1*motion.txt* For Vim version 7.0aa. Last change: 2004 Jul 25 2 3 4 VIM REFERENCE MANUAL by Bram Moolenaar 5 6 7Cursor motions *cursor-motions* *navigation* 8 9These commands move the cursor position. If the new position is off of the 10screen, the screen is scrolled to show the cursor (see also 'scrolljump' and 11'scrolloff' options). 12 131. Motions and operators |operator| 142. Left-right motions |left-right-motions| 153. Up-down motions |up-down-motions| 164. Word motions |word-motions| 175. Text object motions |object-motions| 186. Text object selection |object-select| 197. Marks |mark-motions| 208. Jumps |jump-motions| 219. Various motions |various-motions| 22 23General remarks: 24 25If you want to know where you are in the file use the "CTRL-G" command 26|CTRL-G| or the "g CTRL-G" command |g_CTRL-G|. If you set the 'ruler' option, 27the cursor position is continuously shown in the status line (which slows down 28Vim a little). 29 30Experienced users prefer the hjkl keys because they are always right under 31their fingers. Beginners often prefer the arrow keys, because they do not 32know what the hjkl keys do. The mnemonic value of hjkl is clear from looking 33at the keyboard. Think of j as an arrow pointing downwards. 34 35The 'virtualedit' option can be set to make it possible to move the cursor to 36positions where there is no character or halfway a character. 37 38============================================================================== 391. Motions and operators *operator* 40 41The motion commands can be used after an operator command, to have the command 42operate on the text that was moved over. That is the text between the cursor 43position before and after the motion. Operators are generally used to delete 44or change text. The following operators are available: 45 46 |c| c change 47 |d| d delete 48 |y| y yank into register (does not change the text) 49 |~| ~ swap case (only if 'tildeop' is set) 50 |g~| g~ swap case 51 |gu| gu make lowercase 52 |gU| gU make uppercase 53 |!| ! filter through an external program 54 |=| = filter through 'equalprg' or C-indenting if empty 55 |gq| gq text formatting 56 |g?| g? ROT13 encoding 57 |>| > shift right 58 |<| < shift left 59 |zf| zf define a fold 60 61If the motion includes a count and the operator also had a count before it, 62the two counts are multiplied. For example: "2d3w" deletes six words. 63 64After applying the operator the cursor is mostly left at the start of the text 65that was operated upon. For example, "yfe" doesn't move the cursor, but "yFe" 66moves the cursor leftwards to the "e" where the yank started. 67 68 *linewise* *characterwise* 69The operator either affects whole lines, or the characters between the start 70and end position. Generally, motions that move between lines affect lines 71(are linewise), and motions that move within a line affect characters (are 72characterwise). However, there are some exceptions. 73 74 *exclusive* *inclusive* 75A character motion is either inclusive or exclusive. When inclusive, the start 76and end position of the motion are included in the operation. When exclusive, 77the last character towards the end of the buffer is not included. Linewise 78motions always include the start and end position. 79 80Which motions are linewise, inclusive or exclusive is mentioned below. There 81are however, two general exceptions: 821. If the motion is exclusive and the end of the motion is in column 1, the 83 end of the motion is moved to the end of the previous line and the motion 84 becomes inclusive. Example: "}" moves to the first line after a paragraph, 85 but "d}" will not include that line. 86 *exclusive-linewise* 872. If the motion is exclusive, the end of the motion is in column 1 and the 88 start of the motion was at or before the first non-blank in the line, the 89 motion becomes linewise. Example: If a paragraph begins with some blanks 90 and you do "d}" while standing on the first non-blank, all the lines of 91 the paragraph are deleted, including the blanks. If you do a put now, the 92 deleted lines will be inserted below the cursor position. 93 94Note that when the operator is pending (the operator command is typed, but the 95motion isn't yet), a special set of mappings can be used. See |:omap|. 96 97Instead of first giving the operator and then a motion you can use Visual 98mode: mark the start of the text with "v", move the cursor to the end of the 99text that is to be affected and then hit the operator. The text between the 100start and the cursor position is highlighted, so you can see what text will 101be operated upon. This allows much more freedom, but requires more key 102strokes and has limited redo functionality. See the chapter on Visual mode 103|Visual-mode|. 104 105You can use a ":" command for a motion. For example "d:call FindEnd()". 106But this can't be redone with "." if the command is more than one line. 107This can be repeated: > 108 d:call search("f")<CR> 109This cannot be repeated: > 110 d:if 1<CR> 111 call search("f")<CR> 112 endif<CR> 113 114 115FORCING A MOTION TO BE LINEWISE, CHARACTERWISE OR BLOCKWISE 116 117When a motion is not of the type you would like to use, you can force another 118type by using "v", "V" or CTRL-V just after the operator. 119Example: > 120 dj 121deletes two lines > 122 dvj 123deletes from the cursor position until the character below the cursor > 124 d<C-V>j 125deletes the character under the cursor and the character below the cursor. > 126 127Be careful with forcing a linewise movement to be used characterwise or 128blockwise, the column may not always be defined. 129 130 *o_v* 131v When used after an operator, before the motion command: Force 132 the operator to work characterwise, also when the motion is 133 linewise. If the motion was linewise, it will become 134 |exclusive|. 135 If the motion already was characterwise, toggle 136 inclusive/exclusive. This can be used to make an exclusive 137 motion inclusive and an inclusive motion exclusive. 138 139 *o_V* 140V When used after an operator, before the motion command: Force 141 the operator to work linewise, also when the motion is 142 characterwise. 143 144 *o_CTRL-V* 145CTRL-V When used after an operator, before the motion command: Force 146 the operator to work blockwise. This works like Visual block 147 mode selection, with the corners defined by the cursor 148 position before and after the motion. 149 150============================================================================== 1512. Left-right motions *left-right-motions* 152 153h or *h* 154<Left> or *<Left>* 155CTRL-H or *CTRL-H* *<BS>* 156<BS> [count] characters to the left. |exclusive| motion. 157 Note: If you prefer <BS> to delete a character, use 158 the mapping: 159 :map CTRL-V<BS> X 160 (to enter "CTRL-V<BS>" type the CTRL-V key, followed 161 by the <BS> key) 162 See |:fixdel| if the <BS> key does not do what you 163 want. 164 165l or *l* 166<Right> or *<Right>* *<Space>* 167<Space> [count] characters to the right. |exclusive| motion. 168 169 *0* 1700 To the first character of the line. |exclusive| 171 motion. When moving up or down, stay in same screen 172 column (if possible). 173 174 *<Home>* *<kHome>* 175<Home> To the first character of the line. |exclusive| 176 motion. When moving up or down, stay in same text 177 column (if possible). Works like "1|", which differs 178 from "0" when the line starts with a <Tab>. {not in 179 Vi} 180 181 *^* 182^ To the first non-blank character of the line. 183 |exclusive| motion. 184 185 *$* *<End>* *<kEnd>* 186$ or <End> To the end of the line. When a count is given also go 187 [count - 1] lines downward |inclusive|. 188 In Visual mode the cursor goes to just after the last 189 character in the line. 190 When 'virtualedit' is active, "$" may move the cursor 191 back from past the end of the line to the last 192 character in the line. 193 194 *g_* 195g_ To the last non-blank character of the line and 196 [count - 1] lines downward |inclusive|. {not in Vi} 197 198 *g0* *g<Home>* 199g0 or g<Home> When lines wrap ('wrap' on): To the first character of 200 the screen line. |exclusive| motion. Differs from 201 "0" when a line is wider than the screen. 202 When lines don't wrap ('wrap' off): To the leftmost 203 character of the current line that is on the screen. 204 Differs from "0" when the first character of the line 205 is not on the screen. {not in Vi} 206 207 *g^* 208g^ When lines wrap ('wrap' on): To the first non-blank 209 character of the screen line. |exclusive| motion. 210 Differs from "^" when a line is wider than the screen. 211 When lines don't wrap ('wrap' off): To the leftmost 212 non-blank character of the current line that is on the 213 screen. Differs from "^" when the first non-blank 214 character of the line is not on the screen. {not in 215 Vi} 216 217 *gm* 218gm Like "g0", but half a screenwidth to the right (or as 219 much as possible). {not in Vi} 220 221 *g$* *g<End>* 222g$ or g<End> When lines wrap ('wrap' on): To the last character of 223 the screen line and [count - 1] screen lines downward 224 |inclusive|. Differs from "$" when a line is wider 225 than the screen. 226 When lines don't wrap ('wrap' off): To the rightmost 227 character of the current line that is visible on the 228 screen. Differs from "$" when the last character of 229 the line is not on the screen or when a count is used. 230 Additionally, vertical movements keep the column, 231 instead of going to the end of the line. 232 {not in Vi} 233 234 *bar* 235| To screen column [count] in the current line. 236 |exclusive| motion. 237 238 *f* 239f{char} To [count]'th occurrence of {char} to the right. The 240 cursor is placed on {char} |inclusive|. 241 {char} can be entered as a digraph |digraph-arg|. 242 When 'encoding' is set to Unicode, composing 243 characters may be used, see |utf-8-char-arg|. 244 |:lmap| mappings apply to {char}. The CTRL-^ command 245 in Insert mode can be used to switch this on/off 246 |i_CTRL-^|. 247 248 *F* 249F{char} To the [count]'th occurrence of {char} to the left. 250 The cursor is placed on {char} |inclusive|. 251 {char} can be entered like with the |f| command. 252 253 *t* 254t{char} Till before [count]'th occurrence of {char} to the 255 right. The cursor is placed on the character left of 256 {char} |inclusive|. 257 {char} can be entered like with the |f| command. 258 259 *T* 260T{char} Till after [count]'th occurrence of {char} to the 261 left. The cursor is placed on the character right of 262 {char} |inclusive|. 263 {char} can be entered like with the |f| command. 264 265 *;* 266; Repeat latest f, t, F or T [count] times. 267 268 *,* 269, Repeat latest f, t, F or T in opposite direction 270 [count] times. 271 272These commands move the cursor to the specified column in the current line. 273They stop at the first column and at the end of the line, except "$", which 274may move to one of the next lines. See 'whichwrap' option to make some of the 275commands move across line boundaries. 276 277============================================================================== 2783. Up-down motions *up-down-motions* 279 280k or *k* 281<Up> or *<Up>* *CTRL-P* 282CTRL-P [count] lines upward |linewise|. 283 284j or *j* 285<Down> or *<Down>* 286CTRL-J or *CTRL-J* 287<NL> or *<NL>* *CTRL-N* 288CTRL-N [count] lines downward |linewise|. 289 290gk or *gk* *g<Up>* 291g<Up> [count] display lines upward. |exclusive| motion. 292 Differs from 'k' when lines wrap, and when used with 293 an operator, because it's not linewise. {not in Vi} 294 295gj or *gj* *g<Down>* 296g<Down> [count] display lines downward. |exclusive| motion. 297 Differs from 'j' when lines wrap, and when used with 298 an operator, because it's not linewise. {not in Vi} 299 300 *-* 301- <minus> [count] lines upward, on the first non-blank 302 character |linewise|. 303 304+ or *+* 305CTRL-M or *CTRL-M* *<CR>* 306<CR> [count] lines downward, on the first non-blank 307 character |linewise|. 308 309 *_* 310_ <underscore> [count] - 1 lines downward, on the first non-blank 311 character |linewise|. 312 313 *G* 314G Goto line [count], default last line, on the first 315 non-blank character |linewise|. If 'startofline' not 316 set, keep the same column. 317 318 *<C-End>* 319<C-End> Goto line [count], default last line, on the last 320 character |inclusive|. {not in Vi} 321 322<C-Home> or *gg* *<C-Home>* 323gg Goto line [count], default first line, on the first 324 non-blank character |linewise|. If 'startofline' not 325 set, keep the same column. 326 327:[range] Set the cursor on the specified line number. If 328 there are several numbers, the last one is used. 329 330 *N%* 331{count}% Go to {count} percentage in the file, on the first 332 non-blank in the line |linewise|. To compute the new 333 line number this formula is used: 334 ({count} * number-of-lines + 99) / 100 335 See also 'startofline' option. {not in Vi} 336 337:[range]go[to] [count] *:go* *:goto* *go* 338[count]go Go to {count} byte in the buffer. Default [count] is 339 one, start of the file. When giving [range], the 340 last number in it used as the byte count. End-of-line 341 characters are counted depending on the current 342 'fileformat' setting. 343 {not in Vi} 344 {not available when compiled without the 345 |+byte_offset| feature} 346 347These commands move to the specified line. They stop when reaching the first 348or the last line. The first two commands put the cursor in the same column 349(if possible) as it was after the last command that changed the column, 350except after the "$" command, then the cursor will be put on the last 351character of the line. 352 353============================================================================== 3544. Word motions *word-motions* 355 356<S-Right> or *<S-Right>* *w* 357w [count] words forward. |exclusive| motion. 358 359<C-Right> or *<C-Right>* *W* 360W [count] WORDS forward. |exclusive| motion. 361 362 *e* 363e Forward to the end of word [count] |inclusive|. 364 365 *E* 366E Forward to the end of WORD [count] |inclusive|. 367 368<S-Left> or *<S-Left>* *b* 369b [count] words backward. |exclusive| motion. 370 371<C-Left> or *<C-Left>* *B* 372B [count] WORDS backward. |exclusive| motion. 373 374 *ge* 375ge Backward to the end of word [count] |inclusive|. 376 377 *gE* 378gE Backward to the end of WORD [count] |inclusive|. 379 380These commands move over words or WORDS. 381 *word* 382A word consists of a sequence of letters, digits and underscores, or a 383sequence of other non-blank characters, separated with white space (spaces, 384tabs, <EOL>). This can be changed with the 'iskeyword' option. 385 *WORD* 386A WORD consists of a sequence of non-blank characters, separated with white 387space. An empty line is also considered to be a word and a WORD. 388 389A sequence of folded lines is counted for one word of a single character. 390"w" and "W", "e" and "E" move to the start/end of the first word or WORD after 391a range of folded lines. "b" and "B" move to the start of the first word or 392WORD before the fold. 393 394Special case: "cw" and "cW" are treated like "ce" and "cE" if the cursor is 395on a non-blank. This is because "cw" is interpreted as change-word, and a 396word does not include the following white space. {Vi: "cw" when on a blank 397followed by other blanks changes only the first blank; this is probably a 398bug, because "dw" deletes all the blanks} 399 400Another special case: When using the "w" motion in combination with an 401operator and the last word moved over is at the end of a line, the end of 402that word becomes the end of the operated text, not the first word in the 403next line. 404 405The original Vi implementation of "e" is buggy. For example, the "e" command 406will stop on the first character of a line if the previous line was empty. 407But when you use "2e" this does not happen. In Vim "ee" and "2e" are the 408same, which is more logical. However, this causes a small incompatibility 409between Vi and Vim. 410 411============================================================================== 4125. Text object motions *object-motions* 413 414 *(* 415( [count] sentences backward. |exclusive| motion. 416 417 *)* 418) [count] sentences forward. |exclusive| motion. 419 420 *{* 421{ [count] paragraphs backward. |exclusive| motion. 422 423 *}* 424} [count] paragraphs forward. |exclusive| motion. 425 426 *]]* 427]] [count] sections forward or to the next '{' in the 428 first column. When used after an operator, then also 429 stops below a '}' in the first column. |exclusive| 430 Note that |exclusive-linewise| often applies. 431 432 *][* 433][ [count] sections forward or to the next '}' in the 434 first column. |exclusive| 435 Note that |exclusive-linewise| often applies. 436 437 *[[* 438[[ [count] sections backward or to the previous '{' in 439 the first column. |exclusive| 440 Note that |exclusive-linewise| often applies. 441 442 *[]* 443[] [count] sections backward or to the previous '}' in 444 the first column. |exclusive| 445 Note that |exclusive-linewise| often applies. 446 447These commands move over three kinds of text objects. 448 449 *sentence* 450A sentence is defined as ending at a '.', '!' or '?' followed by either the 451end of a line, or by a space or tab. Any number of closing ')', ']', '"' 452and ''' characters may appear after the '.', '!' or '?' before the spaces, 453tabs or end of line. A paragraph and section boundary is also a sentence 454boundary. 455If the 'J' flag is present in 'cpoptions', at least two spaces have to 456follow the punctuation mark; <Tab>s are not recognized as white space. 457The definition of a sentence cannot be changed. 458 459 *paragraph* 460A paragraph begins after each empty line, and also at each of a set of 461paragraph macros, specified by the pairs of characters in the 'paragraphs' 462option. The default is "IPLPPPQPP LIpplpipbp", which corresponds to the 463macros ".IP", ".LP", etc. (These are nroff macros, so the dot must be in the 464first column). A section boundary is also a paragraph boundary. Note that 465this does not include a '{' or '}' in the first column. Also note that a 466blank line (only containing white space) is NOT a paragraph boundary. 467 468 *section* 469A section begins after a form-feed (<C-L>) in the first column and at each of 470a set of section macros, specified by the pairs of characters in the 471'sections' option. The default is "SHNHH HUnhsh", which defines a section to 472start at the nroff macros ".SH", ".NH", ".H", ".HU", ".nh" and ".sh". 473 474The "]" and "[" commands stop at the '{' or '}' in the first column. This is 475useful to find the start or end of a function in a C program. Note that the 476first character of the command determines the search direction and the 477second character the type of brace found. 478 479If your '{' or '}' are not in the first column, and you would like to use "[[" 480and "]]" anyway, try these mappings: > 481 :map [[ ?{<CR>w99[{ 482 :map ][ /}<CR>b99]} 483 :map ]] j0[[%/{<CR> 484 :map [] k$][%?}<CR> 485[type these literally, see |<>|] 486 487============================================================================== 4886. Text object selection *object-select* *text-objects* 489 *v_a* *v_i* 490 491This is a series of commands that can only be used while in Visual mode or 492after an operator. The commands that start with "a" select "a"n object 493including white space, the commands starting with "i" select an "inner" object 494without white space, or just the white space. Thus the "inner" commands 495always select less text than the "a" commands. 496 497These commands are {not in Vi}. 498These commands are not available when the |+textobjects| feature has been 499disabled at compile time. 500 *v_aw* *aw* 501aw "a word", select [count] words (see |word|). 502 Leading or trailing white space is included, but not 503 counted. 504 When used in Visual linewise mode "aw" switches to 505 Visual characterwise mode. 506 507 *v_iw* *iw* 508iw "inner word", select [count] words (see |word|). 509 White space between words is counted too. 510 When used in Visual linewise mode "iw" switches to 511 Visual characterwise mode. 512 513 *v_aW* *aW* 514aW "a WORD", select [count] WORDs (see |WORD|). 515 Leading or trailing white space is included, but not 516 counted. 517 When used in Visual linewise mode "aW" switches to 518 Visual characterwise mode. 519 520 *v_iW* *iW* 521iW "inner WORD", select [count] WORDs (see |WORD|). 522 White space between words is counted too. 523 When used in Visual linewise mode "iW" switches to 524 Visual characterwise mode. 525 526 *v_as* *as* 527as "a sentence", select [count] sentences (see 528 |sentence|). 529 When used in Visual mode it is made characterwise. 530 531 *v_is* *is* 532is "inner sentence", select [count] sentences (see 533 |sentence|). 534 When used in Visual mode it is made characterwise. 535 536 *v_ap* *ap* 537ap "a paragraph", select [count] paragraphs (see 538 |paragraph|). 539 Exception: a blank line (only containing white space) 540 is also a paragraph boundary. 541 When used in Visual mode it is made linewise. 542 543 *v_ip* *ip* 544ip "inner paragraph", select [count] paragraphs (see 545 |paragraph|). 546 Exception: a blank line (only containing white space) 547 is also a paragraph boundary. 548 When used in Visual mode it is made linewise. 549 550a] *v_a]* *v_a[* *a]* *a[* 551a[ "a [] block", select [count] '[' ']' blocks. This 552 goes backwards to the [count] unclosed '[', and finds 553 the matching ']'. The enclosed text is selected, 554 including the '[' and ']'. 555 When used in Visual mode it is made characterwise. 556 557i] *v_i]* *v_i[* *i]* *i[* 558i[ "inner [] block", select [count] '[' ']' blocks. This 559 goes backwards to the [count] unclosed '[', and finds 560 the matching ']'. The enclosed text is selected, 561 excluding the '[' and ']'. 562 When used in Visual mode it is made characterwise. 563 564a) *v_a)* *a)* *a(* 565a( *v_ab* *v_a(* *ab* 566ab "a block", select [count] blocks, from "[count] [(" to 567 the matching ')', including the '(' and ')' (see 568 |[(|). Does not include white space outside of the 569 parenthesis. 570 When used in Visual mode it is made characterwise. 571 572i) *v_i)* *i)* *i(* 573i( *v_ib* *v_i(* *ib* 574ib "inner block", select [count] blocks, from "[count] [(" 575 to the matching ')', excluding the '(' and ')' (see 576 |[(|). 577 When used in Visual mode it is made characterwise. 578 579a> *v_a>* *v_a<* *a>* *a<* 580a< "a <> block", select [count] <> blocks, from the 581 [count]'th unmatched '<' backwards to the matching 582 '>', including the '<' and '>'. 583 When used in Visual mode it is made characterwise. 584 585i> *v_i>* *v_i<* *i>* *i<* 586i< "inner <> block", select [count] <> blocks, from 587 the [count]'th unmatched '<' backwards to the matching 588 '>', excluding the '<' and '>'. 589 When used in Visual mode it is made characterwise. 590 591a} *v_a}* *a}* *a{* 592a{ *v_aB* *v_a{* *aB* 593aB "a Block", select [count] Blocks, from "[count] [{" to 594 the matching '}', including the '{' and '}' (see 595 |[{|). 596 When used in Visual mode it is made characterwise. 597 598i} *v_i}* *i}* *i{* 599i{ *v_iB* *v_i{* *iB* 600iB "inner Block", select [count] Blocks, from "[count] [{" 601 to the matching '}', excluding the '{' and '}' (see 602 |[{|). 603 When used in Visual mode it is made characterwise. 604 605a" *v_aquote* *aquote* 606a' *v_a'* *a'* 607a` *v_a`* *a`* 608 "a quoted string". Selects the text from the previous 609 quote until the next quote. The 'quoteescape' is used 610 to skip escaped quotes. 611 When the cursor starts on a quote, Vim will figure out 612 which quote pairs form a string by searching from the 613 start of the line. 614 Any trailing or leading white space is included. 615 When used in Visual mode it is made characterwise. 616 Repeating this object in Visual mode another string is 617 included. A count is currently not used. 618 619i" *v_iquote* *iquote* 620i' *v_i'* *i'* 621i` *v_i`* *i`* 622 Like a", a' and a`, but exclude the quotes and 623 repeating won't extend the Visual selection. 624 625When used after an operator: 626For non-block objects: 627 For the "a" commands: The operator applies to the object and the white 628 space after the object. If there is no white space after the object 629 or when the cursor was in the white space before the object, the white 630 space before the object is included. 631 For the "inner" commands: If the cursor was on the object, the 632 operator applies to the object. If the cursor was on white space, the 633 operator applies to the white space. 634For a block object: 635 The operator applies to the block where the cursor is in, or the block 636 on which the cursor is on one of the braces. For the "inner" commands 637 the surrounding braces are excluded. For the "a" commands, the braces 638 are included. 639 640When used in Visual mode: 641When start and end of the Visual area are the same (just after typing "v"): 642 One object is selected, the same as for using an operator. 643When start and end of the Visual area are not the same: 644 For non-block objects the area is extended by one object or the white 645 space up to the next object, or both for the "a" objects. The 646 direction in which this happens depends on which side of the Visual 647 area the cursor is. For the block objects the block is extended one 648 level outwards. 649 650For illustration, here is a list of delete commands, grouped from small to big 651objects. Note that for a single character and a whole line the existing vi 652movement commands are used. 653 "dl" delete character (alias: "x") |dl| 654 "diw" delete inner word *diw* 655 "daw" delete a word *daw* 656 "diW" delete inner WORD (see |WORD|) *diW* 657 "daW" delete a WORD (see |WORD|) *daW* 658 "dd" delete one line |dd| 659 "dis" delete inner sentence *dis* 660 "das" delete a sentence *das* 661 "dib" delete inner '(' ')' block *dib* 662 "dab" delete a '(' ')' block *dab* 663 "dip" delete inner paragraph *dip* 664 "dap" delete a paragraph *dap* 665 "diB" delete inner '{' '}' block *diB* 666 "daB" delete a '{' '}' block *daB* 667 668Note the difference between using a movement command and an object. The 669movement command operates from here (cursor position) to where the movement 670takes us. When using an object the whole object is operated upon, no matter 671where on the object the cursor is. For example, compare "dw" and "daw": "dw" 672deletes from the cursor position to the start of the next word, "daw" deletes 673the word under the cursor and the space after or before it. 674 675============================================================================== 6767. Marks *mark-motions* *E20* *E78* 677 678Jumping to a mark can be done in two ways: 6791. With ` (backtick): The cursor is positioned at the specified location 680 and the motion is |exclusive|. 6812. With ' (single quote): The cursor is positioned on the first non-blank 682 character in the line of the specified location and 683 the motion is linewise. 684 685 *m* *mark* *Mark* 686m{a-zA-Z} Set mark {a-zA-Z} at cursor position (does not move 687 the cursor, this is not a motion command). 688 689 *m'* *m`* 690m' or m` Set the previous context mark. This can be jumped to 691 with the "''" or "``" command (does not move the 692 cursor, this is not a motion command). 693 694 *m[* *m]* 695m[ or m] Set the |'[| or |']| mark. Useful when an operator is 696 to be simulated by multiple commands. (does not move 697 the cursor, this is not a motion command). 698 699 *:ma* *:mark* *E191* 700:[range]ma[rk] {a-zA-Z'} 701 Set mark {a-zA-Z'} at last line number in [range], 702 column 0. Default is cursor line. 703 704 *:k* 705:[range]k{a-zA-Z'} Same as :mark, but the space before the mark name can 706 be omitted. 707 708 *'* *'a* *`* *`a* 709'{a-z} `{a-z} Jump to the mark {a-z}. 710 711 *'A* *'0* *`A* *`0* 712'{A-Z0-9} `{A-Z0-9} To the mark {A-Z0-9} in the correct file (not a motion 713 command when in another file). {not in Vi} 714 715 *g'* *g'a* *g`* *g`a* 716g'{mark} g`{mark} 717 Jump to the {mark}, but don't change the jumplist when 718 jumping within the current buffer. Example: > 719 g`" 720< jumps to the last known position in a file. See 721 $VIMRUNTIME/vimrc_example.vim. 722 Also see |:keepjumps|. 723 {not in Vi} 724 725 *:marks* 726:marks List all the current marks (not a motion command). 727 The |'(|, |')|, |'{| and |'}| marks are not listed. 728 {not in Vi} 729 *E283* 730:marks {arg} List the marks that are mentioned in {arg} (not a 731 motion command). For example: > 732 :marks aB 733< to list marks 'a' and 'B'. {not in Vi} 734 735A mark is not visible in any way. It is just a position in the file that is 736remembered. Do not confuse marks with named registers, they are totally 737unrelated. 738 739'a - 'z lowercase marks, valid within one file 740'A - 'Z uppercase marks, also called file marks, valid between files 741'0 - '9 numbered marks, set from .viminfo file 742 743Lowercase marks 'a to 'z are remembered as long as the file remains in the 744buffer list. If you remove the file from the buffer list, all its marks are 745lost. If you delete a line that contains a mark, that mark is erased. 746 747To delete a mark: Create a new line, position the mark there, delete the line. 748E.g.: "o<Esc>mxdd". This does change the file though. Using "u" won't work, 749it also restores marks. 750 751Lowercase marks can be used in combination with operators. For example: "d't" 752deletes the lines from the cursor position to mark 't'. Hint: Use mark 't' for 753Top, 'b' for Bottom, etc.. Lowercase marks are restored when using undo and 754redo. 755 756Uppercase marks 'A to 'Z include the file name. {Vi: no uppercase marks} You 757can use them to jump from file to file. You can only use an uppercase mark 758with an operator if the mark is in the current file. The line number of the 759mark remains correct, even if you insert/delete lines or edit another file for 760a moment. When the 'viminfo' option is not empty, uppercase marks are kept in 761the .viminfo file. See |viminfo-file-marks|. 762 763Numbered marks '0 to '9 are quite different. They can not be set directly. 764They are only present when using a viminfo file |viminfo-file|. Basically '0 765is the location of the cursor when you last exited Vim, '1 the last but one 766time, etc. Use the "r" flag in 'viminfo' to specify files for which no 767Numbered mark should be stored. See |viminfo-file-marks|. 768 769 770 *'[* *`[* 771'[ `[ To the first character of the previously changed 772 or yanked text. {not in Vi} 773 774 *']* *`]* 775'] `] To the last character of the previously changed or 776 yanked text. {not in Vi} 777 778After executing an operator the Cursor is put at the beginning of the text 779that was operated upon. After a put command ("p" or "P") the cursor is 780sometimes placed at the first inserted line and sometimes on the last inserted 781character. The four commands above put the cursor at either end. Example: 782After yanking 10 lines you want to go to the last one of them: "10Y']". After 783inserting several lines with the "p" command you want to jump to the lowest 784inserted line: "p']". This also works for text that has been inserted. 785 786Note: After deleting text, the start and end positions are the same, except 787when using blockwise Visual mode. These commands do not work when no change 788was made yet in the current file. 789 790 *'<* *`<* 791'< `< To the first character of the last selected Visual 792 area in the current buffer. {not in Vi}. 793 794 *'>* *`>* 795'> `> To the last character of the last selected Visual 796 area in the current buffer. {not in Vi}. 797 798 *''* *``* 799'' `` To the position before latest jump, or where the last 800 "m'" or "m`" command was given. Not set when the 801 |:keepjumps| command modifier was used. 802 Also see |restore-position|. 803 804 *'quote* *`quote* 805'" `" To the cursor position when last exiting the current 806 buffer. Defaults to the first character of the first 807 line. See |last-position-jump| for how to use this 808 for each opened file. 809 Only one position is remembered per buffer, not one 810 for each window. As long as the buffer is visible in 811 a window the position won't be changed. 812 {not in Vi}. 813 814 *'^* *`^* 815'^ `^ To the position where the cursor was the last time 816 when Insert mode was stopped This is used by the |gi| 817 command. Not set when the |:keepjumps| command 818 modifier was used. {not in Vi} 819 820 *'.* *`.* 821'. `. To the position where the last change was made. The 822 position is at or near where the change started. 823 Sometimes a command is executed as several changes, 824 then the position can be near the end of what the 825 command changed. For example when inserting a word, 826 the position will be on the last character. 827 {not in Vi} 828 829 *'(* *`(* 830'( `( To the start of the current sentence, like the |(| 831 command. {not in Vi} 832 833 *')* *`)* 834') `) To the end of the current sentence, like the |)| 835 command. {not in Vi} 836 837 *'{* *`{* 838'{ `{ To the start of the current paragraph, like the |{| 839 command. {not in Vi} 840 841 *'}* *`}* 842'} `} To the end of the current paragraph, like the |}| 843 command. {not in Vi} 844 845These commands are not marks themselves, but jump to a mark: 846 847 *]'* 848]' [count] times to next line with a lowercase mark below 849 the cursor, on the first non-blank character in the 850 line. {not in Vi} 851 852 *]`* 853]` [count] times to lowercase mark after the cursor. {not 854 in Vi} 855 856 *['* 857[' [count] times to previous line with a lowercase mark 858 before the cursor, on the first non-blank character in 859 the line. {not in Vi} 860 861 *[`* 862[` [count] times to lowercase mark before the cursor. 863 {not in Vi} 864 865 866:loc[kmarks] {command} *:loc* *:lockmarks* 867 Execute {command} without adjusting marks. This is 868 useful when changing text in a way that the line count 869 will be the same when the change has completed. 870 WARNING: When the line count does change, marks below 871 the change will keep their line number, thus move to 872 another text line. 873 These items will not be adjusted for deleted/inserted 874 lines: 875 - lower case letter marks 'a - 'z 876 - upper case letter marks 'A - 'Z 877 - numbered marks '0 - '9 878 - last insert position '^ 879 - last change position '. 880 - the Visual area '< and '> 881 - line numbers in placed signs 882 - line numbers in quickfix positions 883 - positions in the |jumplist| 884 - positions in the |tagstack| 885 These items will still be adjusted: 886 - previous context mark '' 887 - the cursor position 888 - the view of a window on a buffer 889 - folds 890 - diffs 891 892:kee[pmarks] {command} *:kee* *:keepmarks* 893 Currently only has effect for the filter command 894 |:range!|: 895 - When the number of lines after filtering is equal to 896 or larger than before, all marks are kept at the 897 same line number. 898 - When the number of lines decreases, the marks in the 899 lines that disappeared are deleted. 900 In any case the marks below the filtered text have 901 their line numbers adjusted, thus stick to the text, 902 as usual. 903 When the 'R' flag is missing from 'cpoptions' this has 904 the same effect as using ":keepmarks". 905 906 *:keepj* *:keepjumps* 907:keepj[umps] {command} 908 Moving around in {command} does not change the |''|, 909 |'.| and |'^| marks, the |jumplist| or the 910 |changelist|. 911 Useful when making a change or inserting text 912 automatically and the user doesn't want to go to this 913 position. E.g., when updating a "Last change" 914 timestamp in the first line: > 915 916 :let lnum = getline(".") 917 :keepjumps normal gg 918 :call SetLastChange() 919 :keepjumps exe "normal " . lnum . "G" 920< 921 Note that ":keepjumps" must be used for every command. 922 When invoking a function the commands in that function 923 can still change the jumplist. 924 925============================================================================== 9268. Jumps *jump-motions* 927 928A "jump" is one of the following commands: "'", "`", "G", "/", "?", "n", 929"N", "%", "(", ")", "[[", "]]", "{", "}", ":s", ":tag", "L", "M", "H" and 930the commands that start editing a new file. If you make the cursor "jump" 931with one of these commands, the position of the cursor before the jump is 932remembered. You can return to that position with the "''" and "``" command, 933unless the line containing that position was changed or deleted. 934 935 *CTRL-O* 936CTRL-O Go to [count] Older cursor position in jump list 937 (not a motion command). {not in Vi} 938 {not available without the +jumplist feature} 939 940<Tab> or *CTRL-I* *<Tab>* 941CTRL-I Go to [count] newer cursor position in jump list 942 (not a motion command). 943 In a |quickfix-window| it takes you to the position of 944 the error under the cursor. 945 {not in Vi} 946 {not available without the +jumplist feature} 947 948 *:ju* *:jumps* 949:ju[mps] Print the jump list (not a motion command). {not in 950 Vi} {not available without the +jumplist feature} 951 952 *jumplist* 953Jumps are remembered in a jump list. With the CTRL-O and CTRL-I command you 954can go to cursor positions before older jumps, and back again. Thus you can 955move up and down the list. There is a separate jump list for each window. 956The maximum number of entries is fixed at 100. 957{not available without the +jumplist feature} 958 959For example, after three jump commands you have this jump list: 960 961 jump line col file/line ~ 962 3 1 0 some text ~ 963 2 70 0 another line ~ 964 1 1154 23 end. ~ 965 > ~ 966 967The "file/line" column shows the file name, or the text at the jump if it is 968in the current file (an indent is removed and a long line is truncated to fit 969in the window). 970 971You are currently in line 1167. If you then use the CTRL-O command, the 972cursor is put in line 1154. This results in: 973 974 jump line col file/line ~ 975 2 1 0 some text ~ 976 1 70 0 another line ~ 977 > 0 1154 23 end. ~ 978 1 1167 0 foo bar ~ 979 980The pointer will be set at the last used jump position. The next CTRL-O 981command will use the entry above it, the next CTRL-I command will use the 982entry below it. If the pointer is below the last entry, this indicates that 983you did not use a CTRL-I or CTRL-O before. In this case the CTRL-O command 984will cause the cursor position to be added to the jump list, so you can get 985back to the position before the CTRL-O. In this case this is line 1167. 986 987With more CTRL-O commands you will go to lines 70 and 1. If you use CTRL-I 988you can go back to 1154 and 1167 again. Note that the number in the "jump" 989column indicates the count for the CTRL-O or CTRL-I command that takes you to 990this position. 991 992If you use a jump command, the current line number is inserted at the end of 993the jump list. If the same line was already in the jump list, it is removed. 994The result is that when repeating CTRL-O you will get back to old positions 995only once. 996 997When the |:keepjumps| command modifier is used, jumps are not stored in the 998jumplist. 999 1000After the CTRL-O command that got you into line 1154 you could give another 1001jump command (e.g., "G"). The jump list would then become: 1002 1003 jump line col file/line ~ 1004 4 1 0 some text ~ 1005 3 70 0 another line ~ 1006 2 1167 0 foo bar ~ 1007 1 1154 23 end. ~ 1008 > ~ 1009 1010The line numbers will be adjusted for deleted and inserted lines. This fails 1011if you stop editing a file without writing, like with ":n!". 1012 1013When you split a window, the jumplist will be copied to the new window. 1014 1015If you have included the ' item in the 'viminfo' option the jumplist will be 1016stored in the viminfo file and restored when starting Vim. 1017 1018 1019CHANGE LIST JUMPS *changelist* *change-list-jumps* *E664* 1020 1021When making a change the cursor position is remembered. One position is 1022remembered for every change that can be undone, unless it is close to a 1023previous change. Two commands can be used to jump to positions of changes, 1024also those that have been undone: 1025 1026 *g;* *E662* 1027g; Go to [count] older position in change list. 1028 If [count] is larger than the number of older change 1029 positions go to the oldest change. 1030 If there is no older change an error message is given. 1031 (not a motion command) 1032 {not in Vi} 1033 {not available without the +jumplist feature} 1034 1035 *g,* *E663* 1036g, Go to [count] newer cursor position in change list. 1037 Just like "g;| but in the opposite direction. 1038 (not a motion command) 1039 {not in Vi} 1040 {not available without the +jumplist feature} 1041 1042When using a count you jump as far back or forward as possible. Thus you can 1043use "999g;" to go to the first change for which the position is still 1044remembered. The number of entries in the change list is fixed and is the same 1045as for the |jumplist|. 1046 1047When two undo-able changes are in the same line and at a column position less 1048than 'textwidth' apart only the last one is remembered. This avoids that a 1049sequence of small changes in a line, for example "xxxxx", adds many positions 1050to the change list. When 'textwidth' is zero 'wrapmargin' is used. When that 1051also isn't set a fixed number of 79 is used. Detail: For the computations 1052bytes are used, not characters, to avoid a speed penalty (this only matters 1053for multi-byte encodings). 1054 1055Note that when text has been inserted or deleted the cursor position might be 1056a bit different from the position of the change. Especially when lines have 1057been deleted. 1058 1059When the |:keepjumps| command modifier is used the position of a change is not 1060remembered. 1061 1062 *:changes* 1063:changes Print the change list. A ">" character indicates the 1064 current position. Just after a change it is below the 1065 newest entry, indicating that "g;" takes you to the 1066 newest entry position. The first column indicates the 1067 count needed to take you to this position. Example: 1068 1069 change line col text ~ 1070 3 9 8 bla bla bla 1071 2 11 57 foo is a bar 1072 1 14 54 the latest changed line 1073 > 1074 1075 The "3g;" command takes you to line 9. Then the 1076 output of ":changes is: 1077 1078 change line col text ~ 1079 > 0 9 8 bla bla bla 1080 1 11 57 foo is a bar 1081 2 14 54 the latest changed line 1082 1083 Now you can use "g," to go to line 11 and "2g," to go 1084 to line 14. 1085 1086============================================================================== 10879. Various motions *various-motions* 1088 1089 *%* 1090% Find the next item in this line after or under the 1091 cursor and jump to its match. |inclusive| motion. 1092 Items can be: 1093 ([{}]) parenthesis or (curly/square) brackets 1094 (this can be changed with the 1095 'matchpairs' option) 1096 /* */ start or end of C-style comment 1097 #if, #ifdef, #else, #elif, #endif 1098 C preprocessor conditionals (when the 1099 cursor is on the # or no ([{ 1100 following) 1101 For other items the matchit plugin can be used, see 1102 |matchit-install|. 1103 1104 When 'cpoptions' contains "M" |cpo-M| backslashes 1105 before parens and braces are ignored. Without "M" the 1106 number of backslashes matters: an even number doesn't 1107 match with an odd number. Thus in "( \) )" and "\( ( 1108 \)" the first and last parenthesis match. 1109 When the '%' character is not present in 'cpoptions' 1110 |cpo-%|, parens and braces inside double quotes are 1111 ignored, unless the number of parens/braces in a line 1112 is uneven and this line and the previous one does not 1113 end in a backslash. '(', '{', '[', ']', '}' and ')' 1114 are also ignored (parens and braces inside single 1115 quotes). Note that this works fine for C, but not for 1116 Perl, where single quotes are used for strings. 1117 No count is allowed ({count}% jumps to a line {count} 1118 percentage down the file |N%|). Using '%' on 1119 #if/#else/#endif makes the movement linewise. 1120 1121 *[(* 1122[( go to [count] previous unmatched '('. 1123 |exclusive| motion. {not in Vi} 1124 1125 *[{* 1126[{ go to [count] previous unmatched '{'. 1127 |exclusive| motion. {not in Vi} 1128 1129 *])* 1130]) go to [count] next unmatched ')'. 1131 |exclusive| motion. {not in Vi} 1132 1133 *]}* 1134]} go to [count] next unmatched '}'. 1135 |exclusive| motion. {not in Vi} 1136 1137The above four commands can be used to go to the start or end of the current 1138code block. It is like doing "%" on the '(', ')', '{' or '}' at the other 1139end of the code block, but you can do this from anywhere in the code block. 1140Very useful for C programs. Example: When standing on "case x:", "[{" will 1141bring you back to the switch statement. 1142 1143 *]m* 1144]m Go to [count] next start of a method (for Java or 1145 similar structured language). When not before the 1146 start of a method, jump to the start or end of the 1147 class. When no '{' is found after the cursor, this is 1148 an error. |exclusive| motion. {not in Vi} 1149 *]M* 1150]M Go to [count] next end of a method (for Java or 1151 similar structured language). When not before the end 1152 of a method, jump to the start or end of the class. 1153 When no '}' is found after the cursor, this is an 1154 error. |exclusive| motion. {not in Vi} 1155 *[m* 1156[m Go to [count] previous start of a method (for Java or 1157 similar structured language). When not after the 1158 start of a method, jump to the start or end of the 1159 class. When no '{' is found before the cursor this is 1160 an error. |exclusive| motion. {not in Vi} 1161 *[M* 1162[M Go to [count] previous end of a method (for Java or 1163 similar structured language). When not after the 1164 end of a method, jump to the start or end of the 1165 class. When no '}' is found before the cursor this is 1166 an error. |exclusive| motion. {not in Vi} 1167 1168The above two commands assume that the file contains a class with methods. 1169The class definition is surrounded in '{' and '}'. Each method in the class 1170is also surrounded with '{' and '}'. This applies to the Java language. The 1171file looks like this: > 1172 1173 // comment 1174 class foo { 1175 int method_one() { 1176 body_one(); 1177 } 1178 int method_two() { 1179 body_two(); 1180 } 1181 } 1182Starting with the cursor on "body_two()", using "[m" will jump to the '{' at 1183the start of "method_two()" (obviously this is much more useful when the 1184method is long!). Using "2[m" will jump to the start of "method_one()". 1185Using "3[m" will jump to the start of the class. 1186 1187 *[#* 1188[# go to [count] previous unmatched "#if" or "#else". 1189 |exclusive| motion. {not in Vi} 1190 1191 *]#* 1192]# go to [count] next unmatched "#else" or "#endif". 1193 |exclusive| motion. {not in Vi} 1194 1195These two commands work in C programs that contain #if/#else/#endif 1196constructs. It brings you to the start or end of the #if/#else/#endif where 1197the current line is included. You can then use "%" to go to the matching line. 1198 1199 *[star* *[/* 1200[* or [/ go to [count] previous start of a C comment "/*". 1201 |exclusive| motion. {not in Vi} 1202 1203 *]star* *]/* 1204]* or ]/ go to [count] next end of a C comment "*/". 1205 |exclusive| motion. {not in Vi} 1206 1207 1208 *H* 1209H To line [count] from top (Home) of window (default: 1210 first line on the window) on the first non-blank 1211 character |linewise|. See also 'startofline' option. 1212 Cursor is adjusted for 'scrolloff' option. 1213 1214 *M* 1215M To Middle line of window, on the first non-blank 1216 character |linewise|. See also 'startofline' option. 1217 1218 *L* 1219L To line [count] from bottom of window (default: Last 1220 line on the window) on the first non-blank character 1221 |linewise|. See also 'startofline' option. 1222 Cursor is adjusted for 'scrolloff' option. 1223 1224<LeftMouse> Moves to the position on the screen where the mouse 1225 click is |inclusive|. See also |<LeftMouse>|. If the 1226 position is in a status line, that window is made the 1227 active window and the cursor is not moved. {not in Vi} 1228 1229 vim:tw=78:ts=8:ft=help:norl: 1230