ref().wasm_call.is_none());

        // Note that if `resource_drop_wasm_to_native_trampoline` is not present
        // then this can't be called by the component, so it's ok to leave it
        // blank.
        let wasm_call = self
            .inner
            .info
            .resource_drop_wasm_to_native_trampoline
            .as_ref()
            .map(|i| self.func(i).cast());
        VMFuncRef {
            wasm_call,
            ..*dtor.func_ref()
        }
    }

    /// Returns a summary of the resources required to instantiate this
    /// [`Component`][crate::component::Component].
    ///
    /// Note that when a component imports and instantiates another component or
    /// core module, we cannot determine ahead of time how many resources
    /// instantiating this component will require, and therefore this method
    /// will return `None` in these scenarios.
    ///
    /// Potential uses of the returned information:
    ///
    /// * Determining whether your pooling allocator configuration supports
    ///   instantiating this component.
    ///
    /// * Deciding how many of which `Component` you want to instantiate within
    ///   a fixed amount of resources, e.g. determining whether to create 5
    ///   instances of component X or 10 instances of component Y.
    ///
    /// # Example
    ///
    /// ```
    /// # fn main() -> wasmtime::Result<()> {
    /// use wasmtime::{Config, Engine, component::Component};
    ///
    /// let mut config = Config::new();
    /// config.wasm_multi_memory(true);
    /// config.wasm_component_model(true);
    /// let engine = Engine::new(&config)?;
    ///
    /// let component = Component::new(&engine, &r#"
    ///     (component
    ///         ;; Define a core module that uses two memories.
    ///         (core module $m
    ///             (memory 1)
    ///             (memory 6)
    ///         )
    ///
    ///         ;; Instantiate that core module three times.
    ///         (core instance $i1 (instantiate (module $m)))
    ///         (core instance $i2 (instantiate (module $m)))
    ///         (core instance $i3 (instantiate (module $m)))
    ///     )
    /// "#)?;
    ///
    /// let resources = component.resources_required()
    ///     .expect("this component does not import any core modules or instances");
    ///
    /// // Instantiating the component will require allocating two memories per
    /// // core instance, and there are three instances, so six total memories.
    /// assert_eq!(resources.num_memories, 6);
    /// assert_eq!(resources.max_initial_memory_size, Some(6));
    ///
    /// // The component doesn't need any tables.
    /// assert_eq!(resources.num_tables, 0);
    /// assert_eq!(resources.max_initial_table_size, None);
    /// # Ok(()) }
    /// ```
    pub fn resources_required(&self) -> Option<ResourcesRequired> {
        let mut resources = ResourcesRequired {
            num_memories: 0,
            max_initial_memory_size: None,
            num_tables: 0,
            max_initial_table_size: None,
        };
        for init in &self.env_component().initializers {
            match init {
                GlobalInitializer::InstantiateModule(inst) => match inst {
                    InstantiateModule::Static(index, _) => {
                        let module = self.static_module(*index);
                        resources.add(&module.resources_required());
                    }
                    InstantiateModule::Import(_, _) => {
                        // We can't statically determine the resources required
                        // to instantiate this component.
                        return None;
                    }
                },
                GlobalInitializer::LowerImport { .. }
                | GlobalInitializer::ExtractMemory(_)
                | GlobalInitializer::ExtractRealloc(_)
                | GlobalInitializer::ExtractPostReturn(_)
                | GlobalInitializer::Resource(_) => {}
            }
        }
        Some(resources)
    }

    /// Returns the range, in the host's address space, that this module's
    /// compiled code resides at.
    ///
    /// For more information see
    /// [`Module;:image_range`](crate::Module::image_range).
    pub fn image_range(&self) -> Range<*const u8> {
        self.inner.code.code_memory().mmap().image_range()
    }
}

impl ComponentRuntimeInfo for ComponentInner {
    fn component(&self) -> &wasmtime_environ::component::Component {
        &self.info.component
    }

    fn component_types(&self) -> &Arc<ComponentTypes> {
        match self.code.types() {
            crate::code::Types::Component(types) => types,
            // The only creator of a `Component` is itself which uses the other
            // variant, so this shouldn't be possible.
            crate::code::Types::Module(_) => unreachable!(),
        }
    }

    fn realloc_func_type(&self) -> &Arc<dyn std::any::Any + Send + Sync> {
        &self.realloc_func_type
    }
}

#[cfg(test)]
mod tests {
    use crate::component::Component;
    use crate::{Config, Engine};
    use wasmtime_environ::MemoryInitialization;

    #[test]
    fn cow_on_by_default() {
        let mut config = Config::new();
        config.wasm_component_model(true);
        let engine = Engine::new(&config).unwrap();
        let component = Component::new(
            &engine,
            r#"
                (component
                    (core module
                        (memory 1)
                        (data (i32.const 100) "abcd")
                    )
                )
            "#,
        )
        .unwrap();

        for (_, module) in component.inner.static_modules.iter() {
            let init = &module.env_module().memory_initialization;
            assert!(matches!(init, MemoryInitialization::Static { .. }));
        }
    }
}