xref: /sqlite-3.40.0/src/where.c (revision b0c4ef71)

/*
** 2001 September 15
**
** The author disclaims copyright to this source code.  In place of
** a legal notice, here is a blessing:
**
**    May you do good and not evil.
**    May you find forgiveness for yourself and forgive others.
**    May you share freely, never taking more than you give.
**
*************************************************************************
** This module contains C code that generates VDBE code used to process
** the WHERE clause of SQL statements.  This module is responsible for
** generating the code that loops through a table looking for applicable
** rows.  Indices are selected and used to speed the search when doing
** so is applicable.  Because this module is responsible for selecting
** indices, you might also think of this module as the "query optimizer".
*/
#include "sqliteInt.h"
#include "whereInt.h"

/*
** Extra information appended to the end of sqlite3_index_info but not
** visible to the xBestIndex function, at least not directly.  The
** sqlite3_vtab_collation() interface knows how to reach it, however.
**
** This object is not an API and can be changed from one release to the
** next.  As long as allocateIndexInfo() and sqlite3_vtab_collation()
** agree on the structure, all will be well.
*/
typedef struct HiddenIndexInfo HiddenIndexInfo;
struct HiddenIndexInfo {
  WhereClause *pWC;   /* The Where clause being analyzed */
  Parse *pParse;      /* The parsing context */
};

/* Forward declaration of methods */
static int whereLoopResize(sqlite3*, WhereLoop*, int);

/* Test variable that can be set to enable WHERE tracing */
#if defined(SQLITE_TEST) || defined(SQLITE_DEBUG)
/***/ int sqlite3WhereTrace = 0;
#endif


/*
** Return the estimated number of output rows from a WHERE clause
*/
LogEst sqlite3WhereOutputRowCount(WhereInfo *pWInfo){
  return pWInfo->nRowOut;
}

/*
** Return one of the WHERE_DISTINCT_xxxxx values to indicate how this
** WHERE clause returns outputs for DISTINCT processing.
*/
int sqlite3WhereIsDistinct(WhereInfo *pWInfo){
  return pWInfo->eDistinct;
}

/*
** Return TRUE if the WHERE clause returns rows in ORDER BY order.
** Return FALSE if the output needs to be sorted.
*/
int sqlite3WhereIsOrdered(WhereInfo *pWInfo){
  return pWInfo->nOBSat;
}

/*
** In the ORDER BY LIMIT optimization, if the inner-most loop is known
** to emit rows in increasing order, and if the last row emitted by the
** inner-most loop did not fit within the sorter, then we can skip all
** subsequent rows for the current iteration of the inner loop (because they
** will not fit in the sorter either) and continue with the second inner
** loop - the loop immediately outside the inner-most.
**
** When a row does not fit in the sorter (because the sorter already
** holds LIMIT+OFFSET rows that are smaller), then a jump is made to the
** label returned by this function.
**
** If the ORDER BY LIMIT optimization applies, the jump destination should
** be the continuation for the second-inner-most loop.  If the ORDER BY
** LIMIT optimization does not apply, then the jump destination should
** be the continuation for the inner-most loop.
**
** It is always safe for this routine to return the continuation of the
** inner-most loop, in the sense that a correct answer will result.
** Returning the continuation the second inner loop is an optimization
** that might make the code run a little faster, but should not change
** the final answer.
*/
int sqlite3WhereOrderByLimitOptLabel(WhereInfo *pWInfo){
  WhereLevel *pInner;
  if( !pWInfo->bOrderedInnerLoop ){
    /* The ORDER BY LIMIT optimization does not apply.  Jump to the
    ** continuation of the inner-most loop. */
    return pWInfo->iContinue;
  }
  pInner = &pWInfo->a[pWInfo->nLevel-1];
  assert( pInner->addrNxt!=0 );
  return pInner->addrNxt;
}

/*
** Return the VDBE address or label to jump to in order to continue
** immediately with the next row of a WHERE clause.
*/
int sqlite3WhereContinueLabel(WhereInfo *pWInfo){
  assert( pWInfo->iContinue!=0 );
  return pWInfo->iContinue;
}

/*
** Return the VDBE address or label to jump to in order to break
** out of a WHERE loop.
*/
int sqlite3WhereBreakLabel(WhereInfo *pWInfo){
  return pWInfo->iBreak;
}

/*
** Return ONEPASS_OFF (0) if an UPDATE or DELETE statement is unable to
** operate directly on the rowids returned by a WHERE clause.  Return
** ONEPASS_SINGLE (1) if the statement can operation directly because only
** a single row is to be changed.  Return ONEPASS_MULTI (2) if the one-pass
** optimization can be used on multiple
**
** If the ONEPASS optimization is used (if this routine returns true)
** then also write the indices of open cursors used by ONEPASS
** into aiCur[0] and aiCur[1].  iaCur[0] gets the cursor of the data
** table and iaCur[1] gets the cursor used by an auxiliary index.
** Either value may be -1, indicating that cursor is not used.
** Any cursors returned will have been opened for writing.
**
** aiCur[0] and aiCur[1] both get -1 if the where-clause logic is
** unable to use the ONEPASS optimization.
*/
int sqlite3WhereOkOnePass(WhereInfo *pWInfo, int *aiCur){
  memcpy(aiCur, pWInfo->aiCurOnePass, sizeof(int)*2);
#ifdef WHERETRACE_ENABLED
  if( sqlite3WhereTrace && pWInfo->eOnePass!=ONEPASS_OFF ){
    sqlite3DebugPrintf("%s cursors: %d %d\n",
         pWInfo->eOnePass==ONEPASS_SINGLE ? "ONEPASS_SINGLE" : "ONEPASS_MULTI",
         aiCur[0], aiCur[1]);
  }
#endif
  return pWInfo->eOnePass;
}

/*
** Return TRUE if the WHERE loop uses the OP_DeferredSeek opcode to move
** the data cursor to the row selected by the index cursor.
*/
int sqlite3WhereUsesDeferredSeek(WhereInfo *pWInfo){
  return pWInfo->bDeferredSeek;
}

/*
** Move the content of pSrc into pDest
*/
static void whereOrMove(WhereOrSet *pDest, WhereOrSet *pSrc){
  pDest->n = pSrc->n;
  memcpy(pDest->a, pSrc->a, pDest->n*sizeof(pDest->a[0]));
}

/*
** Try to insert a new prerequisite/cost entry into the WhereOrSet pSet.
**
** The new entry might overwrite an existing entry, or it might be
** appended, or it might be discarded.  Do whatever is the right thing
** so that pSet keeps the N_OR_COST best entries seen so far.
*/
static int whereOrInsert(
  WhereOrSet *pSet,      /* The WhereOrSet to be updated */
  Bitmask prereq,        /* Prerequisites of the new entry */
  LogEst rRun,           /* Run-cost of the new entry */
  LogEst nOut            /* Number of outputs for the new entry */
){
  u16 i;
  WhereOrCost *p;
  for(i=pSet->n, p=pSet->a; i>0; i--, p++){
    if( rRun<=p->rRun && (prereq & p->prereq)==prereq ){
      goto whereOrInsert_done;
    }
    if( p->rRun<=rRun && (p->prereq & prereq)==p->prereq ){
      return 0;
    }
  }
  if( pSet->n<N_OR_COST ){
    p = &pSet->a[pSet->n++];
    p->nOut = nOut;
  }else{
    p = pSet->a;
    for(i=1; i<pSet->n; i++){
      if( p->rRun>pSet->a[i].rRun ) p = pSet->a + i;
    }
    if( p->rRun<=rRun ) return 0;
  }
whereOrInsert_done:
  p->prereq = prereq;
  p->rRun = rRun;
  if( p->nOut>nOut ) p->nOut = nOut;
  return 1;
}

/*
** Return the bitmask for the given cursor number.  Return 0 if
** iCursor is not in the set.
*/
Bitmask sqlite3WhereGetMask(WhereMaskSet *pMaskSet, int iCursor){
  int i;
  assert( pMaskSet->n<=(int)sizeof(Bitmask)*8 );
  for(i=0; i<pMaskSet->n; i++){
    if( pMaskSet->ix[i]==iCursor ){
      return MASKBIT(i);
    }
  }
  return 0;
}

/*
** Create a new mask for cursor iCursor.
**
** There is one cursor per table in the FROM clause.  The number of
** tables in the FROM clause is limited by a test early in the
** sqlite3WhereBegin() routine.  So we know that the pMaskSet->ix[]
** array will never overflow.
*/
static void createMask(WhereMaskSet *pMaskSet, int iCursor){
  assert( pMaskSet->n < ArraySize(pMaskSet->ix) );
  pMaskSet->ix[pMaskSet->n++] = iCursor;
}

/*
** Advance to the next WhereTerm that matches according to the criteria
** established when the pScan object was initialized by whereScanInit().
** Return NULL if there are no more matching WhereTerms.
*/
static WhereTerm *whereScanNext(WhereScan *pScan){
  int iCur;            /* The cursor on the LHS of the term */
  i16 iColumn;         /* The column on the LHS of the term.  -1 for IPK */
  Expr *pX;            /* An expression being tested */
  WhereClause *pWC;    /* Shorthand for pScan->pWC */
  WhereTerm *pTerm;    /* The term being tested */
  int k = pScan->k;    /* Where to start scanning */

  assert( pScan->iEquiv<=pScan->nEquiv );
  pWC = pScan->pWC;
  while(1){
    iColumn = pScan->aiColumn[pScan->iEquiv-1];
    iCur = pScan->aiCur[pScan->iEquiv-1];
    assert( pWC!=0 );
    do{
      for(pTerm=pWC->a+k; k<pWC->nTerm; k++, pTerm++){
        if( pTerm->leftCursor==iCur
         && pTerm->u.leftColumn==iColumn
         && (iColumn!=XN_EXPR
             || sqlite3ExprCompareSkip(pTerm->pExpr->pLeft,
                                       pScan->pIdxExpr,iCur)==0)
         && (pScan->iEquiv<=1 || !ExprHasProperty(pTerm->pExpr, EP_FromJoin))
        ){
          if( (pTerm->eOperator & WO_EQUIV)!=0
           && pScan->nEquiv<ArraySize(pScan->aiCur)
           && (pX = sqlite3ExprSkipCollateAndLikely(pTerm->pExpr->pRight))->op
               ==TK_COLUMN
          ){
            int j;
            for(j=0; j<pScan->nEquiv; j++){
              if( pScan->aiCur[j]==pX->iTable
               && pScan->aiColumn[j]==pX->iColumn ){
                  break;
              }
            }
            if( j==pScan->nEquiv ){
              pScan->aiCur[j] = pX->iTable;
              pScan->aiColumn[j] = pX->iColumn;
              pScan->nEquiv++;
            }
          }
          if( (pTerm->eOperator & pScan->opMask)!=0 ){
            /* Verify the affinity and collating sequence match */
            if( pScan->zCollName && (pTerm->eOperator & WO_ISNULL)==0 ){
              CollSeq *pColl;
              Parse *pParse = pWC->pWInfo->pParse;
              pX = pTerm->pExpr;
              if( !sqlite3IndexAffinityOk(pX, pScan->idxaff) ){
                continue;
              }
              assert(pX->pLeft);
              pColl = sqlite3ExprCompareCollSeq(pParse, pX);
              if( pColl==0 ) pColl = pParse->db->pDfltColl;
              if( sqlite3StrICmp(pColl->zName, pScan->zCollName) ){
                continue;
              }
            }
            if( (pTerm->eOperator & (WO_EQ|WO_IS))!=0
             && (pX = pTerm->pExpr->pRight)->op==TK_COLUMN
             && pX->iTable==pScan->aiCur[0]
             && pX->iColumn==pScan->aiColumn[0]
            ){
              testcase( pTerm->eOperator & WO_IS );
              continue;
            }
            pScan->pWC = pWC;
            pScan->k = k+1;
            return pTerm;
          }
        }
      }
      pWC = pWC->pOuter;
      k = 0;
    }while( pWC!=0 );
    if( pScan->iEquiv>=pScan->nEquiv ) break;
    pWC = pScan->pOrigWC;
    k = 0;
    pScan->iEquiv++;
  }
  return 0;
}

/*
** This is whereScanInit() for the case of an index on an expression.
** It is factored out into a separate tail-recursion subroutine so that
** the normal whereScanInit() routine, which is a high-runner, does not
** need to push registers onto the stack as part of its prologue.
*/
static SQLITE_NOINLINE WhereTerm *whereScanInitIndexExpr(WhereScan *pScan){
  pScan->idxaff = sqlite3ExprAffinity(pScan->pIdxExpr);
  return whereScanNext(pScan);
}

/*
** Initialize a WHERE clause scanner object.  Return a pointer to the
** first match.  Return NULL if there are no matches.
**
** The scanner will be searching the WHERE clause pWC.  It will look
** for terms of the form "X <op> <expr>" where X is column iColumn of table
** iCur.   Or if pIdx!=0 then X is column iColumn of index pIdx.  pIdx
** must be one of the indexes of table iCur.
**
** The <op> must be one of the operators described by opMask.
**
** If the search is for X and the WHERE clause contains terms of the
** form X=Y then this routine might also return terms of the form
** "Y <op> <expr>".  The number of levels of transitivity is limited,
** but is enough to handle most commonly occurring SQL statements.
**
** If X is not the INTEGER PRIMARY KEY then X must be compatible with
** index pIdx.
*/
static WhereTerm *whereScanInit(
  WhereScan *pScan,       /* The WhereScan object being initialized */
  WhereClause *pWC,       /* The WHERE clause to be scanned */
  int iCur,               /* Cursor to scan for */
  int iColumn,            /* Column to scan for */
  u32 opMask,             /* Operator(s) to scan for */
  Index *pIdx             /* Must be compatible with this index */
){
  pScan->pOrigWC = pWC;
  pScan->pWC = pWC;
  pScan->pIdxExpr = 0;
  pScan->idxaff = 0;
  pScan->zCollName = 0;
  pScan->opMask = opMask;
  pScan->k = 0;
  pScan->aiCur[0] = iCur;
  pScan->nEquiv = 1;
  pScan->iEquiv = 1;
  if( pIdx ){
    int j = iColumn;
    iColumn = pIdx->aiColumn[j];
    if( iColumn==XN_EXPR ){
      pScan->pIdxExpr = pIdx->aColExpr->a[j].pExpr;
      pScan->zCollName = pIdx->azColl[j];
      pScan->aiColumn[0] = XN_EXPR;
      return whereScanInitIndexExpr(pScan);
    }else if( iColumn==pIdx->pTable->iPKey ){
      iColumn = XN_ROWID;
    }else if( iColumn>=0 ){
      pScan->idxaff = pIdx->pTable->aCol[iColumn].affinity;
      pScan->zCollName = pIdx->azColl[j];
    }
  }else if( iColumn==XN_EXPR ){
    return 0;
  }
  pScan->aiColumn[0] = iColumn;
  return whereScanNext(pScan);
}

/*
** Search for a term in the WHERE clause that is of the form "X <op> <expr>"
** where X is a reference to the iColumn of table iCur or of index pIdx
** if pIdx!=0 and <op> is one of the WO_xx operator codes specified by
** the op parameter.  Return a pointer to the term.  Return 0 if not found.
**
** If pIdx!=0 then it must be one of the indexes of table iCur.
** Search for terms matching the iColumn-th column of pIdx
** rather than the iColumn-th column of table iCur.
**
** The term returned might by Y=<expr> if there is another constraint in
** the WHERE clause that specifies that X=Y.  Any such constraints will be
** identified by the WO_EQUIV bit in the pTerm->eOperator field.  The
** aiCur[]/iaColumn[] arrays hold X and all its equivalents. There are 11
** slots in aiCur[]/aiColumn[] so that means we can look for X plus up to 10
** other equivalent values.  Hence a search for X will return <expr> if X=A1
** and A1=A2 and A2=A3 and ... and A9=A10 and A10=<expr>.
**
** If there are multiple terms in the WHERE clause of the form "X <op> <expr>"
** then try for the one with no dependencies on <expr> - in other words where
** <expr> is a constant expression of some kind.  Only return entries of
** the form "X <op> Y" where Y is a column in another table if no terms of
** the form "X <op> <const-expr>" exist.   If no terms with a constant RHS
** exist, try to return a term that does not use WO_EQUIV.
*/
WhereTerm *sqlite3WhereFindTerm(
  WhereClause *pWC,     /* The WHERE clause to be searched */
  int iCur,             /* Cursor number of LHS */
  int iColumn,          /* Column number of LHS */
  Bitmask notReady,     /* RHS must not overlap with this mask */
  u32 op,               /* Mask of WO_xx values describing operator */
  Index *pIdx           /* Must be compatible with this index, if not NULL */
){
  WhereTerm *pResult = 0;
  WhereTerm *p;
  WhereScan scan;

  p = whereScanInit(&scan, pWC, iCur, iColumn, op, pIdx);
  op &= WO_EQ|WO_IS;
  while( p ){
    if( (p->prereqRight & notReady)==0 ){
      if( p->prereqRight==0 && (p->eOperator&op)!=0 ){
        testcase( p->eOperator & WO_IS );
        return p;
      }
      if( pResult==0 ) pResult = p;
    }
    p = whereScanNext(&scan);
  }
  return pResult;
}

/*
** This function searches pList for an entry that matches the iCol-th column
** of index pIdx.
**
** If such an expression is found, its index in pList->a[] is returned. If
** no expression is found, -1 is returned.
*/
static int findIndexCol(
  Parse *pParse,                  /* Parse context */
  ExprList *pList,                /* Expression list to search */
  int iBase,                      /* Cursor for table associated with pIdx */
  Index *pIdx,                    /* Index to match column of */
  int iCol                        /* Column of index to match */
){
  int i;
  const char *zColl = pIdx->azColl[iCol];

  for(i=0; i<pList->nExpr; i++){
    Expr *p = sqlite3ExprSkipCollateAndLikely(pList->a[i].pExpr);
    if( p->op==TK_COLUMN
     && p->iColumn==pIdx->aiColumn[iCol]
     && p->iTable==iBase
    ){
      CollSeq *pColl = sqlite3ExprNNCollSeq(pParse, pList->a[i].pExpr);
      if( 0==sqlite3StrICmp(pColl->zName, zColl) ){
        return i;
      }
    }
  }

  return -1;
}

/*
** Return TRUE if the iCol-th column of index pIdx is NOT NULL
*/
static int indexColumnNotNull(Index *pIdx, int iCol){
  int j;
  assert( pIdx!=0 );
  assert( iCol>=0 && iCol<pIdx->nColumn );
  j = pIdx->aiColumn[iCol];
  if( j>=0 ){
    return pIdx->pTable->aCol[j].notNull;
  }else if( j==(-1) ){
    return 1;
  }else{
    assert( j==(-2) );
    return 0;  /* Assume an indexed expression can always yield a NULL */

  }
}

/*
** Return true if the DISTINCT expression-list passed as the third argument
** is redundant.
**
** A DISTINCT list is redundant if any subset of the columns in the
** DISTINCT list are collectively unique and individually non-null.
*/
static int isDistinctRedundant(
  Parse *pParse,            /* Parsing context */
  SrcList *pTabList,        /* The FROM clause */
  WhereClause *pWC,         /* The WHERE clause */
  ExprList *pDistinct       /* The result set that needs to be DISTINCT */
){
  Table *pTab;
  Index *pIdx;
  int i;
  int iBase;

  /* If there is more than one table or sub-select in the FROM clause of
  ** this query, then it will not be possible to show that the DISTINCT
  ** clause is redundant. */
  if( pTabList->nSrc!=1 ) return 0;
  iBase = pTabList->a[0].iCursor;
  pTab = pTabList->a[0].pTab;

  /* If any of the expressions is an IPK column on table iBase, then return
  ** true. Note: The (p->iTable==iBase) part of this test may be false if the
  ** current SELECT is a correlated sub-query.
  */
  for(i=0; i<pDistinct->nExpr; i++){
    Expr *p = sqlite3ExprSkipCollateAndLikely(pDistinct->a[i].pExpr);
    if( p->op==TK_COLUMN && p->iTable==iBase && p->iColumn<0 ) return 1;
  }

  /* Loop through all indices on the table, checking each to see if it makes
  ** the DISTINCT qualifier redundant. It does so if:
  **
  **   1. The index is itself UNIQUE, and
  **
  **   2. All of the columns in the index are either part of the pDistinct
  **      list, or else the WHERE clause contains a term of the form "col=X",
  **      where X is a constant value. The collation sequences of the
  **      comparison and select-list expressions must match those of the index.
  **
  **   3. All of those index columns for which the WHERE clause does not
  **      contain a "col=X" term are subject to a NOT NULL constraint.
  */
  for(pIdx=pTab->pIndex; pIdx; pIdx=pIdx->pNext){
    if( !IsUniqueIndex(pIdx) ) continue;
    for(i=0; i<pIdx->nKeyCol; i++){
      if( 0==sqlite3WhereFindTerm(pWC, iBase, i, ~(Bitmask)0, WO_EQ, pIdx) ){
        if( findIndexCol(pParse, pDistinct, iBase, pIdx, i)<0 ) break;
        if( indexColumnNotNull(pIdx, i)==0 ) break;
      }
    }
    if( i==pIdx->nKeyCol ){
      /* This index implies that the DISTINCT qualifier is redundant. */
      return 1;
    }
  }

  return 0;
}


/*
** Estimate the logarithm of the input value to base 2.
*/
static LogEst estLog(LogEst N){
  return N<=10 ? 0 : sqlite3LogEst(N) - 33;
}

/*
** Convert OP_Column opcodes to OP_Copy in previously generated code.
**
** This routine runs over generated VDBE code and translates OP_Column
** opcodes into OP_Copy when the table is being accessed via co-routine
** instead of via table lookup.
**
** If the iAutoidxCur is not zero, then any OP_Rowid instructions on
** cursor iTabCur are transformed into OP_Sequence opcode for the
** iAutoidxCur cursor, in order to generate unique rowids for the
** automatic index being generated.
*/
static void translateColumnToCopy(
  Parse *pParse,      /* Parsing context */
  int iStart,         /* Translate from this opcode to the end */
  int iTabCur,        /* OP_Column/OP_Rowid references to this table */
  int iRegister,      /* The first column is in this register */
  int iAutoidxCur     /* If non-zero, cursor of autoindex being generated */
){
  Vdbe *v = pParse->pVdbe;
  VdbeOp *pOp = sqlite3VdbeGetOp(v, iStart);
  int iEnd = sqlite3VdbeCurrentAddr(v);
  if( pParse->db->mallocFailed ) return;
  for(; iStart<iEnd; iStart++, pOp++){
    if( pOp->p1!=iTabCur ) continue;
    if( pOp->opcode==OP_Column ){
      pOp->opcode = OP_Copy;
      pOp->p1 = pOp->p2 + iRegister;
      pOp->p2 = pOp->p3;
      pOp->p3 = 0;
    }else if( pOp->opcode==OP_Rowid ){
      if( iAutoidxCur ){
        pOp->opcode = OP_Sequence;
        pOp->p1 = iAutoidxCur;
      }else{
        pOp->opcode = OP_Null;
        pOp->p1 = 0;
        pOp->p3 = 0;
      }
    }
  }
}

/*
** Two routines for printing the content of an sqlite3_index_info
** structure.  Used for testing and debugging only.  If neither
** SQLITE_TEST or SQLITE_DEBUG are defined, then these routines
** are no-ops.
*/
#if !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_VIRTUALTABLE) && defined(WHERETRACE_ENABLED)
static void whereTraceIndexInfoInputs(sqlite3_index_info *p){
  int i;
  if( !sqlite3WhereTrace ) return;
  for(i=0; i<p->nConstraint; i++){
    sqlite3DebugPrintf("  constraint[%d]: col=%d termid=%d op=%d usabled=%d\n",
       i,
       p->aConstraint[i].iColumn,
       p->aConstraint[i].iTermOffset,
       p->aConstraint[i].op,
       p->aConstraint[i].usable);
  }
  for(i=0; i<p->nOrderBy; i++){
    sqlite3DebugPrintf("  orderby[%d]: col=%d desc=%d\n",
       i,
       p->aOrderBy[i].iColumn,
       p->aOrderBy[i].desc);
  }
}
static void whereTraceIndexInfoOutputs(sqlite3_index_info *p){
  int i;
  if( !sqlite3WhereTrace ) return;
  for(i=0; i<p->nConstraint; i++){
    sqlite3DebugPrintf("  usage[%d]: argvIdx=%d omit=%d\n",
       i,
       p->aConstraintUsage[i].argvIndex,
       p->aConstraintUsage[i].omit);
  }
  sqlite3DebugPrintf("  idxNum=%d\n", p->idxNum);
  sqlite3DebugPrintf("  idxStr=%s\n", p->idxStr);
  sqlite3DebugPrintf("  orderByConsumed=%d\n", p->orderByConsumed);
  sqlite3DebugPrintf("  estimatedCost=%g\n", p->estimatedCost);
  sqlite3DebugPrintf("  estimatedRows=%lld\n", p->estimatedRows);
}
#else
#define whereTraceIndexInfoInputs(A)
#define whereTraceIndexInfoOutputs(A)
#endif

#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_AUTOMATIC_INDEX
/*
** Return TRUE if the WHERE clause term pTerm is of a form where it
** could be used with an index to access pSrc, assuming an appropriate
** index existed.
*/
static int termCanDriveIndex(
  WhereTerm *pTerm,              /* WHERE clause term to check */
  struct SrcList_item *pSrc,     /* Table we are trying to access */
  Bitmask notReady               /* Tables in outer loops of the join */
){
  char aff;
  if( pTerm->leftCursor!=pSrc->iCursor ) return 0;
  if( (pTerm->eOperator & (WO_EQ|WO_IS))==0 ) return 0;
  if( (pSrc->fg.jointype & JT_LEFT)
   && !ExprHasProperty(pTerm->pExpr, EP_FromJoin)
   && (pTerm->eOperator & WO_IS)
  ){
    /* Cannot use an IS term from the WHERE clause as an index driver for
    ** the RHS of a LEFT JOIN. Such a term can only be used if it is from
    ** the ON clause.  */
    return 0;
  }
  if( (pTerm->prereqRight & notReady)!=0 ) return 0;
  if( pTerm->u.leftColumn<0 ) return 0;
  aff = pSrc->pTab->aCol[pTerm->u.leftColumn].affinity;
  if( !sqlite3IndexAffinityOk(pTerm->pExpr, aff) ) return 0;
  testcase( pTerm->pExpr->op==TK_IS );
  return 1;
}
#endif


#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_AUTOMATIC_INDEX
/*
** Generate code to construct the Index object for an automatic index
** and to set up the WhereLevel object pLevel so that the code generator
** makes use of the automatic index.
*/
static void constructAutomaticIndex(
  Parse *pParse,              /* The parsing context */
  WhereClause *pWC,           /* The WHERE clause */
  struct SrcList_item *pSrc,  /* The FROM clause term to get the next index */
  Bitmask notReady,           /* Mask of cursors that are not available */
  WhereLevel *pLevel          /* Write new index here */
){
  int nKeyCol;                /* Number of columns in the constructed index */
  WhereTerm *pTerm;           /* A single term of the WHERE clause */
  WhereTerm *pWCEnd;          /* End of pWC->a[] */
  Index *pIdx;                /* Object describing the transient index */
  Vdbe *v;                    /* Prepared statement under construction */
  int addrInit;               /* Address of the initialization bypass jump */
  Table *pTable;              /* The table being indexed */
  int addrTop;                /* Top of the index fill loop */
  int regRecord;              /* Register holding an index record */
  int n;                      /* Column counter */
  int i;                      /* Loop counter */
  int mxBitCol;               /* Maximum column in pSrc->colUsed */
  CollSeq *pColl;             /* Collating sequence to on a column */
  WhereLoop *pLoop;           /* The Loop object */
  char *zNotUsed;             /* Extra space on the end of pIdx */
  Bitmask idxCols;            /* Bitmap of columns used for indexing */
  Bitmask extraCols;          /* Bitmap of additional columns */
  u8 sentWarning = 0;         /* True if a warnning has been issued */
  Expr *pPartial = 0;         /* Partial Index Expression */
  int iContinue = 0;          /* Jump here to skip excluded rows */
  struct SrcList_item *pTabItem;  /* FROM clause term being indexed */
  int addrCounter = 0;        /* Address where integer counter is initialized */
  int regBase;                /* Array of registers where record is assembled */

  /* Generate code to skip over the creation and initialization of the
  ** transient index on 2nd and subsequent iterations of the loop. */
  v = pParse->pVdbe;
  assert( v!=0 );
  addrInit = sqlite3VdbeAddOp0(v, OP_Once); VdbeCoverage(v);

  /* Count the number of columns that will be added to the index
  ** and used to match WHERE clause constraints */
  nKeyCol = 0;
  pTable = pSrc->pTab;
  pWCEnd = &pWC->a[pWC->nTerm];
  pLoop = pLevel->pWLoop;
  idxCols = 0;
  for(pTerm=pWC->a; pTerm<pWCEnd; pTerm++){
    Expr *pExpr = pTerm->pExpr;
    assert( !ExprHasProperty(pExpr, EP_FromJoin)    /* prereq always non-zero */
         || pExpr->iRightJoinTable!=pSrc->iCursor   /*   for the right-hand   */
         || pLoop->prereq!=0 );                     /*   table of a LEFT JOIN */
    if( pLoop->prereq==0
     && (pTerm->wtFlags & TERM_VIRTUAL)==0
     && !ExprHasProperty(pExpr, EP_FromJoin)
     && sqlite3ExprIsTableConstant(pExpr, pSrc->iCursor) ){
      pPartial = sqlite3ExprAnd(pParse, pPartial,
                                sqlite3ExprDup(pParse->db, pExpr, 0));
    }
    if( termCanDriveIndex(pTerm, pSrc, notReady) ){
      int iCol = pTerm->u.leftColumn;
      Bitmask cMask = iCol>=BMS ? MASKBIT(BMS-1) : MASKBIT(iCol);
      testcase( iCol==BMS );
      testcase( iCol==BMS-1 );
      if( !sentWarning ){
        sqlite3_log(SQLITE_WARNING_AUTOINDEX,
            "automatic index on %s(%s)", pTable->zName,
            pTable->aCol[iCol].zName);
        sentWarning = 1;
      }
      if( (idxCols & cMask)==0 ){
        if( whereLoopResize(pParse->db, pLoop, nKeyCol+1) ){
          goto end_auto_index_create;
        }
        pLoop->aLTerm[nKeyCol++] = pTerm;
        idxCols |= cMask;
      }
    }
  }
  assert( nKeyCol>0 );
  pLoop->u.btree.nEq = pLoop->nLTerm = nKeyCol;
  pLoop->wsFlags = WHERE_COLUMN_EQ | WHERE_IDX_ONLY | WHERE_INDEXED
                     | WHERE_AUTO_INDEX;

  /* Count the number of additional columns needed to create a
  ** covering index.  A "covering index" is an index that contains all
  ** columns that are needed by the query.  With a covering index, the
  ** original table never needs to be accessed.  Automatic indices must
  ** be a covering index because the index will not be updated if the
  ** original table changes and the index and table cannot both be used
  ** if they go out of sync.
  */
  extraCols = pSrc->colUsed & (~idxCols | MASKBIT(BMS-1));
  mxBitCol = MIN(BMS-1,pTable->nCol);
  testcase( pTable->nCol==BMS-1 );
  testcase( pTable->nCol==BMS-2 );
  for(i=0; i<mxBitCol; i++){
    if( extraCols & MASKBIT(i) ) nKeyCol++;
  }
  if( pSrc->colUsed & MASKBIT(BMS-1) ){
    nKeyCol += pTable->nCol - BMS + 1;
  }

  /* Construct the Index object to describe this index */
  pIdx = sqlite3AllocateIndexObject(pParse->db, nKeyCol+1, 0, &zNotUsed);
  if( pIdx==0 ) goto end_auto_index_create;
  pLoop->u.btree.pIndex = pIdx;
  pIdx->zName = "auto-index";
  pIdx->pTable = pTable;
  n = 0;
  idxCols = 0;
  for(pTerm=pWC->a; pTerm<pWCEnd; pTerm++){
    if( termCanDriveIndex(pTerm, pSrc, notReady) ){
      int iCol = pTerm->u.leftColumn;
      Bitmask cMask = iCol>=BMS ? MASKBIT(BMS-1) : MASKBIT(iCol);
      testcase( iCol==BMS-1 );
      testcase( iCol==BMS );
      if( (idxCols & cMask)==0 ){
        Expr *pX = pTerm->pExpr;
        idxCols |= cMask;
        pIdx->aiColumn[n] = pTerm->u.leftColumn;
        pColl = sqlite3ExprCompareCollSeq(pParse, pX);
        assert( pColl!=0 || pParse->nErr>0 ); /* TH3 collate01.800 */
        pIdx->azColl[n] = pColl ? pColl->zName : sqlite3StrBINARY;
        n++;
      }
    }
  }
  assert( (u32)n==pLoop->u.btree.nEq );

  /* Add additional columns needed to make the automatic index into
  ** a covering index */
  for(i=0; i<mxBitCol; i++){
    if( extraCols & MASKBIT(i) ){
      pIdx->aiColumn[n] = i;
      pIdx->azColl[n] = sqlite3StrBINARY;
      n++;
    }
  }
  if( pSrc->colUsed & MASKBIT(BMS-1) ){
    for(i=BMS-1; i<pTable->nCol; i++){
      pIdx->aiColumn[n] = i;
      pIdx->azColl[n] = sqlite3StrBINARY;
      n++;
    }
  }
  assert( n==nKeyCol );
  pIdx->aiColumn[n] = XN_ROWID;
  pIdx->azColl[n] = sqlite3StrBINARY;

  /* Create the automatic index */
  assert( pLevel->iIdxCur>=0 );
  pLevel->iIdxCur = pParse->nTab++;
  sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_OpenAutoindex, pLevel->iIdxCur, nKeyCol+1);
  sqlite3VdbeSetP4KeyInfo(pParse, pIdx);
  VdbeComment((v, "for %s", pTable->zName));

  /* Fill the automatic index with content */
  pTabItem = &pWC->pWInfo->pTabList->a[pLevel->iFrom];
  if( pTabItem->fg.viaCoroutine ){
    int regYield = pTabItem->regReturn;
    addrCounter = sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Integer, 0, 0);
    sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_InitCoroutine, regYield, 0, pTabItem->addrFillSub);
    addrTop =  sqlite3VdbeAddOp1(v, OP_Yield, regYield);
    VdbeCoverage(v);
    VdbeComment((v, "next row of %s", pTabItem->pTab->zName));
  }else{
    addrTop = sqlite3VdbeAddOp1(v, OP_Rewind, pLevel->iTabCur); VdbeCoverage(v);
  }
  if( pPartial ){
    iContinue = sqlite3VdbeMakeLabel(pParse);
    sqlite3ExprIfFalse(pParse, pPartial, iContinue, SQLITE_JUMPIFNULL);
    pLoop->wsFlags |= WHERE_PARTIALIDX;
  }
  regRecord = sqlite3GetTempReg(pParse);
  regBase = sqlite3GenerateIndexKey(
      pParse, pIdx, pLevel->iTabCur, regRecord, 0, 0, 0, 0
  );
  sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_IdxInsert, pLevel->iIdxCur, regRecord);
  sqlite3VdbeChangeP5(v, OPFLAG_USESEEKRESULT);
  if( pPartial ) sqlite3VdbeResolveLabel(v, iContinue);
  if( pTabItem->fg.viaCoroutine ){
    sqlite3VdbeChangeP2(v, addrCounter, regBase+n);
    testcase( pParse->db->mallocFailed );
    assert( pLevel->iIdxCur>0 );
    translateColumnToCopy(pParse, addrTop, pLevel->iTabCur,
                          pTabItem->regResult, pLevel->iIdxCur);
    sqlite3VdbeGoto(v, addrTop);
    pTabItem->fg.viaCoroutine = 0;
  }else{
    sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Next, pLevel->iTabCur, addrTop+1); VdbeCoverage(v);
    sqlite3VdbeChangeP5(v, SQLITE_STMTSTATUS_AUTOINDEX);
  }
  sqlite3VdbeJumpHere(v, addrTop);
  sqlite3ReleaseTempReg(pParse, regRecord);

  /* Jump here when skipping the initialization */
  sqlite3VdbeJumpHere(v, addrInit);

end_auto_index_create:
  sqlite3ExprDelete(pParse->db, pPartial);
}
#endif /* SQLITE_OMIT_AUTOMATIC_INDEX */

#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_VIRTUALTABLE
/*
** Allocate and populate an sqlite3_index_info structure. It is the
** responsibility of the caller to eventually release the structure
** by passing the pointer returned by this function to sqlite3_free().
*/
static sqlite3_index_info *allocateIndexInfo(
  Parse *pParse,                  /* The parsing context */
  WhereClause *pWC,               /* The WHERE clause being analyzed */
  Bitmask mUnusable,              /* Ignore terms with these prereqs */
  struct SrcList_item *pSrc,      /* The FROM clause term that is the vtab */
  ExprList *pOrderBy,             /* The ORDER BY clause */
  u16 *pmNoOmit                   /* Mask of terms not to omit */
){
  int i, j;
  int nTerm;
  struct sqlite3_index_constraint *pIdxCons;
  struct sqlite3_index_orderby *pIdxOrderBy;
  struct sqlite3_index_constraint_usage *pUsage;
  struct HiddenIndexInfo *pHidden;
  WhereTerm *pTerm;
  int nOrderBy;
  sqlite3_index_info *pIdxInfo;
  u16 mNoOmit = 0;

  /* Count the number of possible WHERE clause constraints referring
  ** to this virtual table */
  for(i=nTerm=0, pTerm=pWC->a; i<pWC->nTerm; i++, pTerm++){
    if( pTerm->leftCursor != pSrc->iCursor ) continue;
    if( pTerm->prereqRight & mUnusable ) continue;
    assert( IsPowerOfTwo(pTerm->eOperator & ~WO_EQUIV) );
    testcase( pTerm->eOperator & WO_IN );
    testcase( pTerm->eOperator & WO_ISNULL );
    testcase( pTerm->eOperator & WO_IS );
    testcase( pTerm->eOperator & WO_ALL );
    if( (pTerm->eOperator & ~(WO_EQUIV))==0 ) continue;
    if( pTerm->wtFlags & TERM_VNULL ) continue;
    assert( pTerm->u.leftColumn>=(-1) );
    nTerm++;
  }

  /* If the ORDER BY clause contains only columns in the current
  ** virtual table then allocate space for the aOrderBy part of
  ** the sqlite3_index_info structure.
  */
  nOrderBy = 0;
  if( pOrderBy ){
    int n = pOrderBy->nExpr;
    for(i=0; i<n; i++){
      Expr *pExpr = pOrderBy->a[i].pExpr;
      if( pExpr->op!=TK_COLUMN || pExpr->iTable!=pSrc->iCursor ) break;
      if( pOrderBy->a[i].sortFlags & KEYINFO_ORDER_BIGNULL ) break;
    }
    if( i==n){
      nOrderBy = n;
    }
  }

  /* Allocate the sqlite3_index_info structure
  */
  pIdxInfo = sqlite3DbMallocZero(pParse->db, sizeof(*pIdxInfo)
                           + (sizeof(*pIdxCons) + sizeof(*pUsage))*nTerm
                           + sizeof(*pIdxOrderBy)*nOrderBy + sizeof(*pHidden) );
  if( pIdxInfo==0 ){
    sqlite3ErrorMsg(pParse, "out of memory");
    return 0;
  }
  pHidden = (struct HiddenIndexInfo*)&pIdxInfo[1];
  pIdxCons = (struct sqlite3_index_constraint*)&pHidden[1];
  pIdxOrderBy = (struct sqlite3_index_orderby*)&pIdxCons[nTerm];
  pUsage = (struct sqlite3_index_constraint_usage*)&pIdxOrderBy[nOrderBy];
  pIdxInfo->nOrderBy = nOrderBy;
  pIdxInfo->aConstraint = pIdxCons;
  pIdxInfo->aOrderBy = pIdxOrderBy;
  pIdxInfo->aConstraintUsage = pUsage;
  pHidden->pWC = pWC;
  pHidden->pParse = pParse;
  for(i=j=0, pTerm=pWC->a; i<pWC->nTerm; i++, pTerm++){
    u16 op;
    if( pTerm->leftCursor != pSrc->iCursor ) continue;
    if( pTerm->prereqRight & mUnusable ) continue;
    assert( IsPowerOfTwo(pTerm->eOperator & ~WO_EQUIV) );
    testcase( pTerm->eOperator & WO_IN );
    testcase( pTerm->eOperator & WO_IS );
    testcase( pTerm->eOperator & WO_ISNULL );
    testcase( pTerm->eOperator & WO_ALL );
    if( (pTerm->eOperator & ~(WO_EQUIV))==0 ) continue;
    if( pTerm->wtFlags & TERM_VNULL ) continue;

    /* tag-20191211-002: WHERE-clause constraints are not useful to the
    ** right-hand table of a LEFT JOIN.  See tag-20191211-001 for the
    ** equivalent restriction for ordinary tables. */
    if( (pSrc->fg.jointype & JT_LEFT)!=0
     && !ExprHasProperty(pTerm->pExpr, EP_FromJoin)
    ){
      continue;
    }
    assert( pTerm->u.leftColumn>=(-1) );
    pIdxCons[j].iColumn = pTerm->u.leftColumn;
    pIdxCons[j].iTermOffset = i;
    op = pTerm->eOperator & WO_ALL;
    if( op==WO_IN ) op = WO_EQ;
    if( op==WO_AUX ){
      pIdxCons[j].op = pTerm->eMatchOp;
    }else if( op & (WO_ISNULL|WO_IS) ){
      if( op==WO_ISNULL ){
        pIdxCons[j].op = SQLITE_INDEX_CONSTRAINT_ISNULL;
      }else{
        pIdxCons[j].op = SQLITE_INDEX_CONSTRAINT_IS;
      }
    }else{
      pIdxCons[j].op = (u8)op;
      /* The direct assignment in the previous line is possible only because
      ** the WO_ and SQLITE_INDEX_CONSTRAINT_ codes are identical.  The
      ** following asserts verify this fact. */
      assert( WO_EQ==SQLITE_INDEX_CONSTRAINT_EQ );
      assert( WO_LT==SQLITE_INDEX_CONSTRAINT_LT );
      assert( WO_LE==SQLITE_INDEX_CONSTRAINT_LE );
      assert( WO_GT==SQLITE_INDEX_CONSTRAINT_GT );
      assert( WO_GE==SQLITE_INDEX_CONSTRAINT_GE );
      assert( pTerm->eOperator&(WO_IN|WO_EQ|WO_LT|WO_LE|WO_GT|WO_GE|WO_AUX) );

      if( op & (WO_LT|WO_LE|WO_GT|WO_GE)
       && sqlite3ExprIsVector(pTerm->pExpr->pRight)
      ){
        testcase( j!=i );
        if( j<16 ) mNoOmit |= (1 << j);
        if( op==WO_LT ) pIdxCons[j].op = WO_LE;
        if( op==WO_GT ) pIdxCons[j].op = WO_GE;
      }
    }

    j++;
  }
  pIdxInfo->nConstraint = j;
  for(i=0; i<nOrderBy; i++){
    Expr *pExpr = pOrderBy->a[i].pExpr;
    pIdxOrderBy[i].iColumn = pExpr->iColumn;
    pIdxOrderBy[i].desc = pOrderBy->a[i].sortFlags & KEYINFO_ORDER_DESC;
  }

  *pmNoOmit = mNoOmit;
  return pIdxInfo;
}

/*
** The table object reference passed as the second argument to this function
** must represent a virtual table. This function invokes the xBestIndex()
** method of the virtual table with the sqlite3_index_info object that
** comes in as the 3rd argument to this function.
**
** If an error occurs, pParse is populated with an error message and an
** appropriate error code is returned.  A return of SQLITE_CONSTRAINT from
** xBestIndex is not considered an error.  SQLITE_CONSTRAINT indicates that
** the current configuration of "unusable" flags in sqlite3_index_info can
** not result in a valid plan.
**
** Whether or not an error is returned, it is the responsibility of the
** caller to eventually free p->idxStr if p->needToFreeIdxStr indicates
** that this is required.
*/
static int vtabBestIndex(Parse *pParse, Table *pTab, sqlite3_index_info *p){
  sqlite3_vtab *pVtab = sqlite3GetVTable(pParse->db, pTab)->pVtab;
  int rc;

  whereTraceIndexInfoInputs(p);
  rc = pVtab->pModule->xBestIndex(pVtab, p);
  whereTraceIndexInfoOutputs(p);

  if( rc!=SQLITE_OK && rc!=SQLITE_CONSTRAINT ){
    if( rc==SQLITE_NOMEM ){
      sqlite3OomFault(pParse->db);
    }else if( !pVtab->zErrMsg ){
      sqlite3ErrorMsg(pParse, "%s", sqlite3ErrStr(rc));
    }else{
      sqlite3ErrorMsg(pParse, "%s", pVtab->zErrMsg);
    }
  }
  sqlite3_free(pVtab->zErrMsg);
  pVtab->zErrMsg = 0;
  return rc;
}
#endif /* !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_VIRTUALTABLE) */

#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT4
/*
** Estimate the location of a particular key among all keys in an
** index.  Store the results in aStat as follows:
**
**    aStat[0]      Est. number of rows less than pRec
**    aStat[1]      Est. number of rows equal to pRec
**
** Return the index of the sample that is the smallest sample that
** is greater than or equal to pRec. Note that this index is not an index
** into the aSample[] array - it is an index into a virtual set of samples
** based on the contents of aSample[] and the number of fields in record
** pRec.
*/
static int whereKeyStats(
  Parse *pParse,              /* Database connection */
  Index *pIdx,                /* Index to consider domain of */
  UnpackedRecord *pRec,       /* Vector of values to consider */
  int roundUp,                /* Round up if true.  Round down if false */
  tRowcnt *aStat              /* OUT: stats written here */
){
  IndexSample *aSample = pIdx->aSample;
  int iCol;                   /* Index of required stats in anEq[] etc. */
  int i;                      /* Index of first sample >= pRec */
  int iSample;                /* Smallest sample larger than or equal to pRec */
  int iMin = 0;               /* Smallest sample not yet tested */
  int iTest;                  /* Next sample to test */
  int res;                    /* Result of comparison operation */
  int nField;                 /* Number of fields in pRec */
  tRowcnt iLower = 0;         /* anLt[] + anEq[] of largest sample pRec is > */

#ifndef SQLITE_DEBUG
  UNUSED_PARAMETER( pParse );
#endif
  assert( pRec!=0 );
  assert( pIdx->nSample>0 );
  assert( pRec->nField>0 && pRec->nField<=pIdx->nSampleCol );

  /* Do a binary search to find the first sample greater than or equal
  ** to pRec. If pRec contains a single field, the set of samples to search
  ** is simply the aSample[] array. If the samples in aSample[] contain more
  ** than one fields, all fields following the first are ignored.
  **
  ** If pRec contains N fields, where N is more than one, then as well as the
  ** samples in aSample[] (truncated to N fields), the search also has to
  ** consider prefixes of those samples. For example, if the set of samples
  ** in aSample is:
  **
  **     aSample[0] = (a, 5)
  **     aSample[1] = (a, 10)
  **     aSample[2] = (b, 5)
  **     aSample[3] = (c, 100)
  **     aSample[4] = (c, 105)
  **
  ** Then the search space should ideally be the samples above and the
  ** unique prefixes [a], [b] and [c]. But since that is hard to organize,
  ** the code actually searches this set:
  **
  **     0: (a)
  **     1: (a, 5)
  **     2: (a, 10)
  **     3: (a, 10)
  **     4: (b)
  **     5: (b, 5)
  **     6: (c)
  **     7: (c, 100)
  **     8: (c, 105)
  **     9: (c, 105)
  **
  ** For each sample in the aSample[] array, N samples are present in the
  ** effective sample array. In the above, samples 0 and 1 are based on
  ** sample aSample[0]. Samples 2 and 3 on aSample[1] etc.
  **
  ** Often, sample i of each block of N effective samples has (i+1) fields.
  ** Except, each sample may be extended to ensure that it is greater than or
  ** equal to the previous sample in the array. For example, in the above,
  ** sample 2 is the first sample of a block of N samples, so at first it
  ** appears that it should be 1 field in size. However, that would make it
  ** smaller than sample 1, so the binary search would not work. As a result,
  ** it is extended to two fields. The duplicates that this creates do not
  ** cause any problems.
  */
  nField = pRec->nField;
  iCol = 0;
  iSample = pIdx->nSample * nField;
  do{
    int iSamp;                    /* Index in aSample[] of test sample */
    int n;                        /* Number of fields in test sample */

    iTest = (iMin+iSample)/2;
    iSamp = iTest / nField;
    if( iSamp>0 ){
      /* The proposed effective sample is a prefix of sample aSample[iSamp].
      ** Specifically, the shortest prefix of at least (1 + iTest%nField)
      ** fields that is greater than the previous effective sample.  */
      for(n=(iTest % nField) + 1; n<nField; n++){
        if( aSample[iSamp-1].anLt[n-1]!=aSample[iSamp].anLt[n-1] ) break;
      }
    }else{
      n = iTest + 1;
    }

    pRec->nField = n;
    res = sqlite3VdbeRecordCompare(aSample[iSamp].n, aSample[iSamp].p, pRec);
    if( res<0 ){
      iLower = aSample[iSamp].anLt[n-1] + aSample[iSamp].anEq[n-1];
      iMin = iTest+1;
    }else if( res==0 && n<nField ){
      iLower = aSample[iSamp].anLt[n-1];
      iMin = iTest+1;
      res = -1;
    }else{
      iSample = iTest;
      iCol = n-1;
    }
  }while( res && iMin<iSample );
  i = iSample / nField;

#ifdef SQLITE_DEBUG
  /* The following assert statements check that the binary search code
  ** above found the right answer. This block serves no purpose other
  ** than to invoke the asserts.  */
  if( pParse->db->mallocFailed==0 ){
    if( res==0 ){
      /* If (res==0) is true, then pRec must be equal to sample i. */
      assert( i<pIdx->nSample );
      assert( iCol==nField-1 );
      pRec->nField = nField;
      assert( 0==sqlite3VdbeRecordCompare(aSample[i].n, aSample[i].p, pRec)
           || pParse->db->mallocFailed
      );
    }else{
      /* Unless i==pIdx->nSample, indicating that pRec is larger than
      ** all samples in the aSample[] array, pRec must be smaller than the
      ** (iCol+1) field prefix of sample i.  */
      assert( i<=pIdx->nSample && i>=0 );
      pRec->nField = iCol+1;
      assert( i==pIdx->nSample
           || sqlite3VdbeRecordCompare(aSample[i].n, aSample[i].p, pRec)>0
           || pParse->db->mallocFailed );

      /* if i==0 and iCol==0, then record pRec is smaller than all samples
      ** in the aSample[] array. Otherwise, if (iCol>0) then pRec must
      ** be greater than or equal to the (iCol) field prefix of sample i.
      ** If (i>0), then pRec must also be greater than sample (i-1).  */
      if( iCol>0 ){
        pRec->nField = iCol;
        assert( sqlite3VdbeRecordCompare(aSample[i].n, aSample[i].p, pRec)<=0
             || pParse->db->mallocFailed );
      }
      if( i>0 ){
        pRec->nField = nField;
        assert( sqlite3VdbeRecordCompare(aSample[i-1].n, aSample[i-1].p, pRec)<0
             || pParse->db->mallocFailed );
      }
    }
  }
#endif /* ifdef SQLITE_DEBUG */

  if( res==0 ){
    /* Record pRec is equal to sample i */
    assert( iCol==nField-1 );
    aStat[0] = aSample[i].anLt[iCol];
    aStat[1] = aSample[i].anEq[iCol];
  }else{
    /* At this point, the (iCol+1) field prefix of aSample[i] is the first
    ** sample that is greater than pRec. Or, if i==pIdx->nSample then pRec
    ** is larger than all samples in the array. */
    tRowcnt iUpper, iGap;
    if( i>=pIdx->nSample ){
      iUpper = sqlite3LogEstToInt(pIdx->aiRowLogEst[0]);
    }else{
      iUpper = aSample[i].anLt[iCol];
    }

    if( iLower>=iUpper ){
      iGap = 0;
    }else{
      iGap = iUpper - iLower;
    }
    if( roundUp ){
      iGap = (iGap*2)/3;
    }else{
      iGap = iGap/3;
    }
    aStat[0] = iLower + iGap;
    aStat[1] = pIdx->aAvgEq[nField-1];
  }

  /* Restore the pRec->nField value before returning.  */
  pRec->nField = nField;
  return i;
}
#endif /* SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT4 */

/*
** If it is not NULL, pTerm is a term that provides an upper or lower
** bound on a range scan. Without considering pTerm, it is estimated
** that the scan will visit nNew rows. This function returns the number
** estimated to be visited after taking pTerm into account.
**
** If the user explicitly specified a likelihood() value for this term,
** then the return value is the likelihood multiplied by the number of
** input rows. Otherwise, this function assumes that an "IS NOT NULL" term
** has a likelihood of 0.50, and any other term a likelihood of 0.25.
*/
static LogEst whereRangeAdjust(WhereTerm *pTerm, LogEst nNew){
  LogEst nRet = nNew;
  if( pTerm ){
    if( pTerm->truthProb<=0 ){
      nRet += pTerm->truthProb;
    }else if( (pTerm->wtFlags & TERM_VNULL)==0 ){
      nRet -= 20;        assert( 20==sqlite3LogEst(4) );
    }
  }
  return nRet;
}


#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT4
/*
** Return the affinity for a single column of an index.
*/
char sqlite3IndexColumnAffinity(sqlite3 *db, Index *pIdx, int iCol){
  assert( iCol>=0 && iCol<pIdx->nColumn );
  if( !pIdx->zColAff ){
    if( sqlite3IndexAffinityStr(db, pIdx)==0 ) return SQLITE_AFF_BLOB;
  }
  assert( pIdx->zColAff[iCol]!=0 );
  return pIdx->zColAff[iCol];
}
#endif


#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT4
/*
** This function is called to estimate the number of rows visited by a
** range-scan on a skip-scan index. For example:
**
**   CREATE INDEX i1 ON t1(a, b, c);
**   SELECT * FROM t1 WHERE a=? AND c BETWEEN ? AND ?;
**
** Value pLoop->nOut is currently set to the estimated number of rows
** visited for scanning (a=? AND b=?). This function reduces that estimate
** by some factor to account for the (c BETWEEN ? AND ?) expression based
** on the stat4 data for the index. this scan will be peformed multiple
** times (once for each (a,b) combination that matches a=?) is dealt with
** by the caller.
**
** It does this by scanning through all stat4 samples, comparing values
** extracted from pLower and pUpper with the corresponding column in each
** sample. If L and U are the number of samples found to be less than or
** equal to the values extracted from pLower and pUpper respectively, and
** N is the total number of samples, the pLoop->nOut value is adjusted
** as follows:
**
**   nOut = nOut * ( min(U - L, 1) / N )
**
** If pLower is NULL, or a value cannot be extracted from the term, L is
** set to zero. If pUpper is NULL, or a value cannot be extracted from it,
** U is set to N.
**
** Normally, this function sets *pbDone to 1 before returning. However,
** if no value can be extracted from either pLower or pUpper (and so the
** estimate of the number of rows delivered remains unchanged), *pbDone
** is left as is.
**
** If an error occurs, an SQLite error code is returned. Otherwise,
** SQLITE_OK.
*/
static int whereRangeSkipScanEst(
  Parse *pParse,       /* Parsing & code generating context */
  WhereTerm *pLower,   /* Lower bound on the range. ex: "x>123" Might be NULL */
  WhereTerm *pUpper,   /* Upper bound on the range. ex: "x<455" Might be NULL */
  WhereLoop *pLoop,    /* Update the .nOut value of this loop */
  int *pbDone          /* Set to true if at least one expr. value extracted */
){
  Index *p = pLoop->u.btree.pIndex;
  int nEq = pLoop->u.btree.nEq;
  sqlite3 *db = pParse->db;
  int nLower = -1;
  int nUpper = p->nSample+1;
  int rc = SQLITE_OK;
  u8 aff = sqlite3IndexColumnAffinity(db, p, nEq);
  CollSeq *pColl;

  sqlite3_value *p1 = 0;          /* Value extracted from pLower */
  sqlite3_value *p2 = 0;          /* Value extracted from pUpper */
  sqlite3_value *pVal = 0;        /* Value extracted from record */

  pColl = sqlite3LocateCollSeq(pParse, p->azColl[nEq]);
  if( pLower ){
    rc = sqlite3Stat4ValueFromExpr(pParse, pLower->pExpr->pRight, aff, &p1);
    nLower = 0;
  }
  if( pUpper && rc==SQLITE_OK ){
    rc = sqlite3Stat4ValueFromExpr(pParse, pUpper->pExpr->pRight, aff, &p2);
    nUpper = p2 ? 0 : p->nSample;
  }

  if( p1 || p2 ){
    int i;
    int nDiff;
    for(i=0; rc==SQLITE_OK && i<p->nSample; i++){
      rc = sqlite3Stat4Column(db, p->aSample[i].p, p->aSample[i].n, nEq, &pVal);
      if( rc==SQLITE_OK && p1 ){
        int res = sqlite3MemCompare(p1, pVal, pColl);
        if( res>=0 ) nLower++;
      }
      if( rc==SQLITE_OK && p2 ){
        int res = sqlite3MemCompare(p2, pVal, pColl);
        if( res>=0 ) nUpper++;
      }
    }
    nDiff = (nUpper - nLower);
    if( nDiff<=0 ) nDiff = 1;

    /* If there is both an upper and lower bound specified, and the
    ** comparisons indicate that they are close together, use the fallback
    ** method (assume that the scan visits 1/64 of the rows) for estimating
    ** the number of rows visited. Otherwise, estimate the number of rows
    ** using the method described in the header comment for this function. */
    if( nDiff!=1 || pUpper==0 || pLower==0 ){
      int nAdjust = (sqlite3LogEst(p->nSample) - sqlite3LogEst(nDiff));
      pLoop->nOut -= nAdjust;
      *pbDone = 1;
      WHERETRACE(0x10, ("range skip-scan regions: %u..%u  adjust=%d est=%d\n",
                           nLower, nUpper, nAdjust*-1, pLoop->nOut));
    }

  }else{
    assert( *pbDone==0 );
  }

  sqlite3ValueFree(p1);
  sqlite3ValueFree(p2);
  sqlite3ValueFree(pVal);

  return rc;
}
#endif /* SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT4 */

/*
** This function is used to estimate the number of rows that will be visited
** by scanning an index for a range of values. The range may have an upper
** bound, a lower bound, or both. The WHERE clause terms that set the upper
** and lower bounds are represented by pLower and pUpper respectively. For
** example, assuming that index p is on t1(a):
**
**   ... FROM t1 WHERE a > ? AND a < ? ...
**                    |_____|   |_____|
**                       |         |
**                     pLower    pUpper
**
** If either of the upper or lower bound is not present, then NULL is passed in
** place of the corresponding WhereTerm.
**
** The value in (pBuilder->pNew->u.btree.nEq) is the number of the index
** column subject to the range constraint. Or, equivalently, the number of
** equality constraints optimized by the proposed index scan. For example,
** assuming index p is on t1(a, b), and the SQL query is:
**
**   ... FROM t1 WHERE a = ? AND b > ? AND b < ? ...
**
** then nEq is set to 1 (as the range restricted column, b, is the second
** left-most column of the index). Or, if the query is:
**
**   ... FROM t1 WHERE a > ? AND a < ? ...
**
** then nEq is set to 0.
**
** When this function is called, *pnOut is set to the sqlite3LogEst() of the
** number of rows that the index scan is expected to visit without
** considering the range constraints. If nEq is 0, then *pnOut is the number of
** rows in the index. Assuming no error occurs, *pnOut is adjusted (reduced)
** to account for the range constraints pLower and pUpper.
**
** In the absence of sqlite_stat4 ANALYZE data, or if such data cannot be
** used, a single range inequality reduces the search space by a factor of 4.
** and a pair of constraints (x>? AND x<?) reduces the expected number of
** rows visited by a factor of 64.
*/
static int whereRangeScanEst(
  Parse *pParse,       /* Parsing & code generating context */
  WhereLoopBuilder *pBuilder,
  WhereTerm *pLower,   /* Lower bound on the range. ex: "x>123" Might be NULL */
  WhereTerm *pUpper,   /* Upper bound on the range. ex: "x<455" Might be NULL */
  WhereLoop *pLoop     /* Modify the .nOut and maybe .rRun fields */
){
  int rc = SQLITE_OK;
  int nOut = pLoop->nOut;
  LogEst nNew;

#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT4
  Index *p = pLoop->u.btree.pIndex;
  int nEq = pLoop->u.btree.nEq;

  if( p->nSample>0 && ALWAYS(nEq<p->nSampleCol)
   && OptimizationEnabled(pParse->db, SQLITE_Stat4)
  ){
    if( nEq==pBuilder->nRecValid ){
      UnpackedRecord *pRec = pBuilder->pRec;
      tRowcnt a[2];
      int nBtm = pLoop->u.btree.nBtm;
      int nTop = pLoop->u.btree.nTop;

      /* Variable iLower will be set to the estimate of the number of rows in
      ** the index that are less than the lower bound of the range query. The
      ** lower bound being the concatenation of $P and $L, where $P is the
      ** key-prefix formed by the nEq values matched against the nEq left-most
      ** columns of the index, and $L is the value in pLower.
      **
      ** Or, if pLower is NULL or $L cannot be extracted from it (because it
      ** is not a simple variable or literal value), the lower bound of the
      ** range is $P. Due to a quirk in the way whereKeyStats() works, even
      ** if $L is available, whereKeyStats() is called for both ($P) and
      ** ($P:$L) and the larger of the two returned values is used.
      **
      ** Similarly, iUpper is to be set to the estimate of the number of rows
      ** less than the upper bound of the range query. Where the upper bound
      ** is either ($P) or ($P:$U). Again, even if $U is available, both values
      ** of iUpper are requested of whereKeyStats() and the smaller used.
      **
      ** The number of rows between the two bounds is then just iUpper-iLower.
      */
      tRowcnt iLower;     /* Rows less than the lower bound */
      tRowcnt iUpper;     /* Rows less than the upper bound */
      int iLwrIdx = -2;   /* aSample[] for the lower bound */
      int iUprIdx = -1;   /* aSample[] for the upper bound */

      if( pRec ){
        testcase( pRec->nField!=pBuilder->nRecValid );
        pRec->nField = pBuilder->nRecValid;
      }
      /* Determine iLower and iUpper using ($P) only. */
      if( nEq==0 ){
        iLower = 0;
        iUpper = p->nRowEst0;
      }else{
        /* Note: this call could be optimized away - since the same values must
        ** have been requested when testing key $P in whereEqualScanEst().  */
        whereKeyStats(pParse, p, pRec, 0, a);
        iLower = a[0];
        iUpper = a[0] + a[1];
      }

      assert( pLower==0 || (pLower->eOperator & (WO_GT|WO_GE))!=0 );
      assert( pUpper==0 || (pUpper->eOperator & (WO_LT|WO_LE))!=0 );
      assert( p->aSortOrder!=0 );
      if( p->aSortOrder[nEq] ){
        /* The roles of pLower and pUpper are swapped for a DESC index */
        SWAP(WhereTerm*, pLower, pUpper);
        SWAP(int, nBtm, nTop);
      }

      /* If possible, improve on the iLower estimate using ($P:$L). */
      if( pLower ){
        int n;                    /* Values extracted from pExpr */
        Expr *pExpr = pLower->pExpr->pRight;
        rc = sqlite3Stat4ProbeSetValue(pParse, p, &pRec, pExpr, nBtm, nEq, &n);
        if( rc==SQLITE_OK && n ){
          tRowcnt iNew;
          u16 mask = WO_GT|WO_LE;
          if( sqlite3ExprVectorSize(pExpr)>n ) mask = (WO_LE|WO_LT);
          iLwrIdx = whereKeyStats(pParse, p, pRec, 0, a);
          iNew = a[0] + ((pLower->eOperator & mask) ? a[1] : 0);
          if( iNew>iLower ) iLower = iNew;
          nOut--;
          pLower = 0;
        }
      }

      /* If possible, improve on the iUpper estimate using ($P:$U). */
      if( pUpper ){
        int n;                    /* Values extracted from pExpr */
        Expr *pExpr = pUpper->pExpr->pRight;
        rc = sqlite3Stat4ProbeSetValue(pParse, p, &pRec, pExpr, nTop, nEq, &n);
        if( rc==SQLITE_OK && n ){
          tRowcnt iNew;
          u16 mask = WO_GT|WO_LE;
          if( sqlite3ExprVectorSize(pExpr)>n ) mask = (WO_LE|WO_LT);
          iUprIdx = whereKeyStats(pParse, p, pRec, 1, a);
          iNew = a[0] + ((pUpper->eOperator & mask) ? a[1] : 0);
          if( iNew<iUpper ) iUpper = iNew;
          nOut--;
          pUpper = 0;
        }
      }

      pBuilder->pRec = pRec;
      if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
        if( iUpper>iLower ){
          nNew = sqlite3LogEst(iUpper - iLower);
          /* TUNING:  If both iUpper and iLower are derived from the same
          ** sample, then assume they are 4x more selective.  This brings
          ** the estimated selectivity more in line with what it would be
          ** if estimated without the use of STAT4 tables. */
          if( iLwrIdx==iUprIdx ) nNew -= 20;  assert( 20==sqlite3LogEst(4) );
        }else{
          nNew = 10;        assert( 10==sqlite3LogEst(2) );
        }
        if( nNew<nOut ){
          nOut = nNew;
        }
        WHERETRACE(0x10, ("STAT4 range scan: %u..%u  est=%d\n",
                           (u32)iLower, (u32)iUpper, nOut));
      }
    }else{
      int bDone = 0;
      rc = whereRangeSkipScanEst(pParse, pLower, pUpper, pLoop, &bDone);
      if( bDone ) return rc;
    }
  }
#else
  UNUSED_PARAMETER(pParse);
  UNUSED_PARAMETER(pBuilder);
  assert( pLower || pUpper );
#endif
  assert( pUpper==0 || (pUpper->wtFlags & TERM_VNULL)==0 );
  nNew = whereRangeAdjust(pLower, nOut);
  nNew = whereRangeAdjust(pUpper, nNew);

  /* TUNING: If there is both an upper and lower limit and neither limit
  ** has an application-defined likelihood(), assume the range is
  ** reduced by an additional 75%. This means that, by default, an open-ended
  ** range query (e.g. col > ?) is assumed to match 1/4 of the rows in the
  ** index. While a closed range (e.g. col BETWEEN ? AND ?) is estimated to
  ** match 1/64 of the index. */
  if( pLower && pLower->truthProb>0 && pUpper && pUpper->truthProb>0 ){
    nNew -= 20;
  }

  nOut -= (pLower!=0) + (pUpper!=0);
  if( nNew<10 ) nNew = 10;
  if( nNew<nOut ) nOut = nNew;
#if defined(WHERETRACE_ENABLED)
  if( pLoop->nOut>nOut ){
    WHERETRACE(0x10,("Range scan lowers nOut from %d to %d\n",
                    pLoop->nOut, nOut));
  }
#endif
  pLoop->nOut = (LogEst)nOut;
  return rc;
}

#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT4
/*
** Estimate the number of rows that will be returned based on
** an equality constraint x=VALUE and where that VALUE occurs in
** the histogram data.  This only works when x is the left-most
** column of an index and sqlite_stat4 histogram data is available
** for that index.  When pExpr==NULL that means the constraint is
** "x IS NULL" instead of "x=VALUE".
**
** Write the estimated row count into *pnRow and return SQLITE_OK.
** If unable to make an estimate, leave *pnRow unchanged and return
** non-zero.
**
** This routine can fail if it is unable to load a collating sequence
** required for string comparison, or if unable to allocate memory
** for a UTF conversion required for comparison.  The error is stored
** in the pParse structure.
*/
static int whereEqualScanEst(
  Parse *pParse,       /* Parsing & code generating context */
  WhereLoopBuilder *pBuilder,
  Expr *pExpr,         /* Expression for VALUE in the x=VALUE constraint */
  tRowcnt *pnRow       /* Write the revised row estimate here */
){
  Index *p = pBuilder->pNew->u.btree.pIndex;
  int nEq = pBuilder->pNew->u.btree.nEq;
  UnpackedRecord *pRec = pBuilder->pRec;
  int rc;                   /* Subfunction return code */
  tRowcnt a[2];             /* Statistics */
  int bOk;

  assert( nEq>=1 );
  assert( nEq<=p->nColumn );
  assert( p->aSample!=0 );
  assert( p->nSample>0 );
  assert( pBuilder->nRecValid<nEq );

  /* If values are not available for all fields of the index to the left
  ** of this one, no estimate can be made. Return SQLITE_NOTFOUND. */
  if( pBuilder->nRecValid<(nEq-1) ){
    return SQLITE_NOTFOUND;
  }

  /* This is an optimization only. The call to sqlite3Stat4ProbeSetValue()
  ** below would return the same value.  */
  if( nEq>=p->nColumn ){
    *pnRow = 1;
    return SQLITE_OK;
  }

  rc = sqlite3Stat4ProbeSetValue(pParse, p, &pRec, pExpr, 1, nEq-1, &bOk);
  pBuilder->pRec = pRec;
  if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ) return rc;
  if( bOk==0 ) return SQLITE_NOTFOUND;
  pBuilder->nRecValid = nEq;

  whereKeyStats(pParse, p, pRec, 0, a);
  WHERETRACE(0x10,("equality scan regions %s(%d): %d\n",
                   p->zName, nEq-1, (int)a[1]));
  *pnRow = a[1];

  return rc;
}
#endif /* SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT4 */

#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT4
/*
** Estimate the number of rows that will be returned based on
** an IN constraint where the right-hand side of the IN operator
** is a list of values.  Example:
**
**        WHERE x IN (1,2,3,4)
**
** Write the estimated row count into *pnRow and return SQLITE_OK.
** If unable to make an estimate, leave *pnRow unchanged and return
** non-zero.
**
** This routine can fail if it is unable to load a collating sequence
** required for string comparison, or if unable to allocate memory
** for a UTF conversion required for comparison.  The error is stored
** in the pParse structure.
*/
static int whereInScanEst(
  Parse *pParse,       /* Parsing & code generating context */
  WhereLoopBuilder *pBuilder,
  ExprList *pList,     /* The value list on the RHS of "x IN (v1,v2,v3,...)" */
  tRowcnt *pnRow       /* Write the revised row estimate here */
){
  Index *p = pBuilder->pNew->u.btree.pIndex;
  i64 nRow0 = sqlite3LogEstToInt(p->aiRowLogEst[0]);
  int nRecValid = pBuilder->nRecValid;
  int rc = SQLITE_OK;     /* Subfunction return code */
  tRowcnt nEst;           /* Number of rows for a single term */
  tRowcnt nRowEst = 0;    /* New estimate of the number of rows */
  int i;                  /* Loop counter */

  assert( p->aSample!=0 );
  for(i=0; rc==SQLITE_OK && i<pList->nExpr; i++){
    nEst = nRow0;
    rc = whereEqualScanEst(pParse, pBuilder, pList->a[i].pExpr, &nEst);
    nRowEst += nEst;
    pBuilder->nRecValid = nRecValid;
  }

  if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
    if( nRowEst > nRow0 ) nRowEst = nRow0;
    *pnRow = nRowEst;
    WHERETRACE(0x10,("IN row estimate: est=%d\n", nRowEst));
  }
  assert( pBuilder->nRecValid==nRecValid );
  return rc;
}
#endif /* SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT4 */


#ifdef WHERETRACE_ENABLED
/*
** Print the content of a WhereTerm object
*/
void sqlite3WhereTermPrint(WhereTerm *pTerm, int iTerm){
  if( pTerm==0 ){
    sqlite3DebugPrintf("TERM-%-3d NULL\n", iTerm);
  }else{
    char zType[8];
    char zLeft[50];
    memcpy(zType, "....", 5);
    if( pTerm->wtFlags & TERM_VIRTUAL ) zType[0] = 'V';
    if( pTerm->eOperator & WO_EQUIV  ) zType[1] = 'E';
    if( ExprHasProperty(pTerm->pExpr, EP_FromJoin) ) zType[2] = 'L';
    if( pTerm->wtFlags & TERM_CODED  ) zType[3] = 'C';
    if( pTerm->eOperator & WO_SINGLE ){
      sqlite3_snprintf(sizeof(zLeft),zLeft,"left={%d:%d}",
                       pTerm->leftCursor, pTerm->u.leftColumn);
    }else if( (pTerm->eOperator & WO_OR)!=0 && pTerm->u.pOrInfo!=0 ){
      sqlite3_snprintf(sizeof(zLeft),zLeft,"indexable=0x%lld",
                       pTerm->u.pOrInfo->indexable);
    }else{
      sqlite3_snprintf(sizeof(zLeft),zLeft,"left=%d", pTerm->leftCursor);
    }
    sqlite3DebugPrintf(
       "TERM-%-3d %p %s %-12s op=%03x wtFlags=%04x",
       iTerm, pTerm, zType, zLeft, pTerm->eOperator, pTerm->wtFlags);
    /* The 0x10000 .wheretrace flag causes extra information to be
    ** shown about each Term */
    if( sqlite3WhereTrace & 0x10000 ){
      sqlite3DebugPrintf(" prob=%-3d prereq=%llx,%llx",
        pTerm->truthProb, (u64)pTerm->prereqAll, (u64)pTerm->prereqRight);
    }
    if( pTerm->iField ){
      sqlite3DebugPrintf(" iField=%d", pTerm->iField);
    }
    if( pTerm->iParent>=0 ){
      sqlite3DebugPrintf(" iParent=%d", pTerm->iParent);
    }
    sqlite3DebugPrintf("\n");
    sqlite3TreeViewExpr(0, pTerm->pExpr, 0);
  }
}
#endif

#ifdef WHERETRACE_ENABLED
/*
** Show the complete content of a WhereClause
*/
void sqlite3WhereClausePrint(WhereClause *pWC){
  int i;
  for(i=0; i<pWC->nTerm; i++){
    sqlite3WhereTermPrint(&pWC->a[i], i);
  }
}
#endif

#ifdef WHERETRACE_ENABLED
/*
** Print a WhereLoop object for debugging purposes
*/
void sqlite3WhereLoopPrint(WhereLoop *p, WhereClause *pWC){
  WhereInfo *pWInfo = pWC->pWInfo;
  int nb = 1+(pWInfo->pTabList->nSrc+3)/4;
  struct SrcList_item *pItem = pWInfo->pTabList->a + p->iTab;
  Table *pTab = pItem->pTab;
  Bitmask mAll = (((Bitmask)1)<<(nb*4)) - 1;
  sqlite3DebugPrintf("%c%2d.%0*llx.%0*llx", p->cId,
                     p->iTab, nb, p->maskSelf, nb, p->prereq & mAll);
  sqlite3DebugPrintf(" %12s",
                     pItem->zAlias ? pItem->zAlias : pTab->zName);
  if( (p->wsFlags & WHERE_VIRTUALTABLE)==0 ){
    const char *zName;
    if( p->u.btree.pIndex && (zName = p->u.btree.pIndex->zName)!=0 ){
      if( strncmp(zName, "sqlite_autoindex_", 17)==0 ){
        int i = sqlite3Strlen30(zName) - 1;
        while( zName[i]!='_' ) i--;
        zName += i;
      }
      sqlite3DebugPrintf(".%-16s %2d", zName, p->u.btree.nEq);
    }else{
      sqlite3DebugPrintf("%20s","");
    }
  }else{
    char *z;
    if( p->u.vtab.idxStr ){
      z = sqlite3_mprintf("(%d,\"%s\",%#x)",
                p->u.vtab.idxNum, p->u.vtab.idxStr, p->u.vtab.omitMask);
    }else{
      z = sqlite3_mprintf("(%d,%x)", p->u.vtab.idxNum, p->u.vtab.omitMask);
    }
    sqlite3DebugPrintf(" %-19s", z);
    sqlite3_free(z);
  }
  if( p->wsFlags & WHERE_SKIPSCAN ){
    sqlite3DebugPrintf(" f %05x %d-%d", p->wsFlags, p->nLTerm,p->nSkip);
  }else{
    sqlite3DebugPrintf(" f %05x N %d", p->wsFlags, p->nLTerm);
  }
  sqlite3DebugPrintf(" cost %d,%d,%d\n", p->rSetup, p->rRun, p->nOut);
  if( p->nLTerm && (sqlite3WhereTrace & 0x100)!=0 ){
    int i;
    for(i=0; i<p->nLTerm; i++){
      sqlite3WhereTermPrint(p->aLTerm[i], i);
    }
  }
}
#endif

/*
** Convert bulk memory into a valid WhereLoop that can be passed
** to whereLoopClear harmlessly.
*/
static void whereLoopInit(WhereLoop *p){
  p->aLTerm = p->aLTermSpace;
  p->nLTerm = 0;
  p->nLSlot = ArraySize(p->aLTermSpace);
  p->wsFlags = 0;
}

/*
** Clear the WhereLoop.u union.  Leave WhereLoop.pLTerm intact.
*/
static void whereLoopClearUnion(sqlite3 *db, WhereLoop *p){
  if( p->wsFlags & (WHERE_VIRTUALTABLE|WHERE_AUTO_INDEX) ){
    if( (p->wsFlags & WHERE_VIRTUALTABLE)!=0 && p->u.vtab.needFree ){
      sqlite3_free(p->u.vtab.idxStr);
      p->u.vtab.needFree = 0;
      p->u.vtab.idxStr = 0;
    }else if( (p->wsFlags & WHERE_AUTO_INDEX)!=0 && p->u.btree.pIndex!=0 ){
      sqlite3DbFree(db, p->u.btree.pIndex->zColAff);
      sqlite3DbFreeNN(db, p->u.btree.pIndex);
      p->u.btree.pIndex = 0;
    }
  }
}

/*
** Deallocate internal memory used by a WhereLoop object
*/
static void whereLoopClear(sqlite3 *db, WhereLoop *p){
  if( p->aLTerm!=p->aLTermSpace ) sqlite3DbFreeNN(db, p->aLTerm);
  whereLoopClearUnion(db, p);
  whereLoopInit(p);
}

/*
** Increase the memory allocation for pLoop->aLTerm[] to be at least n.
*/
static int whereLoopResize(sqlite3 *db, WhereLoop *p, int n){
  WhereTerm **paNew;
  if( p->nLSlot>=n ) return SQLITE_OK;
  n = (n+7)&~7;
  paNew = sqlite3DbMallocRawNN(db, sizeof(p->aLTerm[0])*n);
  if( paNew==0 ) return SQLITE_NOMEM_BKPT;
  memcpy(paNew, p->aLTerm, sizeof(p->aLTerm[0])*p->nLSlot);
  if( p->aLTerm!=p->aLTermSpace ) sqlite3DbFreeNN(db, p->aLTerm);
  p->aLTerm = paNew;
  p->nLSlot = n;
  return SQLITE_OK;
}

/*
** Transfer content from the second pLoop into the first.
*/
static int whereLoopXfer(sqlite3 *db, WhereLoop *pTo, WhereLoop *pFrom){
  whereLoopClearUnion(db, pTo);
  if( whereLoopResize(db, pTo, pFrom->nLTerm) ){
    memset(&pTo->u, 0, sizeof(pTo->u));
    return SQLITE_NOMEM_BKPT;
  }
  memcpy(pTo, pFrom, WHERE_LOOP_XFER_SZ);
  memcpy(pTo->aLTerm, pFrom->aLTerm, pTo->nLTerm*sizeof(pTo->aLTerm[0]));
  if( pFrom->wsFlags & WHERE_VIRTUALTABLE ){
    pFrom->u.vtab.needFree = 0;
  }else if( (pFrom->wsFlags & WHERE_AUTO_INDEX)!=0 ){
    pFrom->u.btree.pIndex = 0;
  }
  return SQLITE_OK;
}

/*
** Delete a WhereLoop object
*/
static void whereLoopDelete(sqlite3 *db, WhereLoop *p){
  whereLoopClear(db, p);
  sqlite3DbFreeNN(db, p);
}

/*
** Free a WhereInfo structure
*/
static void whereInfoFree(sqlite3 *db, WhereInfo *pWInfo){
  int i;
  assert( pWInfo!=0 );
  for(i=0; i<pWInfo->nLevel; i++){
    WhereLevel *pLevel = &pWInfo->a[i];
    if( pLevel->pWLoop && (pLevel->pWLoop->wsFlags & WHERE_IN_ABLE) ){
      sqlite3DbFree(db, pLevel->u.in.aInLoop);
    }
  }
  sqlite3WhereClauseClear(&pWInfo->sWC);
  while( pWInfo->pLoops ){
    WhereLoop *p = pWInfo->pLoops;
    pWInfo->pLoops = p->pNextLoop;
    whereLoopDelete(db, p);
  }
  assert( pWInfo->pExprMods==0 );
  sqlite3DbFreeNN(db, pWInfo);
}

/*
** Return TRUE if all of the following are true:
**
**   (1)  X has the same or lower cost that Y
**   (2)  X uses fewer WHERE clause terms than Y
**   (3)  Every WHERE clause term used by X is also used by Y
**   (4)  X skips at least as many columns as Y
**   (5)  If X is a covering index, than Y is too
**
** Conditions (2) and (3) mean that X is a "proper subset" of Y.
** If X is a proper subset of Y then Y is a better choice and ought
** to have a lower cost.  This routine returns TRUE when that cost
** relationship is inverted and needs to be adjusted.  Constraint (4)
** was added because if X uses skip-scan less than Y it still might
** deserve a lower cost even if it is a proper subset of Y.  Constraint (5)
** was added because a covering index probably deserves to have a lower cost
** than a non-covering index even if it is a proper subset.
*/
static int whereLoopCheaperProperSubset(
  const WhereLoop *pX,       /* First WhereLoop to compare */
  const WhereLoop *pY        /* Compare against this WhereLoop */
){
  int i, j;
  if( pX->nLTerm-pX->nSkip >= pY->nLTerm-pY->nSkip ){
    return 0; /* X is not a subset of Y */
  }
  if( pY->nSkip > pX->nSkip ) return 0;
  if( pX->rRun >= pY->rRun ){
    if( pX->rRun > pY->rRun ) return 0;    /* X costs more than Y */
    if( pX->nOut > pY->nOut ) return 0;    /* X costs more than Y */
  }
  for(i=pX->nLTerm-1; i>=0; i--){
    if( pX->aLTerm[i]==0 ) continue;
    for(j=pY->nLTerm-1; j>=0; j--){
      if( pY->aLTerm[j]==pX->aLTerm[i] ) break;
    }
    if( j<0 ) return 0;  /* X not a subset of Y since term X[i] not used by Y */
  }
  if( (pX->wsFlags&WHERE_IDX_ONLY)!=0
   && (pY->wsFlags&WHERE_IDX_ONLY)==0 ){
    return 0;  /* Constraint (5) */
  }
  return 1;  /* All conditions meet */
}

/*
** Try to adjust the cost of WhereLoop pTemplate upwards or downwards so
** that:
**
**   (1) pTemplate costs less than any other WhereLoops that are a proper
**       subset of pTemplate
**
**   (2) pTemplate costs more than any other WhereLoops for which pTemplate
**       is a proper subset.
**
** To say "WhereLoop X is a proper subset of Y" means that X uses fewer
** WHERE clause terms than Y and that every WHERE clause term used by X is
** also used by Y.
*/
static void whereLoopAdjustCost(const WhereLoop *p, WhereLoop *pTemplate){
  if( (pTemplate->wsFlags & WHERE_INDEXED)==0 ) return;
  for(; p; p=p->pNextLoop){
    if( p->iTab!=pTemplate->iTab ) continue;
    if( (p->wsFlags & WHERE_INDEXED)==0 ) continue;
    if( whereLoopCheaperProperSubset(p, pTemplate) ){
      /* Adjust pTemplate cost downward so that it is cheaper than its
      ** subset p. */
      WHERETRACE(0x80,("subset cost adjustment %d,%d to %d,%d\n",
                       pTemplate->rRun, pTemplate->nOut, p->rRun, p->nOut-1));
      pTemplate->rRun = p->rRun;
      pTemplate->nOut = p->nOut - 1;
    }else if( whereLoopCheaperProperSubset(pTemplate, p) ){
      /* Adjust pTemplate cost upward so that it is costlier than p since
      ** pTemplate is a proper subset of p */
      WHERETRACE(0x80,("subset cost adjustment %d,%d to %d,%d\n",
                       pTemplate->rRun, pTemplate->nOut, p->rRun, p->nOut+1));
      pTemplate->rRun = p->rRun;
      pTemplate->nOut = p->nOut + 1;
    }
  }
}

/*
** Search the list of WhereLoops in *ppPrev looking for one that can be
** replaced by pTemplate.
**
** Return NULL if pTemplate does not belong on the WhereLoop list.
** In other words if pTemplate ought to be dropped from further consideration.
**
** If pX is a WhereLoop that pTemplate can replace, then return the
** link that points to pX.
**
** If pTemplate cannot replace any existing element of the list but needs
** to be added to the list as a new entry, then return a pointer to the
** tail of the list.
*/
static WhereLoop **whereLoopFindLesser(
  WhereLoop **ppPrev,
  const WhereLoop *pTemplate
){
  WhereLoop *p;
  for(p=(*ppPrev); p; ppPrev=&p->pNextLoop, p=*ppPrev){
    if( p->iTab!=pTemplate->iTab || p->iSortIdx!=pTemplate->iSortIdx ){
      /* If either the iTab or iSortIdx values for two WhereLoop are different
      ** then those WhereLoops need to be considered separately.  Neither is
      ** a candidate to replace the other. */
      continue;
    }
    /* In the current implementation, the rSetup value is either zero
    ** or the cost of building an automatic index (NlogN) and the NlogN
    ** is the same for compatible WhereLoops. */
    assert( p->rSetup==0 || pTemplate->rSetup==0
                 || p->rSetup==pTemplate->rSetup );

    /* whereLoopAddBtree() always generates and inserts the automatic index
    ** case first.  Hence compatible candidate WhereLoops never have a larger
    ** rSetup. Call this SETUP-INVARIANT */
    assert( p->rSetup>=pTemplate->rSetup );

    /* Any loop using an appliation-defined index (or PRIMARY KEY or
    ** UNIQUE constraint) with one or more == constraints is better
    ** than an automatic index. Unless it is a skip-scan. */
    if( (p->wsFlags & WHERE_AUTO_INDEX)!=0
     && (pTemplate->nSkip)==0
     && (pTemplate->wsFlags & WHERE_INDEXED)!=0
     && (pTemplate->wsFlags & WHERE_COLUMN_EQ)!=0
     && (p->prereq & pTemplate->prereq)==pTemplate->prereq
    ){
      break;
    }

    /* If existing WhereLoop p is better than pTemplate, pTemplate can be
    ** discarded.  WhereLoop p is better if:
    **   (1)  p has no more dependencies than pTemplate, and
    **   (2)  p has an equal or lower cost than pTemplate
    */
    if( (p->prereq & pTemplate->prereq)==p->prereq    /* (1)  */
     && p->rSetup<=pTemplate->rSetup                  /* (2a) */
     && p->rRun<=pTemplate->rRun                      /* (2b) */
     && p->nOut<=pTemplate->nOut                      /* (2c) */
    ){
      return 0;  /* Discard pTemplate */
    }

    /* If pTemplate is always better than p, then cause p to be overwritten
    ** with pTemplate.  pTemplate is better than p if:
    **   (1)  pTemplate has no more dependences than p, and
    **   (2)  pTemplate has an equal or lower cost than p.
    */
    if( (p->prereq & pTemplate->prereq)==pTemplate->prereq   /* (1)  */
     && p->rRun>=pTemplate->rRun                             /* (2a) */
     && p->nOut>=pTemplate->nOut                             /* (2b) */
    ){
      assert( p->rSetup>=pTemplate->rSetup ); /* SETUP-INVARIANT above */
      break;   /* Cause p to be overwritten by pTemplate */
    }
  }
  return ppPrev;
}

/*
** Insert or replace a WhereLoop entry using the template supplied.
**
** An existing WhereLoop entry might be overwritten if the new template
** is better and has fewer dependencies.  Or the template will be ignored
** and no insert will occur if an existing WhereLoop is faster and has
** fewer dependencies than the template.  Otherwise a new WhereLoop is
** added based on the template.
**
** If pBuilder->pOrSet is not NULL then we care about only the
** prerequisites and rRun and nOut costs of the N best loops.  That
** information is gathered in the pBuilder->pOrSet object.  This special
** processing mode is used only for OR clause processing.
**
** When accumulating multiple loops (when pBuilder->pOrSet is NULL) we
** still might overwrite similar loops with the new template if the
** new template is better.  Loops may be overwritten if the following
** conditions are met:
**
**    (1)  They have the same iTab.
**    (2)  They have the same iSortIdx.
**    (3)  The template has same or fewer dependencies than the current loop
**    (4)  The template has the same or lower cost than the current loop
*/
static int whereLoopInsert(WhereLoopBuilder *pBuilder, WhereLoop *pTemplate){
  WhereLoop **ppPrev, *p;
  WhereInfo *pWInfo = pBuilder->pWInfo;
  sqlite3 *db = pWInfo->pParse->db;
  int rc;

  /* Stop the search once we hit the query planner search limit */
  if( pBuilder->iPlanLimit==0 ){
    WHERETRACE(0xffffffff,("=== query planner search limit reached ===\n"));
    if( pBuilder->pOrSet ) pBuilder->pOrSet->n = 0;
    return SQLITE_DONE;
  }
  pBuilder->iPlanLimit--;

  whereLoopAdjustCost(pWInfo->pLoops, pTemplate);

  /* If pBuilder->pOrSet is defined, then only keep track of the costs
  ** and prereqs.
  */
  if( pBuilder->pOrSet!=0 ){
    if( pTemplate->nLTerm ){
#if WHERETRACE_ENABLED
      u16 n = pBuilder->pOrSet->n;
      int x =
#endif
      whereOrInsert(pBuilder->pOrSet, pTemplate->prereq, pTemplate->rRun,
                                    pTemplate->nOut);
#if WHERETRACE_ENABLED /* 0x8 */
      if( sqlite3WhereTrace & 0x8 ){
        sqlite3DebugPrintf(x?"   or-%d:  ":"   or-X:  ", n);
        sqlite3WhereLoopPrint(pTemplate, pBuilder->pWC);
      }
#endif
    }
    return SQLITE_OK;
  }

  /* Look for an existing WhereLoop to replace with pTemplate
  */
  ppPrev = whereLoopFindLesser(&pWInfo->pLoops, pTemplate);

  if( ppPrev==0 ){
    /* There already exists a WhereLoop on the list that is better
    ** than pTemplate, so just ignore pTemplate */
#if WHERETRACE_ENABLED /* 0x8 */
    if( sqlite3WhereTrace & 0x8 ){
      sqlite3DebugPrintf("   skip: ");
      sqlite3WhereLoopPrint(pTemplate, pBuilder->pWC);
    }
#endif
    return SQLITE_OK;
  }else{
    p = *ppPrev;
  }

  /* If we reach this point it means that either p[] should be overwritten
  ** with pTemplate[] if p[] exists, or if p==NULL then allocate a new
  ** WhereLoop and insert it.
  */
#if WHERETRACE_ENABLED /* 0x8 */
  if( sqlite3WhereTrace & 0x8 ){
    if( p!=0 ){
      sqlite3DebugPrintf("replace: ");
      sqlite3WhereLoopPrint(p, pBuilder->pWC);
      sqlite3DebugPrintf("   with: ");
    }else{
      sqlite3DebugPrintf("    add: ");
    }
    sqlite3WhereLoopPrint(pTemplate, pBuilder->pWC);
  }
#endif
  if( p==0 ){
    /* Allocate a new WhereLoop to add to the end of the list */
    *ppPrev = p = sqlite3DbMallocRawNN(db, sizeof(WhereLoop));
    if( p==0 ) return SQLITE_NOMEM_BKPT;
    whereLoopInit(p);
    p->pNextLoop = 0;
  }else{
    /* We will be overwriting WhereLoop p[].  But before we do, first
    ** go through the rest of the list and delete any other entries besides
    ** p[] that are also supplated by pTemplate */
    WhereLoop **ppTail = &p->pNextLoop;
    WhereLoop *pToDel;
    while( *ppTail ){
      ppTail = whereLoopFindLesser(ppTail, pTemplate);
      if( ppTail==0 ) break;
      pToDel = *ppTail;
      if( pToDel==0 ) break;
      *ppTail = pToDel->pNextLoop;
#if WHERETRACE_ENABLED /* 0x8 */
      if( sqlite3WhereTrace & 0x8 ){
        sqlite3DebugPrintf(" delete: ");
        sqlite3WhereLoopPrint(pToDel, pBuilder->pWC);
      }
#endif
      whereLoopDelete(db, pToDel);
    }
  }
  rc = whereLoopXfer(db, p, pTemplate);
  if( (p->wsFlags & WHERE_VIRTUALTABLE)==0 ){
    Index *pIndex = p->u.btree.pIndex;
    if( pIndex && pIndex->idxType==SQLITE_IDXTYPE_IPK ){
      p->u.btree.pIndex = 0;
    }
  }
  return rc;
}

/*
** Adjust the WhereLoop.nOut value downward to account for terms of the
** WHERE clause that reference the loop but which are not used by an
** index.
*
** For every WHERE clause term that is not used by the index
** and which has a truth probability assigned by one of the likelihood(),
** likely(), or unlikely() SQL functions, reduce the estimated number
** of output rows by the probability specified.
**
** TUNING:  For every WHERE clause term that is not used by the index
** and which does not have an assigned truth probability, heuristics
** described below are used to try to estimate the truth probability.
** TODO --> Perhaps this is something that could be improved by better
** table statistics.
**
** Heuristic 1:  Estimate the truth probability as 93.75%.  The 93.75%
** value corresponds to -1 in LogEst notation, so this means decrement
** the WhereLoop.nOut field for every such WHERE clause term.
**
** Heuristic 2:  If there exists one or more WHERE clause terms of the
** form "x==EXPR" and EXPR is not a constant 0 or 1, then make sure the
** final output row estimate is no greater than 1/4 of the total number
** of rows in the table.  In other words, assume that x==EXPR will filter
** out at least 3 out of 4 rows.  If EXPR is -1 or 0 or 1, then maybe the
** "x" column is boolean or else -1 or 0 or 1 is a common default value
** on the "x" column and so in that case only cap the output row estimate
** at 1/2 instead of 1/4.
*/
static void whereLoopOutputAdjust(
  WhereClause *pWC,      /* The WHERE clause */
  WhereLoop *pLoop,      /* The loop to adjust downward */
  LogEst nRow            /* Number of rows in the entire table */
){
  WhereTerm *pTerm, *pX;
  Bitmask notAllowed = ~(pLoop->prereq|pLoop->maskSelf);
  int i, j;
  LogEst iReduce = 0;    /* pLoop->nOut should not exceed nRow-iReduce */

  assert( (pLoop->wsFlags & WHERE_AUTO_INDEX)==0 );
  for(i=pWC->nTerm, pTerm=pWC->a; i>0; i--, pTerm++){
    assert( pTerm!=0 );
    if( (pTerm->wtFlags & TERM_VIRTUAL)!=0 ) break;
    if( (pTerm->prereqAll & pLoop->maskSelf)==0 ) continue;
    if( (pTerm->prereqAll & notAllowed)!=0 ) continue;
    for(j=pLoop->nLTerm-1; j>=0; j--){
      pX = pLoop->aLTerm[j];
      if( pX==0 ) continue;
      if( pX==pTerm ) break;
      if( pX->iParent>=0 && (&pWC->a[pX->iParent])==pTerm ) break;
    }
    if( j<0 ){
      if( pTerm->truthProb<=0 ){
        /* If a truth probability is specified using the likelihood() hints,
        ** then use the probability provided by the application. */
        pLoop->nOut += pTerm->truthProb;
      }else{
        /* In the absence of explicit truth probabilities, use heuristics to
        ** guess a reasonable truth probability. */
        pLoop->nOut--;
        if( pTerm->eOperator&(WO_EQ|WO_IS) ){
          Expr *pRight = pTerm->pExpr->pRight;
          int k = 0;
          testcase( pTerm->pExpr->op==TK_IS );
          if( sqlite3ExprIsInteger(pRight, &k) && k>=(-1) && k<=1 ){
            k = 10;
          }else{
            k = 20;
          }
          if( iReduce<k ) iReduce = k;
        }
      }
    }
  }
  if( pLoop->nOut > nRow-iReduce )  pLoop->nOut = nRow - iReduce;
}

/*
** Term pTerm is a vector range comparison operation. The first comparison
** in the vector can be optimized using column nEq of the index. This
** function returns the total number of vector elements that can be used
** as part of the range comparison.
**
** For example, if the query is:
**
**   WHERE a = ? AND (b, c, d) > (?, ?, ?)
**
** and the index:
**
**   CREATE INDEX ... ON (a, b, c, d, e)
**
** then this function would be invoked with nEq=1. The value returned in
** this case is 3.
*/
static int whereRangeVectorLen(
  Parse *pParse,       /* Parsing context */
  int iCur,            /* Cursor open on pIdx */
  Index *pIdx,         /* The index to be used for a inequality constraint */
  int nEq,             /* Number of prior equality constraints on same index */
  WhereTerm *pTerm     /* The vector inequality constraint */
){
  int nCmp = sqlite3ExprVectorSize(pTerm->pExpr->pLeft);
  int i;

  nCmp = MIN(nCmp, (pIdx->nColumn - nEq));
  for(i=1; i<nCmp; i++){
    /* Test if comparison i of pTerm is compatible with column (i+nEq)
    ** of the index. If not, exit the loop.  */
    char aff;                     /* Comparison affinity */
    char idxaff = 0;              /* Indexed columns affinity */
    CollSeq *pColl;               /* Comparison collation sequence */
    Expr *pLhs = pTerm->pExpr->pLeft->x.pList->a[i].pExpr;
    Expr *pRhs = pTerm->pExpr->pRight;
    if( pRhs->flags & EP_xIsSelect ){
      pRhs = pRhs->x.pSelect->pEList->a[i].pExpr;
    }else{
      pRhs = pRhs->x.pList->a[i].pExpr;
    }

    /* Check that the LHS of the comparison is a column reference to
    ** the right column of the right source table. And that the sort
    ** order of the index column is the same as the sort order of the
    ** leftmost index column.  */
    if( pLhs->op!=TK_COLUMN
     || pLhs->iTable!=iCur
     || pLhs->iColumn!=pIdx->aiColumn[i+nEq]
     || pIdx->aSortOrder[i+nEq]!=pIdx->aSortOrder[nEq]
    ){
      break;
    }

    testcase( pLhs->iColumn==XN_ROWID );
    aff = sqlite3CompareAffinity(pRhs, sqlite3ExprAffinity(pLhs));
    idxaff = sqlite3TableColumnAffinity(pIdx->pTable, pLhs->iColumn);
    if( aff!=idxaff ) break;

    pColl = sqlite3BinaryCompareCollSeq(pParse, pLhs, pRhs);
    if( pColl==0 ) break;
    if( sqlite3StrICmp(pColl->zName, pIdx->azColl[i+nEq]) ) break;
  }
  return i;
}

/*
** Adjust the cost C by the costMult facter T.  This only occurs if
** compiled with -DSQLITE_ENABLE_COSTMULT
*/
#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_COSTMULT
# define ApplyCostMultiplier(C,T)  C += T
#else
# define ApplyCostMultiplier(C,T)
#endif

/*
** We have so far matched pBuilder->pNew->u.btree.nEq terms of the
** index pIndex. Try to match one more.
**
** When this function is called, pBuilder->pNew->nOut contains the
** number of rows expected to be visited by filtering using the nEq
** terms only. If it is modified, this value is restored before this
** function returns.
**
** If pProbe->idxType==SQLITE_IDXTYPE_IPK, that means pIndex is
** a fake index used for the INTEGER PRIMARY KEY.
*/
static int whereLoopAddBtreeIndex(
  WhereLoopBuilder *pBuilder,     /* The WhereLoop factory */
  struct SrcList_item *pSrc,      /* FROM clause term being analyzed */
  Index *pProbe,                  /* An index on pSrc */
  LogEst nInMul                   /* log(Number of iterations due to IN) */
){
  WhereInfo *pWInfo = pBuilder->pWInfo;  /* WHERE analyse context */
  Parse *pParse = pWInfo->pParse;        /* Parsing context */
  sqlite3 *db = pParse->db;       /* Database connection malloc context */
  WhereLoop *pNew;                /* Template WhereLoop under construction */
  WhereTerm *pTerm;               /* A WhereTerm under consideration */
  int opMask;                     /* Valid operators for constraints */
  WhereScan scan;                 /* Iterator for WHERE terms */
  Bitmask saved_prereq;           /* Original value of pNew->prereq */
  u16 saved_nLTerm;               /* Original value of pNew->nLTerm */
  u16 saved_nEq;                  /* Original value of pNew->u.btree.nEq */
  u16 saved_nBtm;                 /* Original value of pNew->u.btree.nBtm */
  u16 saved_nTop;                 /* Original value of pNew->u.btree.nTop */
  u16 saved_nSkip;                /* Original value of pNew->nSkip */
  u32 saved_wsFlags;              /* Original value of pNew->wsFlags */
  LogEst saved_nOut;              /* Original value of pNew->nOut */
  int rc = SQLITE_OK;             /* Return code */
  LogEst rSize;                   /* Number of rows in the table */
  LogEst rLogSize;                /* Logarithm of table size */
  WhereTerm *pTop = 0, *pBtm = 0; /* Top and bottom range constraints */

  pNew = pBuilder->pNew;
  if( db->mallocFailed ) return SQLITE_NOMEM_BKPT;
  WHERETRACE(0x800, ("BEGIN %s.addBtreeIdx(%s), nEq=%d, nSkip=%d\n",
                     pProbe->pTable->zName,pProbe->zName,
                     pNew->u.btree.nEq, pNew->nSkip));

  assert( (pNew->wsFlags & WHERE_VIRTUALTABLE)==0 );
  assert( (pNew->wsFlags & WHERE_TOP_LIMIT)==0 );
  if( pNew->wsFlags & WHERE_BTM_LIMIT ){
    opMask = WO_LT|WO_LE;
  }else{
    assert( pNew->u.btree.nBtm==0 );
    opMask = WO_EQ|WO_IN|WO_GT|WO_GE|WO_LT|WO_LE|WO_ISNULL|WO_IS;
  }
  if( pProbe->bUnordered ) opMask &= ~(WO_GT|WO_GE|WO_LT|WO_LE);

  assert( pNew->u.btree.nEq<pProbe->nColumn );

  saved_nEq = pNew->u.btree.nEq;
  saved_nBtm = pNew->u.btree.nBtm;
  saved_nTop = pNew->u.btree.nTop;
  saved_nSkip = pNew->nSkip;
  saved_nLTerm = pNew->nLTerm;
  saved_wsFlags = pNew->wsFlags;
  saved_prereq = pNew->prereq;
  saved_nOut = pNew->nOut;
  pTerm = whereScanInit(&scan, pBuilder->pWC, pSrc->iCursor, saved_nEq,
                        opMask, pProbe);
  pNew->rSetup = 0;
  rSize = pProbe->aiRowLogEst[0];
  rLogSize = estLog(rSize);
  for(; rc==SQLITE_OK && pTerm!=0; pTerm = whereScanNext(&scan)){
    u16 eOp = pTerm->eOperator;   /* Shorthand for pTerm->eOperator */
    LogEst rCostIdx;
    LogEst nOutUnadjusted;        /* nOut before IN() and WHERE adjustments */
    int nIn = 0;
#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT4
    int nRecValid = pBuilder->nRecValid;
#endif
    if( (eOp==WO_ISNULL || (pTerm->wtFlags&TERM_VNULL)!=0)
     && indexColumnNotNull(pProbe, saved_nEq)
    ){
      continue; /* ignore IS [NOT] NULL constraints on NOT NULL columns */
    }
    if( pTerm->prereqRight & pNew->maskSelf ) continue;

    /* Do not allow the upper bound of a LIKE optimization range constraint
    ** to mix with a lower range bound from some other source */
    if( pTerm->wtFlags & TERM_LIKEOPT && pTerm->eOperator==WO_LT ) continue;

    /* tag-20191211-001:  Do not allow constraints from the WHERE clause to
    ** be used by the right table of a LEFT JOIN.  Only constraints in the
    ** ON clause are allowed.  See tag-20191211-002 for the vtab equivalent. */
    if( (pSrc->fg.jointype & JT_LEFT)!=0
     && !ExprHasProperty(pTerm->pExpr, EP_FromJoin)
    ){
      continue;
    }

    if( IsUniqueIndex(pProbe) && saved_nEq==pProbe->nKeyCol-1 ){
      pBuilder->bldFlags |= SQLITE_BLDF_UNIQUE;
    }else{
      pBuilder->bldFlags |= SQLITE_BLDF_INDEXED;
    }
    pNew->wsFlags = saved_wsFlags;
    pNew->u.btree.nEq = saved_nEq;
    pNew->u.btree.nBtm = saved_nBtm;
    pNew->u.btree.nTop = saved_nTop;
    pNew->nLTerm = saved_nLTerm;
    if( whereLoopResize(db, pNew, pNew->nLTerm+1) ) break; /* OOM */
    pNew->aLTerm[pNew->nLTerm++] = pTerm;
    pNew->prereq = (saved_prereq | pTerm->prereqRight) & ~pNew->maskSelf;

    assert( nInMul==0
        || (pNew->wsFlags & WHERE_COLUMN_NULL)!=0
        || (pNew->wsFlags & WHERE_COLUMN_IN)!=0
        || (pNew->wsFlags & WHERE_SKIPSCAN)!=0
    );

    if( eOp & WO_IN ){
      Expr *pExpr = pTerm->pExpr;
      if( ExprHasProperty(pExpr, EP_xIsSelect) ){
        /* "x IN (SELECT ...)":  TUNING: the SELECT returns 25 rows */
        int i;
        nIn = 46;  assert( 46==sqlite3LogEst(25) );

        /* The expression may actually be of the form (x, y) IN (SELECT...).
        ** In this case there is a separate term for each of (x) and (y).
        ** However, the nIn multiplier should only be applied once, not once
        ** for each such term. The following loop checks that pTerm is the
        ** first such term in use, and sets nIn back to 0 if it is not. */
        for(i=0; i<pNew->nLTerm-1; i++){
          if( pNew->aLTerm[i] && pNew->aLTerm[i]->pExpr==pExpr ) nIn = 0;
        }
      }else if( ALWAYS(pExpr->x.pList && pExpr->x.pList->nExpr) ){
        /* "x IN (value, value, ...)" */
        nIn = sqlite3LogEst(pExpr->x.pList->nExpr);
      }
      if( pProbe->hasStat1 ){
        LogEst M, logK, safetyMargin;
        /* Let:
        **   N = the total number of rows in the table
        **   K = the number of entries on the RHS of the IN operator
        **   M = the number of rows in the table that match terms to the
        **       to the left in the same index.  If the IN operator is on
        **       the left-most index column, M==N.
        **
        ** Given the definitions above, it is better to omit the IN operator
        ** from the index lookup and instead do a scan of the M elements,
        ** testing each scanned row against the IN operator separately, if:
        **
        **        M*log(K) < K*log(N)
        **
        ** Our estimates for M, K, and N might be inaccurate, so we build in
        ** a safety margin of 2 (LogEst: 10) that favors using the IN operator
        ** with the index, as using an index has better worst-case behavior.
        ** If we do not have real sqlite_stat1 data, always prefer to use
        ** the index.
        */
        M = pProbe->aiRowLogEst[saved_nEq];
        logK = estLog(nIn);
        safetyMargin = 10;  /* TUNING: extra weight for indexed IN */
        if( M + logK + safetyMargin < nIn + rLogSize ){
          WHERETRACE(0x40,
            ("Scan preferred over IN operator on column %d of \"%s\" (%d<%d)\n",
             saved_nEq, pProbe->zName, M+logK+10, nIn+rLogSize));
          continue;
        }else{
          WHERETRACE(0x40,
            ("IN operator preferred on column %d of \"%s\" (%d>=%d)\n",
             saved_nEq, pProbe->zName, M+logK+10, nIn+rLogSize));
        }
      }
      pNew->wsFlags |= WHERE_COLUMN_IN;
    }else if( eOp & (WO_EQ|WO_IS) ){
      int iCol = pProbe->aiColumn[saved_nEq];
      pNew->wsFlags |= WHERE_COLUMN_EQ;
      assert( saved_nEq==pNew->u.btree.nEq );
      if( iCol==XN_ROWID
       || (iCol>=0 && nInMul==0 && saved_nEq==pProbe->nKeyCol-1)
      ){
        if( iCol==XN_ROWID || pProbe->uniqNotNull
         || (pProbe->nKeyCol==1 && pProbe->onError && eOp==WO_EQ)
        ){
          pNew->wsFlags |= WHERE_ONEROW;
        }else{
          pNew->wsFlags |= WHERE_UNQ_WANTED;
        }
      }
    }else if( eOp & WO_ISNULL ){
      pNew->wsFlags |= WHERE_COLUMN_NULL;
    }else if( eOp & (WO_GT|WO_GE) ){
      testcase( eOp & WO_GT );
      testcase( eOp & WO_GE );
      pNew->wsFlags |= WHERE_COLUMN_RANGE|WHERE_BTM_LIMIT;
      pNew->u.btree.nBtm = whereRangeVectorLen(
          pParse, pSrc->iCursor, pProbe, saved_nEq, pTerm
      );
      pBtm = pTerm;
      pTop = 0;
      if( pTerm->wtFlags & TERM_LIKEOPT ){
        /* Range contraints that come from the LIKE optimization are
        ** always used in pairs. */
        pTop = &pTerm[1];
        assert( (pTop-(pTerm->pWC->a))<pTerm->pWC->nTerm );
        assert( pTop->wtFlags & TERM_LIKEOPT );
        assert( pTop->eOperator==WO_LT );
        if( whereLoopResize(db, pNew, pNew->nLTerm+1) ) break; /* OOM */
        pNew->aLTerm[pNew->nLTerm++] = pTop;
        pNew->wsFlags |= WHERE_TOP_LIMIT;
        pNew->u.btree.nTop = 1;
      }
    }else{
      assert( eOp & (WO_LT|WO_LE) );
      testcase( eOp & WO_LT );
      testcase( eOp & WO_LE );
      pNew->wsFlags |= WHERE_COLUMN_RANGE|WHERE_TOP_LIMIT;
      pNew->u.btree.nTop = whereRangeVectorLen(
          pParse, pSrc->iCursor, pProbe, saved_nEq, pTerm
      );
      pTop = pTerm;
      pBtm = (pNew->wsFlags & WHERE_BTM_LIMIT)!=0 ?
                     pNew->aLTerm[pNew->nLTerm-2] : 0;
    }

    /* At this point pNew->nOut is set to the number of rows expected to
    ** be visited by the index scan before considering term pTerm, or the
    ** values of nIn and nInMul. In other words, assuming that all
    ** "x IN(...)" terms are replaced with "x = ?". This block updates
    ** the value of pNew->nOut to account for pTerm (but not nIn/nInMul).  */
    assert( pNew->nOut==saved_nOut );
    if( pNew->wsFlags & WHERE_COLUMN_RANGE ){
      /* Adjust nOut using stat4 data. Or, if there is no stat4
      ** data, using some other estimate.  */
      whereRangeScanEst(pParse, pBuilder, pBtm, pTop, pNew);
    }else{
      int nEq = ++pNew->u.btree.nEq;
      assert( eOp & (WO_ISNULL|WO_EQ|WO_IN|WO_IS) );

      assert( pNew->nOut==saved_nOut );
      if( pTerm->truthProb<=0 && pProbe->aiColumn[saved_nEq]>=0 ){
        assert( (eOp & WO_IN) || nIn==0 );
        testcase( eOp & WO_IN );
        pNew->nOut += pTerm->truthProb;
        pNew->nOut -= nIn;
      }else{
#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT4
        tRowcnt nOut = 0;
        if( nInMul==0
         && pProbe->nSample
         && pNew->u.btree.nEq<=pProbe->nSampleCol
         && ((eOp & WO_IN)==0 || !ExprHasProperty(pTerm->pExpr, EP_xIsSelect))
         && OptimizationEnabled(db, SQLITE_Stat4)
        ){
          Expr *pExpr = pTerm->pExpr;
          if( (eOp & (WO_EQ|WO_ISNULL|WO_IS))!=0 ){
            testcase( eOp & WO_EQ );
            testcase( eOp & WO_IS );
            testcase( eOp & WO_ISNULL );
            rc = whereEqualScanEst(pParse, pBuilder, pExpr->pRight, &nOut);
          }else{
            rc = whereInScanEst(pParse, pBuilder, pExpr->x.pList, &nOut);
          }
          if( rc==SQLITE_NOTFOUND ) rc = SQLITE_OK;
          if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ) break;          /* Jump out of the pTerm loop */
          if( nOut ){
            pNew->nOut = sqlite3LogEst(nOut);
            if( pNew->nOut>saved_nOut ) pNew->nOut = saved_nOut;
            pNew->nOut -= nIn;
          }
        }
        if( nOut==0 )
#endif
        {
          pNew->nOut += (pProbe->aiRowLogEst[nEq] - pProbe->aiRowLogEst[nEq-1]);
          if( eOp & WO_ISNULL ){
            /* TUNING: If there is no likelihood() value, assume that a
            ** "col IS NULL" expression matches twice as many rows
            ** as (col=?). */
            pNew->nOut += 10;
          }
        }
      }
    }

    /* Set rCostIdx to the cost of visiting selected rows in index. Add
    ** it to pNew->rRun, which is currently set to the cost of the index
    ** seek only. Then, if this is a non-covering index, add the cost of
    ** visiting the rows in the main table.  */
    assert( pSrc->pTab->szTabRow>0 );
    rCostIdx = pNew->nOut + 1 + (15*pProbe->szIdxRow)/pSrc->pTab->szTabRow;
    pNew->rRun = sqlite3LogEstAdd(rLogSize, rCostIdx);
    if( (pNew->wsFlags & (WHERE_IDX_ONLY|WHERE_IPK))==0 ){
      pNew->rRun = sqlite3LogEstAdd(pNew->rRun, pNew->nOut + 16);
    }
    ApplyCostMultiplier(pNew->rRun, pProbe->pTable->costMult);

    nOutUnadjusted = pNew->nOut;
    pNew->rRun += nInMul + nIn;
    pNew->nOut += nInMul + nIn;
    whereLoopOutputAdjust(pBuilder->pWC, pNew, rSize);
    rc = whereLoopInsert(pBuilder, pNew);

    if( pNew->wsFlags & WHERE_COLUMN_RANGE ){
      pNew->nOut = saved_nOut;
    }else{
      pNew->nOut = nOutUnadjusted;
    }

    if( (pNew->wsFlags & WHERE_TOP_LIMIT)==0
     && pNew->u.btree.nEq<pProbe->nColumn
    ){
      whereLoopAddBtreeIndex(pBuilder, pSrc, pProbe, nInMul+nIn);
    }
    pNew->nOut = saved_nOut;
#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT4
    pBuilder->nRecValid = nRecValid;
#endif
  }
  pNew->prereq = saved_prereq;
  pNew->u.btree.nEq = saved_nEq;
  pNew->u.btree.nBtm = saved_nBtm;
  pNew->u.btree.nTop = saved_nTop;
  pNew->nSkip = saved_nSkip;
  pNew->wsFlags = saved_wsFlags;
  pNew->nOut = saved_nOut;
  pNew->nLTerm = saved_nLTerm;

  /* Consider using a skip-scan if there are no WHERE clause constraints
  ** available for the left-most terms of the index, and if the average
  ** number of repeats in the left-most terms is at least 18.
  **
  ** The magic number 18 is selected on the basis that scanning 17 rows
  ** is almost always quicker than an index seek (even though if the index
  ** contains fewer than 2^17 rows we assume otherwise in other parts of
  ** the code). And, even if it is not, it should not be too much slower.
  ** On the other hand, the extra seeks could end up being significantly
  ** more expensive.  */
  assert( 42==sqlite3LogEst(18) );
  if( saved_nEq==saved_nSkip
   && saved_nEq+1<pProbe->nKeyCol
   && saved_nEq==pNew->nLTerm
   && pProbe->noSkipScan==0
   && OptimizationEnabled(db, SQLITE_SkipScan)
   && pProbe->aiRowLogEst[saved_nEq+1]>=42  /* TUNING: Minimum for skip-scan */
   && (rc = whereLoopResize(db, pNew, pNew->nLTerm+1))==SQLITE_OK
  ){
    LogEst nIter;
    pNew->u.btree.nEq++;
    pNew->nSkip++;
    pNew->aLTerm[pNew->nLTerm++] = 0;
    pNew->wsFlags |= WHERE_SKIPSCAN;
    nIter = pProbe->aiRowLogEst[saved_nEq] - pProbe->aiRowLogEst[saved_nEq+1];
    pNew->nOut -= nIter;
    /* TUNING:  Because uncertainties in the estimates for skip-scan queries,
    ** add a 1.375 fudge factor to make skip-scan slightly less likely. */
    nIter += 5;
    whereLoopAddBtreeIndex(pBuilder, pSrc, pProbe, nIter + nInMul);
    pNew->nOut = saved_nOut;
    pNew->u.btree.nEq = saved_nEq;
    pNew->nSkip = saved_nSkip;
    pNew->wsFlags = saved_wsFlags;
  }

  WHERETRACE(0x800, ("END %s.addBtreeIdx(%s), nEq=%d, rc=%d\n",
                      pProbe->pTable->zName, pProbe->zName, saved_nEq, rc));
  return rc;
}

/*
** Return True if it is possible that pIndex might be useful in
** implementing the ORDER BY clause in pBuilder.
**
** Return False if pBuilder does not contain an ORDER BY clause or
** if there is no way for pIndex to be useful in implementing that
** ORDER BY clause.
*/
static int indexMightHelpWithOrderBy(
  WhereLoopBuilder *pBuilder,
  Index *pIndex,
  int iCursor
){
  ExprList *pOB;
  ExprList *aColExpr;
  int ii, jj;

  if( pIndex->bUnordered ) return 0;
  if( (pOB = pBuilder->pWInfo->pOrderBy)==0 ) return 0;
  for(ii=0; ii<pOB->nExpr; ii++){
    Expr *pExpr = sqlite3ExprSkipCollateAndLikely(pOB->a[ii].pExpr);
    if( pExpr->op==TK_COLUMN && pExpr->iTable==iCursor ){
      if( pExpr->iColumn<0 ) return 1;
      for(jj=0; jj<pIndex->nKeyCol; jj++){
        if( pExpr->iColumn==pIndex->aiColumn[jj] ) return 1;
      }
    }else if( (aColExpr = pIndex->aColExpr)!=0 ){
      for(jj=0; jj<pIndex->nKeyCol; jj++){
        if( pIndex->aiColumn[jj]!=XN_EXPR ) continue;
        if( sqlite3ExprCompareSkip(pExpr,aColExpr->a[jj].pExpr,iCursor)==0 ){
          return 1;
        }
      }
    }
  }
  return 0;
}

/* Check to see if a partial index with pPartIndexWhere can be used
** in the current query.  Return true if it can be and false if not.
*/
static int whereUsablePartialIndex(
  int iTab,             /* The table for which we want an index */
  int isLeft,           /* True if iTab is the right table of a LEFT JOIN */
  WhereClause *pWC,     /* The WHERE clause of the query */
  Expr *pWhere          /* The WHERE clause from the partial index */
){
  int i;
  WhereTerm *pTerm;
  Parse *pParse = pWC->pWInfo->pParse;
  while( pWhere->op==TK_AND ){
    if( !whereUsablePartialIndex(iTab,isLeft,pWC,pWhere->pLeft) ) return 0;
    pWhere = pWhere->pRight;
  }
  if( pParse->db->flags & SQLITE_EnableQPSG ) pParse = 0;
  for(i=0, pTerm=pWC->a; i<pWC->nTerm; i++, pTerm++){
    Expr *pExpr;
    pExpr = pTerm->pExpr;
    if( (!ExprHasProperty(pExpr, EP_FromJoin) || pExpr->iRightJoinTable==iTab)
     && (isLeft==0 || ExprHasProperty(pExpr, EP_FromJoin))
     && sqlite3ExprImpliesExpr(pParse, pExpr, pWhere, iTab)
    ){
      return 1;
    }
  }
  return 0;
}

/*
** Add all WhereLoop objects for a single table of the join where the table
** is identified by pBuilder->pNew->iTab.  That table is guaranteed to be
** a b-tree table, not a virtual table.
**
** The costs (WhereLoop.rRun) of the b-tree loops added by this function
** are calculated as follows:
**
** For a full scan, assuming the table (or index) contains nRow rows:
**
**     cost = nRow * 3.0                    // full-table scan
**     cost = nRow * K                      // scan of covering index
**     cost = nRow * (K+3.0)                // scan of non-covering index
**
** where K is a value between 1.1 and 3.0 set based on the relative
** estimated average size of the index and table records.
**
** For an index scan, where nVisit is the number of index rows visited
** by the scan, and nSeek is the number of seek operations required on
** the index b-tree:
**
**     cost = nSeek * (log(nRow) + K * nVisit)          // covering index
**     cost = nSeek * (log(nRow) + (K+3.0) * nVisit)    // non-covering index
**
** Normally, nSeek is 1. nSeek values greater than 1 come about if the
** WHERE clause includes "x IN (....)" terms used in place of "x=?". Or when
** implicit "x IN (SELECT x FROM tbl)" terms are added for skip-scans.
**
** The estimated values (nRow, nVisit, nSeek) often contain a large amount
** of uncertainty.  For this reason, scoring is designed to pick plans that
** "do the least harm" if the estimates are inaccurate.  For example, a
** log(nRow) factor is omitted from a non-covering index scan in order to
** bias the scoring in favor of using an index, since the worst-case
** performance of using an index is far better than the worst-case performance
** of a full table scan.
*/
static int whereLoopAddBtree(
  WhereLoopBuilder *pBuilder, /* WHERE clause information */
  Bitmask mPrereq             /* Extra prerequesites for using this table */
){
  WhereInfo *pWInfo;          /* WHERE analysis context */
  Index *pProbe;              /* An index we are evaluating */
  Index sPk;                  /* A fake index object for the primary key */
  LogEst aiRowEstPk[2];       /* The aiRowLogEst[] value for the sPk index */
  i16 aiColumnPk = -1;        /* The aColumn[] value for the sPk index */
  SrcList *pTabList;          /* The FROM clause */
  struct SrcList_item *pSrc;  /* The FROM clause btree term to add */
  WhereLoop *pNew;            /* Template WhereLoop object */
  int rc = SQLITE_OK;         /* Return code */
  int iSortIdx = 1;           /* Index number */
  int b;                      /* A boolean value */
  LogEst rSize;               /* number of rows in the table */
  LogEst rLogSize;            /* Logarithm of the number of rows in the table */
  WhereClause *pWC;           /* The parsed WHERE clause */
  Table *pTab;                /* Table being queried */

  pNew = pBuilder->pNew;
  pWInfo = pBuilder->pWInfo;
  pTabList = pWInfo->pTabList;
  pSrc = pTabList->a + pNew->iTab;
  pTab = pSrc->pTab;
  pWC = pBuilder->pWC;
  assert( !IsVirtual(pSrc->pTab) );

  if( pSrc->pIBIndex ){
    /* An INDEXED BY clause specifies a particular index to use */
    pProbe = pSrc->pIBIndex;
  }else if( !HasRowid(pTab) ){
    pProbe = pTab->pIndex;
  }else{
    /* There is no INDEXED BY clause.  Create a fake Index object in local
    ** variable sPk to represent the rowid primary key index.  Make this
    ** fake index the first in a chain of Index objects with all of the real
    ** indices to follow */
    Index *pFirst;                  /* First of real indices on the table */
    memset(&sPk, 0, sizeof(Index));
    sPk.nKeyCol = 1;
    sPk.nColumn = 1;
    sPk.aiColumn = &aiColumnPk;
    sPk.aiRowLogEst = aiRowEstPk;
    sPk.onError = OE_Replace;
    sPk.pTable = pTab;
    sPk.szIdxRow = pTab->szTabRow;
    sPk.idxType = SQLITE_IDXTYPE_IPK;
    aiRowEstPk[0] = pTab->nRowLogEst;
    aiRowEstPk[1] = 0;
    pFirst = pSrc->pTab->pIndex;
    if( pSrc->fg.notIndexed==0 ){
      /* The real indices of the table are only considered if the
      ** NOT INDEXED qualifier is omitted from the FROM clause */
      sPk.pNext = pFirst;
    }
    pProbe = &sPk;
  }
  rSize = pTab->nRowLogEst;
  rLogSize = estLog(rSize);

#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_AUTOMATIC_INDEX
  /* Automatic indexes */
  if( !pBuilder->pOrSet      /* Not part of an OR optimization */
   && (pWInfo->wctrlFlags & WHERE_OR_SUBCLAUSE)==0
   && (pWInfo->pParse->db->flags & SQLITE_AutoIndex)!=0
   && pSrc->pIBIndex==0      /* Has no INDEXED BY clause */
   && !pSrc->fg.notIndexed   /* Has no NOT INDEXED clause */
   && HasRowid(pTab)         /* Not WITHOUT ROWID table. (FIXME: Why not?) */
   && !pSrc->fg.isCorrelated /* Not a correlated subquery */
   && !pSrc->fg.isRecursive  /* Not a recursive common table expression. */
  ){
    /* Generate auto-index WhereLoops */
    WhereTerm *pTerm;
    WhereTerm *pWCEnd = pWC->a + pWC->nTerm;
    for(pTerm=pWC->a; rc==SQLITE_OK && pTerm<pWCEnd; pTerm++){
      if( pTerm->prereqRight & pNew->maskSelf ) continue;
      if( termCanDriveIndex(pTerm, pSrc, 0) ){
        pNew->u.btree.nEq = 1;
        pNew->nSkip = 0;
        pNew->u.btree.pIndex = 0;
        pNew->nLTerm = 1;
        pNew->aLTerm[0] = pTerm;
        /* TUNING: One-time cost for computing the automatic index is
        ** estimated to be X*N*log2(N) where N is the number of rows in
        ** the table being indexed and where X is 7 (LogEst=28) for normal
        ** tables or 0.5 (LogEst=-10) for views and subqueries.  The value
        ** of X is smaller for views and subqueries so that the query planner
        ** will be more aggressive about generating automatic indexes for
        ** those objects, since there is no opportunity to add schema
        ** indexes on subqueries and views. */
        pNew->rSetup = rLogSize + rSize;
        if( pTab->pSelect==0 && (pTab->tabFlags & TF_Ephemeral)==0 ){
          pNew->rSetup += 28;
        }else{
          pNew->rSetup -= 10;
        }
        ApplyCostMultiplier(pNew->rSetup, pTab->costMult);
        if( pNew->rSetup<0 ) pNew->rSetup = 0;
        /* TUNING: Each index lookup yields 20 rows in the table.  This
        ** is more than the usual guess of 10 rows, since we have no way
        ** of knowing how selective the index will ultimately be.  It would
        ** not be unreasonable to make this value much larger. */
        pNew->nOut = 43;  assert( 43==sqlite3LogEst(20) );
        pNew->rRun = sqlite3LogEstAdd(rLogSize,pNew->nOut);
        pNew->wsFlags = WHERE_AUTO_INDEX;
        pNew->prereq = mPrereq | pTerm->prereqRight;
        rc = whereLoopInsert(pBuilder, pNew);
      }
    }
  }
#endif /* SQLITE_OMIT_AUTOMATIC_INDEX */

  /* Loop over all indices. If there was an INDEXED BY clause, then only
  ** consider index pProbe.  */
  for(; rc==SQLITE_OK && pProbe;
      pProbe=(pSrc->pIBIndex ? 0 : pProbe->pNext), iSortIdx++
  ){
    int isLeft = (pSrc->fg.jointype & JT_OUTER)!=0;
    if( pProbe->pPartIdxWhere!=0
     && !whereUsablePartialIndex(pSrc->iCursor, isLeft, pWC,
                                 pProbe->pPartIdxWhere)
    ){
      testcase( pNew->iTab!=pSrc->iCursor );  /* See ticket [98d973b8f5] */
      continue;  /* Partial index inappropriate for this query */
    }
    if( pProbe->bNoQuery ) continue;
    rSize = pProbe->aiRowLogEst[0];
    pNew->u.btree.nEq = 0;
    pNew->u.btree.nBtm = 0;
    pNew->u.btree.nTop = 0;
    pNew->nSkip = 0;
    pNew->nLTerm = 0;
    pNew->iSortIdx = 0;
    pNew->rSetup = 0;
    pNew->prereq = mPrereq;
    pNew->nOut = rSize;
    pNew->u.btree.pIndex = pProbe;
    b = indexMightHelpWithOrderBy(pBuilder, pProbe, pSrc->iCursor);
    /* The ONEPASS_DESIRED flags never occurs together with ORDER BY */
    assert( (pWInfo->wctrlFlags & WHERE_ONEPASS_DESIRED)==0 || b==0 );
    if( pProbe->idxType==SQLITE_IDXTYPE_IPK ){
      /* Integer primary key index */
      pNew->wsFlags = WHERE_IPK;

      /* Full table scan */
      pNew->iSortIdx = b ? iSortIdx : 0;
      /* TUNING: Cost of full table scan is (N*3.0). */
      pNew->rRun = rSize + 16;
      ApplyCostMultiplier(pNew->rRun, pTab->costMult);
      whereLoopOutputAdjust(pWC, pNew, rSize);
      rc = whereLoopInsert(pBuilder, pNew);
      pNew->nOut = rSize;
      if( rc ) break;
    }else{
      Bitmask m;
      if( pProbe->isCovering ){
        pNew->wsFlags = WHERE_IDX_ONLY | WHERE_INDEXED;
        m = 0;
      }else{
        m = pSrc->colUsed & pProbe->colNotIdxed;
        pNew->wsFlags = (m==0) ? (WHERE_IDX_ONLY|WHERE_INDEXED) : WHERE_INDEXED;
      }

      /* Full scan via index */
      if( b
       || !HasRowid(pTab)
       || pProbe->pPartIdxWhere!=0
       || ( m==0
         && pProbe->bUnordered==0
         && (pProbe->szIdxRow<pTab->szTabRow)
         && (pWInfo->wctrlFlags & WHERE_ONEPASS_DESIRED)==0
         && sqlite3GlobalConfig.bUseCis
         && OptimizationEnabled(pWInfo->pParse->db, SQLITE_CoverIdxScan)
          )
      ){
        pNew->iSortIdx = b ? iSortIdx : 0;

        /* The cost of visiting the index rows is N*K, where K is
        ** between 1.1 and 3.0, depending on the relative sizes of the
        ** index and table rows. */
        pNew->rRun = rSize + 1 + (15*pProbe->szIdxRow)/pTab->szTabRow;
        if( m!=0 ){
          /* If this is a non-covering index scan, add in the cost of
          ** doing table lookups.  The cost will be 3x the number of
          ** lookups.  Take into account WHERE clause terms that can be
          ** satisfied using just the index, and that do not require a
          ** table lookup. */
          LogEst nLookup = rSize + 16;  /* Base cost:  N*3 */
          int ii;
          int iCur = pSrc->iCursor;
          WhereClause *pWC2 = &pWInfo->sWC;
          for(ii=0; ii<pWC2->nTerm; ii++){
            WhereTerm *pTerm = &pWC2->a[ii];
            if( !sqlite3ExprCoveredByIndex(pTerm->pExpr, iCur, pProbe) ){
              break;
            }
            /* pTerm can be evaluated using just the index.  So reduce
            ** the expected number of table lookups accordingly */
            if( pTerm->truthProb<=0 ){
              nLookup += pTerm->truthProb;
            }else{
              nLookup--;
              if( pTerm->eOperator & (WO_EQ|WO_IS) ) nLookup -= 19;
            }
          }

          pNew->rRun = sqlite3LogEstAdd(pNew->rRun, nLookup);
        }
        ApplyCostMultiplier(pNew->rRun, pTab->costMult);
        whereLoopOutputAdjust(pWC, pNew, rSize);
        rc = whereLoopInsert(pBuilder, pNew);
        pNew->nOut = rSize;
        if( rc ) break;
      }
    }

    pBuilder->bldFlags = 0;
    rc = whereLoopAddBtreeIndex(pBuilder, pSrc, pProbe, 0);
    if( pBuilder->bldFlags==SQLITE_BLDF_INDEXED ){
      /* If a non-unique index is used, or if a prefix of the key for
      ** unique index is used (making the index functionally non-unique)
      ** then the sqlite_stat1 data becomes important for scoring the
      ** plan */
      pTab->tabFlags |= TF_StatsUsed;
    }
#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT4
    sqlite3Stat4ProbeFree(pBuilder->pRec);
    pBuilder->nRecValid = 0;
    pBuilder->pRec = 0;
#endif
  }
  return rc;
}

#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_VIRTUALTABLE

/*
** Argument pIdxInfo is already populated with all constraints that may
** be used by the virtual table identified by pBuilder->pNew->iTab. This
** function marks a subset of those constraints usable, invokes the
** xBestIndex method and adds the returned plan to pBuilder.
**
** A constraint is marked usable if:
**
**   * Argument mUsable indicates that its prerequisites are available, and
**
**   * It is not one of the operators specified in the mExclude mask passed
**     as the fourth argument (which in practice is either WO_IN or 0).
**
** Argument mPrereq is a mask of tables that must be scanned before the
** virtual table in question. These are added to the plans prerequisites
** before it is added to pBuilder.
**
** Output parameter *pbIn is set to true if the plan added to pBuilder
** uses one or more WO_IN terms, or false otherwise.
*/
static int whereLoopAddVirtualOne(
  WhereLoopBuilder *pBuilder,
  Bitmask mPrereq,                /* Mask of tables that must be used. */
  Bitmask mUsable,                /* Mask of usable tables */
  u16 mExclude,                   /* Exclude terms using these operators */
  sqlite3_index_info *pIdxInfo,   /* Populated object for xBestIndex */
  u16 mNoOmit,                    /* Do not omit these constraints */
  int *pbIn                       /* OUT: True if plan uses an IN(...) op */
){
  WhereClause *pWC = pBuilder->pWC;
  struct sqlite3_index_constraint *pIdxCons;
  struct sqlite3_index_constraint_usage *pUsage = pIdxInfo->aConstraintUsage;
  int i;
  int mxTerm;
  int rc = SQLITE_OK;
  WhereLoop *pNew = pBuilder->pNew;
  Parse *pParse = pBuilder->pWInfo->pParse;
  struct SrcList_item *pSrc = &pBuilder->pWInfo->pTabList->a[pNew->iTab];
  int nConstraint = pIdxInfo->nConstraint;

  assert( (mUsable & mPrereq)==mPrereq );
  *pbIn = 0;
  pNew->prereq = mPrereq;

  /* Set the usable flag on the subset of constraints identified by
  ** arguments mUsable and mExclude. */
  pIdxCons = *(struct sqlite3_index_constraint**)&pIdxInfo->aConstraint;
  for(i=0; i<nConstraint; i++, pIdxCons++){
    WhereTerm *pTerm = &pWC->a[pIdxCons->iTermOffset];
    pIdxCons->usable = 0;
    if( (pTerm->prereqRight & mUsable)==pTerm->prereqRight
     && (pTerm->eOperator & mExclude)==0
    ){
      pIdxCons->usable = 1;
    }
  }

  /* Initialize the output fields of the sqlite3_index_info structure */
  memset(pUsage, 0, sizeof(pUsage[0])*nConstraint);
  assert( pIdxInfo->needToFreeIdxStr==0 );
  pIdxInfo->idxStr = 0;
  pIdxInfo->idxNum = 0;
  pIdxInfo->orderByConsumed = 0;
  pIdxInfo->estimatedCost = SQLITE_BIG_DBL / (double)2;
  pIdxInfo->estimatedRows = 25;
  pIdxInfo->idxFlags = 0;
  pIdxInfo->colUsed = (sqlite3_int64)pSrc->colUsed;

  /* Invoke the virtual table xBestIndex() method */
  rc = vtabBestIndex(pParse, pSrc->pTab, pIdxInfo);
  if( rc ){
    if( rc==SQLITE_CONSTRAINT ){
      /* If the xBestIndex method returns SQLITE_CONSTRAINT, that means
      ** that the particular combination of parameters provided is unusable.
      ** Make no entries in the loop table.
      */
      WHERETRACE(0xffff, ("  ^^^^--- non-viable plan rejected!\n"));
      return SQLITE_OK;
    }
    return rc;
  }

  mxTerm = -1;
  assert( pNew->nLSlot>=nConstraint );
  for(i=0; i<nConstraint; i++) pNew->aLTerm[i] = 0;
  pNew->u.vtab.omitMask = 0;
  pIdxCons = *(struct sqlite3_index_constraint**)&pIdxInfo->aConstraint;
  for(i=0; i<nConstraint; i++, pIdxCons++){
    int iTerm;
    if( (iTerm = pUsage[i].argvIndex - 1)>=0 ){
      WhereTerm *pTerm;
      int j = pIdxCons->iTermOffset;
      if( iTerm>=nConstraint
       || j<0
       || j>=pWC->nTerm
       || pNew->aLTerm[iTerm]!=0
       || pIdxCons->usable==0
      ){
        sqlite3ErrorMsg(pParse,"%s.xBestIndex malfunction",pSrc->pTab->zName);
        testcase( pIdxInfo->needToFreeIdxStr );
        return SQLITE_ERROR;
      }
      testcase( iTerm==nConstraint-1 );
      testcase( j==0 );
      testcase( j==pWC->nTerm-1 );
      pTerm = &pWC->a[j];
      pNew->prereq |= pTerm->prereqRight;
      assert( iTerm<pNew->nLSlot );
      pNew->aLTerm[iTerm] = pTerm;
      if( iTerm>mxTerm ) mxTerm = iTerm;
      testcase( iTerm==15 );
      testcase( iTerm==16 );
      if( pUsage[i].omit ){
        if( i<16 && ((1<<i)&mNoOmit)==0 ){
          testcase( i!=iTerm );
          pNew->u.vtab.omitMask |= 1<<iTerm;
        }else{
          testcase( i!=iTerm );
        }
      }
      if( (pTerm->eOperator & WO_IN)!=0 ){
        /* A virtual table that is constrained by an IN clause may not
        ** consume the ORDER BY clause because (1) the order of IN terms
        ** is not necessarily related to the order of output terms and
        ** (2) Multiple outputs from a single IN value will not merge
        ** together.  */
        pIdxInfo->orderByConsumed = 0;
        pIdxInfo->idxFlags &= ~SQLITE_INDEX_SCAN_UNIQUE;
        *pbIn = 1; assert( (mExclude & WO_IN)==0 );
      }
    }
  }

  pNew->nLTerm = mxTerm+1;
  for(i=0; i<=mxTerm; i++){
    if( pNew->aLTerm[i]==0 ){
      /* The non-zero argvIdx values must be contiguous.  Raise an
      ** error if they are not */
      sqlite3ErrorMsg(pParse,"%s.xBestIndex malfunction",pSrc->pTab->zName);
      testcase( pIdxInfo->needToFreeIdxStr );
      return SQLITE_ERROR;
    }
  }
  assert( pNew->nLTerm<=pNew->nLSlot );
  pNew->u.vtab.idxNum = pIdxInfo->idxNum;
  pNew->u.vtab.needFree = pIdxInfo->needToFreeIdxStr;
  pIdxInfo->needToFreeIdxStr = 0;
  pNew->u.vtab.idxStr = pIdxInfo->idxStr;
  pNew->u.vtab.isOrdered = (i8)(pIdxInfo->orderByConsumed ?
      pIdxInfo->nOrderBy : 0);
  pNew->rSetup = 0;
  pNew->rRun = sqlite3LogEstFromDouble(pIdxInfo->estimatedCost);
  pNew->nOut = sqlite3LogEst(pIdxInfo->estimatedRows);

  /* Set the WHERE_ONEROW flag if the xBestIndex() method indicated
  ** that the scan will visit at most one row. Clear it otherwise. */
  if( pIdxInfo->idxFlags & SQLITE_INDEX_SCAN_UNIQUE ){
    pNew->wsFlags |= WHERE_ONEROW;
  }else{
    pNew->wsFlags &= ~WHERE_ONEROW;
  }
  rc = whereLoopInsert(pBuilder, pNew);
  if( pNew->u.vtab.needFree ){
    sqlite3_free(pNew->u.vtab.idxStr);
    pNew->u.vtab.needFree = 0;
  }
  WHERETRACE(0xffff, ("  bIn=%d prereqIn=%04llx prereqOut=%04llx\n",
                      *pbIn, (sqlite3_uint64)mPrereq,
                      (sqlite3_uint64)(pNew->prereq & ~mPrereq)));

  return rc;
}

/*
** If this function is invoked from within an xBestIndex() callback, it
** returns a pointer to a buffer containing the name of the collation
** sequence associated with element iCons of the sqlite3_index_info.aConstraint
** array. Or, if iCons is out of range or there is no active xBestIndex
** call, return NULL.
*/
const char *sqlite3_vtab_collation(sqlite3_index_info *pIdxInfo, int iCons){
  HiddenIndexInfo *pHidden = (HiddenIndexInfo*)&pIdxInfo[1];
  const char *zRet = 0;
  if( iCons>=0 && iCons<pIdxInfo->nConstraint ){
    CollSeq *pC = 0;
    int iTerm = pIdxInfo->aConstraint[iCons].iTermOffset;
    Expr *pX = pHidden->pWC->a[iTerm].pExpr;
    if( pX->pLeft ){
      pC = sqlite3ExprCompareCollSeq(pHidden->pParse, pX);
    }
    zRet = (pC ? pC->zName : sqlite3StrBINARY);
  }
  return zRet;
}

/*
** Add all WhereLoop objects for a table of the join identified by
** pBuilder->pNew->iTab.  That table is guaranteed to be a virtual table.
**
** If there are no LEFT or CROSS JOIN joins in the query, both mPrereq and
** mUnusable are set to 0. Otherwise, mPrereq is a mask of all FROM clause
** entries that occur before the virtual table in the FROM clause and are
** separated from it by at least one LEFT or CROSS JOIN. Similarly, the
** mUnusable mask contains all FROM clause entries that occur after the
** virtual table and are separated from it by at least one LEFT or
** CROSS JOIN.
**
** For example, if the query were:
**
**   ... FROM t1, t2 LEFT JOIN t3, t4, vt CROSS JOIN t5, t6;
**
** then mPrereq corresponds to (t1, t2) and mUnusable to (t5, t6).
**
** All the tables in mPrereq must be scanned before the current virtual
** table. So any terms for which all prerequisites are satisfied by
** mPrereq may be specified as "usable" in all calls to xBestIndex.
** Conversely, all tables in mUnusable must be scanned after the current
** virtual table, so any terms for which the prerequisites overlap with
** mUnusable should always be configured as "not-usable" for xBestIndex.
*/
static int whereLoopAddVirtual(
  WhereLoopBuilder *pBuilder,  /* WHERE clause information */
  Bitmask mPrereq,             /* Tables that must be scanned before this one */
  Bitmask mUnusable            /* Tables that must be scanned after this one */
){
  int rc = SQLITE_OK;          /* Return code */
  WhereInfo *pWInfo;           /* WHERE analysis context */
  Parse *pParse;               /* The parsing context */
  WhereClause *pWC;            /* The WHERE clause */
  struct SrcList_item *pSrc;   /* The FROM clause term to search */
  sqlite3_index_info *p;       /* Object to pass to xBestIndex() */
  int nConstraint;             /* Number of constraints in p */
  int bIn;                     /* True if plan uses IN(...) operator */
  WhereLoop *pNew;
  Bitmask mBest;               /* Tables used by best possible plan */
  u16 mNoOmit;

  assert( (mPrereq & mUnusable)==0 );
  pWInfo = pBuilder->pWInfo;
  pParse = pWInfo->pParse;
  pWC = pBuilder->pWC;
  pNew = pBuilder->pNew;
  pSrc = &pWInfo->pTabList->a[pNew->iTab];
  assert( IsVirtual(pSrc->pTab) );
  p = allocateIndexInfo(pParse, pWC, mUnusable, pSrc, pBuilder->pOrderBy,
      &mNoOmit);
  if( p==0 ) return SQLITE_NOMEM_BKPT;
  pNew->rSetup = 0;
  pNew->wsFlags = WHERE_VIRTUALTABLE;
  pNew->nLTerm = 0;
  pNew->u.vtab.needFree = 0;
  nConstraint = p->nConstraint;
  if( whereLoopResize(pParse->db, pNew, nConstraint) ){
    sqlite3DbFree(pParse->db, p);
    return SQLITE_NOMEM_BKPT;
  }

  /* First call xBestIndex() with all constraints usable. */
  WHERETRACE(0x800, ("BEGIN %s.addVirtual()\n", pSrc->pTab->zName));
  WHERETRACE(0x40, ("  VirtualOne: all usable\n"));
  rc = whereLoopAddVirtualOne(pBuilder, mPrereq, ALLBITS, 0, p, mNoOmit, &bIn);

  /* If the call to xBestIndex() with all terms enabled produced a plan
  ** that does not require any source tables (IOW: a plan with mBest==0)
  ** and does not use an IN(...) operator, then there is no point in making
  ** any further calls to xBestIndex() since they will all return the same
  ** result (if the xBestIndex() implementation is sane). */
  if( rc==SQLITE_OK && ((mBest = (pNew->prereq & ~mPrereq))!=0 || bIn) ){
    int seenZero = 0;             /* True if a plan with no prereqs seen */
    int seenZeroNoIN = 0;         /* Plan with no prereqs and no IN(...) seen */
    Bitmask mPrev = 0;
    Bitmask mBestNoIn = 0;

    /* If the plan produced by the earlier call uses an IN(...) term, call
    ** xBestIndex again, this time with IN(...) terms disabled. */
    if( bIn ){
      WHERETRACE(0x40, ("  VirtualOne: all usable w/o IN\n"));
      rc = whereLoopAddVirtualOne(
          pBuilder, mPrereq, ALLBITS, WO_IN, p, mNoOmit, &bIn);
      assert( bIn==0 );
      mBestNoIn = pNew->prereq & ~mPrereq;
      if( mBestNoIn==0 ){
        seenZero = 1;
        seenZeroNoIN = 1;
      }
    }

    /* Call xBestIndex once for each distinct value of (prereqRight & ~mPrereq)
    ** in the set of terms that apply to the current virtual table.  */
    while( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
      int i;
      Bitmask mNext = ALLBITS;
      assert( mNext>0 );
      for(i=0; i<nConstraint; i++){
        Bitmask mThis = (
            pWC->a[p->aConstraint[i].iTermOffset].prereqRight & ~mPrereq
        );
        if( mThis>mPrev && mThis<mNext ) mNext = mThis;
      }
      mPrev = mNext;
      if( mNext==ALLBITS ) break;
      if( mNext==mBest || mNext==mBestNoIn ) continue;
      WHERETRACE(0x40, ("  VirtualOne: mPrev=%04llx mNext=%04llx\n",
                       (sqlite3_uint64)mPrev, (sqlite3_uint64)mNext));
      rc = whereLoopAddVirtualOne(
          pBuilder, mPrereq, mNext|mPrereq, 0, p, mNoOmit, &bIn);
      if( pNew->prereq==mPrereq ){
        seenZero = 1;
        if( bIn==0 ) seenZeroNoIN = 1;
      }
    }

    /* If the calls to xBestIndex() in the above loop did not find a plan
    ** that requires no source tables at all (i.e. one guaranteed to be
    ** usable), make a call here with all source tables disabled */
    if( rc==SQLITE_OK && seenZero==0 ){
      WHERETRACE(0x40, ("  VirtualOne: all disabled\n"));
      rc = whereLoopAddVirtualOne(
          pBuilder, mPrereq, mPrereq, 0, p, mNoOmit, &bIn);
      if( bIn==0 ) seenZeroNoIN = 1;
    }

    /* If the calls to xBestIndex() have so far failed to find a plan
    ** that requires no source tables at all and does not use an IN(...)
    ** operator, make a final call to obtain one here.  */
    if( rc==SQLITE_OK && seenZeroNoIN==0 ){
      WHERETRACE(0x40, ("  VirtualOne: all disabled and w/o IN\n"));
      rc = whereLoopAddVirtualOne(
          pBuilder, mPrereq, mPrereq, WO_IN, p, mNoOmit, &bIn);
    }
  }

  if( p->needToFreeIdxStr ) sqlite3_free(p->idxStr);
  sqlite3DbFreeNN(pParse->db, p);
  WHERETRACE(0x800, ("END %s.addVirtual(), rc=%d\n", pSrc->pTab->zName, rc));
  return rc;
}
#endif /* SQLITE_OMIT_VIRTUALTABLE */

/*
** Add WhereLoop entries to handle OR terms.  This works for either
** btrees or virtual tables.
*/
static int whereLoopAddOr(
  WhereLoopBuilder *pBuilder,
  Bitmask mPrereq,
  Bitmask mUnusable
){
  WhereInfo *pWInfo = pBuilder->pWInfo;
  WhereClause *pWC;
  WhereLoop *pNew;
  WhereTerm *pTerm, *pWCEnd;
  int rc = SQLITE_OK;
  int iCur;
  WhereClause tempWC;
  WhereLoopBuilder sSubBuild;
  WhereOrSet sSum, sCur;
  struct SrcList_item *pItem;

  pWC = pBuilder->pWC;
  pWCEnd = pWC->a + pWC->nTerm;
  pNew = pBuilder->pNew;
  memset(&sSum, 0, sizeof(sSum));
  pItem = pWInfo->pTabList->a + pNew->iTab;
  iCur = pItem->iCursor;

  for(pTerm=pWC->a; pTerm<pWCEnd && rc==SQLITE_OK; pTerm++){
    if( (pTerm->eOperator & WO_OR)!=0
     && (pTerm->u.pOrInfo->indexable & pNew->maskSelf)!=0
    ){
      WhereClause * const pOrWC = &pTerm->u.pOrInfo->wc;
      WhereTerm * const pOrWCEnd = &pOrWC->a[pOrWC->nTerm];
      WhereTerm *pOrTerm;
      int once = 1;
      int i, j;

      sSubBuild = *pBuilder;
      sSubBuild.pOrderBy = 0;
      sSubBuild.pOrSet = &sCur;

      WHERETRACE(0x200, ("Begin processing OR-clause %p\n", pTerm));
      for(pOrTerm=pOrWC->a; pOrTerm<pOrWCEnd; pOrTerm++){
        if( (pOrTerm->eOperator & WO_AND)!=0 ){
          sSubBuild.pWC = &pOrTerm->u.pAndInfo->wc;
        }else if( pOrTerm->leftCursor==iCur ){
          tempWC.pWInfo = pWC->pWInfo;
          tempWC.pOuter = pWC;
          tempWC.op = TK_AND;
          tempWC.nTerm = 1;
          tempWC.a = pOrTerm;
          sSubBuild.pWC = &tempWC;
        }else{
          continue;
        }
        sCur.n = 0;
#ifdef WHERETRACE_ENABLED
        WHERETRACE(0x200, ("OR-term %d of %p has %d subterms:\n",
                   (int)(pOrTerm-pOrWC->a), pTerm, sSubBuild.pWC->nTerm));
        if( sqlite3WhereTrace & 0x400 ){
          sqlite3WhereClausePrint(sSubBuild.pWC);
        }
#endif
#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_VIRTUALTABLE
        if( IsVirtual(pItem->pTab) ){
          rc = whereLoopAddVirtual(&sSubBuild, mPrereq, mUnusable);
        }else
#endif
        {
          rc = whereLoopAddBtree(&sSubBuild, mPrereq);
        }
        if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
          rc = whereLoopAddOr(&sSubBuild, mPrereq, mUnusable);
        }
        assert( rc==SQLITE_OK || rc==SQLITE_DONE || sCur.n==0 );
        testcase( rc==SQLITE_DONE );
        if( sCur.n==0 ){
          sSum.n = 0;
          break;
        }else if( once ){
          whereOrMove(&sSum, &sCur);
          once = 0;
        }else{
          WhereOrSet sPrev;
          whereOrMove(&sPrev, &sSum);
          sSum.n = 0;
          for(i=0; i<sPrev.n; i++){
            for(j=0; j<sCur.n; j++){
              whereOrInsert(&sSum, sPrev.a[i].prereq | sCur.a[j].prereq,
                            sqlite3LogEstAdd(sPrev.a[i].rRun, sCur.a[j].rRun),
                            sqlite3LogEstAdd(sPrev.a[i].nOut, sCur.a[j].nOut));
            }
          }
        }
      }
      pNew->nLTerm = 1;
      pNew->aLTerm[0] = pTerm;
      pNew->wsFlags = WHERE_MULTI_OR;
      pNew->rSetup = 0;
      pNew->iSortIdx = 0;
      memset(&pNew->u, 0, sizeof(pNew->u));
      for(i=0; rc==SQLITE_OK && i<sSum.n; i++){
        /* TUNING: Currently sSum.a[i].rRun is set to the sum of the costs
        ** of all sub-scans required by the OR-scan. However, due to rounding
        ** errors, it may be that the cost of the OR-scan is equal to its
        ** most expensive sub-scan. Add the smallest possible penalty
        ** (equivalent to multiplying the cost by 1.07) to ensure that
        ** this does not happen. Otherwise, for WHERE clauses such as the
        ** following where there is an index on "y":
        **
        **     WHERE likelihood(x=?, 0.99) OR y=?
        **
        ** the planner may elect to "OR" together a full-table scan and an
        ** index lookup. And other similarly odd results.  */
        pNew->rRun = sSum.a[i].rRun + 1;
        pNew->nOut = sSum.a[i].nOut;
        pNew->prereq = sSum.a[i].prereq;
        rc = whereLoopInsert(pBuilder, pNew);
      }
      WHERETRACE(0x200, ("End processing OR-clause %p\n", pTerm));
    }
  }
  return rc;
}

/*
** Add all WhereLoop objects for all tables
*/
static int whereLoopAddAll(WhereLoopBuilder *pBuilder){
  WhereInfo *pWInfo = pBuilder->pWInfo;
  Bitmask mPrereq = 0;
  Bitmask mPrior = 0;
  int iTab;
  SrcList *pTabList = pWInfo->pTabList;
  struct SrcList_item *pItem;
  struct SrcList_item *pEnd = &pTabList->a[pWInfo->nLevel];
  sqlite3 *db = pWInfo->pParse->db;
  int rc = SQLITE_OK;
  WhereLoop *pNew;
  u8 priorJointype = 0;

  /* Loop over the tables in the join, from left to right */
  pNew = pBuilder->pNew;
  whereLoopInit(pNew);
  pBuilder->iPlanLimit = SQLITE_QUERY_PLANNER_LIMIT;
  for(iTab=0, pItem=pTabList->a; pItem<pEnd; iTab++, pItem++){
    Bitmask mUnusable = 0;
    pNew->iTab = iTab;
    pBuilder->iPlanLimit += SQLITE_QUERY_PLANNER_LIMIT_INCR;
    pNew->maskSelf = sqlite3WhereGetMask(&pWInfo->sMaskSet, pItem->iCursor);
    if( ((pItem->fg.jointype|priorJointype) & (JT_LEFT|JT_CROSS))!=0 ){
      /* This condition is true when pItem is the FROM clause term on the
      ** right-hand-side of a LEFT or CROSS JOIN.  */
      mPrereq = mPrior;
    }
    priorJointype = pItem->fg.jointype;
#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_VIRTUALTABLE
    if( IsVirtual(pItem->pTab) ){
      struct SrcList_item *p;
      for(p=&pItem[1]; p<pEnd; p++){
        if( mUnusable || (p->fg.jointype & (JT_LEFT|JT_CROSS)) ){
          mUnusable |= sqlite3WhereGetMask(&pWInfo->sMaskSet, p->iCursor);
        }
      }
      rc = whereLoopAddVirtual(pBuilder, mPrereq, mUnusable);
    }else
#endif /* SQLITE_OMIT_VIRTUALTABLE */
    {
      rc = whereLoopAddBtree(pBuilder, mPrereq);
    }
    if( rc==SQLITE_OK && pBuilder->pWC->hasOr ){
      rc = whereLoopAddOr(pBuilder, mPrereq, mUnusable);
    }
    mPrior |= pNew->maskSelf;
    if( rc || db->mallocFailed ){
      if( rc==SQLITE_DONE ){
        /* We hit the query planner search limit set by iPlanLimit */
        sqlite3_log(SQLITE_WARNING, "abbreviated query algorithm search");
        rc = SQLITE_OK;
      }else{
        break;
      }
    }
  }

  whereLoopClear(db, pNew);
  return rc;
}

/*
** Examine a WherePath (with the addition of the extra WhereLoop of the 6th
** parameters) to see if it outputs rows in the requested ORDER BY
** (or GROUP BY) without requiring a separate sort operation.  Return N:
**
**   N>0:   N terms of the ORDER BY clause are satisfied
**   N==0:  No terms of the ORDER BY clause are satisfied
**   N<0:   Unknown yet how many terms of ORDER BY might be satisfied.
**
** Note that processing for WHERE_GROUPBY and WHERE_DISTINCTBY is not as
** strict.  With GROUP BY and DISTINCT the only requirement is that
** equivalent rows appear immediately adjacent to one another.  GROUP BY
** and DISTINCT do not require rows to appear in any particular order as long
** as equivalent rows are grouped together.  Thus for GROUP BY and DISTINCT
** the pOrderBy terms can be matched in any order.  With ORDER BY, the
** pOrderBy terms must be matched in strict left-to-right order.
*/
static i8 wherePathSatisfiesOrderBy(
  WhereInfo *pWInfo,    /* The WHERE clause */
  ExprList *pOrderBy,   /* ORDER BY or GROUP BY or DISTINCT clause to check */
  WherePath *pPath,     /* The WherePath to check */
  u16 wctrlFlags,       /* WHERE_GROUPBY or _DISTINCTBY or _ORDERBY_LIMIT */
  u16 nLoop,            /* Number of entries in pPath->aLoop[] */
  WhereLoop *pLast,     /* Add this WhereLoop to the end of pPath->aLoop[] */
  Bitmask *pRevMask     /* OUT: Mask of WhereLoops to run in reverse order */
){
  u8 revSet;            /* True if rev is known */
  u8 rev;               /* Composite sort order */
  u8 revIdx;            /* Index sort order */
  u8 isOrderDistinct;   /* All prior WhereLoops are order-distinct */
  u8 distinctColumns;   /* True if the loop has UNIQUE NOT NULL columns */
  u8 isMatch;           /* iColumn matches a term of the ORDER BY clause */
  u16 eqOpMask;         /* Allowed equality operators */
  u16 nKeyCol;          /* Number of key columns in pIndex */
  u16 nColumn;          /* Total number of ordered columns in the index */
  u16 nOrderBy;         /* Number terms in the ORDER BY clause */
  int iLoop;            /* Index of WhereLoop in pPath being processed */
  int i, j;             /* Loop counters */
  int iCur;             /* Cursor number for current WhereLoop */
  int iColumn;          /* A column number within table iCur */
  WhereLoop *pLoop = 0; /* Current WhereLoop being processed. */
  WhereTerm *pTerm;     /* A single term of the WHERE clause */
  Expr *pOBExpr;        /* An expression from the ORDER BY clause */
  CollSeq *pColl;       /* COLLATE function from an ORDER BY clause term */
  Index *pIndex;        /* The index associated with pLoop */
  sqlite3 *db = pWInfo->pParse->db;  /* Database connection */
  Bitmask obSat = 0;    /* Mask of ORDER BY terms satisfied so far */
  Bitmask obDone;       /* Mask of all ORDER BY terms */
  Bitmask orderDistinctMask;  /* Mask of all well-ordered loops */
  Bitmask ready;              /* Mask of inner loops */

  /*
  ** We say the WhereLoop is "one-row" if it generates no more than one
  ** row of output.  A WhereLoop is one-row if all of the following are true:
  **  (a) All index columns match with WHERE_COLUMN_EQ.
  **  (b) The index is unique
  ** Any WhereLoop with an WHERE_COLUMN_EQ constraint on the rowid is one-row.
  ** Every one-row WhereLoop will have the WHERE_ONEROW bit set in wsFlags.
  **
  ** We say the WhereLoop is "order-distinct" if the set of columns from
  ** that WhereLoop that are in the ORDER BY clause are different for every
  ** row of the WhereLoop.  Every one-row WhereLoop is automatically
  ** order-distinct.   A WhereLoop that has no columns in the ORDER BY clause
  ** is not order-distinct. To be order-distinct is not quite the same as being
  ** UNIQUE since a UNIQUE column or index can have multiple rows that
  ** are NULL and NULL values are equivalent for the purpose of order-distinct.
  ** To be order-distinct, the columns must be UNIQUE and NOT NULL.
  **
  ** The rowid for a table is always UNIQUE and NOT NULL so whenever the
  ** rowid appears in the ORDER BY clause, the corresponding WhereLoop is
  ** automatically order-distinct.
  */

  assert( pOrderBy!=0 );
  if( nLoop && OptimizationDisabled(db, SQLITE_OrderByIdxJoin) ) return 0;

  nOrderBy = pOrderBy->nExpr;
  testcase( nOrderBy==BMS-1 );
  if( nOrderBy>BMS-1 ) return 0;  /* Cannot optimize overly large ORDER BYs */
  isOrderDistinct = 1;
  obDone = MASKBIT(nOrderBy)-1;
  orderDistinctMask = 0;
  ready = 0;
  eqOpMask = WO_EQ | WO_IS | WO_ISNULL;
  if( wctrlFlags & WHERE_ORDERBY_LIMIT ) eqOpMask |= WO_IN;
  for(iLoop=0; isOrderDistinct && obSat<obDone && iLoop<=nLoop; iLoop++){
    if( iLoop>0 ) ready |= pLoop->maskSelf;
    if( iLoop<nLoop ){
      pLoop = pPath->aLoop[iLoop];
      if( wctrlFlags & WHERE_ORDERBY_LIMIT ) continue;
    }else{
      pLoop = pLast;
    }
    if( pLoop->wsFlags & WHERE_VIRTUALTABLE ){
      if( pLoop->u.vtab.isOrdered && (wctrlFlags & WHERE_DISTINCTBY)==0 ){
        obSat = obDone;
      }
      break;
    }else if( wctrlFlags & WHERE_DISTINCTBY ){
      pLoop->u.btree.nDistinctCol = 0;
    }
    iCur = pWInfo->pTabList->a[pLoop->iTab].iCursor;

    /* Mark off any ORDER BY term X that is a column in the table of
    ** the current loop for which there is term in the WHERE
    ** clause of the form X IS NULL or X=? that reference only outer
    ** loops.
    */
    for(i=0; i<nOrderBy; i++){
      if( MASKBIT(i) & obSat ) continue;
      pOBExpr = sqlite3ExprSkipCollateAndLikely(pOrderBy->a[i].pExpr);
      if( pOBExpr->op!=TK_COLUMN ) continue;
      if( pOBExpr->iTable!=iCur ) continue;
      pTerm = sqlite3WhereFindTerm(&pWInfo->sWC, iCur, pOBExpr->iColumn,
                       ~ready, eqOpMask, 0);
      if( pTerm==0 ) continue;
      if( pTerm->eOperator==WO_IN ){
        /* IN terms are only valid for sorting in the ORDER BY LIMIT
        ** optimization, and then only if they are actually used
        ** by the query plan */
        assert( wctrlFlags & WHERE_ORDERBY_LIMIT );
        for(j=0; j<pLoop->nLTerm && pTerm!=pLoop->aLTerm[j]; j++){}
        if( j>=pLoop->nLTerm ) continue;
      }
      if( (pTerm->eOperator&(WO_EQ|WO_IS))!=0 && pOBExpr->iColumn>=0 ){
        if( sqlite3ExprCollSeqMatch(pWInfo->pParse,
                  pOrderBy->a[i].pExpr, pTerm->pExpr)==0 ){
          continue;
        }
        testcase( pTerm->pExpr->op==TK_IS );
      }
      obSat |= MASKBIT(i);
    }

    if( (pLoop->wsFlags & WHERE_ONEROW)==0 ){
      if( pLoop->wsFlags & WHERE_IPK ){
        pIndex = 0;
        nKeyCol = 0;
        nColumn = 1;
      }else if( (pIndex = pLoop->u.btree.pIndex)==0 || pIndex->bUnordered ){
        return 0;
      }else{
        nKeyCol = pIndex->nKeyCol;
        nColumn = pIndex->nColumn;
        assert( nColumn==nKeyCol+1 || !HasRowid(pIndex->pTable) );
        assert( pIndex->aiColumn[nColumn-1]==XN_ROWID
                          || !HasRowid(pIndex->pTable));
        isOrderDistinct = IsUniqueIndex(pIndex)
                          && (pLoop->wsFlags & WHERE_SKIPSCAN)==0;
      }

      /* Loop through all columns of the index and deal with the ones
      ** that are not constrained by == or IN.
      */
      rev = revSet = 0;
      distinctColumns = 0;
      for(j=0; j<nColumn; j++){
        u8 bOnce = 1; /* True to run the ORDER BY search loop */

        assert( j>=pLoop->u.btree.nEq
            || (pLoop->aLTerm[j]==0)==(j<pLoop->nSkip)
        );
        if( j<pLoop->u.btree.nEq && j>=pLoop->nSkip ){
          u16 eOp = pLoop->aLTerm[j]->eOperator;

          /* Skip over == and IS and ISNULL terms.  (Also skip IN terms when
          ** doing WHERE_ORDERBY_LIMIT processing).  Except, IS and ISNULL
          ** terms imply that the index is not UNIQUE NOT NULL in which case
          ** the loop need to be marked as not order-distinct because it can
          ** have repeated NULL rows.
          **
          ** If the current term is a column of an ((?,?) IN (SELECT...))
          ** expression for which the SELECT returns more than one column,
          ** check that it is the only column used by this loop. Otherwise,
          ** if it is one of two or more, none of the columns can be
          ** considered to match an ORDER BY term.
          */
          if( (eOp & eqOpMask)!=0 ){
            if( eOp & (WO_ISNULL|WO_IS) ){
              testcase( eOp & WO_ISNULL );
              testcase( eOp & WO_IS );
              testcase( isOrderDistinct );
              isOrderDistinct = 0;
            }
            continue;
          }else if( ALWAYS(eOp & WO_IN) ){
            /* ALWAYS() justification: eOp is an equality operator due to the
            ** j<pLoop->u.btree.nEq constraint above.  Any equality other
            ** than WO_IN is captured by the previous "if".  So this one
            ** always has to be WO_IN. */
            Expr *pX = pLoop->aLTerm[j]->pExpr;
            for(i=j+1; i<pLoop->u.btree.nEq; i++){
              if( pLoop->aLTerm[i]->pExpr==pX ){
                assert( (pLoop->aLTerm[i]->eOperator & WO_IN) );
                bOnce = 0;
                break;
              }
            }
          }
        }

        /* Get the column number in the table (iColumn) and sort order
        ** (revIdx) for the j-th column of the index.
        */
        if( pIndex ){
          iColumn = pIndex->aiColumn[j];
          revIdx = pIndex->aSortOrder[j] & KEYINFO_ORDER_DESC;
          if( iColumn==pIndex->pTable->iPKey ) iColumn = XN_ROWID;
        }else{
          iColumn = XN_ROWID;
          revIdx = 0;
        }

        /* An unconstrained column that might be NULL means that this
        ** WhereLoop is not well-ordered
        */
        if( isOrderDistinct
         && iColumn>=0
         && j>=pLoop->u.btree.nEq
         && pIndex->pTable->aCol[iColumn].notNull==0
        ){
          isOrderDistinct = 0;
        }

        /* Find the ORDER BY term that corresponds to the j-th column
        ** of the index and mark that ORDER BY term off
        */
        isMatch = 0;
        for(i=0; bOnce && i<nOrderBy; i++){
          if( MASKBIT(i) & obSat ) continue;
          pOBExpr = sqlite3ExprSkipCollateAndLikely(pOrderBy->a[i].pExpr);
          testcase( wctrlFlags & WHERE_GROUPBY );
          testcase( wctrlFlags & WHERE_DISTINCTBY );
          if( (wctrlFlags & (WHERE_GROUPBY|WHERE_DISTINCTBY))==0 ) bOnce = 0;
          if( iColumn>=XN_ROWID ){
            if( pOBExpr->op!=TK_COLUMN ) continue;
            if( pOBExpr->iTable!=iCur ) continue;
            if( pOBExpr->iColumn!=iColumn ) continue;
          }else{
            Expr *pIdxExpr = pIndex->aColExpr->a[j].pExpr;
            if( sqlite3ExprCompareSkip(pOBExpr, pIdxExpr, iCur) ){
              continue;
            }
          }
          if( iColumn!=XN_ROWID ){
            pColl = sqlite3ExprNNCollSeq(pWInfo->pParse, pOrderBy->a[i].pExpr);
            if( sqlite3StrICmp(pColl->zName, pIndex->azColl[j])!=0 ) continue;
          }
          if( wctrlFlags & WHERE_DISTINCTBY ){
            pLoop->u.btree.nDistinctCol = j+1;
          }
          isMatch = 1;
          break;
        }
        if( isMatch && (wctrlFlags & WHERE_GROUPBY)==0 ){
          /* Make sure the sort order is compatible in an ORDER BY clause.
          ** Sort order is irrelevant for a GROUP BY clause. */
          if( revSet ){
            if( (rev ^ revIdx)!=(pOrderBy->a[i].sortFlags&KEYINFO_ORDER_DESC) ){
              isMatch = 0;
            }
          }else{
            rev = revIdx ^ (pOrderBy->a[i].sortFlags & KEYINFO_ORDER_DESC);
            if( rev ) *pRevMask |= MASKBIT(iLoop);
            revSet = 1;
          }
        }
        if( isMatch && (pOrderBy->a[i].sortFlags & KEYINFO_ORDER_BIGNULL) ){
          if( j==pLoop->u.btree.nEq ){
            pLoop->wsFlags |= WHERE_BIGNULL_SORT;
          }else{
            isMatch = 0;
          }
        }
        if( isMatch ){
          if( iColumn==XN_ROWID ){
            testcase( distinctColumns==0 );
            distinctColumns = 1;
          }
          obSat |= MASKBIT(i);
        }else{
          /* No match found */
          if( j==0 || j<nKeyCol ){
            testcase( isOrderDistinct!=0 );
            isOrderDistinct = 0;
          }
          break;
        }
      } /* end Loop over all index columns */
      if( distinctColumns ){
        testcase( isOrderDistinct==0 );
        isOrderDistinct = 1;
      }
    } /* end-if not one-row */

    /* Mark off any other ORDER BY terms that reference pLoop */
    if( isOrderDistinct ){
      orderDistinctMask |= pLoop->maskSelf;
      for(i=0; i<nOrderBy; i++){
        Expr *p;
        Bitmask mTerm;
        if( MASKBIT(i) & obSat ) continue;
        p = pOrderBy->a[i].pExpr;
        mTerm = sqlite3WhereExprUsage(&pWInfo->sMaskSet,p);
        if( mTerm==0 && !sqlite3ExprIsConstant(p) ) continue;
        if( (mTerm&~orderDistinctMask)==0 ){
          obSat |= MASKBIT(i);
        }
      }
    }
  } /* End the loop over all WhereLoops from outer-most down to inner-most */
  if( obSat==obDone ) return (i8)nOrderBy;
  if( !isOrderDistinct ){
    for(i=nOrderBy-1; i>0; i--){
      Bitmask m = MASKBIT(i) - 1;
      if( (obSat&m)==m ) return i;
    }
    return 0;
  }
  return -1;
}


/*
** If the WHERE_GROUPBY flag is set in the mask passed to sqlite3WhereBegin(),
** the planner assumes that the specified pOrderBy list is actually a GROUP
** BY clause - and so any order that groups rows as required satisfies the
** request.
**
** Normally, in this case it is not possible for the caller to determine
** whether or not the rows are really being delivered in sorted order, or
** just in some other order that provides the required grouping. However,
** if the WHERE_SORTBYGROUP flag is also passed to sqlite3WhereBegin(), then
** this function may be called on the returned WhereInfo object. It returns
** true if the rows really will be sorted in the specified order, or false
** otherwise.
**
** For example, assuming:
**
**   CREATE INDEX i1 ON t1(x, Y);
**
** then
**
**   SELECT * FROM t1 GROUP BY x,y ORDER BY x,y;   -- IsSorted()==1
**   SELECT * FROM t1 GROUP BY y,x ORDER BY y,x;   -- IsSorted()==0
*/
int sqlite3WhereIsSorted(WhereInfo *pWInfo){
  assert( pWInfo->wctrlFlags & WHERE_GROUPBY );
  assert( pWInfo->wctrlFlags & WHERE_SORTBYGROUP );
  return pWInfo->sorted;
}

#ifdef WHERETRACE_ENABLED
/* For debugging use only: */
static const char *wherePathName(WherePath *pPath, int nLoop, WhereLoop *pLast){
  static char zName[65];
  int i;
  for(i=0; i<nLoop; i++){ zName[i] = pPath->aLoop[i]->cId; }
  if( pLast ) zName[i++] = pLast->cId;
  zName[i] = 0;
  return zName;
}
#endif

/*
** Return the cost of sorting nRow rows, assuming that the keys have
** nOrderby columns and that the first nSorted columns are already in
** order.
*/
static LogEst whereSortingCost(
  WhereInfo *pWInfo,
  LogEst nRow,
  int nOrderBy,
  int nSorted
){
  /* TUNING: Estimated cost of a full external sort, where N is
  ** the number of rows to sort is:
  **
  **   cost = (3.0 * N * log(N)).
  **
  ** Or, if the order-by clause has X terms but only the last Y
  ** terms are out of order, then block-sorting will reduce the
  ** sorting cost to:
  **
  **   cost = (3.0 * N * log(N)) * (Y/X)
  **
  ** The (Y/X) term is implemented using stack variable rScale
  ** below.  */
  LogEst rScale, rSortCost;
  assert( nOrderBy>0 && 66==sqlite3LogEst(100) );
  rScale = sqlite3LogEst((nOrderBy-nSorted)*100/nOrderBy) - 66;
  rSortCost = nRow + rScale + 16;

  /* Multiple by log(M) where M is the number of output rows.
  ** Use the LIMIT for M if it is smaller */
  if( (pWInfo->wctrlFlags & WHERE_USE_LIMIT)!=0 && pWInfo->iLimit<nRow ){
    nRow = pWInfo->iLimit;
  }
  rSortCost += estLog(nRow);
  return rSortCost;
}

/*
** Given the list of WhereLoop objects at pWInfo->pLoops, this routine
** attempts to find the lowest cost path that visits each WhereLoop
** once.  This path is then loaded into the pWInfo->a[].pWLoop fields.
**
** Assume that the total number of output rows that will need to be sorted
** will be nRowEst (in the 10*log2 representation).  Or, ignore sorting
** costs if nRowEst==0.
**
** Return SQLITE_OK on success or SQLITE_NOMEM of a memory allocation
** error occurs.
*/
static int wherePathSolver(WhereInfo *pWInfo, LogEst nRowEst){
  int mxChoice;             /* Maximum number of simultaneous paths tracked */
  int nLoop;                /* Number of terms in the join */
  Parse *pParse;            /* Parsing context */
  sqlite3 *db;              /* The database connection */
  int iLoop;                /* Loop counter over the terms of the join */
  int ii, jj;               /* Loop counters */
  int mxI = 0;              /* Index of next entry to replace */
  int nOrderBy;             /* Number of ORDER BY clause terms */
  LogEst mxCost = 0;        /* Maximum cost of a set of paths */
  LogEst mxUnsorted = 0;    /* Maximum unsorted cost of a set of path */
  int nTo, nFrom;           /* Number of valid entries in aTo[] and aFrom[] */
  WherePath *aFrom;         /* All nFrom paths at the previous level */
  WherePath *aTo;           /* The nTo best paths at the current level */
  WherePath *pFrom;         /* An element of aFrom[] that we are working on */
  WherePath *pTo;           /* An element of aTo[] that we are working on */
  WhereLoop *pWLoop;        /* One of the WhereLoop objects */
  WhereLoop **pX;           /* Used to divy up the pSpace memory */
  LogEst *aSortCost = 0;    /* Sorting and partial sorting costs */
  char *pSpace;             /* Temporary memory used by this routine */
  int nSpace;               /* Bytes of space allocated at pSpace */

  pParse = pWInfo->pParse;
  db = pParse->db;
  nLoop = pWInfo->nLevel;
  /* TUNING: For simple queries, only the best path is tracked.
  ** For 2-way joins, the 5 best paths are followed.
  ** For joins of 3 or more tables, track the 10 best paths */
  mxChoice = (nLoop<=1) ? 1 : (nLoop==2 ? 5 : 10);
  assert( nLoop<=pWInfo->pTabList->nSrc );
  WHERETRACE(0x002, ("---- begin solver.  (nRowEst=%d)\n", nRowEst));

  /* If nRowEst is zero and there is an ORDER BY clause, ignore it. In this
  ** case the purpose of this call is to estimate the number of rows returned
  ** by the overall query. Once this estimate has been obtained, the caller
  ** will invoke this function a second time, passing the estimate as the
  ** nRowEst parameter.  */
  if( pWInfo->pOrderBy==0 || nRowEst==0 ){
    nOrderBy = 0;
  }else{
    nOrderBy = pWInfo->pOrderBy->nExpr;
  }

  /* Allocate and initialize space for aTo, aFrom and aSortCost[] */
  nSpace = (sizeof(WherePath)+sizeof(WhereLoop*)*nLoop)*mxChoice*2;
  nSpace += sizeof(LogEst) * nOrderBy;
  pSpace = sqlite3DbMallocRawNN(db, nSpace);
  if( pSpace==0 ) return SQLITE_NOMEM_BKPT;
  aTo = (WherePath*)pSpace;
  aFrom = aTo+mxChoice;
  memset(aFrom, 0, sizeof(aFrom[0]));
  pX = (WhereLoop**)(aFrom+mxChoice);
  for(ii=mxChoice*2, pFrom=aTo; ii>0; ii--, pFrom++, pX += nLoop){
    pFrom->aLoop = pX;
  }
  if( nOrderBy ){
    /* If there is an ORDER BY clause and it is not being ignored, set up
    ** space for the aSortCost[] array. Each element of the aSortCost array
    ** is either zero - meaning it has not yet been initialized - or the
    ** cost of sorting nRowEst rows of data where the first X terms of
    ** the ORDER BY clause are already in order, where X is the array
    ** index.  */
    aSortCost = (LogEst*)pX;
    memset(aSortCost, 0, sizeof(LogEst) * nOrderBy);
  }
  assert( aSortCost==0 || &pSpace[nSpace]==(char*)&aSortCost[nOrderBy] );
  assert( aSortCost!=0 || &pSpace[nSpace]==(char*)pX );

  /* Seed the search with a single WherePath containing zero WhereLoops.
  **
  ** TUNING: Do not let the number of iterations go above 28.  If the cost
  ** of computing an automatic index is not paid back within the first 28
  ** rows, then do not use the automatic index. */
  aFrom[0].nRow = MIN(pParse->nQueryLoop, 48);  assert( 48==sqlite3LogEst(28) );
  nFrom = 1;
  assert( aFrom[0].isOrdered==0 );
  if( nOrderBy ){
    /* If nLoop is zero, then there are no FROM terms in the query. Since
    ** in this case the query may return a maximum of one row, the results
    ** are already in the requested order. Set isOrdered to nOrderBy to
    ** indicate this. Or, if nLoop is greater than zero, set isOrdered to
    ** -1, indicating that the result set may or may not be ordered,
    ** depending on the loops added to the current plan.  */
    aFrom[0].isOrdered = nLoop>0 ? -1 : nOrderBy;
  }

  /* Compute successively longer WherePaths using the previous generation
  ** of WherePaths as the basis for the next.  Keep track of the mxChoice
  ** best paths at each generation */
  for(iLoop=0; iLoop<nLoop; iLoop++){
    nTo = 0;
    for(ii=0, pFrom=aFrom; ii<nFrom; ii++, pFrom++){
      for(pWLoop=pWInfo->pLoops; pWLoop; pWLoop=pWLoop->pNextLoop){
        LogEst nOut;                      /* Rows visited by (pFrom+pWLoop) */
        LogEst rCost;                     /* Cost of path (pFrom+pWLoop) */
        LogEst rUnsorted;                 /* Unsorted cost of (pFrom+pWLoop) */
        i8 isOrdered = pFrom->isOrdered;  /* isOrdered for (pFrom+pWLoop) */
        Bitmask maskNew;                  /* Mask of src visited by (..) */
        Bitmask revMask = 0;              /* Mask of rev-order loops for (..) */

        if( (pWLoop->prereq & ~pFrom->maskLoop)!=0 ) continue;
        if( (pWLoop->maskSelf & pFrom->maskLoop)!=0 ) continue;
        if( (pWLoop->wsFlags & WHERE_AUTO_INDEX)!=0 && pFrom->nRow<3 ){
          /* Do not use an automatic index if the this loop is expected
          ** to run less than 1.25 times.  It is tempting to also exclude
          ** automatic index usage on an outer loop, but sometimes an automatic
          ** index is useful in the outer loop of a correlated subquery. */
          assert( 10==sqlite3LogEst(2) );
          continue;
        }

        /* At this point, pWLoop is a candidate to be the next loop.
        ** Compute its cost */
        rUnsorted = sqlite3LogEstAdd(pWLoop->rSetup,pWLoop->rRun + pFrom->nRow);
        rUnsorted = sqlite3LogEstAdd(rUnsorted, pFrom->rUnsorted);
        nOut = pFrom->nRow + pWLoop->nOut;
        maskNew = pFrom->maskLoop | pWLoop->maskSelf;
        if( isOrdered<0 ){
          isOrdered = wherePathSatisfiesOrderBy(pWInfo,
                       pWInfo->pOrderBy, pFrom, pWInfo->wctrlFlags,
                       iLoop, pWLoop, &revMask);
        }else{
          revMask = pFrom->revLoop;
        }
        if( isOrdered>=0 && isOrdered<nOrderBy ){
          if( aSortCost[isOrdered]==0 ){
            aSortCost[isOrdered] = whereSortingCost(
                pWInfo, nRowEst, nOrderBy, isOrdered
            );
          }
          /* TUNING:  Add a small extra penalty (5) to sorting as an
          ** extra encouragment to the query planner to select a plan
          ** where the rows emerge in the correct order without any sorting
          ** required. */
          rCost = sqlite3LogEstAdd(rUnsorted, aSortCost[isOrdered]) + 5;

          WHERETRACE(0x002,
              ("---- sort cost=%-3d (%d/%d) increases cost %3d to %-3d\n",
               aSortCost[isOrdered], (nOrderBy-isOrdered), nOrderBy,
               rUnsorted, rCost));
        }else{
          rCost = rUnsorted;
          rUnsorted -= 2;  /* TUNING:  Slight bias in favor of no-sort plans */
        }

        /* Check to see if pWLoop should be added to the set of
        ** mxChoice best-so-far paths.
        **
        ** First look for an existing path among best-so-far paths
        ** that covers the same set of loops and has the same isOrdered
        ** setting as the current path candidate.
        **
        ** The term "((pTo->isOrdered^isOrdered)&0x80)==0" is equivalent
        ** to (pTo->isOrdered==(-1))==(isOrdered==(-1))" for the range
        ** of legal values for isOrdered, -1..64.
        */
        for(jj=0, pTo=aTo; jj<nTo; jj++, pTo++){
          if( pTo->maskLoop==maskNew
           && ((pTo->isOrdered^isOrdered)&0x80)==0
          ){
            testcase( jj==nTo-1 );
            break;
          }
        }
        if( jj>=nTo ){
          /* None of the existing best-so-far paths match the candidate. */
          if( nTo>=mxChoice
           && (rCost>mxCost || (rCost==mxCost && rUnsorted>=mxUnsorted))
          ){
            /* The current candidate is no better than any of the mxChoice
            ** paths currently in the best-so-far buffer.  So discard
            ** this candidate as not viable. */
#ifdef WHERETRACE_ENABLED /* 0x4 */
            if( sqlite3WhereTrace&0x4 ){
              sqlite3DebugPrintf("Skip   %s cost=%-3d,%3d,%3d order=%c\n",
                  wherePathName(pFrom, iLoop, pWLoop), rCost, nOut, rUnsorted,
                  isOrdered>=0 ? isOrdered+'0' : '?');
            }
#endif
            continue;
          }
          /* If we reach this points it means that the new candidate path
          ** needs to be added to the set of best-so-far paths. */
          if( nTo<mxChoice ){
            /* Increase the size of the aTo set by one */
            jj = nTo++;
          }else{
            /* New path replaces the prior worst to keep count below mxChoice */
            jj = mxI;
          }
          pTo = &aTo[jj];
#ifdef WHERETRACE_ENABLED /* 0x4 */
          if( sqlite3WhereTrace&0x4 ){
            sqlite3DebugPrintf("New    %s cost=%-3d,%3d,%3d order=%c\n",
                wherePathName(pFrom, iLoop, pWLoop), rCost, nOut, rUnsorted,
                isOrdered>=0 ? isOrdered+'0' : '?');
          }
#endif
        }else{
          /* Control reaches here if best-so-far path pTo=aTo[jj] covers the
          ** same set of loops and has the same isOrdered setting as the
          ** candidate path.  Check to see if the candidate should replace
          ** pTo or if the candidate should be skipped.
          **
          ** The conditional is an expanded vector comparison equivalent to:
          **   (pTo->rCost,pTo->nRow,pTo->rUnsorted) <= (rCost,nOut,rUnsorted)
          */
          if( pTo->rCost<rCost
           || (pTo->rCost==rCost
               && (pTo->nRow<nOut
                   || (pTo->nRow==nOut && pTo->rUnsorted<=rUnsorted)
                  )
              )
          ){
#ifdef WHERETRACE_ENABLED /* 0x4 */
            if( sqlite3WhereTrace&0x4 ){
              sqlite3DebugPrintf(
                  "Skip   %s cost=%-3d,%3d,%3d order=%c",
                  wherePathName(pFrom, iLoop, pWLoop), rCost, nOut, rUnsorted,
                  isOrdered>=0 ? isOrdered+'0' : '?');
              sqlite3DebugPrintf("   vs %s cost=%-3d,%3d,%3d order=%c\n",
                  wherePathName(pTo, iLoop+1, 0), pTo->rCost, pTo->nRow,
                  pTo->rUnsorted, pTo->isOrdered>=0 ? pTo->isOrdered+'0' : '?');
            }
#endif
            /* Discard the candidate path from further consideration */
            testcase( pTo->rCost==rCost );
            continue;
          }
          testcase( pTo->rCost==rCost+1 );
          /* Control reaches here if the candidate path is better than the
          ** pTo path.  Replace pTo with the candidate. */
#ifdef WHERETRACE_ENABLED /* 0x4 */
          if( sqlite3WhereTrace&0x4 ){
            sqlite3DebugPrintf(
                "Update %s cost=%-3d,%3d,%3d order=%c",
                wherePathName(pFrom, iLoop, pWLoop), rCost, nOut, rUnsorted,
                isOrdered>=0 ? isOrdered+'0' : '?');
            sqlite3DebugPrintf("  was %s cost=%-3d,%3d,%3d order=%c\n",
                wherePathName(pTo, iLoop+1, 0), pTo->rCost, pTo->nRow,
                pTo->rUnsorted, pTo->isOrdered>=0 ? pTo->isOrdered+'0' : '?');
          }
#endif
        }
        /* pWLoop is a winner.  Add it to the set of best so far */
        pTo->maskLoop = pFrom->maskLoop | pWLoop->maskSelf;
        pTo->revLoop = revMask;
        pTo->nRow = nOut;
        pTo->rCost = rCost;
        pTo->rUnsorted = rUnsorted;
        pTo->isOrdered = isOrdered;
        memcpy(pTo->aLoop, pFrom->aLoop, sizeof(WhereLoop*)*iLoop);
        pTo->aLoop[iLoop] = pWLoop;
        if( nTo>=mxChoice ){
          mxI = 0;
          mxCost = aTo[0].rCost;
          mxUnsorted = aTo[0].nRow;
          for(jj=1, pTo=&aTo[1]; jj<mxChoice; jj++, pTo++){
            if( pTo->rCost>mxCost
             || (pTo->rCost==mxCost && pTo->rUnsorted>mxUnsorted)
            ){
              mxCost = pTo->rCost;
              mxUnsorted = pTo->rUnsorted;
              mxI = jj;
            }
          }
        }
      }
    }

#ifdef WHERETRACE_ENABLED  /* >=2 */
    if( sqlite3WhereTrace & 0x02 ){
      sqlite3DebugPrintf("---- after round %d ----\n", iLoop);
      for(ii=0, pTo=aTo; ii<nTo; ii++, pTo++){
        sqlite3DebugPrintf(" %s cost=%-3d nrow=%-3d order=%c",
           wherePathName(pTo, iLoop+1, 0), pTo->rCost, pTo->nRow,
           pTo->isOrdered>=0 ? (pTo->isOrdered+'0') : '?');
        if( pTo->isOrdered>0 ){
          sqlite3DebugPrintf(" rev=0x%llx\n", pTo->revLoop);
        }else{
          sqlite3DebugPrintf("\n");
        }
      }
    }
#endif

    /* Swap the roles of aFrom and aTo for the next generation */
    pFrom = aTo;
    aTo = aFrom;
    aFrom = pFrom;
    nFrom = nTo;
  }

  if( nFrom==0 ){
    sqlite3ErrorMsg(pParse, "no query solution");
    sqlite3DbFreeNN(db, pSpace);
    return SQLITE_ERROR;
  }

  /* Find the lowest cost path.  pFrom will be left pointing to that path */
  pFrom = aFrom;
  for(ii=1; ii<nFrom; ii++){
    if( pFrom->rCost>aFrom[ii].rCost ) pFrom = &aFrom[ii];
  }
  assert( pWInfo->nLevel==nLoop );
  /* Load the lowest cost path into pWInfo */
  for(iLoop=0; iLoop<nLoop; iLoop++){
    WhereLevel *pLevel = pWInfo->a + iLoop;
    pLevel->pWLoop = pWLoop = pFrom->aLoop[iLoop];
    pLevel->iFrom = pWLoop->iTab;
    pLevel->iTabCur = pWInfo->pTabList->a[pLevel->iFrom].iCursor;
  }
  if( (pWInfo->wctrlFlags & WHERE_WANT_DISTINCT)!=0
   && (pWInfo->wctrlFlags & WHERE_DISTINCTBY)==0
   && pWInfo->eDistinct==WHERE_DISTINCT_NOOP
   && nRowEst
  ){
    Bitmask notUsed;
    int rc = wherePathSatisfiesOrderBy(pWInfo, pWInfo->pResultSet, pFrom,
                 WHERE_DISTINCTBY, nLoop-1, pFrom->aLoop[nLoop-1], &notUsed);
    if( rc==pWInfo->pResultSet->nExpr ){
      pWInfo->eDistinct = WHERE_DISTINCT_ORDERED;
    }
  }
  pWInfo->bOrderedInnerLoop = 0;
  if( pWInfo->pOrderBy ){
    if( pWInfo->wctrlFlags & WHERE_DISTINCTBY ){
      if( pFrom->isOrdered==pWInfo->pOrderBy->nExpr ){
        pWInfo->eDistinct = WHERE_DISTINCT_ORDERED;
      }
    }else{
      pWInfo->nOBSat = pFrom->isOrdered;
      pWInfo->revMask = pFrom->revLoop;
      if( pWInfo->nOBSat<=0 ){
        pWInfo->nOBSat = 0;
        if( nLoop>0 ){
          u32 wsFlags = pFrom->aLoop[nLoop-1]->wsFlags;
          if( (wsFlags & WHERE_ONEROW)==0
           && (wsFlags&(WHERE_IPK|WHERE_COLUMN_IN))!=(WHERE_IPK|WHERE_COLUMN_IN)
          ){
            Bitmask m = 0;
            int rc = wherePathSatisfiesOrderBy(pWInfo, pWInfo->pOrderBy, pFrom,
                      WHERE_ORDERBY_LIMIT, nLoop-1, pFrom->aLoop[nLoop-1], &m);
            testcase( wsFlags & WHERE_IPK );
            testcase( wsFlags & WHERE_COLUMN_IN );
            if( rc==pWInfo->pOrderBy->nExpr ){
              pWInfo->bOrderedInnerLoop = 1;
              pWInfo->revMask = m;
            }
          }
        }
      }
    }
    if( (pWInfo->wctrlFlags & WHERE_SORTBYGROUP)
        && pWInfo->nOBSat==pWInfo->pOrderBy->nExpr && nLoop>0
    ){
      Bitmask revMask = 0;
      int nOrder = wherePathSatisfiesOrderBy(pWInfo, pWInfo->pOrderBy,
          pFrom, 0, nLoop-1, pFrom->aLoop[nLoop-1], &revMask
      );
      assert( pWInfo->sorted==0 );
      if( nOrder==pWInfo->pOrderBy->nExpr ){
        pWInfo->sorted = 1;
        pWInfo->revMask = revMask;
      }
    }
  }


  pWInfo->nRowOut = pFrom->nRow;

  /* Free temporary memory and return success */
  sqlite3DbFreeNN(db, pSpace);
  return SQLITE_OK;
}

/*
** Most queries use only a single table (they are not joins) and have
** simple == constraints against indexed fields.  This routine attempts
** to plan those simple cases using much less ceremony than the
** general-purpose query planner, and thereby yield faster sqlite3_prepare()
** times for the common case.
**
** Return non-zero on success, if this query can be handled by this
** no-frills query planner.  Return zero if this query needs the
** general-purpose query planner.
*/
static int whereShortCut(WhereLoopBuilder *pBuilder){
  WhereInfo *pWInfo;
  struct SrcList_item *pItem;
  WhereClause *pWC;
  WhereTerm *pTerm;
  WhereLoop *pLoop;
  int iCur;
  int j;
  Table *pTab;
  Index *pIdx;

  pWInfo = pBuilder->pWInfo;
  if( pWInfo->wctrlFlags & WHERE_OR_SUBCLAUSE ) return 0;
  assert( pWInfo->pTabList->nSrc>=1 );
  pItem = pWInfo->pTabList->a;
  pTab = pItem->pTab;
  if( IsVirtual(pTab) ) return 0;
  if( pItem->fg.isIndexedBy ) return 0;
  iCur = pItem->iCursor;
  pWC = &pWInfo->sWC;
  pLoop = pBuilder->pNew;
  pLoop->wsFlags = 0;
  pLoop->nSkip = 0;
  pTerm = sqlite3WhereFindTerm(pWC, iCur, -1, 0, WO_EQ|WO_IS, 0);
  if( pTerm ){
    testcase( pTerm->eOperator & WO_IS );
    pLoop->wsFlags = WHERE_COLUMN_EQ|WHERE_IPK|WHERE_ONEROW;
    pLoop->aLTerm[0] = pTerm;
    pLoop->nLTerm = 1;
    pLoop->u.btree.nEq = 1;
    /* TUNING: Cost of a rowid lookup is 10 */
    pLoop->rRun = 33;  /* 33==sqlite3LogEst(10) */
  }else{
    for(pIdx=pTab->pIndex; pIdx; pIdx=pIdx->pNext){
      int opMask;
      assert( pLoop->aLTermSpace==pLoop->aLTerm );
      if( !IsUniqueIndex(pIdx)
       || pIdx->pPartIdxWhere!=0
       || pIdx->nKeyCol>ArraySize(pLoop->aLTermSpace)
      ) continue;
      opMask = pIdx->uniqNotNull ? (WO_EQ|WO_IS) : WO_EQ;
      for(j=0; j<pIdx->nKeyCol; j++){
        pTerm = sqlite3WhereFindTerm(pWC, iCur, j, 0, opMask, pIdx);
        if( pTerm==0 ) break;
        testcase( pTerm->eOperator & WO_IS );
        pLoop->aLTerm[j] = pTerm;
      }
      if( j!=pIdx->nKeyCol ) continue;
      pLoop->wsFlags = WHERE_COLUMN_EQ|WHERE_ONEROW|WHERE_INDEXED;
      if( pIdx->isCovering || (pItem->colUsed & pIdx->colNotIdxed)==0 ){
        pLoop->wsFlags |= WHERE_IDX_ONLY;
      }
      pLoop->nLTerm = j;
      pLoop->u.btree.nEq = j;
      pLoop->u.btree.pIndex = pIdx;
      /* TUNING: Cost of a unique index lookup is 15 */
      pLoop->rRun = 39;  /* 39==sqlite3LogEst(15) */
      break;
    }
  }
  if( pLoop->wsFlags ){
    pLoop->nOut = (LogEst)1;
    pWInfo->a[0].pWLoop = pLoop;
    assert( pWInfo->sMaskSet.n==1 && iCur==pWInfo->sMaskSet.ix[0] );
    pLoop->maskSelf = 1; /* sqlite3WhereGetMask(&pWInfo->sMaskSet, iCur); */
    pWInfo->a[0].iTabCur = iCur;
    pWInfo->nRowOut = 1;
    if( pWInfo->pOrderBy ) pWInfo->nOBSat =  pWInfo->pOrderBy->nExpr;
    if( pWInfo->wctrlFlags & WHERE_WANT_DISTINCT ){
      pWInfo->eDistinct = WHERE_DISTINCT_UNIQUE;
    }
#ifdef SQLITE_DEBUG
    pLoop->cId = '0';
#endif
    return 1;
  }
  return 0;
}

/*
** Helper function for exprIsDeterministic().
*/
static int exprNodeIsDeterministic(Walker *pWalker, Expr *pExpr){
  if( pExpr->op==TK_FUNCTION && ExprHasProperty(pExpr, EP_ConstFunc)==0 ){
    pWalker->eCode = 0;
    return WRC_Abort;
  }
  return WRC_Continue;
}

/*
** Return true if the expression contains no non-deterministic SQL
** functions. Do not consider non-deterministic SQL functions that are
** part of sub-select statements.
*/
static int exprIsDeterministic(Expr *p){
  Walker w;
  memset(&w, 0, sizeof(w));
  w.eCode = 1;
  w.xExprCallback = exprNodeIsDeterministic;
  w.xSelectCallback = sqlite3SelectWalkFail;
  sqlite3WalkExpr(&w, p);
  return w.eCode;
}

/*
** Generate the beginning of the loop used for WHERE clause processing.
** The return value is a pointer to an opaque structure that contains
** information needed to terminate the loop.  Later, the calling routine
** should invoke sqlite3WhereEnd() with the return value of this function
** in order to complete the WHERE clause processing.
**
** If an error occurs, this routine returns NULL.
**
** The basic idea is to do a nested loop, one loop for each table in
** the FROM clause of a select.  (INSERT and UPDATE statements are the
** same as a SELECT with only a single table in the FROM clause.)  For
** example, if the SQL is this:
**
**       SELECT * FROM t1, t2, t3 WHERE ...;
**
** Then the code generated is conceptually like the following:
**
**      foreach row1 in t1 do       \    Code generated
**        foreach row2 in t2 do      |-- by sqlite3WhereBegin()
**          foreach row3 in t3 do   /
**            ...
**          end                     \    Code generated
**        end                        |-- by sqlite3WhereEnd()
**      end                         /
**
** Note that the loops might not be nested in the order in which they
** appear in the FROM clause if a different order is better able to make
** use of indices.  Note also that when the IN operator appears in
** the WHERE clause, it might result in additional nested loops for
** scanning through all values on the right-hand side of the IN.
**
** There are Btree cursors associated with each table.  t1 uses cursor
** number pTabList->a[0].iCursor.  t2 uses the cursor pTabList->a[1].iCursor.
** And so forth.  This routine generates code to open those VDBE cursors
** and sqlite3WhereEnd() generates the code to close them.
**
** The code that sqlite3WhereBegin() generates leaves the cursors named
** in pTabList pointing at their appropriate entries.  The [...] code
** can use OP_Column and OP_Rowid opcodes on these cursors to extract
** data from the various tables of the loop.
**
** If the WHERE clause is empty, the foreach loops must each scan their
** entire tables.  Thus a three-way join is an O(N^3) operation.  But if
** the tables have indices and there are terms in the WHERE clause that
** refer to those indices, a complete table scan can be avoided and the
** code will run much faster.  Most of the work of this routine is checking
** to see if there are indices that can be used to speed up the loop.
**
** Terms of the WHERE clause are also used to limit which rows actually
** make it to the "..." in the middle of the loop.  After each "foreach",
** terms of the WHERE clause that use only terms in that loop and outer
** loops are evaluated and if false a jump is made around all subsequent
** inner loops (or around the "..." if the test occurs within the inner-
** most loop)
**
** OUTER JOINS
**
** An outer join of tables t1 and t2 is conceptally coded as follows:
**
**    foreach row1 in t1 do
**      flag = 0
**      foreach row2 in t2 do
**        start:
**          ...
**          flag = 1
**      end
**      if flag==0 then
**        move the row2 cursor to a null row
**        goto start
**      fi
**    end
**
** ORDER BY CLAUSE PROCESSING
**
** pOrderBy is a pointer to the ORDER BY clause (or the GROUP BY clause
** if the WHERE_GROUPBY flag is set in wctrlFlags) of a SELECT statement
** if there is one.  If there is no ORDER BY clause or if this routine
** is called from an UPDATE or DELETE statement, then pOrderBy is NULL.
**
** The iIdxCur parameter is the cursor number of an index.  If
** WHERE_OR_SUBCLAUSE is set, iIdxCur is the cursor number of an index
** to use for OR clause processing.  The WHERE clause should use this
** specific cursor.  If WHERE_ONEPASS_DESIRED is set, then iIdxCur is
** the first cursor in an array of cursors for all indices.  iIdxCur should
** be used to compute the appropriate cursor depending on which index is
** used.
*/
WhereInfo *sqlite3WhereBegin(
  Parse *pParse,          /* The parser context */
  SrcList *pTabList,      /* FROM clause: A list of all tables to be scanned */
  Expr *pWhere,           /* The WHERE clause */
  ExprList *pOrderBy,     /* An ORDER BY (or GROUP BY) clause, or NULL */
  ExprList *pResultSet,   /* Query result set.  Req'd for DISTINCT */
  u16 wctrlFlags,         /* The WHERE_* flags defined in sqliteInt.h */
  int iAuxArg             /* If WHERE_OR_SUBCLAUSE is set, index cursor number
                          ** If WHERE_USE_LIMIT, then the limit amount */
){
  int nByteWInfo;            /* Num. bytes allocated for WhereInfo struct */
  int nTabList;              /* Number of elements in pTabList */
  WhereInfo *pWInfo;         /* Will become the return value of this function */
  Vdbe *v = pParse->pVdbe;   /* The virtual database engine */
  Bitmask notReady;          /* Cursors that are not yet positioned */
  WhereLoopBuilder sWLB;     /* The WhereLoop builder */
  WhereMaskSet *pMaskSet;    /* The expression mask set */
  WhereLevel *pLevel;        /* A single level in pWInfo->a[] */
  WhereLoop *pLoop;          /* Pointer to a single WhereLoop object */
  int ii;                    /* Loop counter */
  sqlite3 *db;               /* Database connection */
  int rc;                    /* Return code */
  u8 bFordelete = 0;         /* OPFLAG_FORDELETE or zero, as appropriate */

  assert( (wctrlFlags & WHERE_ONEPASS_MULTIROW)==0 || (
        (wctrlFlags & WHERE_ONEPASS_DESIRED)!=0
     && (wctrlFlags & WHERE_OR_SUBCLAUSE)==0
  ));

  /* Only one of WHERE_OR_SUBCLAUSE or WHERE_USE_LIMIT */
  assert( (wctrlFlags & WHERE_OR_SUBCLAUSE)==0
            || (wctrlFlags & WHERE_USE_LIMIT)==0 );

  /* Variable initialization */
  db = pParse->db;
  memset(&sWLB, 0, sizeof(sWLB));

  /* An ORDER/GROUP BY clause of more than 63 terms cannot be optimized */
  testcase( pOrderBy && pOrderBy->nExpr==BMS-1 );
  if( pOrderBy && pOrderBy->nExpr>=BMS ) pOrderBy = 0;
  sWLB.pOrderBy = pOrderBy;

  /* Disable the DISTINCT optimization if SQLITE_DistinctOpt is set via
  ** sqlite3_test_ctrl(SQLITE_TESTCTRL_OPTIMIZATIONS,...) */
  if( OptimizationDisabled(db, SQLITE_DistinctOpt) ){
    wctrlFlags &= ~WHERE_WANT_DISTINCT;
  }

  /* The number of tables in the FROM clause is limited by the number of
  ** bits in a Bitmask
  */
  testcase( pTabList->nSrc==BMS );
  if( pTabList->nSrc>BMS ){
    sqlite3ErrorMsg(pParse, "at most %d tables in a join", BMS);
    return 0;
  }

  /* This function normally generates a nested loop for all tables in
  ** pTabList.  But if the WHERE_OR_SUBCLAUSE flag is set, then we should
  ** only generate code for the first table in pTabList and assume that
  ** any cursors associated with subsequent tables are uninitialized.
  */
  nTabList = (wctrlFlags & WHERE_OR_SUBCLAUSE) ? 1 : pTabList->nSrc;

  /* Allocate and initialize the WhereInfo structure that will become the
  ** return value. A single allocation is used to store the WhereInfo
  ** struct, the contents of WhereInfo.a[], the WhereClause structure
  ** and the WhereMaskSet structure. Since WhereClause contains an 8-byte
  ** field (type Bitmask) it must be aligned on an 8-byte boundary on
  ** some architectures. Hence the ROUND8() below.
  */
  nByteWInfo = ROUND8(sizeof(WhereInfo)+(nTabList-1)*sizeof(WhereLevel));
  pWInfo = sqlite3DbMallocRawNN(db, nByteWInfo + sizeof(WhereLoop));
  if( db->mallocFailed ){
    sqlite3DbFree(db, pWInfo);
    pWInfo = 0;
    goto whereBeginError;
  }
  pWInfo->pParse = pParse;
  pWInfo->pTabList = pTabList;
  pWInfo->pOrderBy = pOrderBy;
  pWInfo->pWhere = pWhere;
  pWInfo->pResultSet = pResultSet;
  pWInfo->aiCurOnePass[0] = pWInfo->aiCurOnePass[1] = -1;
  pWInfo->nLevel = nTabList;
  pWInfo->iBreak = pWInfo->iContinue = sqlite3VdbeMakeLabel(pParse);
  pWInfo->wctrlFlags = wctrlFlags;
  pWInfo->iLimit = iAuxArg;
  pWInfo->savedNQueryLoop = pParse->nQueryLoop;
  memset(&pWInfo->nOBSat, 0,
         offsetof(WhereInfo,sWC) - offsetof(WhereInfo,nOBSat));
  memset(&pWInfo->a[0], 0, sizeof(WhereLoop)+nTabList*sizeof(WhereLevel));
  assert( pWInfo->eOnePass==ONEPASS_OFF );  /* ONEPASS defaults to OFF */
  pMaskSet = &pWInfo->sMaskSet;
  sWLB.pWInfo = pWInfo;
  sWLB.pWC = &pWInfo->sWC;
  sWLB.pNew = (WhereLoop*)(((char*)pWInfo)+nByteWInfo);
  assert( EIGHT_BYTE_ALIGNMENT(sWLB.pNew) );
  whereLoopInit(sWLB.pNew);
#ifdef SQLITE_DEBUG
  sWLB.pNew->cId = '*';
#endif

  /* Split the WHERE clause into separate subexpressions where each
  ** subexpression is separated by an AND operator.
  */
  initMaskSet(pMaskSet);
  sqlite3WhereClauseInit(&pWInfo->sWC, pWInfo);
  sqlite3WhereSplit(&pWInfo->sWC, pWhere, TK_AND);

  /* Special case: No FROM clause
  */
  if( nTabList==0 ){
    if( pOrderBy ) pWInfo->nOBSat = pOrderBy->nExpr;
    if( wctrlFlags & WHERE_WANT_DISTINCT ){
      pWInfo->eDistinct = WHERE_DISTINCT_UNIQUE;
    }
    ExplainQueryPlan((pParse, 0, "SCAN CONSTANT ROW"));
  }else{
    /* Assign a bit from the bitmask to every term in the FROM clause.
    **
    ** The N-th term of the FROM clause is assigned a bitmask of 1<<N.
    **
    ** The rule of the previous sentence ensures thta if X is the bitmask for
    ** a table T, then X-1 is the bitmask for all other tables to the left of T.
    ** Knowing the bitmask for all tables to the left of a left join is
    ** important.  Ticket #3015.
    **
    ** Note that bitmasks are created for all pTabList->nSrc tables in
    ** pTabList, not just the first nTabList tables.  nTabList is normally
    ** equal to pTabList->nSrc but might be shortened to 1 if the
    ** WHERE_OR_SUBCLAUSE flag is set.
    */
    ii = 0;
    do{
      createMask(pMaskSet, pTabList->a[ii].iCursor);
      sqlite3WhereTabFuncArgs(pParse, &pTabList->a[ii], &pWInfo->sWC);
    }while( (++ii)<pTabList->nSrc );
  #ifdef SQLITE_DEBUG
    {
      Bitmask mx = 0;
      for(ii=0; ii<pTabList->nSrc; ii++){
        Bitmask m = sqlite3WhereGetMask(pMaskSet, pTabList->a[ii].iCursor);
        assert( m>=mx );
        mx = m;
      }
    }
  #endif
  }

  /* Analyze all of the subexpressions. */
  sqlite3WhereExprAnalyze(pTabList, &pWInfo->sWC);
  if( db->mallocFailed ) goto whereBeginError;

  /* Special case: WHERE terms that do not refer to any tables in the join
  ** (constant expressions). Evaluate each such term, and jump over all the
  ** generated code if the result is not true.
  **
  ** Do not do this if the expression contains non-deterministic functions
  ** that are not within a sub-select. This is not strictly required, but
  ** preserves SQLite's legacy behaviour in the following two cases:
  **
  **   FROM ... WHERE random()>0;           -- eval random() once per row
  **   FROM ... WHERE (SELECT random())>0;  -- eval random() once overall
  */
  for(ii=0; ii<sWLB.pWC->nTerm; ii++){
    WhereTerm *pT = &sWLB.pWC->a[ii];
    if( pT->wtFlags & TERM_VIRTUAL ) continue;
    if( pT->prereqAll==0 && (nTabList==0 || exprIsDeterministic(pT->pExpr)) ){
      sqlite3ExprIfFalse(pParse, pT->pExpr, pWInfo->iBreak, SQLITE_JUMPIFNULL);
      pT->wtFlags |= TERM_CODED;
    }
  }

  if( wctrlFlags & WHERE_WANT_DISTINCT ){
    if( isDistinctRedundant(pParse, pTabList, &pWInfo->sWC, pResultSet) ){
      /* The DISTINCT marking is pointless.  Ignore it. */
      pWInfo->eDistinct = WHERE_DISTINCT_UNIQUE;
    }else if( pOrderBy==0 ){
      /* Try to ORDER BY the result set to make distinct processing easier */
      pWInfo->wctrlFlags |= WHERE_DISTINCTBY;
      pWInfo->pOrderBy = pResultSet;
    }
  }

  /* Construct the WhereLoop objects */
#if defined(WHERETRACE_ENABLED)
  if( sqlite3WhereTrace & 0xffff ){
    sqlite3DebugPrintf("*** Optimizer Start *** (wctrlFlags: 0x%x",wctrlFlags);
    if( wctrlFlags & WHERE_USE_LIMIT ){
      sqlite3DebugPrintf(", limit: %d", iAuxArg);
    }
    sqlite3DebugPrintf(")\n");
    if( sqlite3WhereTrace & 0x100 ){
      Select sSelect;
      memset(&sSelect, 0, sizeof(sSelect));
      sSelect.selFlags = SF_WhereBegin;
      sSelect.pSrc = pTabList;
      sSelect.pWhere = pWhere;
      sSelect.pOrderBy = pOrderBy;
      sSelect.pEList = pResultSet;
      sqlite3TreeViewSelect(0, &sSelect, 0);
    }
  }
  if( sqlite3WhereTrace & 0x100 ){ /* Display all terms of the WHERE clause */
    sqlite3DebugPrintf("---- WHERE clause at start of analysis:\n");
    sqlite3WhereClausePrint(sWLB.pWC);
  }
#endif

  if( nTabList!=1 || whereShortCut(&sWLB)==0 ){
    rc = whereLoopAddAll(&sWLB);
    if( rc ) goto whereBeginError;

#ifdef WHERETRACE_ENABLED
    if( sqlite3WhereTrace ){    /* Display all of the WhereLoop objects */
      WhereLoop *p;
      int i;
      static const char zLabel[] = "0123456789abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwyxz"
                                             "ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWYXZ";
      for(p=pWInfo->pLoops, i=0; p; p=p->pNextLoop, i++){
        p->cId = zLabel[i%(sizeof(zLabel)-1)];
        sqlite3WhereLoopPrint(p, sWLB.pWC);
      }
    }
#endif

    wherePathSolver(pWInfo, 0);
    if( db->mallocFailed ) goto whereBeginError;
    if( pWInfo->pOrderBy ){
       wherePathSolver(pWInfo, pWInfo->nRowOut+1);
       if( db->mallocFailed ) goto whereBeginError;
    }
  }
  if( pWInfo->pOrderBy==0 && (db->flags & SQLITE_ReverseOrder)!=0 ){
     pWInfo->revMask = ALLBITS;
  }
  if( pParse->nErr || NEVER(db->mallocFailed) ){
    goto whereBeginError;
  }
#ifdef WHERETRACE_ENABLED
  if( sqlite3WhereTrace ){
    sqlite3DebugPrintf("---- Solution nRow=%d", pWInfo->nRowOut);
    if( pWInfo->nOBSat>0 ){
      sqlite3DebugPrintf(" ORDERBY=%d,0x%llx", pWInfo->nOBSat, pWInfo->revMask);
    }
    switch( pWInfo->eDistinct ){
      case WHERE_DISTINCT_UNIQUE: {
        sqlite3DebugPrintf("  DISTINCT=unique");
        break;
      }
      case WHERE_DISTINCT_ORDERED: {
        sqlite3DebugPrintf("  DISTINCT=ordered");
        break;
      }
      case WHERE_DISTINCT_UNORDERED: {
        sqlite3DebugPrintf("  DISTINCT=unordered");
        break;
      }
    }
    sqlite3DebugPrintf("\n");
    for(ii=0; ii<pWInfo->nLevel; ii++){
      sqlite3WhereLoopPrint(pWInfo->a[ii].pWLoop, sWLB.pWC);
    }
  }
#endif

  /* Attempt to omit tables from the join that do not affect the result.
  ** For a table to not affect the result, the following must be true:
  **
  **   1) The query must not be an aggregate.
  **   2) The table must be the RHS of a LEFT JOIN.
  **   3) Either the query must be DISTINCT, or else the ON or USING clause
  **      must contain a constraint that limits the scan of the table to
  **      at most a single row.
  **   4) The table must not be referenced by any part of the query apart
  **      from its own USING or ON clause.
  **
  ** For example, given:
  **
  **     CREATE TABLE t1(ipk INTEGER PRIMARY KEY, v1);
  **     CREATE TABLE t2(ipk INTEGER PRIMARY KEY, v2);
  **     CREATE TABLE t3(ipk INTEGER PRIMARY KEY, v3);
  **
  ** then table t2 can be omitted from the following:
  **
  **     SELECT v1, v3 FROM t1
  **       LEFT JOIN t2 USING (t1.ipk=t2.ipk)
  **       LEFT JOIN t3 USING (t1.ipk=t3.ipk)
  **
  ** or from:
  **
  **     SELECT DISTINCT v1, v3 FROM t1
  **       LEFT JOIN t2
  **       LEFT JOIN t3 USING (t1.ipk=t3.ipk)
  */
  notReady = ~(Bitmask)0;
  if( pWInfo->nLevel>=2
   && pResultSet!=0               /* guarantees condition (1) above */
   && OptimizationEnabled(db, SQLITE_OmitNoopJoin)
  ){
    int i;
    Bitmask tabUsed = sqlite3WhereExprListUsage(pMaskSet, pResultSet);
    if( sWLB.pOrderBy ){
      tabUsed |= sqlite3WhereExprListUsage(pMaskSet, sWLB.pOrderBy);
    }
    for(i=pWInfo->nLevel-1; i>=1; i--){
      WhereTerm *pTerm, *pEnd;
      struct SrcList_item *pItem;
      pLoop = pWInfo->a[i].pWLoop;
      pItem = &pWInfo->pTabList->a[pLoop->iTab];
      if( (pItem->fg.jointype & JT_LEFT)==0 ) continue;
      if( (wctrlFlags & WHERE_WANT_DISTINCT)==0
       && (pLoop->wsFlags & WHERE_ONEROW)==0
      ){
        continue;
      }
      if( (tabUsed & pLoop->maskSelf)!=0 ) continue;
      pEnd = sWLB.pWC->a + sWLB.pWC->nTerm;
      for(pTerm=sWLB.pWC->a; pTerm<pEnd; pTerm++){
        if( (pTerm->prereqAll & pLoop->maskSelf)!=0 ){
          if( !ExprHasProperty(pTerm->pExpr, EP_FromJoin)
           || pTerm->pExpr->iRightJoinTable!=pItem->iCursor
          ){
            break;
          }
        }
      }
      if( pTerm<pEnd ) continue;
      WHERETRACE(0xffff, ("-> drop loop %c not used\n", pLoop->cId));
      notReady &= ~pLoop->maskSelf;
      for(pTerm=sWLB.pWC->a; pTerm<pEnd; pTerm++){
        if( (pTerm->prereqAll & pLoop->maskSelf)!=0 ){
          pTerm->wtFlags |= TERM_CODED;
        }
      }
      if( i!=pWInfo->nLevel-1 ){
        int nByte = (pWInfo->nLevel-1-i) * sizeof(WhereLevel);
        memmove(&pWInfo->a[i], &pWInfo->a[i+1], nByte);
      }
      pWInfo->nLevel--;
      nTabList--;
    }
  }
#if defined(WHERETRACE_ENABLED)
  if( sqlite3WhereTrace & 0x100 ){ /* Display all terms of the WHERE clause */
    sqlite3DebugPrintf("---- WHERE clause at end of analysis:\n");
    sqlite3WhereClausePrint(sWLB.pWC);
  }
  WHERETRACE(0xffff,("*** Optimizer Finished ***\n"));
#endif
  pWInfo->pParse->nQueryLoop += pWInfo->nRowOut;

  /* If the caller is an UPDATE or DELETE statement that is requesting
  ** to use a one-pass algorithm, determine if this is appropriate.
  **
  ** A one-pass approach can be used if the caller has requested one
  ** and either (a) the scan visits at most one row or (b) each
  ** of the following are true:
  **
  **   * the caller has indicated that a one-pass approach can be used
  **     with multiple rows (by setting WHERE_ONEPASS_MULTIROW), and
  **   * the table is not a virtual table, and
  **   * either the scan does not use the OR optimization or the caller
  **     is a DELETE operation (WHERE_DUPLICATES_OK is only specified
  **     for DELETE).
  **
  ** The last qualification is because an UPDATE statement uses
  ** WhereInfo.aiCurOnePass[1] to determine whether or not it really can
  ** use a one-pass approach, and this is not set accurately for scans
  ** that use the OR optimization.
  */
  assert( (wctrlFlags & WHERE_ONEPASS_DESIRED)==0 || pWInfo->nLevel==1 );
  if( (wctrlFlags & WHERE_ONEPASS_DESIRED)!=0 ){
    int wsFlags = pWInfo->a[0].pWLoop->wsFlags;
    int bOnerow = (wsFlags & WHERE_ONEROW)!=0;
    assert( !(wsFlags & WHERE_VIRTUALTABLE) || IsVirtual(pTabList->a[0].pTab) );
    if( bOnerow || (
        0!=(wctrlFlags & WHERE_ONEPASS_MULTIROW)
     && !IsVirtual(pTabList->a[0].pTab)
     && (0==(wsFlags & WHERE_MULTI_OR) || (wctrlFlags & WHERE_DUPLICATES_OK))
    )){
      pWInfo->eOnePass = bOnerow ? ONEPASS_SINGLE : ONEPASS_MULTI;
      if( HasRowid(pTabList->a[0].pTab) && (wsFlags & WHERE_IDX_ONLY) ){
        if( wctrlFlags & WHERE_ONEPASS_MULTIROW ){
          bFordelete = OPFLAG_FORDELETE;
        }
        pWInfo->a[0].pWLoop->wsFlags = (wsFlags & ~WHERE_IDX_ONLY);
      }
    }
  }

  /* Open all tables in the pTabList and any indices selected for
  ** searching those tables.
  */
  for(ii=0, pLevel=pWInfo->a; ii<nTabList; ii++, pLevel++){
    Table *pTab;     /* Table to open */
    int iDb;         /* Index of database containing table/index */
    struct SrcList_item *pTabItem;

    pTabItem = &pTabList->a[pLevel->iFrom];
    pTab = pTabItem->pTab;
    iDb = sqlite3SchemaToIndex(db, pTab->pSchema);
    pLoop = pLevel->pWLoop;
    if( (pTab->tabFlags & TF_Ephemeral)!=0 || pTab->pSelect ){
      /* Do nothing */
    }else
#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_VIRTUALTABLE
    if( (pLoop->wsFlags & WHERE_VIRTUALTABLE)!=0 ){
      const char *pVTab = (const char *)sqlite3GetVTable(db, pTab);
      int iCur = pTabItem->iCursor;
      sqlite3VdbeAddOp4(v, OP_VOpen, iCur, 0, 0, pVTab, P4_VTAB);
    }else if( IsVirtual(pTab) ){
      /* noop */
    }else
#endif
    if( (pLoop->wsFlags & WHERE_IDX_ONLY)==0
         && (wctrlFlags & WHERE_OR_SUBCLAUSE)==0 ){
      int op = OP_OpenRead;
      if( pWInfo->eOnePass!=ONEPASS_OFF ){
        op = OP_OpenWrite;
        pWInfo->aiCurOnePass[0] = pTabItem->iCursor;
      };
      sqlite3OpenTable(pParse, pTabItem->iCursor, iDb, pTab, op);
      assert( pTabItem->iCursor==pLevel->iTabCur );
      testcase( pWInfo->eOnePass==ONEPASS_OFF && pTab->nCol==BMS-1 );
      testcase( pWInfo->eOnePass==ONEPASS_OFF && pTab->nCol==BMS );
      if( pWInfo->eOnePass==ONEPASS_OFF
       && pTab->nCol<BMS
       && (pTab->tabFlags & (TF_HasGenerated|TF_WithoutRowid))==0
      ){
        /* If we know that only a prefix of the record will be used,
        ** it is advantageous to reduce the "column count" field in
        ** the P4 operand of the OP_OpenRead/Write opcode. */
        Bitmask b = pTabItem->colUsed;
        int n = 0;
        for(; b; b=b>>1, n++){}
        sqlite3VdbeChangeP4(v, -1, SQLITE_INT_TO_PTR(n), P4_INT32);
        assert( n<=pTab->nCol );
      }
#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_CURSOR_HINTS
      if( pLoop->u.btree.pIndex!=0 ){
        sqlite3VdbeChangeP5(v, OPFLAG_SEEKEQ|bFordelete);
      }else
#endif
      {
        sqlite3VdbeChangeP5(v, bFordelete);
      }
#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_COLUMN_USED_MASK
      sqlite3VdbeAddOp4Dup8(v, OP_ColumnsUsed, pTabItem->iCursor, 0, 0,
                            (const u8*)&pTabItem->colUsed, P4_INT64);
#endif
    }else{
      sqlite3TableLock(pParse, iDb, pTab->tnum, 0, pTab->zName);
    }
    if( pLoop->wsFlags & WHERE_INDEXED ){
      Index *pIx = pLoop->u.btree.pIndex;
      int iIndexCur;
      int op = OP_OpenRead;
      /* iAuxArg is always set to a positive value if ONEPASS is possible */
      assert( iAuxArg!=0 || (pWInfo->wctrlFlags & WHERE_ONEPASS_DESIRED)==0 );
      if( !HasRowid(pTab) && IsPrimaryKeyIndex(pIx)
       && (wctrlFlags & WHERE_OR_SUBCLAUSE)!=0
      ){
        /* This is one term of an OR-optimization using the PRIMARY KEY of a
        ** WITHOUT ROWID table.  No need for a separate index */
        iIndexCur = pLevel->iTabCur;
        op = 0;
      }else if( pWInfo->eOnePass!=ONEPASS_OFF ){
        Index *pJ = pTabItem->pTab->pIndex;
        iIndexCur = iAuxArg;
        assert( wctrlFlags & WHERE_ONEPASS_DESIRED );
        while( ALWAYS(pJ) && pJ!=pIx ){
          iIndexCur++;
          pJ = pJ->pNext;
        }
        op = OP_OpenWrite;
        pWInfo->aiCurOnePass[1] = iIndexCur;
      }else if( iAuxArg && (wctrlFlags & WHERE_OR_SUBCLAUSE)!=0 ){
        iIndexCur = iAuxArg;
        op = OP_ReopenIdx;
      }else{
        iIndexCur = pParse->nTab++;
      }
      pLevel->iIdxCur = iIndexCur;
      assert( pIx->pSchema==pTab->pSchema );
      assert( iIndexCur>=0 );
      if( op ){
        sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, op, iIndexCur, pIx->tnum, iDb);
        sqlite3VdbeSetP4KeyInfo(pParse, pIx);
        if( (pLoop->wsFlags & WHERE_CONSTRAINT)!=0
         && (pLoop->wsFlags & (WHERE_COLUMN_RANGE|WHERE_SKIPSCAN))==0
         && (pLoop->wsFlags & WHERE_BIGNULL_SORT)==0
         && (pWInfo->wctrlFlags&WHERE_ORDERBY_MIN)==0
         && pWInfo->eDistinct!=WHERE_DISTINCT_ORDERED
        ){
          sqlite3VdbeChangeP5(v, OPFLAG_SEEKEQ); /* Hint to COMDB2 */
        }
        VdbeComment((v, "%s", pIx->zName));
#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_COLUMN_USED_MASK
        {
          u64 colUsed = 0;
          int ii, jj;
          for(ii=0; ii<pIx->nColumn; ii++){
            jj = pIx->aiColumn[ii];
            if( jj<0 ) continue;
            if( jj>63 ) jj = 63;
            if( (pTabItem->colUsed & MASKBIT(jj))==0 ) continue;
            colUsed |= ((u64)1)<<(ii<63 ? ii : 63);
          }
          sqlite3VdbeAddOp4Dup8(v, OP_ColumnsUsed, iIndexCur, 0, 0,
                                (u8*)&colUsed, P4_INT64);
        }
#endif /* SQLITE_ENABLE_COLUMN_USED_MASK */
      }
    }
    if( iDb>=0 ) sqlite3CodeVerifySchema(pParse, iDb);
  }
  pWInfo->iTop = sqlite3VdbeCurrentAddr(v);
  if( db->mallocFailed ) goto whereBeginError;

  /* Generate the code to do the search.  Each iteration of the for
  ** loop below generates code for a single nested loop of the VM
  ** program.
  */
  for(ii=0; ii<nTabList; ii++){
    int addrExplain;
    int wsFlags;
    pLevel = &pWInfo->a[ii];
    wsFlags = pLevel->pWLoop->wsFlags;
#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_AUTOMATIC_INDEX
    if( (pLevel->pWLoop->wsFlags & WHERE_AUTO_INDEX)!=0 ){
      constructAutomaticIndex(pParse, &pWInfo->sWC,
                &pTabList->a[pLevel->iFrom], notReady, pLevel);
      if( db->mallocFailed ) goto whereBeginError;
    }
#endif
    addrExplain = sqlite3WhereExplainOneScan(
        pParse, pTabList, pLevel, wctrlFlags
    );
    pLevel->addrBody = sqlite3VdbeCurrentAddr(v);
    notReady = sqlite3WhereCodeOneLoopStart(pParse,v,pWInfo,ii,pLevel,notReady);
    pWInfo->iContinue = pLevel->addrCont;
    if( (wsFlags&WHERE_MULTI_OR)==0 && (wctrlFlags&WHERE_OR_SUBCLAUSE)==0 ){
      sqlite3WhereAddScanStatus(v, pTabList, pLevel, addrExplain);
    }
  }

  /* Done. */
  VdbeModuleComment((v, "Begin WHERE-core"));
  return pWInfo;

  /* Jump here if malloc fails */
whereBeginError:
  if( pWInfo ){
    pParse->nQueryLoop = pWInfo->savedNQueryLoop;
    whereInfoFree(db, pWInfo);
  }
  return 0;
}

/*
** Part of sqlite3WhereEnd() will rewrite opcodes to reference the
** index rather than the main table.  In SQLITE_DEBUG mode, we want
** to trace those changes if PRAGMA vdbe_addoptrace=on.  This routine
** does that.
*/
#ifndef SQLITE_DEBUG
# define OpcodeRewriteTrace(D,K,P) /* no-op */
#else
# define OpcodeRewriteTrace(D,K,P) sqlite3WhereOpcodeRewriteTrace(D,K,P)
  static void sqlite3WhereOpcodeRewriteTrace(
    sqlite3 *db,
    int pc,
    VdbeOp *pOp
  ){
    if( (db->flags & SQLITE_VdbeAddopTrace)==0 ) return;
    sqlite3VdbePrintOp(0, pc, pOp);
  }
#endif

/*
** Generate the end of the WHERE loop.  See comments on
** sqlite3WhereBegin() for additional information.
*/
void sqlite3WhereEnd(WhereInfo *pWInfo){
  Parse *pParse = pWInfo->pParse;
  Vdbe *v = pParse->pVdbe;
  int i;
  WhereLevel *pLevel;
  WhereLoop *pLoop;
  SrcList *pTabList = pWInfo->pTabList;
  sqlite3 *db = pParse->db;

  /* Generate loop termination code.
  */
  VdbeModuleComment((v, "End WHERE-core"));
  for(i=pWInfo->nLevel-1; i>=0; i--){
    int addr;
    pLevel = &pWInfo->a[i];
    pLoop = pLevel->pWLoop;
    if( pLevel->op!=OP_Noop ){
#ifndef SQLITE_DISABLE_SKIPAHEAD_DISTINCT
      int addrSeek = 0;
      Index *pIdx;
      int n;
      if( pWInfo->eDistinct==WHERE_DISTINCT_ORDERED
       && i==pWInfo->nLevel-1  /* Ticket [ef9318757b152e3] 2017-10-21 */
       && (pLoop->wsFlags & WHERE_INDEXED)!=0
       && (pIdx = pLoop->u.btree.pIndex)->hasStat1
       && (n = pLoop->u.btree.nDistinctCol)>0
       && pIdx->aiRowLogEst[n]>=36
      ){
        int r1 = pParse->nMem+1;
        int j, op;
        for(j=0; j<n; j++){
          sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_Column, pLevel->iIdxCur, j, r1+j);
        }
        pParse->nMem += n+1;
        op = pLevel->op==OP_Prev ? OP_SeekLT : OP_SeekGT;
        addrSeek = sqlite3VdbeAddOp4Int(v, op, pLevel->iIdxCur, 0, r1, n);
        VdbeCoverageIf(v, op==OP_SeekLT);
        VdbeCoverageIf(v, op==OP_SeekGT);
        sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Goto, 1, pLevel->p2);
      }
#endif /* SQLITE_DISABLE_SKIPAHEAD_DISTINCT */
      /* The common case: Advance to the next row */
      sqlite3VdbeResolveLabel(v, pLevel->addrCont);
      sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, pLevel->op, pLevel->p1, pLevel->p2, pLevel->p3);
      sqlite3VdbeChangeP5(v, pLevel->p5);
      VdbeCoverage(v);
      VdbeCoverageIf(v, pLevel->op==OP_Next);
      VdbeCoverageIf(v, pLevel->op==OP_Prev);
      VdbeCoverageIf(v, pLevel->op==OP_VNext);
      if( pLevel->regBignull ){
        sqlite3VdbeResolveLabel(v, pLevel->addrBignull);
        sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_DecrJumpZero, pLevel->regBignull, pLevel->p2-1);
        VdbeCoverage(v);
      }
#ifndef SQLITE_DISABLE_SKIPAHEAD_DISTINCT
      if( addrSeek ) sqlite3VdbeJumpHere(v, addrSeek);
#endif
    }else{
      sqlite3VdbeResolveLabel(v, pLevel->addrCont);
    }
    if( pLoop->wsFlags & WHERE_IN_ABLE && pLevel->u.in.nIn>0 ){
      struct InLoop *pIn;
      int j;
      sqlite3VdbeResolveLabel(v, pLevel->addrNxt);
      for(j=pLevel->u.in.nIn, pIn=&pLevel->u.in.aInLoop[j-1]; j>0; j--, pIn--){
        sqlite3VdbeJumpHere(v, pIn->addrInTop+1);
        if( pIn->eEndLoopOp!=OP_Noop ){
          if( pIn->nPrefix ){
            assert( pLoop->wsFlags & WHERE_IN_EARLYOUT );
            if( (pLoop->wsFlags & WHERE_VIRTUALTABLE)==0 ){
              sqlite3VdbeAddOp4Int(v, OP_IfNoHope, pLevel->iIdxCur,
                  sqlite3VdbeCurrentAddr(v)+2+(pLevel->iLeftJoin!=0),
                  pIn->iBase, pIn->nPrefix);
              VdbeCoverage(v);
            }
            if( pLevel->iLeftJoin ){
              /* For LEFT JOIN queries, cursor pIn->iCur may not have been
              ** opened yet. This occurs for WHERE clauses such as
              ** "a = ? AND b IN (...)", where the index is on (a, b). If
              ** the RHS of the (a=?) is NULL, then the "b IN (...)" may
              ** never have been coded, but the body of the loop run to
              ** return the null-row. So, if the cursor is not open yet,
              ** jump over the OP_Next or OP_Prev instruction about to
              ** be coded.  */
              sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_IfNotOpen, pIn->iCur,
                  sqlite3VdbeCurrentAddr(v) + 2
              );
              VdbeCoverage(v);
            }
          }
          sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, pIn->eEndLoopOp, pIn->iCur, pIn->addrInTop);
          VdbeCoverage(v);
          VdbeCoverageIf(v, pIn->eEndLoopOp==OP_Prev);
          VdbeCoverageIf(v, pIn->eEndLoopOp==OP_Next);
        }
        sqlite3VdbeJumpHere(v, pIn->addrInTop-1);
      }
    }
    sqlite3VdbeResolveLabel(v, pLevel->addrBrk);
    if( pLevel->addrSkip ){
      sqlite3VdbeGoto(v, pLevel->addrSkip);
      VdbeComment((v, "next skip-scan on %s", pLoop->u.btree.pIndex->zName));
      sqlite3VdbeJumpHere(v, pLevel->addrSkip);
      sqlite3VdbeJumpHere(v, pLevel->addrSkip-2);
    }
#ifndef SQLITE_LIKE_DOESNT_MATCH_BLOBS
    if( pLevel->addrLikeRep ){
      sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_DecrJumpZero, (int)(pLevel->iLikeRepCntr>>1),
                        pLevel->addrLikeRep);
      VdbeCoverage(v);
    }
#endif
    if( pLevel->iLeftJoin ){
      int ws = pLoop->wsFlags;
      addr = sqlite3VdbeAddOp1(v, OP_IfPos, pLevel->iLeftJoin); VdbeCoverage(v);
      assert( (ws & WHERE_IDX_ONLY)==0 || (ws & WHERE_INDEXED)!=0 );
      if( (ws & WHERE_IDX_ONLY)==0 ){
        assert( pLevel->iTabCur==pTabList->a[pLevel->iFrom].iCursor );
        sqlite3VdbeAddOp1(v, OP_NullRow, pLevel->iTabCur);
      }
      if( (ws & WHERE_INDEXED)
       || ((ws & WHERE_MULTI_OR) && pLevel->u.pCovidx)
      ){
        sqlite3VdbeAddOp1(v, OP_NullRow, pLevel->iIdxCur);
      }
      if( pLevel->op==OP_Return ){
        sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Gosub, pLevel->p1, pLevel->addrFirst);
      }else{
        sqlite3VdbeGoto(v, pLevel->addrFirst);
      }
      sqlite3VdbeJumpHere(v, addr);
    }
    VdbeModuleComment((v, "End WHERE-loop%d: %s", i,
                     pWInfo->pTabList->a[pLevel->iFrom].pTab->zName));
  }

  /* The "break" point is here, just past the end of the outer loop.
  ** Set it.
  */
  sqlite3VdbeResolveLabel(v, pWInfo->iBreak);

  assert( pWInfo->nLevel<=pTabList->nSrc );
  for(i=0, pLevel=pWInfo->a; i<pWInfo->nLevel; i++, pLevel++){
    int k, last;
    VdbeOp *pOp;
    Index *pIdx = 0;
    struct SrcList_item *pTabItem = &pTabList->a[pLevel->iFrom];
    Table *pTab = pTabItem->pTab;
    assert( pTab!=0 );
    pLoop = pLevel->pWLoop;

    /* For a co-routine, change all OP_Column references to the table of
    ** the co-routine into OP_Copy of result contained in a register.
    ** OP_Rowid becomes OP_Null.
    */
    if( pTabItem->fg.viaCoroutine ){
      testcase( pParse->db->mallocFailed );
      translateColumnToCopy(pParse, pLevel->addrBody, pLevel->iTabCur,
                            pTabItem->regResult, 0);
      continue;
    }

#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_EARLY_CURSOR_CLOSE
    /* Close all of the cursors that were opened by sqlite3WhereBegin.
    ** Except, do not close cursors that will be reused by the OR optimization
    ** (WHERE_OR_SUBCLAUSE).  And do not close the OP_OpenWrite cursors
    ** created for the ONEPASS optimization.
    */
    if( (pTab->tabFlags & TF_Ephemeral)==0
     && pTab->pSelect==0
     && (pWInfo->wctrlFlags & WHERE_OR_SUBCLAUSE)==0
    ){
      int ws = pLoop->wsFlags;
      if( pWInfo->eOnePass==ONEPASS_OFF && (ws & WHERE_IDX_ONLY)==0 ){
        sqlite3VdbeAddOp1(v, OP_Close, pTabItem->iCursor);
      }
      if( (ws & WHERE_INDEXED)!=0
       && (ws & (WHERE_IPK|WHERE_AUTO_INDEX))==0
       && pLevel->iIdxCur!=pWInfo->aiCurOnePass[1]
      ){
        sqlite3VdbeAddOp1(v, OP_Close, pLevel->iIdxCur);
      }
    }
#endif

    /* If this scan uses an index, make VDBE code substitutions to read data
    ** from the index instead of from the table where possible.  In some cases
    ** this optimization prevents the table from ever being read, which can
    ** yield a significant performance boost.
    **
    ** Calls to the code generator in between sqlite3WhereBegin and
    ** sqlite3WhereEnd will have created code that references the table
    ** directly.  This loop scans all that code looking for opcodes
    ** that reference the table and converts them into opcodes that
    ** reference the index.
    */
    if( pLoop->wsFlags & (WHERE_INDEXED|WHERE_IDX_ONLY) ){
      pIdx = pLoop->u.btree.pIndex;
    }else if( pLoop->wsFlags & WHERE_MULTI_OR ){
      pIdx = pLevel->u.pCovidx;
    }
    if( pIdx
     && (pWInfo->eOnePass==ONEPASS_OFF || !HasRowid(pIdx->pTable))
     && !db->mallocFailed
    ){
      last = sqlite3VdbeCurrentAddr(v);
      k = pLevel->addrBody;
#ifdef SQLITE_DEBUG
      if( db->flags & SQLITE_VdbeAddopTrace ){
        printf("TRANSLATE opcodes in range %d..%d\n", k, last-1);
      }
#endif
      pOp = sqlite3VdbeGetOp(v, k);
      for(; k<last; k++, pOp++){
        if( pOp->p1!=pLevel->iTabCur ) continue;
        if( pOp->opcode==OP_Column
#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_OFFSET_SQL_FUNC
         || pOp->opcode==OP_Offset
#endif
        ){
          int x = pOp->p2;
          assert( pIdx->pTable==pTab );
          if( !HasRowid(pTab) ){
            Index *pPk = sqlite3PrimaryKeyIndex(pTab);
            x = pPk->aiColumn[x];
            assert( x>=0 );
          }else{
            testcase( x!=sqlite3StorageColumnToTable(pTab,x) );
            x = sqlite3StorageColumnToTable(pTab,x);
          }
          x = sqlite3TableColumnToIndex(pIdx, x);
          if( x>=0 ){
            pOp->p2 = x;
            pOp->p1 = pLevel->iIdxCur;
            OpcodeRewriteTrace(db, k, pOp);
          }
          assert( (pLoop->wsFlags & WHERE_IDX_ONLY)==0 || x>=0
              || pWInfo->eOnePass );
        }else if( pOp->opcode==OP_Rowid ){
          pOp->p1 = pLevel->iIdxCur;
          pOp->opcode = OP_IdxRowid;
          OpcodeRewriteTrace(db, k, pOp);
        }else if( pOp->opcode==OP_IfNullRow ){
          pOp->p1 = pLevel->iIdxCur;
          OpcodeRewriteTrace(db, k, pOp);
        }
      }
#ifdef SQLITE_DEBUG
      if( db->flags & SQLITE_VdbeAddopTrace ) printf("TRANSLATE complete\n");
#endif
    }
  }

  /* Undo all Expr node modifications */
  while( pWInfo->pExprMods ){
    WhereExprMod *p = pWInfo->pExprMods;
    pWInfo->pExprMods = p->pNext;
    memcpy(p->pExpr, &p->orig, sizeof(p->orig));
    sqlite3DbFree(db, p);
  }

  /* Final cleanup
  */
  pParse->nQueryLoop = pWInfo->savedNQueryLoop;
  whereInfoFree(db, pWInfo);
  return;
}