1 //! This implements the VCode container: a CFG of Insts that have been lowered.
2 //!
3 //! VCode is virtual-register code. An instruction in VCode is almost a machine
4 //! instruction; however, its register slots can refer to virtual registers in
5 //! addition to real machine registers.
6 //!
7 //! VCode is structured with traditional basic blocks, and
8 //! each block must be terminated by an unconditional branch (one target), a
9 //! conditional branch (two targets), or a return (no targets). Note that this
10 //! slightly differs from the machine code of most ISAs: in most ISAs, a
11 //! conditional branch has one target (and the not-taken case falls through).
12 //! However, we expect that machine backends will elide branches to the following
13 //! block (i.e., zero-offset jumps), and will be able to codegen a branch-cond /
14 //! branch-uncond pair if *both* targets are not fallthrough. This allows us to
15 //! play with layout prior to final binary emission, as well, if we want.
16 //!
17 //! See the main module comment in `mod.rs` for more details on the VCode-based
18 //! backend pipeline.
19 
20 use crate::fx::FxHashMap;
21 use crate::fx::FxHashSet;
22 use crate::ir::RelSourceLoc;
23 use crate::ir::{self, types, Constant, ConstantData, DynamicStackSlot, LabelValueLoc, ValueLabel};
24 use crate::machinst::*;
25 use crate::timing;
26 use crate::trace;
27 use crate::CodegenError;
28 use crate::ValueLocRange;
29 use regalloc2::{
30     Edit, Function as RegallocFunction, InstOrEdit, InstRange, Operand, OperandKind, PReg, PRegSet,
31     RegClass, VReg,
32 };
33 
34 use alloc::vec::Vec;
35 use cranelift_entity::{entity_impl, Keys, PrimaryMap};
36 use std::collections::hash_map::Entry;
37 use std::collections::HashMap;
38 use std::fmt;
39 
40 /// Index referring to an instruction in VCode.
41 pub type InsnIndex = regalloc2::Inst;
42 
43 /// Index referring to a basic block in VCode.
44 pub type BlockIndex = regalloc2::Block;
45 
46 /// VCodeInst wraps all requirements for a MachInst to be in VCode: it must be
47 /// a `MachInst` and it must be able to emit itself at least to a `SizeCodeSink`.
48 pub trait VCodeInst: MachInst + MachInstEmit {}
49 impl<I: MachInst + MachInstEmit> VCodeInst for I {}
50 
51 /// A function in "VCode" (virtualized-register code) form, after
52 /// lowering.  This is essentially a standard CFG of basic blocks,
53 /// where each basic block consists of lowered instructions produced
54 /// by the machine-specific backend.
55 ///
56 /// Note that the VCode is immutable once produced, and is not
57 /// modified by register allocation in particular. Rather, register
58 /// allocation on the `VCode` produces a separate `regalloc2::Output`
59 /// struct, and this can be passed to `emit`. `emit` in turn does not
60 /// modify the vcode, but produces an `EmitResult`, which contains the
61 /// machine code itself, and the associated disassembly and/or
62 /// metadata as requested.
63 pub struct VCode<I: VCodeInst> {
64     /// VReg IR-level types.
65     vreg_types: Vec<Type>,
66 
67     /// Lowered machine instructions in order corresponding to the original IR.
68     insts: Vec<I>,
69 
70     /// Operands: pre-regalloc references to virtual registers with
71     /// constraints, in one flattened array. This allows the regalloc
72     /// to efficiently access all operands without requiring expensive
73     /// matches or method invocations on insts.
74     operands: Vec<Operand>,
75 
76     /// Operand index ranges: for each instruction in `insts`, there
77     /// is a tuple here providing the range in `operands` for that
78     /// instruction's operands.
79     operand_ranges: Vec<(u32, u32)>,
80 
81     /// Clobbers: a sparse map from instruction indices to clobber masks.
82     clobbers: FxHashMap<InsnIndex, PRegSet>,
83 
84     /// Move information: for a given InsnIndex, (src, dst) operand pair.
85     is_move: FxHashMap<InsnIndex, (Operand, Operand)>,
86 
87     /// Source locations for each instruction. (`SourceLoc` is a `u32`, so it is
88     /// reasonable to keep one of these per instruction.)
89     srclocs: Vec<RelSourceLoc>,
90 
91     /// Entry block.
92     entry: BlockIndex,
93 
94     /// Block instruction indices.
95     block_ranges: Vec<(InsnIndex, InsnIndex)>,
96 
97     /// Block successors: index range in the `block_succs_preds` list.
98     block_succ_range: Vec<(u32, u32)>,
99 
100     /// Block predecessors: index range in the `block_succs_preds` list.
101     block_pred_range: Vec<(u32, u32)>,
102 
103     /// Block successor and predecessor lists, concatenated into one
104     /// Vec. The `block_succ_range` and `block_pred_range` lists of
105     /// tuples above give (start, end) ranges within this list that
106     /// correspond to each basic block's successors or predecessors,
107     /// respectively.
108     block_succs_preds: Vec<regalloc2::Block>,
109 
110     /// Block parameters: index range in `block_params` below.
111     block_params_range: Vec<(u32, u32)>,
112 
113     /// Block parameter lists, concatenated into one vec. The
114     /// `block_params_range` list of tuples above gives (start, end)
115     /// ranges within this list that correspond to each basic block's
116     /// blockparam vregs.
117     block_params: Vec<regalloc2::VReg>,
118 
119     /// Outgoing block arguments on branch instructions, concatenated
120     /// into one list.
121     ///
122     /// Note that this is conceptually a 3D array: we have a VReg list
123     /// per block, per successor. We flatten those three dimensions
124     /// into this 1D vec, then store index ranges in two levels of
125     /// indirection.
126     ///
127     /// Indexed by the indices in `branch_block_arg_succ_range`.
128     branch_block_args: Vec<regalloc2::VReg>,
129 
130     /// Array of sequences of (start, end) tuples in
131     /// `branch_block_args`, one for each successor; these sequences
132     /// for each block are concatenated.
133     ///
134     /// Indexed by the indices in `branch_block_arg_succ_range`.
135     branch_block_arg_range: Vec<(u32, u32)>,
136 
137     /// For a given block, indices in `branch_block_arg_range`
138     /// corresponding to all of its successors.
139     branch_block_arg_succ_range: Vec<(u32, u32)>,
140 
141     /// VReg aliases. Each key in this table is translated to its
142     /// value when gathering Operands from instructions. Aliases are
143     /// not chased transitively (we do not further look up the
144     /// translated reg to see if it is another alias).
145     ///
146     /// We use these aliases to rename an instruction's expected
147     /// result vregs to the returned vregs from lowering, which are
148     /// usually freshly-allocated temps.
149     ///
150     /// Operands and branch arguments will already have been
151     /// translated through this alias table; but it helps to make
152     /// sense of instructions when pretty-printed, for example.
153     vreg_aliases: FxHashMap<regalloc2::VReg, regalloc2::VReg>,
154 
155     /// Block-order information.
156     block_order: BlockLoweringOrder,
157 
158     /// ABI object.
159     pub(crate) abi: Callee<I::ABIMachineSpec>,
160 
161     /// Constant information used during code emission. This should be
162     /// immutable across function compilations within the same module.
163     emit_info: I::Info,
164 
165     /// Reference-typed `regalloc2::VReg`s. The regalloc requires
166     /// these in a dense slice (as opposed to querying the
167     /// reftype-status of each vreg) for efficient iteration.
168     reftyped_vregs: Vec<VReg>,
169 
170     /// Constants.
171     constants: VCodeConstants,
172 
173     /// Value labels for debuginfo attached to vregs.
174     debug_value_labels: Vec<(VReg, InsnIndex, InsnIndex, u32)>,
175 
176     pub(crate) sigs: SigSet,
177 }
178 
179 /// The result of `VCode::emit`. Contains all information computed
180 /// during emission: actual machine code, optionally a disassembly,
181 /// and optionally metadata about the code layout.
182 pub struct EmitResult<I: VCodeInst> {
183     /// The MachBuffer containing the machine code.
184     pub buffer: MachBuffer<I>,
185 
186     /// Offset of each basic block, recorded during emission. Computed
187     /// only if `debug_value_labels` is non-empty.
188     pub bb_offsets: Vec<CodeOffset>,
189 
190     /// Final basic-block edges, in terms of code offsets of
191     /// bb-starts. Computed only if `debug_value_labels` is non-empty.
192     pub bb_edges: Vec<(CodeOffset, CodeOffset)>,
193 
194     /// Final instruction offsets, recorded during emission. Computed
195     /// only if `debug_value_labels` is non-empty.
196     pub inst_offsets: Vec<CodeOffset>,
197 
198     /// Final length of function body.
199     pub func_body_len: CodeOffset,
200 
201     /// The pretty-printed disassembly, if any. This uses the same
202     /// pretty-printing for MachInsts as the pre-regalloc VCode Debug
203     /// implementation, but additionally includes the prologue and
204     /// epilogue(s), and makes use of the regalloc results.
205     pub disasm: Option<String>,
206 
207     /// Offsets of sized stackslots.
208     pub sized_stackslot_offsets: PrimaryMap<StackSlot, u32>,
209 
210     /// Offsets of dynamic stackslots.
211     pub dynamic_stackslot_offsets: PrimaryMap<DynamicStackSlot, u32>,
212 
213     /// Value-labels information (debug metadata).
214     pub value_labels_ranges: ValueLabelsRanges,
215 
216     /// Stack frame size.
217     pub frame_size: u32,
218 
219     /// The alignment requirement for pc-relative loads.
220     pub alignment: u32,
221 }
222 
223 /// A builder for a VCode function body.
224 ///
225 /// This builder has the ability to accept instructions in either
226 /// forward or reverse order, depending on the pass direction that
227 /// produces the VCode. The lowering from CLIF to VCode<MachInst>
228 /// ordinarily occurs in reverse order (in order to allow instructions
229 /// to be lowered only if used, and not merged) so a reversal will
230 /// occur at the end of lowering to ensure the VCode is in machine
231 /// order.
232 ///
233 /// If built in reverse, block and instruction indices used once the
234 /// VCode is built are relative to the final (reversed) order, not the
235 /// order of construction. Note that this means we do not know the
236 /// final block or instruction indices when building, so we do not
237 /// hand them out. (The user is assumed to know them when appending
238 /// terminator instructions with successor blocks.)
239 pub struct VCodeBuilder<I: VCodeInst> {
240     /// In-progress VCode.
241     pub(crate) vcode: VCode<I>,
242 
243     /// In what direction is the build occuring?
244     direction: VCodeBuildDirection,
245 
246     /// Index of the last block-start in the vcode.
247     block_start: usize,
248 
249     /// Start of succs for the current block in the concatenated succs list.
250     succ_start: usize,
251 
252     /// Start of blockparams for the current block in the concatenated
253     /// blockparams list.
254     block_params_start: usize,
255 
256     /// Start of successor blockparam arg list entries in
257     /// the concatenated branch_block_arg_range list.
258     branch_block_arg_succ_start: usize,
259 
260     /// Current source location.
261     cur_srcloc: RelSourceLoc,
262 
263     /// Debug-value label in-progress map, keyed by label. For each
264     /// label, we keep disjoint ranges mapping to vregs. We'll flatten
265     /// this into (vreg, range, label) tuples when done.
266     debug_info: FxHashMap<ValueLabel, Vec<(InsnIndex, InsnIndex, VReg)>>,
267 }
268 
269 /// Direction in which a VCodeBuilder builds VCode.
270 #[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
271 pub enum VCodeBuildDirection {
272     // TODO: add `Forward` once we need it and can test it adequately.
273     /// Backward-build pass: we expect the producer to call `emit()`
274     /// with instructions in reverse program order within each block.
275     Backward,
276 }
277 
278 impl<I: VCodeInst> VCodeBuilder<I> {
279     /// Create a new VCodeBuilder.
280     pub fn new(
281         sigs: SigSet,
282         abi: Callee<I::ABIMachineSpec>,
283         emit_info: I::Info,
284         block_order: BlockLoweringOrder,
285         constants: VCodeConstants,
286         direction: VCodeBuildDirection,
287     ) -> VCodeBuilder<I> {
288         let vcode = VCode::new(sigs, abi, emit_info, block_order, constants);
289 
290         VCodeBuilder {
291             vcode,
292             direction,
293             block_start: 0,
294             succ_start: 0,
295             block_params_start: 0,
296             branch_block_arg_succ_start: 0,
297             cur_srcloc: Default::default(),
298             debug_info: FxHashMap::default(),
299         }
300     }
301 
302     pub fn init_abi(&mut self, temps: Vec<Writable<Reg>>) {
303         self.vcode.abi.init(&self.vcode.sigs, temps);
304     }
305 
306     /// Access the ABI object.
307     pub fn abi(&self) -> &Callee<I::ABIMachineSpec> {
308         &self.vcode.abi
309     }
310 
311     /// Access the ABI object.
312     pub fn abi_mut(&mut self) -> &mut Callee<I::ABIMachineSpec> {
313         &mut self.vcode.abi
314     }
315 
316     pub fn sigs(&self) -> &SigSet {
317         &self.vcode.sigs
318     }
319 
320     pub fn sigs_mut(&mut self) -> &mut SigSet {
321         &mut self.vcode.sigs
322     }
323 
324     /// Access to the BlockLoweringOrder object.
325     pub fn block_order(&self) -> &BlockLoweringOrder {
326         &self.vcode.block_order
327     }
328 
329     /// Set the current block as the entry block.
330     pub fn set_entry(&mut self, block: BlockIndex) {
331         self.vcode.entry = block;
332     }
333 
334     /// End the current basic block. Must be called after emitting vcode insts
335     /// for IR insts and prior to ending the function (building the VCode).
336     pub fn end_bb(&mut self) {
337         let start_idx = self.block_start;
338         let end_idx = self.vcode.insts.len();
339         self.block_start = end_idx;
340         // Add the instruction index range to the list of blocks.
341         self.vcode
342             .block_ranges
343             .push((InsnIndex::new(start_idx), InsnIndex::new(end_idx)));
344         // End the successors list.
345         let succ_end = self.vcode.block_succs_preds.len();
346         self.vcode
347             .block_succ_range
348             .push((self.succ_start as u32, succ_end as u32));
349         self.succ_start = succ_end;
350         // End the blockparams list.
351         let block_params_end = self.vcode.block_params.len();
352         self.vcode
353             .block_params_range
354             .push((self.block_params_start as u32, block_params_end as u32));
355         self.block_params_start = block_params_end;
356         // End the branch blockparam args list.
357         let branch_block_arg_succ_end = self.vcode.branch_block_arg_range.len();
358         self.vcode.branch_block_arg_succ_range.push((
359             self.branch_block_arg_succ_start as u32,
360             branch_block_arg_succ_end as u32,
361         ));
362         self.branch_block_arg_succ_start = branch_block_arg_succ_end;
363     }
364 
365     pub fn add_block_param(&mut self, param: VirtualReg) {
366         self.vcode.block_params.push(param.into());
367     }
368 
369     fn add_branch_args_for_succ(&mut self, args: &[Reg]) {
370         let start = self.vcode.branch_block_args.len();
371         self.vcode
372             .branch_block_args
373             .extend(args.iter().map(|&arg| VReg::from(arg)));
374         let end = self.vcode.branch_block_args.len();
375         self.vcode
376             .branch_block_arg_range
377             .push((start as u32, end as u32));
378     }
379 
380     /// Push an instruction for the current BB and current IR inst
381     /// within the BB.
382     pub fn push(&mut self, insn: I) {
383         self.vcode.insts.push(insn);
384         self.vcode.srclocs.push(self.cur_srcloc);
385     }
386 
387     /// Add a successor block with branch args.
388     pub fn add_succ(&mut self, block: BlockIndex, args: &[Reg]) {
389         self.vcode.block_succs_preds.push(block);
390         self.add_branch_args_for_succ(args);
391     }
392 
393     /// Set the current source location.
394     pub fn set_srcloc(&mut self, srcloc: RelSourceLoc) {
395         self.cur_srcloc = srcloc;
396     }
397 
398     /// Add a debug value label to a register.
399     pub fn add_value_label(&mut self, reg: Reg, label: ValueLabel) {
400         // We'll fix up labels in reverse(). Because we're generating
401         // code bottom-to-top, the liverange of the label goes *from*
402         // the last index at which was defined (or 0, which is the end
403         // of the eventual function) *to* just this instruction, and
404         // no further.
405         let inst = InsnIndex::new(self.vcode.insts.len());
406         let labels = self.debug_info.entry(label).or_insert_with(|| vec![]);
407         let last = labels
408             .last()
409             .map(|(_start, end, _vreg)| *end)
410             .unwrap_or(InsnIndex::new(0));
411         labels.push((last, inst, reg.into()));
412     }
413 
414     pub fn set_vreg_alias(&mut self, from: Reg, to: Reg) {
415         let from = from.into();
416         let resolved_to = self.resolve_vreg_alias(to.into());
417         // Disallow cycles (see below).
418         assert_ne!(resolved_to, from);
419         self.vcode.vreg_aliases.insert(from, resolved_to);
420     }
421 
422     pub fn resolve_vreg_alias(&self, from: regalloc2::VReg) -> regalloc2::VReg {
423         Self::resolve_vreg_alias_impl(&self.vcode.vreg_aliases, from)
424     }
425 
426     fn resolve_vreg_alias_impl(
427         aliases: &FxHashMap<regalloc2::VReg, regalloc2::VReg>,
428         from: regalloc2::VReg,
429     ) -> regalloc2::VReg {
430         // We prevent cycles from existing by resolving targets of
431         // aliases eagerly before setting them. If the target resolves
432         // to the origin of the alias, then a cycle would be created
433         // and the alias is disallowed. Because of the structure of
434         // SSA code (one instruction can refer to another's defs but
435         // not vice-versa, except indirectly through
436         // phis/blockparams), cycles should not occur as we use
437         // aliases to redirect vregs to the temps that actually define
438         // them.
439 
440         let mut vreg = from;
441         while let Some(to) = aliases.get(&vreg) {
442             vreg = *to;
443         }
444         vreg
445     }
446 
447     /// Access the constants.
448     pub fn constants(&mut self) -> &mut VCodeConstants {
449         &mut self.vcode.constants
450     }
451 
452     fn compute_preds_from_succs(&mut self) {
453         // Compute predecessors from successors. In order to gather
454         // all preds for a block into a contiguous sequence, we build
455         // a list of (succ, pred) tuples and then sort.
456         let mut succ_pred_edges: Vec<(BlockIndex, BlockIndex)> =
457             Vec::with_capacity(self.vcode.block_succs_preds.len());
458         for (pred, &(start, end)) in self.vcode.block_succ_range.iter().enumerate() {
459             let pred = BlockIndex::new(pred);
460             for i in start..end {
461                 let succ = BlockIndex::new(self.vcode.block_succs_preds[i as usize].index());
462                 succ_pred_edges.push((succ, pred));
463             }
464         }
465         succ_pred_edges.sort_unstable();
466 
467         let mut i = 0;
468         for succ in 0..self.vcode.num_blocks() {
469             let succ = BlockIndex::new(succ);
470             let start = self.vcode.block_succs_preds.len();
471             while i < succ_pred_edges.len() && succ_pred_edges[i].0 == succ {
472                 let pred = succ_pred_edges[i].1;
473                 self.vcode.block_succs_preds.push(pred);
474                 i += 1;
475             }
476             let end = self.vcode.block_succs_preds.len();
477             self.vcode.block_pred_range.push((start as u32, end as u32));
478         }
479     }
480 
481     /// Called once, when a build in Backward order is complete, to
482     /// perform the overall reversal (into final forward order) and
483     /// finalize metadata accordingly.
484     fn reverse_and_finalize(&mut self) {
485         let n_insts = self.vcode.insts.len();
486         if n_insts == 0 {
487             return;
488         }
489 
490         // Reverse the per-block and per-inst sequences.
491         self.vcode.block_ranges.reverse();
492         // block_params_range is indexed by block (and blocks were
493         // traversed in reverse) so we reverse it; but block-param
494         // sequences in the concatenated vec can remain in reverse
495         // order (it is effectively an arena of arbitrarily-placed
496         // referenced sequences).
497         self.vcode.block_params_range.reverse();
498         // Likewise, we reverse block_succ_range, but the block_succ
499         // concatenated array can remain as-is.
500         self.vcode.block_succ_range.reverse();
501         self.vcode.insts.reverse();
502         self.vcode.srclocs.reverse();
503         // Likewise, branch_block_arg_succ_range is indexed by block
504         // so must be reversed.
505         self.vcode.branch_block_arg_succ_range.reverse();
506 
507         // To translate an instruction index *endpoint* in reversed
508         // order to forward order, compute `n_insts - i`.
509         //
510         // Why not `n_insts - 1 - i`? That would be correct to
511         // translate an individual instruction index (for ten insts 0
512         // to 9 inclusive, inst 0 becomes 9, and inst 9 becomes
513         // 0). But for the usual inclusive-start, exclusive-end range
514         // idiom, inclusive starts become exclusive ends and
515         // vice-versa, so e.g. an (inclusive) start of 0 becomes an
516         // (exclusive) end of 10.
517         let translate = |inst: InsnIndex| InsnIndex::new(n_insts - inst.index());
518 
519         // Edit the block-range instruction indices.
520         for tuple in &mut self.vcode.block_ranges {
521             let (start, end) = *tuple;
522             *tuple = (translate(end), translate(start)); // Note reversed order.
523         }
524 
525         // Generate debug-value labels based on per-label maps.
526         for (label, tuples) in &self.debug_info {
527             for &(start, end, vreg) in tuples {
528                 let vreg = self.resolve_vreg_alias(vreg);
529                 let fwd_start = translate(end);
530                 let fwd_end = translate(start);
531                 self.vcode
532                     .debug_value_labels
533                     .push((vreg, fwd_start, fwd_end, label.as_u32()));
534             }
535         }
536 
537         // Now sort debug value labels by VReg, as required
538         // by regalloc2.
539         self.vcode
540             .debug_value_labels
541             .sort_unstable_by_key(|(vreg, _, _, _)| *vreg);
542     }
543 
544     fn collect_operands(&mut self, allocatable: PRegSet) {
545         for (i, insn) in self.vcode.insts.iter().enumerate() {
546             // Push operands from the instruction onto the operand list.
547             //
548             // We rename through the vreg alias table as we collect
549             // the operands. This is better than a separate post-pass
550             // over operands, because it has more cache locality:
551             // operands only need to pass through L1 once. This is
552             // also better than renaming instructions'
553             // operands/registers while lowering, because here we only
554             // need to do the `match` over the instruction to visit
555             // its register fields (which is slow, branchy code) once.
556 
557             let vreg_aliases = &self.vcode.vreg_aliases;
558             let mut op_collector =
559                 OperandCollector::new(&mut self.vcode.operands, allocatable, |vreg| {
560                     Self::resolve_vreg_alias_impl(vreg_aliases, vreg)
561                 });
562             insn.get_operands(&mut op_collector);
563             let (ops, clobbers) = op_collector.finish();
564             self.vcode.operand_ranges.push(ops);
565 
566             if clobbers != PRegSet::default() {
567                 self.vcode.clobbers.insert(InsnIndex::new(i), clobbers);
568             }
569 
570             if let Some((dst, src)) = insn.is_move() {
571                 // We should never see non-virtual registers present in move
572                 // instructions.
573                 assert!(
574                     src.is_virtual(),
575                     "the real register {:?} was used as the source of a move instruction",
576                     src
577                 );
578                 assert!(
579                     dst.to_reg().is_virtual(),
580                     "the real register {:?} was used as the destination of a move instruction",
581                     dst.to_reg()
582                 );
583 
584                 let src = Operand::reg_use(Self::resolve_vreg_alias_impl(vreg_aliases, src.into()));
585                 let dst = Operand::reg_def(Self::resolve_vreg_alias_impl(
586                     vreg_aliases,
587                     dst.to_reg().into(),
588                 ));
589 
590                 // Note that regalloc2 requires these in (src, dst) order.
591                 self.vcode.is_move.insert(InsnIndex::new(i), (src, dst));
592             }
593         }
594 
595         // Translate blockparam args via the vreg aliases table as well.
596         for arg in &mut self.vcode.branch_block_args {
597             let new_arg = Self::resolve_vreg_alias_impl(&self.vcode.vreg_aliases, *arg);
598             trace!("operandcollector: block arg {:?} -> {:?}", arg, new_arg);
599             *arg = new_arg;
600         }
601     }
602 
603     /// Build the final VCode.
604     pub fn build(mut self, allocatable: PRegSet, vregs: VRegAllocator<I>) -> VCode<I> {
605         self.vcode.vreg_types = vregs.vreg_types;
606         self.vcode.reftyped_vregs = vregs.reftyped_vregs;
607 
608         if self.direction == VCodeBuildDirection::Backward {
609             self.reverse_and_finalize();
610         }
611         self.collect_operands(allocatable);
612 
613         // Apply register aliases to the `reftyped_vregs` list since this list
614         // will be returned directly to `regalloc2` eventually and all
615         // operands/results of instructions will use the alias-resolved vregs
616         // from `regalloc2`'s perspective.
617         //
618         // Also note that `reftyped_vregs` can't have duplicates, so after the
619         // aliases are applied duplicates are removed.
620         for reg in self.vcode.reftyped_vregs.iter_mut() {
621             *reg = Self::resolve_vreg_alias_impl(&self.vcode.vreg_aliases, *reg);
622         }
623         self.vcode.reftyped_vregs.sort();
624         self.vcode.reftyped_vregs.dedup();
625 
626         self.compute_preds_from_succs();
627         self.vcode.debug_value_labels.sort_unstable();
628         self.vcode
629     }
630 }
631 
632 /// Is this type a reference type?
633 fn is_reftype(ty: Type) -> bool {
634     ty == types::R64 || ty == types::R32
635 }
636 
637 impl<I: VCodeInst> VCode<I> {
638     /// New empty VCode.
639     fn new(
640         sigs: SigSet,
641         abi: Callee<I::ABIMachineSpec>,
642         emit_info: I::Info,
643         block_order: BlockLoweringOrder,
644         constants: VCodeConstants,
645     ) -> VCode<I> {
646         let n_blocks = block_order.lowered_order().len();
647         VCode {
648             sigs,
649             vreg_types: vec![],
650             insts: Vec::with_capacity(10 * n_blocks),
651             operands: Vec::with_capacity(30 * n_blocks),
652             operand_ranges: Vec::with_capacity(10 * n_blocks),
653             clobbers: FxHashMap::default(),
654             is_move: FxHashMap::default(),
655             srclocs: Vec::with_capacity(10 * n_blocks),
656             entry: BlockIndex::new(0),
657             block_ranges: Vec::with_capacity(n_blocks),
658             block_succ_range: Vec::with_capacity(n_blocks),
659             block_succs_preds: Vec::with_capacity(2 * n_blocks),
660             block_pred_range: Vec::with_capacity(n_blocks),
661             block_params_range: Vec::with_capacity(n_blocks),
662             block_params: Vec::with_capacity(5 * n_blocks),
663             branch_block_args: Vec::with_capacity(10 * n_blocks),
664             branch_block_arg_range: Vec::with_capacity(2 * n_blocks),
665             branch_block_arg_succ_range: Vec::with_capacity(n_blocks),
666             block_order,
667             abi,
668             emit_info,
669             reftyped_vregs: vec![],
670             constants,
671             debug_value_labels: vec![],
672             vreg_aliases: FxHashMap::with_capacity_and_hasher(10 * n_blocks, Default::default()),
673         }
674     }
675 
676     /// Get the number of blocks. Block indices will be in the range `0 ..
677     /// (self.num_blocks() - 1)`.
678     pub fn num_blocks(&self) -> usize {
679         self.block_ranges.len()
680     }
681 
682     /// The number of lowered instructions.
683     pub fn num_insts(&self) -> usize {
684         self.insts.len()
685     }
686 
687     /// Get the successors for a block.
688     pub fn succs(&self, block: BlockIndex) -> &[BlockIndex] {
689         let (start, end) = self.block_succ_range[block.index()];
690         &self.block_succs_preds[start as usize..end as usize]
691     }
692 
693     fn compute_clobbers(&self, regalloc: &regalloc2::Output) -> Vec<Writable<RealReg>> {
694         // Compute clobbered registers.
695         let mut clobbered = vec![];
696         let mut clobbered_set = FxHashSet::default();
697 
698         // All moves are included in clobbers.
699         for edit in &regalloc.edits {
700             let Edit::Move { to, .. } = edit.1;
701             if let Some(preg) = to.as_reg() {
702                 let reg = RealReg::from(preg);
703                 if clobbered_set.insert(reg) {
704                     clobbered.push(Writable::from_reg(reg));
705                 }
706             }
707         }
708 
709         for (i, (start, end)) in self.operand_ranges.iter().enumerate() {
710             // Skip this instruction if not "included in clobbers" as
711             // per the MachInst. (Some backends use this to implement
712             // ABI specifics; e.g., excluding calls of the same ABI as
713             // the current function from clobbers, because by
714             // definition everything clobbered by the call can be
715             // clobbered by this function without saving as well.)
716             if !self.insts[i].is_included_in_clobbers() {
717                 continue;
718             }
719 
720             let start = *start as usize;
721             let end = *end as usize;
722             let operands = &self.operands[start..end];
723             let allocs = &regalloc.allocs[start..end];
724             for (operand, alloc) in operands.iter().zip(allocs.iter()) {
725                 // We're interested only in writes (Mods or Defs).
726                 if operand.kind() == OperandKind::Use {
727                     continue;
728                 }
729                 if let Some(preg) = alloc.as_reg() {
730                     let reg = RealReg::from(preg);
731                     if clobbered_set.insert(reg) {
732                         clobbered.push(Writable::from_reg(reg));
733                     }
734                 }
735             }
736 
737             // Also add explicitly-clobbered registers.
738             for preg in self
739                 .clobbers
740                 .get(&InsnIndex::new(i))
741                 .cloned()
742                 .unwrap_or_default()
743             {
744                 let reg = RealReg::from(preg);
745                 if clobbered_set.insert(reg) {
746                     clobbered.push(Writable::from_reg(reg));
747                 }
748             }
749         }
750 
751         clobbered
752     }
753 
754     /// Emit the instructions to a `MachBuffer`, containing fixed-up
755     /// code and external reloc/trap/etc. records ready for use. Takes
756     /// the regalloc results as well.
757     ///
758     /// Returns the machine code itself, and optionally metadata
759     /// and/or a disassembly, as an `EmitResult`. The `VCode` itself
760     /// is consumed by the emission process.
761     pub fn emit(
762         mut self,
763         regalloc: &regalloc2::Output,
764         want_disasm: bool,
765         want_metadata: bool,
766     ) -> EmitResult<I>
767     where
768         I: VCodeInst,
769     {
770         // To write into disasm string.
771         use core::fmt::Write;
772 
773         let _tt = timing::vcode_emit();
774         let mut buffer = MachBuffer::new();
775         let mut bb_starts: Vec<Option<CodeOffset>> = vec![];
776 
777         // The first M MachLabels are reserved for block indices, the next N MachLabels for
778         // constants.
779         buffer.reserve_labels_for_blocks(self.num_blocks());
780         buffer.reserve_labels_for_constants(&self.constants);
781 
782         // Construct the final order we emit code in: cold blocks at the end.
783         let mut final_order: SmallVec<[BlockIndex; 16]> = smallvec![];
784         let mut cold_blocks: SmallVec<[BlockIndex; 16]> = smallvec![];
785         for block in 0..self.num_blocks() {
786             let block = BlockIndex::new(block);
787             if self.block_order.is_cold(block) {
788                 cold_blocks.push(block);
789             } else {
790                 final_order.push(block);
791             }
792         }
793         final_order.extend(cold_blocks.clone());
794 
795         // Compute/save info we need for the prologue: clobbers and
796         // number of spillslots.
797         //
798         // We clone `abi` here because we will mutate it as we
799         // generate the prologue and set other info, but we can't
800         // mutate `VCode`. The info it usually carries prior to
801         // setting clobbers is fairly minimal so this should be
802         // relatively cheap.
803         let clobbers = self.compute_clobbers(regalloc);
804         self.abi.set_num_spillslots(regalloc.num_spillslots);
805         self.abi.set_clobbered(clobbers);
806 
807         // We need to generate the prologue in order to get the ABI
808         // object into the right state first. We'll emit it when we
809         // hit the right block below.
810         let prologue_insts = self.abi.gen_prologue(&self.sigs);
811 
812         // Emit blocks.
813         let mut cur_srcloc = None;
814         let mut last_offset = None;
815         let mut inst_offsets = vec![];
816         let mut state = I::State::new(&self.abi);
817 
818         let mut disasm = String::new();
819 
820         if !self.debug_value_labels.is_empty() {
821             inst_offsets.resize(self.insts.len(), 0);
822         }
823 
824         // Count edits per block ahead of time; this is needed for
825         // lookahead island emission. (We could derive it per-block
826         // with binary search in the edit list, but it's more
827         // efficient to do it in one pass here.)
828         let mut ra_edits_per_block: SmallVec<[u32; 64]> = smallvec![];
829         let mut edit_idx = 0;
830         for block in 0..self.num_blocks() {
831             let end_inst = self.block_ranges[block].1;
832             let start_edit_idx = edit_idx;
833             while edit_idx < regalloc.edits.len() && regalloc.edits[edit_idx].0.inst() < end_inst {
834                 edit_idx += 1;
835             }
836             let end_edit_idx = edit_idx;
837             ra_edits_per_block.push((end_edit_idx - start_edit_idx) as u32);
838         }
839 
840         let is_forward_edge_cfi_enabled = self.abi.is_forward_edge_cfi_enabled();
841 
842         for (block_order_idx, &block) in final_order.iter().enumerate() {
843             trace!("emitting block {:?}", block);
844             let new_offset = I::align_basic_block(buffer.cur_offset());
845             while new_offset > buffer.cur_offset() {
846                 // Pad with NOPs up to the aligned block offset.
847                 let nop = I::gen_nop((new_offset - buffer.cur_offset()) as usize);
848                 nop.emit(&[], &mut buffer, &self.emit_info, &mut Default::default());
849             }
850             assert_eq!(buffer.cur_offset(), new_offset);
851 
852             let do_emit = |inst: &I,
853                            allocs: &[Allocation],
854                            disasm: &mut String,
855                            buffer: &mut MachBuffer<I>,
856                            state: &mut I::State| {
857                 if want_disasm && !inst.is_args() {
858                     let mut s = state.clone();
859                     writeln!(disasm, "  {}", inst.pretty_print_inst(allocs, &mut s)).unwrap();
860                 }
861                 inst.emit(allocs, buffer, &self.emit_info, state);
862             };
863 
864             // Is this the first block? Emit the prologue directly if so.
865             if block == self.entry {
866                 trace!(" -> entry block");
867                 buffer.start_srcloc(Default::default());
868                 state.pre_sourceloc(Default::default());
869                 for inst in &prologue_insts {
870                     do_emit(&inst, &[], &mut disasm, &mut buffer, &mut state);
871                 }
872                 buffer.end_srcloc();
873             }
874 
875             // Now emit the regular block body.
876 
877             buffer.bind_label(MachLabel::from_block(block));
878 
879             if want_disasm {
880                 writeln!(&mut disasm, "block{}:", block.index()).unwrap();
881             }
882 
883             if want_metadata {
884                 // Track BB starts. If we have backed up due to MachBuffer
885                 // branch opts, note that the removed blocks were removed.
886                 let cur_offset = buffer.cur_offset();
887                 if last_offset.is_some() && cur_offset <= last_offset.unwrap() {
888                     for i in (0..bb_starts.len()).rev() {
889                         if bb_starts[i].is_some() && cur_offset > bb_starts[i].unwrap() {
890                             break;
891                         }
892                         bb_starts[i] = None;
893                     }
894                 }
895                 bb_starts.push(Some(cur_offset));
896                 last_offset = Some(cur_offset);
897             }
898 
899             if let Some(block_start) = I::gen_block_start(
900                 self.block_order.is_indirect_branch_target(block),
901                 is_forward_edge_cfi_enabled,
902             ) {
903                 do_emit(&block_start, &[], &mut disasm, &mut buffer, &mut state);
904             }
905 
906             for inst_or_edit in regalloc.block_insts_and_edits(&self, block) {
907                 match inst_or_edit {
908                     InstOrEdit::Inst(iix) => {
909                         if !self.debug_value_labels.is_empty() {
910                             // If we need to produce debug info,
911                             // record the offset of each instruction
912                             // so that we can translate value-label
913                             // ranges to machine-code offsets.
914 
915                             // Cold blocks violate monotonicity
916                             // assumptions elsewhere (that
917                             // instructions in inst-index order are in
918                             // order in machine code), so we omit
919                             // their offsets here. Value-label range
920                             // generation below will skip empty ranges
921                             // and ranges with to-offsets of zero.
922                             if !self.block_order.is_cold(block) {
923                                 inst_offsets[iix.index()] = buffer.cur_offset();
924                             }
925                         }
926 
927                         if self.insts[iix.index()].is_move().is_some() {
928                             // Skip moves in the pre-regalloc program;
929                             // all of these are incorporated by the
930                             // regalloc into its unified move handling
931                             // and they come out the other end, if
932                             // still needed (not elided), as
933                             // regalloc-inserted moves.
934                             continue;
935                         }
936 
937                         // Update the srcloc at this point in the buffer.
938                         let srcloc = self.srclocs[iix.index()];
939                         if cur_srcloc != Some(srcloc) {
940                             if cur_srcloc.is_some() {
941                                 buffer.end_srcloc();
942                             }
943                             buffer.start_srcloc(srcloc);
944                             cur_srcloc = Some(srcloc);
945                         }
946                         state.pre_sourceloc(cur_srcloc.unwrap_or_default());
947 
948                         // If this is a safepoint, compute a stack map
949                         // and pass it to the emit state.
950                         if self.insts[iix.index()].is_safepoint() {
951                             let mut safepoint_slots: SmallVec<[SpillSlot; 8]> = smallvec![];
952                             // Find the contiguous range of
953                             // (progpoint, allocation) safepoint slot
954                             // records in `regalloc.safepoint_slots`
955                             // for this instruction index.
956                             let safepoint_slots_start = regalloc
957                                 .safepoint_slots
958                                 .binary_search_by(|(progpoint, _alloc)| {
959                                     if progpoint.inst() >= iix {
960                                         std::cmp::Ordering::Greater
961                                     } else {
962                                         std::cmp::Ordering::Less
963                                     }
964                                 })
965                                 .unwrap_err();
966 
967                             for (_, alloc) in regalloc.safepoint_slots[safepoint_slots_start..]
968                                 .iter()
969                                 .take_while(|(progpoint, _)| progpoint.inst() == iix)
970                             {
971                                 let slot = alloc.as_stack().unwrap();
972                                 safepoint_slots.push(slot);
973                             }
974                             if !safepoint_slots.is_empty() {
975                                 let stack_map = self
976                                     .abi
977                                     .spillslots_to_stack_map(&safepoint_slots[..], &state);
978                                 state.pre_safepoint(stack_map);
979                             }
980                         }
981 
982                         // Get the allocations for this inst from the regalloc result.
983                         let allocs = regalloc.inst_allocs(iix);
984 
985                         // If the instruction we are about to emit is
986                         // a return, place an epilogue at this point
987                         // (and don't emit the return; the actual
988                         // epilogue will contain it).
989                         if self.insts[iix.index()].is_term() == MachTerminator::Ret {
990                             for inst in self.abi.gen_epilogue() {
991                                 do_emit(&inst, &[], &mut disasm, &mut buffer, &mut state);
992                             }
993                         } else {
994                             // Emit the instruction!
995                             do_emit(
996                                 &self.insts[iix.index()],
997                                 allocs,
998                                 &mut disasm,
999                                 &mut buffer,
1000                                 &mut state,
1001                             );
1002                         }
1003                     }
1004 
1005                     InstOrEdit::Edit(Edit::Move { from, to }) => {
1006                         // Create a move/spill/reload instruction and
1007                         // immediately emit it.
1008                         match (from.as_reg(), to.as_reg()) {
1009                             (Some(from), Some(to)) => {
1010                                 // Reg-to-reg move.
1011                                 let from_rreg = Reg::from(from);
1012                                 let to_rreg = Writable::from_reg(Reg::from(to));
1013                                 debug_assert_eq!(from.class(), to.class());
1014                                 let ty = I::canonical_type_for_rc(from.class());
1015                                 let mv = I::gen_move(to_rreg, from_rreg, ty);
1016                                 do_emit(&mv, &[], &mut disasm, &mut buffer, &mut state);
1017                             }
1018                             (Some(from), None) => {
1019                                 // Spill from register to spillslot.
1020                                 let to = to.as_stack().unwrap();
1021                                 let from_rreg = RealReg::from(from);
1022                                 let spill = self.abi.gen_spill(to, from_rreg);
1023                                 do_emit(&spill, &[], &mut disasm, &mut buffer, &mut state);
1024                             }
1025                             (None, Some(to)) => {
1026                                 // Load from spillslot to register.
1027                                 let from = from.as_stack().unwrap();
1028                                 let to_rreg = Writable::from_reg(RealReg::from(to));
1029                                 let reload = self.abi.gen_reload(to_rreg, from);
1030                                 do_emit(&reload, &[], &mut disasm, &mut buffer, &mut state);
1031                             }
1032                             (None, None) => {
1033                                 panic!("regalloc2 should have eliminated stack-to-stack moves!");
1034                             }
1035                         }
1036                     }
1037                 }
1038             }
1039 
1040             if cur_srcloc.is_some() {
1041                 buffer.end_srcloc();
1042                 cur_srcloc = None;
1043             }
1044 
1045             // Do we need an island? Get the worst-case size of the
1046             // next BB and see if, having emitted that many bytes, we
1047             // will be beyond the deadline.
1048             if block_order_idx < final_order.len() - 1 {
1049                 let next_block = final_order[block_order_idx + 1];
1050                 let next_block_range = self.block_ranges[next_block.index()];
1051                 let next_block_size =
1052                     (next_block_range.1.index() - next_block_range.0.index()) as u32;
1053                 let next_block_ra_insertions = ra_edits_per_block[next_block.index()];
1054                 let worst_case_next_bb =
1055                     I::worst_case_size() * (next_block_size + next_block_ra_insertions);
1056                 if buffer.island_needed(worst_case_next_bb) {
1057                     buffer.emit_island(worst_case_next_bb);
1058                 }
1059             }
1060         }
1061 
1062         // Emit the constants used by the function.
1063         let mut alignment = 1;
1064         for (constant, data) in self.constants.iter() {
1065             alignment = data.alignment().max(alignment);
1066 
1067             let label = buffer.get_label_for_constant(constant);
1068             buffer.defer_constant(label, data.alignment(), data.as_slice(), u32::max_value());
1069         }
1070 
1071         let func_body_len = buffer.cur_offset();
1072 
1073         // Create `bb_edges` and final (filtered) `bb_starts`.
1074         let mut bb_edges = vec![];
1075         let mut bb_offsets = vec![];
1076         if want_metadata {
1077             for block in 0..self.num_blocks() {
1078                 if bb_starts[block].is_none() {
1079                     // Block was deleted by MachBuffer; skip.
1080                     continue;
1081                 }
1082                 let from = bb_starts[block].unwrap();
1083 
1084                 bb_offsets.push(from);
1085                 // Resolve each `succ` label and add edges.
1086                 let succs = self.block_succs(BlockIndex::new(block));
1087                 for &succ in succs.iter() {
1088                     let to = buffer.resolve_label_offset(MachLabel::from_block(succ));
1089                     bb_edges.push((from, to));
1090                 }
1091             }
1092         }
1093 
1094         let value_labels_ranges =
1095             self.compute_value_labels_ranges(regalloc, &inst_offsets[..], func_body_len);
1096         let frame_size = self.abi.frame_size();
1097 
1098         EmitResult {
1099             buffer,
1100             bb_offsets,
1101             bb_edges,
1102             inst_offsets,
1103             func_body_len,
1104             disasm: if want_disasm { Some(disasm) } else { None },
1105             sized_stackslot_offsets: self.abi.sized_stackslot_offsets().clone(),
1106             dynamic_stackslot_offsets: self.abi.dynamic_stackslot_offsets().clone(),
1107             value_labels_ranges,
1108             frame_size,
1109             alignment,
1110         }
1111     }
1112 
1113     fn compute_value_labels_ranges(
1114         &self,
1115         regalloc: &regalloc2::Output,
1116         inst_offsets: &[CodeOffset],
1117         func_body_len: u32,
1118     ) -> ValueLabelsRanges {
1119         if self.debug_value_labels.is_empty() {
1120             return ValueLabelsRanges::default();
1121         }
1122 
1123         let mut value_labels_ranges: ValueLabelsRanges = HashMap::new();
1124         for &(label, from, to, alloc) in &regalloc.debug_locations {
1125             let ranges = value_labels_ranges
1126                 .entry(ValueLabel::from_u32(label))
1127                 .or_insert_with(|| vec![]);
1128             let from_offset = inst_offsets[from.inst().index()];
1129             let to_offset = if to.inst().index() == inst_offsets.len() {
1130                 func_body_len
1131             } else {
1132                 inst_offsets[to.inst().index()]
1133             };
1134 
1135             // Empty range or to-offset of zero can happen because of
1136             // cold blocks (see above).
1137             if to_offset == 0 || from_offset == to_offset {
1138                 continue;
1139             }
1140 
1141             let loc = if let Some(preg) = alloc.as_reg() {
1142                 LabelValueLoc::Reg(Reg::from(preg))
1143             } else {
1144                 // We can't translate spillslot locations at the
1145                 // moment because ValueLabelLoc requires an
1146                 // instantaneous SP offset, and this can *change*
1147                 // within the range we have here because of callsites
1148                 // adjusting SP temporarily. To avoid the complexity
1149                 // of accurately plumbing through nominal-SP
1150                 // adjustment sites, we just omit debug info for
1151                 // values that are spilled. Not ideal, but debug info
1152                 // is best-effort.
1153                 continue;
1154             };
1155 
1156             ranges.push(ValueLocRange {
1157                 loc,
1158                 // ValueLocRanges are recorded by *instruction-end
1159                 // offset*. `from_offset` is the *start* of the
1160                 // instruction; that is the same as the end of another
1161                 // instruction, so we only want to begin coverage once
1162                 // we are past the previous instruction's end.
1163                 start: from_offset + 1,
1164                 // Likewise, `end` is exclusive, but we want to
1165                 // *include* the end of the last
1166                 // instruction. `to_offset` is the start of the
1167                 // `to`-instruction, which is the exclusive end, i.e.,
1168                 // the first instruction not covered. That
1169                 // instruction's start is the same as the end of the
1170                 // last instruction that is included, so we go one
1171                 // byte further to be sure to include it.
1172                 end: to_offset + 1,
1173             });
1174         }
1175 
1176         value_labels_ranges
1177     }
1178 
1179     /// Get the IR block for a BlockIndex, if one exists.
1180     pub fn bindex_to_bb(&self, block: BlockIndex) -> Option<ir::Block> {
1181         self.block_order.lowered_order()[block.index()].orig_block()
1182     }
1183 
1184     #[inline]
1185     fn assert_no_vreg_aliases<'a>(&self, list: &'a [VReg]) -> &'a [VReg] {
1186         for vreg in list {
1187             self.assert_not_vreg_alias(*vreg);
1188         }
1189         list
1190     }
1191 
1192     #[inline]
1193     fn assert_not_vreg_alias(&self, vreg: VReg) -> VReg {
1194         debug_assert!(VCodeBuilder::<I>::resolve_vreg_alias_impl(&self.vreg_aliases, vreg) == vreg);
1195         vreg
1196     }
1197 
1198     #[inline]
1199     fn assert_operand_not_vreg_alias(&self, op: Operand) -> Operand {
1200         // It should be true by construction that `Operand`s do not contain any
1201         // aliased vregs since they're all collected and mapped when the VCode
1202         // is itself constructed.
1203         self.assert_not_vreg_alias(op.vreg());
1204         op
1205     }
1206 }
1207 
1208 impl<I: VCodeInst> RegallocFunction for VCode<I> {
1209     fn num_insts(&self) -> usize {
1210         self.insts.len()
1211     }
1212 
1213     fn num_blocks(&self) -> usize {
1214         self.block_ranges.len()
1215     }
1216 
1217     fn entry_block(&self) -> BlockIndex {
1218         self.entry
1219     }
1220 
1221     fn block_insns(&self, block: BlockIndex) -> InstRange {
1222         let (start, end) = self.block_ranges[block.index()];
1223         InstRange::forward(start, end)
1224     }
1225 
1226     fn block_succs(&self, block: BlockIndex) -> &[BlockIndex] {
1227         let (start, end) = self.block_succ_range[block.index()];
1228         &self.block_succs_preds[start as usize..end as usize]
1229     }
1230 
1231     fn block_preds(&self, block: BlockIndex) -> &[BlockIndex] {
1232         let (start, end) = self.block_pred_range[block.index()];
1233         &self.block_succs_preds[start as usize..end as usize]
1234     }
1235 
1236     fn block_params(&self, block: BlockIndex) -> &[VReg] {
1237         // As a special case we don't return block params for the entry block, as all the arguments
1238         // will be defined by the `Inst::Args` instruction.
1239         if block == self.entry {
1240             return &[];
1241         }
1242 
1243         let (start, end) = self.block_params_range[block.index()];
1244         let ret = &self.block_params[start as usize..end as usize];
1245         // Currently block params are never aliased to another vreg, but
1246         // double-check just to be sure.
1247         self.assert_no_vreg_aliases(ret)
1248     }
1249 
1250     fn branch_blockparams(&self, block: BlockIndex, _insn: InsnIndex, succ_idx: usize) -> &[VReg] {
1251         let (succ_range_start, succ_range_end) = self.branch_block_arg_succ_range[block.index()];
1252         let succ_ranges =
1253             &self.branch_block_arg_range[succ_range_start as usize..succ_range_end as usize];
1254         let (branch_block_args_start, branch_block_args_end) = succ_ranges[succ_idx];
1255         let ret = &self.branch_block_args
1256             [branch_block_args_start as usize..branch_block_args_end as usize];
1257         self.assert_no_vreg_aliases(ret)
1258     }
1259 
1260     fn is_ret(&self, insn: InsnIndex) -> bool {
1261         match self.insts[insn.index()].is_term() {
1262             // We treat blocks terminated by an unconditional trap like a return for regalloc.
1263             MachTerminator::None => self.insts[insn.index()].is_trap(),
1264             MachTerminator::Ret => true,
1265             _ => false,
1266         }
1267     }
1268 
1269     fn is_branch(&self, insn: InsnIndex) -> bool {
1270         match self.insts[insn.index()].is_term() {
1271             MachTerminator::Cond | MachTerminator::Uncond | MachTerminator::Indirect => true,
1272             _ => false,
1273         }
1274     }
1275 
1276     fn requires_refs_on_stack(&self, insn: InsnIndex) -> bool {
1277         self.insts[insn.index()].is_safepoint()
1278     }
1279 
1280     fn is_move(&self, insn: InsnIndex) -> Option<(Operand, Operand)> {
1281         let (a, b) = self.is_move.get(&insn)?;
1282         Some((
1283             self.assert_operand_not_vreg_alias(*a),
1284             self.assert_operand_not_vreg_alias(*b),
1285         ))
1286     }
1287 
1288     fn inst_operands(&self, insn: InsnIndex) -> &[Operand] {
1289         let (start, end) = self.operand_ranges[insn.index()];
1290         let ret = &self.operands[start as usize..end as usize];
1291         for op in ret {
1292             self.assert_operand_not_vreg_alias(*op);
1293         }
1294         ret
1295     }
1296 
1297     fn inst_clobbers(&self, insn: InsnIndex) -> PRegSet {
1298         self.clobbers.get(&insn).cloned().unwrap_or_default()
1299     }
1300 
1301     fn num_vregs(&self) -> usize {
1302         std::cmp::max(self.vreg_types.len(), first_user_vreg_index())
1303     }
1304 
1305     fn reftype_vregs(&self) -> &[VReg] {
1306         self.assert_no_vreg_aliases(&self.reftyped_vregs[..])
1307     }
1308 
1309     fn debug_value_labels(&self) -> &[(VReg, InsnIndex, InsnIndex, u32)] {
1310         // VRegs here are inserted into `debug_value_labels` after code is
1311         // generated and aliases are fully defined, so no double-check that
1312         // aliases are not lingering.
1313         for (vreg, ..) in self.debug_value_labels.iter() {
1314             self.assert_not_vreg_alias(*vreg);
1315         }
1316         &self.debug_value_labels[..]
1317     }
1318 
1319     fn is_pinned_vreg(&self, vreg: VReg) -> Option<PReg> {
1320         pinned_vreg_to_preg(vreg)
1321     }
1322 
1323     fn spillslot_size(&self, regclass: RegClass) -> usize {
1324         self.abi.get_spillslot_size(regclass) as usize
1325     }
1326 
1327     fn allow_multiple_vreg_defs(&self) -> bool {
1328         // At least the s390x backend requires this, because the
1329         // `Loop` pseudo-instruction aggregates all Operands so pinned
1330         // vregs (RealRegs) may occur more than once.
1331         true
1332     }
1333 }
1334 
1335 impl<I: VCodeInst> fmt::Debug for VCode<I> {
1336     fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
1337         writeln!(f, "VCode {{")?;
1338         writeln!(f, "  Entry block: {}", self.entry.index())?;
1339 
1340         let mut state = Default::default();
1341 
1342         let mut alias_keys = self.vreg_aliases.keys().cloned().collect::<Vec<_>>();
1343         alias_keys.sort_unstable();
1344         for key in alias_keys {
1345             let dest = self.vreg_aliases.get(&key).unwrap();
1346             writeln!(f, "  {:?} := {:?}", Reg::from(key), Reg::from(*dest))?;
1347         }
1348 
1349         for block in 0..self.num_blocks() {
1350             let block = BlockIndex::new(block);
1351             writeln!(f, "Block {}:", block.index())?;
1352             if let Some(bb) = self.bindex_to_bb(block) {
1353                 writeln!(f, "    (original IR block: {})", bb)?;
1354             }
1355             for succ in self.succs(block) {
1356                 writeln!(f, "    (successor: Block {})", succ.index())?;
1357             }
1358             let (start, end) = self.block_ranges[block.index()];
1359             writeln!(
1360                 f,
1361                 "    (instruction range: {} .. {})",
1362                 start.index(),
1363                 end.index()
1364             )?;
1365             for inst in start.index()..end.index() {
1366                 writeln!(
1367                     f,
1368                     "  Inst {}: {}",
1369                     inst,
1370                     self.insts[inst].pretty_print_inst(&[], &mut state)
1371                 )?;
1372             }
1373         }
1374 
1375         writeln!(f, "}}")?;
1376         Ok(())
1377     }
1378 }
1379 
1380 /// This structure manages VReg allocation during the lifetime of the VCodeBuilder.
1381 pub struct VRegAllocator<I> {
1382     /// Next virtual register number to allocate.
1383     next_vreg: usize,
1384 
1385     /// VReg IR-level types.
1386     vreg_types: Vec<Type>,
1387 
1388     /// A set with the same contents as `reftyped_vregs`, in order to
1389     /// avoid inserting more than once.
1390     reftyped_vregs_set: FxHashSet<VReg>,
1391 
1392     /// Reference-typed `regalloc2::VReg`s. The regalloc requires
1393     /// these in a dense slice (as opposed to querying the
1394     /// reftype-status of each vreg) for efficient iteration.
1395     reftyped_vregs: Vec<VReg>,
1396 
1397     /// The type of instruction that this allocator makes registers for.
1398     _inst: core::marker::PhantomData<I>,
1399 }
1400 
1401 impl<I: VCodeInst> VRegAllocator<I> {
1402     /// Make a new VRegAllocator.
1403     pub fn new() -> Self {
1404         Self {
1405             next_vreg: first_user_vreg_index(),
1406             vreg_types: vec![],
1407             reftyped_vregs_set: FxHashSet::default(),
1408             reftyped_vregs: vec![],
1409             _inst: core::marker::PhantomData::default(),
1410         }
1411     }
1412 
1413     /// Allocate a fresh ValueRegs.
1414     pub fn alloc(&mut self, ty: Type) -> CodegenResult<ValueRegs<Reg>> {
1415         let v = self.next_vreg;
1416         let (regclasses, tys) = I::rc_for_type(ty)?;
1417         self.next_vreg += regclasses.len();
1418         if self.next_vreg >= VReg::MAX {
1419             return Err(CodegenError::CodeTooLarge);
1420         }
1421 
1422         let regs: ValueRegs<Reg> = match regclasses {
1423             &[rc0] => ValueRegs::one(VReg::new(v, rc0).into()),
1424             &[rc0, rc1] => ValueRegs::two(VReg::new(v, rc0).into(), VReg::new(v + 1, rc1).into()),
1425             // We can extend this if/when we support 32-bit targets; e.g.,
1426             // an i128 on a 32-bit machine will need up to four machine regs
1427             // for a `Value`.
1428             _ => panic!("Value must reside in 1 or 2 registers"),
1429         };
1430         for (&reg_ty, &reg) in tys.iter().zip(regs.regs().iter()) {
1431             self.set_vreg_type(reg.to_virtual_reg().unwrap(), reg_ty);
1432         }
1433         Ok(regs)
1434     }
1435 
1436     /// Set the type of this virtual register.
1437     pub fn set_vreg_type(&mut self, vreg: VirtualReg, ty: Type) {
1438         if self.vreg_types.len() <= vreg.index() {
1439             self.vreg_types.resize(vreg.index() + 1, ir::types::INVALID);
1440         }
1441         self.vreg_types[vreg.index()] = ty;
1442         if is_reftype(ty) {
1443             let vreg: VReg = vreg.into();
1444             if self.reftyped_vregs_set.insert(vreg) {
1445                 self.reftyped_vregs.push(vreg);
1446             }
1447         }
1448     }
1449 }
1450 
1451 /// This structure tracks the large constants used in VCode that will be emitted separately by the
1452 /// [MachBuffer].
1453 ///
1454 /// First, during the lowering phase, constants are inserted using
1455 /// [VCodeConstants.insert]; an intermediate handle, [VCodeConstant], tracks what constants are
1456 /// used in this phase. Some deduplication is performed, when possible, as constant
1457 /// values are inserted.
1458 ///
1459 /// Secondly, during the emission phase, the [MachBuffer] assigns [MachLabel]s for each of the
1460 /// constants so that instructions can refer to the value's memory location. The [MachBuffer]
1461 /// then writes the constant values to the buffer.
1462 #[derive(Default)]
1463 pub struct VCodeConstants {
1464     constants: PrimaryMap<VCodeConstant, VCodeConstantData>,
1465     pool_uses: HashMap<Constant, VCodeConstant>,
1466     well_known_uses: HashMap<*const [u8], VCodeConstant>,
1467     u64s: HashMap<[u8; 8], VCodeConstant>,
1468 }
1469 impl VCodeConstants {
1470     /// Initialize the structure with the expected number of constants.
1471     pub fn with_capacity(expected_num_constants: usize) -> Self {
1472         Self {
1473             constants: PrimaryMap::with_capacity(expected_num_constants),
1474             pool_uses: HashMap::with_capacity(expected_num_constants),
1475             well_known_uses: HashMap::new(),
1476             u64s: HashMap::new(),
1477         }
1478     }
1479 
1480     /// Insert a constant; using this method indicates that a constant value will be used and thus
1481     /// will be emitted to the `MachBuffer`. The current implementation can deduplicate constants
1482     /// that are [VCodeConstantData::Pool] or [VCodeConstantData::WellKnown] but not
1483     /// [VCodeConstantData::Generated].
1484     pub fn insert(&mut self, data: VCodeConstantData) -> VCodeConstant {
1485         match data {
1486             VCodeConstantData::Generated(_) => self.constants.push(data),
1487             VCodeConstantData::Pool(constant, _) => match self.pool_uses.get(&constant) {
1488                 None => {
1489                     let vcode_constant = self.constants.push(data);
1490                     self.pool_uses.insert(constant, vcode_constant);
1491                     vcode_constant
1492                 }
1493                 Some(&vcode_constant) => vcode_constant,
1494             },
1495             VCodeConstantData::WellKnown(data_ref) => {
1496                 match self.well_known_uses.entry(data_ref as *const [u8]) {
1497                     Entry::Vacant(v) => {
1498                         let vcode_constant = self.constants.push(data);
1499                         v.insert(vcode_constant);
1500                         vcode_constant
1501                     }
1502                     Entry::Occupied(o) => *o.get(),
1503                 }
1504             }
1505             VCodeConstantData::U64(value) => match self.u64s.entry(value) {
1506                 Entry::Vacant(v) => {
1507                     let vcode_constant = self.constants.push(data);
1508                     v.insert(vcode_constant);
1509                     vcode_constant
1510                 }
1511                 Entry::Occupied(o) => *o.get(),
1512             },
1513         }
1514     }
1515 
1516     /// Return the number of constants inserted.
1517     pub fn len(&self) -> usize {
1518         self.constants.len()
1519     }
1520 
1521     /// Iterate over the [VCodeConstant] keys inserted in this structure.
1522     pub fn keys(&self) -> Keys<VCodeConstant> {
1523         self.constants.keys()
1524     }
1525 
1526     /// Iterate over the [VCodeConstant] keys and the data (as a byte slice) inserted in this
1527     /// structure.
1528     pub fn iter(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = (VCodeConstant, &VCodeConstantData)> {
1529         self.constants.iter()
1530     }
1531 }
1532 
1533 /// A use of a constant by one or more VCode instructions; see [VCodeConstants].
1534 #[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
1535 pub struct VCodeConstant(u32);
1536 entity_impl!(VCodeConstant);
1537 
1538 /// Identify the different types of constant that can be inserted into [VCodeConstants]. Tracking
1539 /// these separately instead of as raw byte buffers allows us to avoid some duplication.
1540 pub enum VCodeConstantData {
1541     /// A constant already present in the Cranelift IR
1542     /// [ConstantPool](crate::ir::constant::ConstantPool).
1543     Pool(Constant, ConstantData),
1544     /// A reference to a well-known constant value that is statically encoded within the compiler.
1545     WellKnown(&'static [u8]),
1546     /// A constant value generated during lowering; the value may depend on the instruction context
1547     /// which makes it difficult to de-duplicate--if possible, use other variants.
1548     Generated(ConstantData),
1549     /// A constant of at most 64 bits. These are deduplicated as
1550     /// well. Stored as a fixed-size array of `u8` so that we do not
1551     /// encounter endianness problems when cross-compiling.
1552     U64([u8; 8]),
1553 }
1554 impl VCodeConstantData {
1555     /// Retrieve the constant data as a byte slice.
1556     pub fn as_slice(&self) -> &[u8] {
1557         match self {
1558             VCodeConstantData::Pool(_, d) | VCodeConstantData::Generated(d) => d.as_slice(),
1559             VCodeConstantData::WellKnown(d) => d,
1560             VCodeConstantData::U64(value) => &value[..],
1561         }
1562     }
1563 
1564     /// Calculate the alignment of the constant data.
1565     pub fn alignment(&self) -> u32 {
1566         if self.as_slice().len() <= 8 {
1567             8
1568         } else {
1569             16
1570         }
1571     }
1572 }
1573 
1574 #[cfg(test)]
1575 mod test {
1576     use super::*;
1577     use std::mem::size_of;
1578 
1579     #[test]
1580     fn size_of_constant_structs() {
1581         assert_eq!(size_of::<Constant>(), 4);
1582         assert_eq!(size_of::<VCodeConstant>(), 4);
1583         assert_eq!(size_of::<ConstantData>(), 24);
1584         assert_eq!(size_of::<VCodeConstantData>(), 32);
1585         assert_eq!(
1586             size_of::<PrimaryMap<VCodeConstant, VCodeConstantData>>(),
1587             24
1588         );
1589         // TODO The VCodeConstants structure's memory size could be further optimized.
1590         // With certain versions of Rust, each `HashMap` in `VCodeConstants` occupied at
1591         // least 48 bytes, making an empty `VCodeConstants` cost 120 bytes.
1592     }
1593 }
1594