xref: /sqlite-3.40.0/src/shell.c.in (revision 2b5fbb28)

/*
** 2001 September 15
**
** The author disclaims copyright to this source code.  In place of
** a legal notice, here is a blessing:
**
**    May you do good and not evil.
**    May you find forgiveness for yourself and forgive others.
**    May you share freely, never taking more than you give.
**
*************************************************************************
** This file contains code to implement the "sqlite" command line
** utility for accessing SQLite databases.
*/
#if (defined(_WIN32) || defined(WIN32)) && !defined(_CRT_SECURE_NO_WARNINGS)
/* This needs to come before any includes for MSVC compiler */
#define _CRT_SECURE_NO_WARNINGS
#endif

/*
** Optionally #include a user-defined header, whereby compilation options
** may be set prior to where they take effect, but after platform setup.
** If SQLITE_CUSTOM_INCLUDE=? is defined, its value names the #include
** file. Note that this macro has a like effect on sqlite3.c compilation.
*/
#ifdef SQLITE_CUSTOM_INCLUDE
# define INC_STRINGIFY_(f) #f
# define INC_STRINGIFY(f) INC_STRINGIFY_(f)
# include INC_STRINGIFY(SQLITE_CUSTOM_INCLUDE)
#endif

/*
** Determine if we are dealing with WinRT, which provides only a subset of
** the full Win32 API.
*/
#if !defined(SQLITE_OS_WINRT)
# define SQLITE_OS_WINRT 0
#endif

/*
** Warning pragmas copied from msvc.h in the core.
*/
#if defined(_MSC_VER)
#pragma warning(disable : 4054)
#pragma warning(disable : 4055)
#pragma warning(disable : 4100)
#pragma warning(disable : 4127)
#pragma warning(disable : 4130)
#pragma warning(disable : 4152)
#pragma warning(disable : 4189)
#pragma warning(disable : 4206)
#pragma warning(disable : 4210)
#pragma warning(disable : 4232)
#pragma warning(disable : 4244)
#pragma warning(disable : 4305)
#pragma warning(disable : 4306)
#pragma warning(disable : 4702)
#pragma warning(disable : 4706)
#endif /* defined(_MSC_VER) */

/*
** No support for loadable extensions in VxWorks.
*/
#if (defined(__RTP__) || defined(_WRS_KERNEL)) && !SQLITE_OMIT_LOAD_EXTENSION
# define SQLITE_OMIT_LOAD_EXTENSION 1
#endif

/*
** Enable large-file support for fopen() and friends on unix.
*/
#ifndef SQLITE_DISABLE_LFS
# define _LARGE_FILE       1
# ifndef _FILE_OFFSET_BITS
#   define _FILE_OFFSET_BITS 64
# endif
# define _LARGEFILE_SOURCE 1
#endif

#include <stdlib.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <assert.h>
#include "sqlite3.h"
typedef sqlite3_int64 i64;
typedef sqlite3_uint64 u64;
typedef unsigned char u8;
#if SQLITE_USER_AUTHENTICATION
# include "sqlite3userauth.h"
#endif
#include <ctype.h>
#include <stdarg.h>

#if !defined(_WIN32) && !defined(WIN32)
# include <signal.h>
# if !defined(__RTP__) && !defined(_WRS_KERNEL)
#  include <pwd.h>
# endif
#endif
#if (!defined(_WIN32) && !defined(WIN32)) || defined(__MINGW32__)
# include <unistd.h>
# include <dirent.h>
# define GETPID getpid
# if defined(__MINGW32__)
#  define DIRENT dirent
#  ifndef S_ISLNK
#   define S_ISLNK(mode) (0)
#  endif
# endif
#else
# define GETPID (int)GetCurrentProcessId
#endif
#include <sys/types.h>
#include <sys/stat.h>

#if HAVE_READLINE
# include <readline/readline.h>
# include <readline/history.h>
#endif

#if HAVE_EDITLINE
# include <editline/readline.h>
#endif

#if HAVE_EDITLINE || HAVE_READLINE

# define shell_add_history(X) add_history(X)
# define shell_read_history(X) read_history(X)
# define shell_write_history(X) write_history(X)
# define shell_stifle_history(X) stifle_history(X)
# define shell_readline(X) readline(X)

#elif HAVE_LINENOISE

# include "linenoise.h"
# define shell_add_history(X) linenoiseHistoryAdd(X)
# define shell_read_history(X) linenoiseHistoryLoad(X)
# define shell_write_history(X) linenoiseHistorySave(X)
# define shell_stifle_history(X) linenoiseHistorySetMaxLen(X)
# define shell_readline(X) linenoise(X)

#else

# define shell_read_history(X)
# define shell_write_history(X)
# define shell_stifle_history(X)

# define SHELL_USE_LOCAL_GETLINE 1
#endif


#if defined(_WIN32) || defined(WIN32)
# if SQLITE_OS_WINRT
#  define SQLITE_OMIT_POPEN 1
# else
#  include <io.h>
#  include <fcntl.h>
#  define isatty(h) _isatty(h)
#  ifndef access
#   define access(f,m) _access((f),(m))
#  endif
#  ifndef unlink
#   define unlink _unlink
#  endif
#  ifndef strdup
#   define strdup _strdup
#  endif
#  undef popen
#  define popen _popen
#  undef pclose
#  define pclose _pclose
# endif
#else
 /* Make sure isatty() has a prototype. */
 extern int isatty(int);

# if !defined(__RTP__) && !defined(_WRS_KERNEL)
  /* popen and pclose are not C89 functions and so are
  ** sometimes omitted from the <stdio.h> header */
   extern FILE *popen(const char*,const char*);
   extern int pclose(FILE*);
# else
#  define SQLITE_OMIT_POPEN 1
# endif
#endif

#if defined(_WIN32_WCE)
/* Windows CE (arm-wince-mingw32ce-gcc) does not provide isatty()
 * thus we always assume that we have a console. That can be
 * overridden with the -batch command line option.
 */
#define isatty(x) 1
#endif

/* ctype macros that work with signed characters */
#define IsSpace(X)  isspace((unsigned char)X)
#define IsDigit(X)  isdigit((unsigned char)X)
#define ToLower(X)  (char)tolower((unsigned char)X)

#if defined(_WIN32) || defined(WIN32)
#if SQLITE_OS_WINRT
#include <intrin.h>
#endif
#include <windows.h>

/* string conversion routines only needed on Win32 */
extern char *sqlite3_win32_unicode_to_utf8(LPCWSTR);
extern char *sqlite3_win32_mbcs_to_utf8_v2(const char *, int);
extern char *sqlite3_win32_utf8_to_mbcs_v2(const char *, int);
extern LPWSTR sqlite3_win32_utf8_to_unicode(const char *zText);
#endif

/* On Windows, we normally run with output mode of TEXT so that \n characters
** are automatically translated into \r\n.  However, this behavior needs
** to be disabled in some cases (ex: when generating CSV output and when
** rendering quoted strings that contain \n characters).  The following
** routines take care of that.
*/
#if (defined(_WIN32) || defined(WIN32)) && !SQLITE_OS_WINRT
static void setBinaryMode(FILE *file, int isOutput){
  if( isOutput ) fflush(file);
  _setmode(_fileno(file), _O_BINARY);
}
static void setTextMode(FILE *file, int isOutput){
  if( isOutput ) fflush(file);
  _setmode(_fileno(file), _O_TEXT);
}
#else
# define setBinaryMode(X,Y)
# define setTextMode(X,Y)
#endif


/* True if the timer is enabled */
static int enableTimer = 0;

/* Return the current wall-clock time */
static sqlite3_int64 timeOfDay(void){
  static sqlite3_vfs *clockVfs = 0;
  sqlite3_int64 t;
  if( clockVfs==0 ) clockVfs = sqlite3_vfs_find(0);
  if( clockVfs==0 ) return 0;  /* Never actually happens */
  if( clockVfs->iVersion>=2 && clockVfs->xCurrentTimeInt64!=0 ){
    clockVfs->xCurrentTimeInt64(clockVfs, &t);
  }else{
    double r;
    clockVfs->xCurrentTime(clockVfs, &r);
    t = (sqlite3_int64)(r*86400000.0);
  }
  return t;
}

#if !defined(_WIN32) && !defined(WIN32) && !defined(__minux)
#include <sys/time.h>
#include <sys/resource.h>

/* VxWorks does not support getrusage() as far as we can determine */
#if defined(_WRS_KERNEL) || defined(__RTP__)
struct rusage {
  struct timeval ru_utime; /* user CPU time used */
  struct timeval ru_stime; /* system CPU time used */
};
#define getrusage(A,B) memset(B,0,sizeof(*B))
#endif

/* Saved resource information for the beginning of an operation */
static struct rusage sBegin;  /* CPU time at start */
static sqlite3_int64 iBegin;  /* Wall-clock time at start */

/*
** Begin timing an operation
*/
static void beginTimer(void){
  if( enableTimer ){
    getrusage(RUSAGE_SELF, &sBegin);
    iBegin = timeOfDay();
  }
}

/* Return the difference of two time_structs in seconds */
static double timeDiff(struct timeval *pStart, struct timeval *pEnd){
  return (pEnd->tv_usec - pStart->tv_usec)*0.000001 +
         (double)(pEnd->tv_sec - pStart->tv_sec);
}

/*
** Print the timing results.
*/
static void endTimer(void){
  if( enableTimer ){
    sqlite3_int64 iEnd = timeOfDay();
    struct rusage sEnd;
    getrusage(RUSAGE_SELF, &sEnd);
    printf("Run Time: real %.3f user %f sys %f\n",
       (iEnd - iBegin)*0.001,
       timeDiff(&sBegin.ru_utime, &sEnd.ru_utime),
       timeDiff(&sBegin.ru_stime, &sEnd.ru_stime));
  }
}

#define BEGIN_TIMER beginTimer()
#define END_TIMER endTimer()
#define HAS_TIMER 1

#elif (defined(_WIN32) || defined(WIN32))

/* Saved resource information for the beginning of an operation */
static HANDLE hProcess;
static FILETIME ftKernelBegin;
static FILETIME ftUserBegin;
static sqlite3_int64 ftWallBegin;
typedef BOOL (WINAPI *GETPROCTIMES)(HANDLE, LPFILETIME, LPFILETIME,
                                    LPFILETIME, LPFILETIME);
static GETPROCTIMES getProcessTimesAddr = NULL;

/*
** Check to see if we have timer support.  Return 1 if necessary
** support found (or found previously).
*/
static int hasTimer(void){
  if( getProcessTimesAddr ){
    return 1;
  } else {
#if !SQLITE_OS_WINRT
    /* GetProcessTimes() isn't supported in WIN95 and some other Windows
    ** versions. See if the version we are running on has it, and if it
    ** does, save off a pointer to it and the current process handle.
    */
    hProcess = GetCurrentProcess();
    if( hProcess ){
      HINSTANCE hinstLib = LoadLibrary(TEXT("Kernel32.dll"));
      if( NULL != hinstLib ){
        getProcessTimesAddr =
            (GETPROCTIMES) GetProcAddress(hinstLib, "GetProcessTimes");
        if( NULL != getProcessTimesAddr ){
          return 1;
        }
        FreeLibrary(hinstLib);
      }
    }
#endif
  }
  return 0;
}

/*
** Begin timing an operation
*/
static void beginTimer(void){
  if( enableTimer && getProcessTimesAddr ){
    FILETIME ftCreation, ftExit;
    getProcessTimesAddr(hProcess,&ftCreation,&ftExit,
                        &ftKernelBegin,&ftUserBegin);
    ftWallBegin = timeOfDay();
  }
}

/* Return the difference of two FILETIME structs in seconds */
static double timeDiff(FILETIME *pStart, FILETIME *pEnd){
  sqlite_int64 i64Start = *((sqlite_int64 *) pStart);
  sqlite_int64 i64End = *((sqlite_int64 *) pEnd);
  return (double) ((i64End - i64Start) / 10000000.0);
}

/*
** Print the timing results.
*/
static void endTimer(void){
  if( enableTimer && getProcessTimesAddr){
    FILETIME ftCreation, ftExit, ftKernelEnd, ftUserEnd;
    sqlite3_int64 ftWallEnd = timeOfDay();
    getProcessTimesAddr(hProcess,&ftCreation,&ftExit,&ftKernelEnd,&ftUserEnd);
    printf("Run Time: real %.3f user %f sys %f\n",
       (ftWallEnd - ftWallBegin)*0.001,
       timeDiff(&ftUserBegin, &ftUserEnd),
       timeDiff(&ftKernelBegin, &ftKernelEnd));
  }
}

#define BEGIN_TIMER beginTimer()
#define END_TIMER endTimer()
#define HAS_TIMER hasTimer()

#else
#define BEGIN_TIMER
#define END_TIMER
#define HAS_TIMER 0
#endif

/*
** Used to prevent warnings about unused parameters
*/
#define UNUSED_PARAMETER(x) (void)(x)

/*
** Number of elements in an array
*/
#define ArraySize(X)  (int)(sizeof(X)/sizeof(X[0]))

/*
** If the following flag is set, then command execution stops
** at an error if we are not interactive.
*/
static int bail_on_error = 0;

/*
** Threat stdin as an interactive input if the following variable
** is true.  Otherwise, assume stdin is connected to a file or pipe.
*/
static int stdin_is_interactive = 1;

/*
** On Windows systems we have to know if standard output is a console
** in order to translate UTF-8 into MBCS.  The following variable is
** true if translation is required.
*/
static int stdout_is_console = 1;

/*
** The following is the open SQLite database.  We make a pointer
** to this database a static variable so that it can be accessed
** by the SIGINT handler to interrupt database processing.
*/
static sqlite3 *globalDb = 0;

/*
** True if an interrupt (Control-C) has been received.
*/
static volatile int seenInterrupt = 0;

/*
** This is the name of our program. It is set in main(), used
** in a number of other places, mostly for error messages.
*/
static char *Argv0;

/*
** Prompt strings. Initialized in main. Settable with
**   .prompt main continue
*/
static char mainPrompt[20];     /* First line prompt. default: "sqlite> "*/
static char continuePrompt[20]; /* Continuation prompt. default: "   ...> " */

/*
** Render output like fprintf().  Except, if the output is going to the
** console and if this is running on a Windows machine, translate the
** output from UTF-8 into MBCS.
*/
#if defined(_WIN32) || defined(WIN32)
void utf8_printf(FILE *out, const char *zFormat, ...){
  va_list ap;
  va_start(ap, zFormat);
  if( stdout_is_console && (out==stdout || out==stderr) ){
    char *z1 = sqlite3_vmprintf(zFormat, ap);
    char *z2 = sqlite3_win32_utf8_to_mbcs_v2(z1, 0);
    sqlite3_free(z1);
    fputs(z2, out);
    sqlite3_free(z2);
  }else{
    vfprintf(out, zFormat, ap);
  }
  va_end(ap);
}
#elif !defined(utf8_printf)
# define utf8_printf fprintf
#endif

/*
** Render output like fprintf().  This should not be used on anything that
** includes string formatting (e.g. "%s").
*/
#if !defined(raw_printf)
# define raw_printf fprintf
#endif

/* Indicate out-of-memory and exit. */
static void shell_out_of_memory(void){
  raw_printf(stderr,"Error: out of memory\n");
  exit(1);
}

/* Check a pointer to see if it is NULL.  If it is NULL, exit with an
** out-of-memory error.
*/
static void shell_check_oom(void *p){
  if( p==0 ) shell_out_of_memory();
}

/*
** Write I/O traces to the following stream.
*/
#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_IOTRACE
static FILE *iotrace = 0;
#endif

/*
** This routine works like printf in that its first argument is a
** format string and subsequent arguments are values to be substituted
** in place of % fields.  The result of formatting this string
** is written to iotrace.
*/
#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_IOTRACE
static void SQLITE_CDECL iotracePrintf(const char *zFormat, ...){
  va_list ap;
  char *z;
  if( iotrace==0 ) return;
  va_start(ap, zFormat);
  z = sqlite3_vmprintf(zFormat, ap);
  va_end(ap);
  utf8_printf(iotrace, "%s", z);
  sqlite3_free(z);
}
#endif

/*
** Output string zUtf to stream pOut as w characters.  If w is negative,
** then right-justify the text.  W is the width in UTF-8 characters, not
** in bytes.  This is different from the %*.*s specification in printf
** since with %*.*s the width is measured in bytes, not characters.
*/
static void utf8_width_print(FILE *pOut, int w, const char *zUtf){
  int i;
  int n;
  int aw = w<0 ? -w : w;
  for(i=n=0; zUtf[i]; i++){
    if( (zUtf[i]&0xc0)!=0x80 ){
      n++;
      if( n==aw ){
        do{ i++; }while( (zUtf[i]&0xc0)==0x80 );
        break;
      }
    }
  }
  if( n>=aw ){
    utf8_printf(pOut, "%.*s", i, zUtf);
  }else if( w<0 ){
    utf8_printf(pOut, "%*s%s", aw-n, "", zUtf);
  }else{
    utf8_printf(pOut, "%s%*s", zUtf, aw-n, "");
  }
}


/*
** Determines if a string is a number of not.
*/
static int isNumber(const char *z, int *realnum){
  if( *z=='-' || *z=='+' ) z++;
  if( !IsDigit(*z) ){
    return 0;
  }
  z++;
  if( realnum ) *realnum = 0;
  while( IsDigit(*z) ){ z++; }
  if( *z=='.' ){
    z++;
    if( !IsDigit(*z) ) return 0;
    while( IsDigit(*z) ){ z++; }
    if( realnum ) *realnum = 1;
  }
  if( *z=='e' || *z=='E' ){
    z++;
    if( *z=='+' || *z=='-' ) z++;
    if( !IsDigit(*z) ) return 0;
    while( IsDigit(*z) ){ z++; }
    if( realnum ) *realnum = 1;
  }
  return *z==0;
}

/*
** Compute a string length that is limited to what can be stored in
** lower 30 bits of a 32-bit signed integer.
*/
static int strlen30(const char *z){
  const char *z2 = z;
  while( *z2 ){ z2++; }
  return 0x3fffffff & (int)(z2 - z);
}

/*
** Return the length of a string in characters.  Multibyte UTF8 characters
** count as a single character.
*/
static int strlenChar(const char *z){
  int n = 0;
  while( *z ){
    if( (0xc0&*(z++))!=0x80 ) n++;
  }
  return n;
}

/*
** Return open FILE * if zFile exists, can be opened for read
** and is an ordinary file or a character stream source.
** Otherwise return 0.
*/
static FILE * openChrSource(const char *zFile){
#ifdef _WIN32
  struct _stat x = {0};
# define STAT_CHR_SRC(mode) ((mode & (_S_IFCHR|_S_IFIFO|_S_IFREG))!=0)
  /* On Windows, open first, then check the stream nature. This order
  ** is necessary because _stat() and sibs, when checking a named pipe,
  ** effectively break the pipe as its supplier sees it. */
  FILE *rv = fopen(zFile, "rb");
  if( rv==0 ) return 0;
  if( _fstat(_fileno(rv), &x) != 0
      || !STAT_CHR_SRC(x.st_mode)){
    fclose(rv);
    rv = 0;
  }
  return rv;
#else
  struct stat x = {0};
  int rc = stat(zFile, &x);
# define STAT_CHR_SRC(mode) (S_ISREG(mode)||S_ISFIFO(mode)||S_ISCHR(mode))
  if( rc!=0 ) return 0;
  if( STAT_CHR_SRC(x.st_mode) ){
    return fopen(zFile, "rb");
  }else{
    return 0;
  }
#endif
#undef STAT_CHR_SRC
}

/*
** This routine reads a line of text from FILE in, stores
** the text in memory obtained from malloc() and returns a pointer
** to the text.  NULL is returned at end of file, or if malloc()
** fails.
**
** If zLine is not NULL then it is a malloced buffer returned from
** a previous call to this routine that may be reused.
*/
static char *local_getline(char *zLine, FILE *in){
  int nLine = zLine==0 ? 0 : 100;
  int n = 0;

  while( 1 ){
    if( n+100>nLine ){
      nLine = nLine*2 + 100;
      zLine = realloc(zLine, nLine);
      shell_check_oom(zLine);
    }
    if( fgets(&zLine[n], nLine - n, in)==0 ){
      if( n==0 ){
        free(zLine);
        return 0;
      }
      zLine[n] = 0;
      break;
    }
    while( zLine[n] ) n++;
    if( n>0 && zLine[n-1]=='\n' ){
      n--;
      if( n>0 && zLine[n-1]=='\r' ) n--;
      zLine[n] = 0;
      break;
    }
  }
#if defined(_WIN32) || defined(WIN32)
  /* For interactive input on Windows systems, translate the
  ** multi-byte characterset characters into UTF-8. */
  if( stdin_is_interactive && in==stdin ){
    char *zTrans = sqlite3_win32_mbcs_to_utf8_v2(zLine, 0);
    if( zTrans ){
      int nTrans = strlen30(zTrans)+1;
      if( nTrans>nLine ){
        zLine = realloc(zLine, nTrans);
        shell_check_oom(zLine);
      }
      memcpy(zLine, zTrans, nTrans);
      sqlite3_free(zTrans);
    }
  }
#endif /* defined(_WIN32) || defined(WIN32) */
  return zLine;
}

/*
** Retrieve a single line of input text.
**
** If in==0 then read from standard input and prompt before each line.
** If isContinuation is true, then a continuation prompt is appropriate.
** If isContinuation is zero, then the main prompt should be used.
**
** If zPrior is not NULL then it is a buffer from a prior call to this
** routine that can be reused.
**
** The result is stored in space obtained from malloc() and must either
** be freed by the caller or else passed back into this routine via the
** zPrior argument for reuse.
*/
static char *one_input_line(FILE *in, char *zPrior, int isContinuation){
  char *zPrompt;
  char *zResult;
  if( in!=0 ){
    zResult = local_getline(zPrior, in);
  }else{
    zPrompt = isContinuation ? continuePrompt : mainPrompt;
#if SHELL_USE_LOCAL_GETLINE
    printf("%s", zPrompt);
    fflush(stdout);
    zResult = local_getline(zPrior, stdin);
#else
    free(zPrior);
    zResult = shell_readline(zPrompt);
    if( zResult && *zResult ) shell_add_history(zResult);
#endif
  }
  return zResult;
}


/*
** Return the value of a hexadecimal digit.  Return -1 if the input
** is not a hex digit.
*/
static int hexDigitValue(char c){
  if( c>='0' && c<='9' ) return c - '0';
  if( c>='a' && c<='f' ) return c - 'a' + 10;
  if( c>='A' && c<='F' ) return c - 'A' + 10;
  return -1;
}

/*
** Interpret zArg as an integer value, possibly with suffixes.
*/
static sqlite3_int64 integerValue(const char *zArg){
  sqlite3_int64 v = 0;
  static const struct { char *zSuffix; int iMult; } aMult[] = {
    { "KiB", 1024 },
    { "MiB", 1024*1024 },
    { "GiB", 1024*1024*1024 },
    { "KB",  1000 },
    { "MB",  1000000 },
    { "GB",  1000000000 },
    { "K",   1000 },
    { "M",   1000000 },
    { "G",   1000000000 },
  };
  int i;
  int isNeg = 0;
  if( zArg[0]=='-' ){
    isNeg = 1;
    zArg++;
  }else if( zArg[0]=='+' ){
    zArg++;
  }
  if( zArg[0]=='0' && zArg[1]=='x' ){
    int x;
    zArg += 2;
    while( (x = hexDigitValue(zArg[0]))>=0 ){
      v = (v<<4) + x;
      zArg++;
    }
  }else{
    while( IsDigit(zArg[0]) ){
      v = v*10 + zArg[0] - '0';
      zArg++;
    }
  }
  for(i=0; i<ArraySize(aMult); i++){
    if( sqlite3_stricmp(aMult[i].zSuffix, zArg)==0 ){
      v *= aMult[i].iMult;
      break;
    }
  }
  return isNeg? -v : v;
}

/*
** A variable length string to which one can append text.
*/
typedef struct ShellText ShellText;
struct ShellText {
  char *z;
  int n;
  int nAlloc;
};

/*
** Initialize and destroy a ShellText object
*/
static void initText(ShellText *p){
  memset(p, 0, sizeof(*p));
}
static void freeText(ShellText *p){
  free(p->z);
  initText(p);
}

/* zIn is either a pointer to a NULL-terminated string in memory obtained
** from malloc(), or a NULL pointer. The string pointed to by zAppend is
** added to zIn, and the result returned in memory obtained from malloc().
** zIn, if it was not NULL, is freed.
**
** If the third argument, quote, is not '\0', then it is used as a
** quote character for zAppend.
*/
static void appendText(ShellText *p, char const *zAppend, char quote){
  int len;
  int i;
  int nAppend = strlen30(zAppend);

  len = nAppend+p->n+1;
  if( quote ){
    len += 2;
    for(i=0; i<nAppend; i++){
      if( zAppend[i]==quote ) len++;
    }
  }

  if( p->z==0 || p->n+len>=p->nAlloc ){
    p->nAlloc = p->nAlloc*2 + len + 20;
    p->z = realloc(p->z, p->nAlloc);
    shell_check_oom(p->z);
  }

  if( quote ){
    char *zCsr = p->z+p->n;
    *zCsr++ = quote;
    for(i=0; i<nAppend; i++){
      *zCsr++ = zAppend[i];
      if( zAppend[i]==quote ) *zCsr++ = quote;
    }
    *zCsr++ = quote;
    p->n = (int)(zCsr - p->z);
    *zCsr = '\0';
  }else{
    memcpy(p->z+p->n, zAppend, nAppend);
    p->n += nAppend;
    p->z[p->n] = '\0';
  }
}

/*
** Attempt to determine if identifier zName needs to be quoted, either
** because it contains non-alphanumeric characters, or because it is an
** SQLite keyword.  Be conservative in this estimate:  When in doubt assume
** that quoting is required.
**
** Return '"' if quoting is required.  Return 0 if no quoting is required.
*/
static char quoteChar(const char *zName){
  int i;
  if( !isalpha((unsigned char)zName[0]) && zName[0]!='_' ) return '"';
  for(i=0; zName[i]; i++){
    if( !isalnum((unsigned char)zName[i]) && zName[i]!='_' ) return '"';
  }
  return sqlite3_keyword_check(zName, i) ? '"' : 0;
}

/*
** Construct a fake object name and column list to describe the structure
** of the view, virtual table, or table valued function zSchema.zName.
*/
static char *shellFakeSchema(
  sqlite3 *db,            /* The database connection containing the vtab */
  const char *zSchema,    /* Schema of the database holding the vtab */
  const char *zName       /* The name of the virtual table */
){
  sqlite3_stmt *pStmt = 0;
  char *zSql;
  ShellText s;
  char cQuote;
  char *zDiv = "(";
  int nRow = 0;

  zSql = sqlite3_mprintf("PRAGMA \"%w\".table_info=%Q;",
                         zSchema ? zSchema : "main", zName);
  shell_check_oom(zSql);
  sqlite3_prepare_v2(db, zSql, -1, &pStmt, 0);
  sqlite3_free(zSql);
  initText(&s);
  if( zSchema ){
    cQuote = quoteChar(zSchema);
    if( cQuote && sqlite3_stricmp(zSchema,"temp")==0 ) cQuote = 0;
    appendText(&s, zSchema, cQuote);
    appendText(&s, ".", 0);
  }
  cQuote = quoteChar(zName);
  appendText(&s, zName, cQuote);
  while( sqlite3_step(pStmt)==SQLITE_ROW ){
    const char *zCol = (const char*)sqlite3_column_text(pStmt, 1);
    nRow++;
    appendText(&s, zDiv, 0);
    zDiv = ",";
    if( zCol==0 ) zCol = "";
    cQuote = quoteChar(zCol);
    appendText(&s, zCol, cQuote);
  }
  appendText(&s, ")", 0);
  sqlite3_finalize(pStmt);
  if( nRow==0 ){
    freeText(&s);
    s.z = 0;
  }
  return s.z;
}

/*
** SQL function:  shell_module_schema(X)
**
** Return a fake schema for the table-valued function or eponymous virtual
** table X.
*/
static void shellModuleSchema(
  sqlite3_context *pCtx,
  int nVal,
  sqlite3_value **apVal
){
  const char *zName;
  char *zFake;
  UNUSED_PARAMETER(nVal);
  zName = (const char*)sqlite3_value_text(apVal[0]);
  zFake = zName ? shellFakeSchema(sqlite3_context_db_handle(pCtx), 0, zName) : 0;
  if( zFake ){
    sqlite3_result_text(pCtx, sqlite3_mprintf("/* %s */", zFake),
                        -1, sqlite3_free);
    free(zFake);
  }
}

/*
** SQL function:  shell_add_schema(S,X)
**
** Add the schema name X to the CREATE statement in S and return the result.
** Examples:
**
**    CREATE TABLE t1(x)   ->   CREATE TABLE xyz.t1(x);
**
** Also works on
**
**    CREATE INDEX
**    CREATE UNIQUE INDEX
**    CREATE VIEW
**    CREATE TRIGGER
**    CREATE VIRTUAL TABLE
**
** This UDF is used by the .schema command to insert the schema name of
** attached databases into the middle of the sqlite_schema.sql field.
*/
static void shellAddSchemaName(
  sqlite3_context *pCtx,
  int nVal,
  sqlite3_value **apVal
){
  static const char *aPrefix[] = {
     "TABLE",
     "INDEX",
     "UNIQUE INDEX",
     "VIEW",
     "TRIGGER",
     "VIRTUAL TABLE"
  };
  int i = 0;
  const char *zIn = (const char*)sqlite3_value_text(apVal[0]);
  const char *zSchema = (const char*)sqlite3_value_text(apVal[1]);
  const char *zName = (const char*)sqlite3_value_text(apVal[2]);
  sqlite3 *db = sqlite3_context_db_handle(pCtx);
  UNUSED_PARAMETER(nVal);
  if( zIn!=0 && strncmp(zIn, "CREATE ", 7)==0 ){
    for(i=0; i<ArraySize(aPrefix); i++){
      int n = strlen30(aPrefix[i]);
      if( strncmp(zIn+7, aPrefix[i], n)==0 && zIn[n+7]==' ' ){
        char *z = 0;
        char *zFake = 0;
        if( zSchema ){
          char cQuote = quoteChar(zSchema);
          if( cQuote && sqlite3_stricmp(zSchema,"temp")!=0 ){
            z = sqlite3_mprintf("%.*s \"%w\".%s", n+7, zIn, zSchema, zIn+n+8);
          }else{
            z = sqlite3_mprintf("%.*s %s.%s", n+7, zIn, zSchema, zIn+n+8);
          }
        }
        if( zName
         && aPrefix[i][0]=='V'
         && (zFake = shellFakeSchema(db, zSchema, zName))!=0
        ){
          if( z==0 ){
            z = sqlite3_mprintf("%s\n/* %s */", zIn, zFake);
          }else{
            z = sqlite3_mprintf("%z\n/* %s */", z, zFake);
          }
          free(zFake);
        }
        if( z ){
          sqlite3_result_text(pCtx, z, -1, sqlite3_free);
          return;
        }
      }
    }
  }
  sqlite3_result_value(pCtx, apVal[0]);
}

/*
** The source code for several run-time loadable extensions is inserted
** below by the ../tool/mkshellc.tcl script.  Before processing that included
** code, we need to override some macros to make the included program code
** work here in the middle of this regular program.
*/
#define SQLITE_EXTENSION_INIT1
#define SQLITE_EXTENSION_INIT2(X) (void)(X)

#if defined(_WIN32) && defined(_MSC_VER)
INCLUDE test_windirent.h
INCLUDE test_windirent.c
#define dirent DIRENT
#endif
INCLUDE ../ext/misc/shathree.c
INCLUDE ../ext/misc/fileio.c
INCLUDE ../ext/misc/completion.c
INCLUDE ../ext/misc/appendvfs.c
INCLUDE ../ext/misc/memtrace.c
INCLUDE ../ext/misc/uint.c
INCLUDE ../ext/misc/decimal.c
INCLUDE ../ext/misc/ieee754.c
INCLUDE ../ext/misc/series.c
INCLUDE ../ext/misc/regexp.c
#ifdef SQLITE_HAVE_ZLIB
INCLUDE ../ext/misc/zipfile.c
INCLUDE ../ext/misc/sqlar.c
#endif
INCLUDE ../ext/expert/sqlite3expert.h
INCLUDE ../ext/expert/sqlite3expert.c

#if !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_VIRTUALTABLE) && defined(SQLITE_ENABLE_DBPAGE_VTAB)
INCLUDE ../ext/misc/dbdata.c
#endif

#if defined(SQLITE_ENABLE_SESSION)
/*
** State information for a single open session
*/
typedef struct OpenSession OpenSession;
struct OpenSession {
  char *zName;             /* Symbolic name for this session */
  int nFilter;             /* Number of xFilter rejection GLOB patterns */
  char **azFilter;         /* Array of xFilter rejection GLOB patterns */
  sqlite3_session *p;      /* The open session */
};
#endif

typedef struct ExpertInfo ExpertInfo;
struct ExpertInfo {
  sqlite3expert *pExpert;
  int bVerbose;
};

/* A single line in the EQP output */
typedef struct EQPGraphRow EQPGraphRow;
struct EQPGraphRow {
  int iEqpId;           /* ID for this row */
  int iParentId;        /* ID of the parent row */
  EQPGraphRow *pNext;   /* Next row in sequence */
  char zText[1];        /* Text to display for this row */
};

/* All EQP output is collected into an instance of the following */
typedef struct EQPGraph EQPGraph;
struct EQPGraph {
  EQPGraphRow *pRow;    /* Linked list of all rows of the EQP output */
  EQPGraphRow *pLast;   /* Last element of the pRow list */
  char zPrefix[100];    /* Graph prefix */
};

/*
** State information about the database connection is contained in an
** instance of the following structure.
*/
typedef struct ShellState ShellState;
struct ShellState {
  sqlite3 *db;           /* The database */
  u8 autoExplain;        /* Automatically turn on .explain mode */
  u8 autoEQP;            /* Run EXPLAIN QUERY PLAN prior to seach SQL stmt */
  u8 autoEQPtest;        /* autoEQP is in test mode */
  u8 autoEQPtrace;       /* autoEQP is in trace mode */
  u8 scanstatsOn;        /* True to display scan stats before each finalize */
  u8 openMode;           /* SHELL_OPEN_NORMAL, _APPENDVFS, or _ZIPFILE */
  u8 doXdgOpen;          /* Invoke start/open/xdg-open in output_reset() */
  u8 nEqpLevel;          /* Depth of the EQP output graph */
  u8 eTraceType;         /* SHELL_TRACE_* value for type of trace */
  u8 bSafeMode;          /* True to prohibit unsafe operations */
  u8 bSafeModePersist;   /* The long-term value of bSafeMode */
  unsigned statsOn;      /* True to display memory stats before each finalize */
  unsigned mEqpLines;    /* Mask of veritical lines in the EQP output graph */
  int outCount;          /* Revert to stdout when reaching zero */
  int cnt;               /* Number of records displayed so far */
  int lineno;            /* Line number of last line read from in */
  int openFlags;         /* Additional flags to open.  (SQLITE_OPEN_NOFOLLOW) */
  FILE *in;              /* Read commands from this stream */
  FILE *out;             /* Write results here */
  FILE *traceOut;        /* Output for sqlite3_trace() */
  int nErr;              /* Number of errors seen */
  int mode;              /* An output mode setting */
  int modePrior;         /* Saved mode */
  int cMode;             /* temporary output mode for the current query */
  int normalMode;        /* Output mode before ".explain on" */
  int writableSchema;    /* True if PRAGMA writable_schema=ON */
  int showHeader;        /* True to show column names in List or Column mode */
  int nCheck;            /* Number of ".check" commands run */
  unsigned nProgress;    /* Number of progress callbacks encountered */
  unsigned mxProgress;   /* Maximum progress callbacks before failing */
  unsigned flgProgress;  /* Flags for the progress callback */
  unsigned shellFlgs;    /* Various flags */
  unsigned priorShFlgs;  /* Saved copy of flags */
  sqlite3_int64 szMax;   /* --maxsize argument to .open */
  char *zDestTable;      /* Name of destination table when MODE_Insert */
  char *zTempFile;       /* Temporary file that might need deleting */
  char zTestcase[30];    /* Name of current test case */
  char colSeparator[20]; /* Column separator character for several modes */
  char rowSeparator[20]; /* Row separator character for MODE_Ascii */
  char colSepPrior[20];  /* Saved column separator */
  char rowSepPrior[20];  /* Saved row separator */
  int *colWidth;         /* Requested width of each column in columnar modes */
  int *actualWidth;      /* Actual width of each column */
  int nWidth;            /* Number of slots in colWidth[] and actualWidth[] */
  char nullValue[20];    /* The text to print when a NULL comes back from
                         ** the database */
  char outfile[FILENAME_MAX]; /* Filename for *out */
  sqlite3_stmt *pStmt;   /* Current statement if any. */
  FILE *pLog;            /* Write log output here */
  struct AuxDb {         /* Storage space for auxiliary database connections */
    sqlite3 *db;               /* Connection pointer */
    const char *zDbFilename;   /* Filename used to open the connection */
    char *zFreeOnClose;        /* Free this memory allocation on close */
#if defined(SQLITE_ENABLE_SESSION)
    int nSession;              /* Number of active sessions */
    OpenSession aSession[4];   /* Array of sessions.  [0] is in focus. */
#endif
  } aAuxDb[5],           /* Array of all database connections */
    *pAuxDb;             /* Currently active database connection */
  int *aiIndent;         /* Array of indents used in MODE_Explain */
  int nIndent;           /* Size of array aiIndent[] */
  int iIndent;           /* Index of current op in aiIndent[] */
  char *zNonce;          /* Nonce for temporary safe-mode excapes */
  EQPGraph sGraph;       /* Information for the graphical EXPLAIN QUERY PLAN */
  ExpertInfo expert;     /* Valid if previous command was ".expert OPT..." */
};


/* Allowed values for ShellState.autoEQP
*/
#define AUTOEQP_off      0           /* Automatic EXPLAIN QUERY PLAN is off */
#define AUTOEQP_on       1           /* Automatic EQP is on */
#define AUTOEQP_trigger  2           /* On and also show plans for triggers */
#define AUTOEQP_full     3           /* Show full EXPLAIN */

/* Allowed values for ShellState.openMode
*/
#define SHELL_OPEN_UNSPEC      0      /* No open-mode specified */
#define SHELL_OPEN_NORMAL      1      /* Normal database file */
#define SHELL_OPEN_APPENDVFS   2      /* Use appendvfs */
#define SHELL_OPEN_ZIPFILE     3      /* Use the zipfile virtual table */
#define SHELL_OPEN_READONLY    4      /* Open a normal database read-only */
#define SHELL_OPEN_DESERIALIZE 5      /* Open using sqlite3_deserialize() */
#define SHELL_OPEN_HEXDB       6      /* Use "dbtotxt" output as data source */

/* Allowed values for ShellState.eTraceType
*/
#define SHELL_TRACE_PLAIN      0      /* Show input SQL text */
#define SHELL_TRACE_EXPANDED   1      /* Show expanded SQL text */
#define SHELL_TRACE_NORMALIZED 2      /* Show normalized SQL text */

/* Bits in the ShellState.flgProgress variable */
#define SHELL_PROGRESS_QUIET 0x01  /* Omit announcing every progress callback */
#define SHELL_PROGRESS_RESET 0x02  /* Reset the count when the progres
                                   ** callback limit is reached, and for each
                                   ** top-level SQL statement */
#define SHELL_PROGRESS_ONCE  0x04  /* Cancel the --limit after firing once */

/*
** These are the allowed shellFlgs values
*/
#define SHFLG_Pagecache      0x00000001 /* The --pagecache option is used */
#define SHFLG_Lookaside      0x00000002 /* Lookaside memory is used */
#define SHFLG_Backslash      0x00000004 /* The --backslash option is used */
#define SHFLG_PreserveRowid  0x00000008 /* .dump preserves rowid values */
#define SHFLG_Newlines       0x00000010 /* .dump --newline flag */
#define SHFLG_CountChanges   0x00000020 /* .changes setting */
#define SHFLG_Echo           0x00000040 /* .echo or --echo setting */
#define SHFLG_HeaderSet      0x00000080 /* showHeader has been specified */
#define SHFLG_DumpDataOnly   0x00000100 /* .dump show data only */
#define SHFLG_DumpNoSys      0x00000200 /* .dump omits system tables */

/*
** Macros for testing and setting shellFlgs
*/
#define ShellHasFlag(P,X)    (((P)->shellFlgs & (X))!=0)
#define ShellSetFlag(P,X)    ((P)->shellFlgs|=(X))
#define ShellClearFlag(P,X)  ((P)->shellFlgs&=(~(X)))

/*
** These are the allowed modes.
*/
#define MODE_Line     0  /* One column per line.  Blank line between records */
#define MODE_Column   1  /* One record per line in neat columns */
#define MODE_List     2  /* One record per line with a separator */
#define MODE_Semi     3  /* Same as MODE_List but append ";" to each line */
#define MODE_Html     4  /* Generate an XHTML table */
#define MODE_Insert   5  /* Generate SQL "insert" statements */
#define MODE_Quote    6  /* Quote values as for SQL */
#define MODE_Tcl      7  /* Generate ANSI-C or TCL quoted elements */
#define MODE_Csv      8  /* Quote strings, numbers are plain */
#define MODE_Explain  9  /* Like MODE_Column, but do not truncate data */
#define MODE_Ascii   10  /* Use ASCII unit and record separators (0x1F/0x1E) */
#define MODE_Pretty  11  /* Pretty-print schemas */
#define MODE_EQP     12  /* Converts EXPLAIN QUERY PLAN output into a graph */
#define MODE_Json    13  /* Output JSON */
#define MODE_Markdown 14 /* Markdown formatting */
#define MODE_Table   15  /* MySQL-style table formatting */
#define MODE_Box     16  /* Unicode box-drawing characters */
#define MODE_Count   17  /* Output only a count of the rows of output */
#define MODE_Off     18  /* No query output shown */

static const char *modeDescr[] = {
  "line",
  "column",
  "list",
  "semi",
  "html",
  "insert",
  "quote",
  "tcl",
  "csv",
  "explain",
  "ascii",
  "prettyprint",
  "eqp",
  "json",
  "markdown",
  "table",
  "box",
  "count",
  "off"
};

/*
** These are the column/row/line separators used by the various
** import/export modes.
*/
#define SEP_Column    "|"
#define SEP_Row       "\n"
#define SEP_Tab       "\t"
#define SEP_Space     " "
#define SEP_Comma     ","
#define SEP_CrLf      "\r\n"
#define SEP_Unit      "\x1F"
#define SEP_Record    "\x1E"

/*
** A callback for the sqlite3_log() interface.
*/
static void shellLog(void *pArg, int iErrCode, const char *zMsg){
  ShellState *p = (ShellState*)pArg;
  if( p->pLog==0 ) return;
  utf8_printf(p->pLog, "(%d) %s\n", iErrCode, zMsg);
  fflush(p->pLog);
}

/*
** SQL function:  shell_putsnl(X)
**
** Write the text X to the screen (or whatever output is being directed)
** adding a newline at the end, and then return X.
*/
static void shellPutsFunc(
  sqlite3_context *pCtx,
  int nVal,
  sqlite3_value **apVal
){
  ShellState *p = (ShellState*)sqlite3_user_data(pCtx);
  (void)nVal;
  utf8_printf(p->out, "%s\n", sqlite3_value_text(apVal[0]));
  sqlite3_result_value(pCtx, apVal[0]);
}

/*
** If in safe mode, print an error message described by the arguments
** and exit immediately.
*/
static void failIfSafeMode(
  ShellState *p,
  const char *zErrMsg,
  ...
){
  if( p->bSafeMode ){
    va_list ap;
    char *zMsg;
    va_start(ap, zErrMsg);
    zMsg = sqlite3_vmprintf(zErrMsg, ap);
    va_end(ap);
    raw_printf(stderr, "line %d: ", p->lineno);
    utf8_printf(stderr, "%s\n", zMsg);
    exit(1);
  }
}

/*
** SQL function:   edit(VALUE)
**                 edit(VALUE,EDITOR)
**
** These steps:
**
**     (1) Write VALUE into a temporary file.
**     (2) Run program EDITOR on that temporary file.
**     (3) Read the temporary file back and return its content as the result.
**     (4) Delete the temporary file
**
** If the EDITOR argument is omitted, use the value in the VISUAL
** environment variable.  If still there is no EDITOR, through an error.
**
** Also throw an error if the EDITOR program returns a non-zero exit code.
*/
#ifndef SQLITE_NOHAVE_SYSTEM
static void editFunc(
  sqlite3_context *context,
  int argc,
  sqlite3_value **argv
){
  const char *zEditor;
  char *zTempFile = 0;
  sqlite3 *db;
  char *zCmd = 0;
  int bBin;
  int rc;
  int hasCRNL = 0;
  FILE *f = 0;
  sqlite3_int64 sz;
  sqlite3_int64 x;
  unsigned char *p = 0;

  if( argc==2 ){
    zEditor = (const char*)sqlite3_value_text(argv[1]);
  }else{
    zEditor = getenv("VISUAL");
  }
  if( zEditor==0 ){
    sqlite3_result_error(context, "no editor for edit()", -1);
    return;
  }
  if( sqlite3_value_type(argv[0])==SQLITE_NULL ){
    sqlite3_result_error(context, "NULL input to edit()", -1);
    return;
  }
  db = sqlite3_context_db_handle(context);
  zTempFile = 0;
  sqlite3_file_control(db, 0, SQLITE_FCNTL_TEMPFILENAME, &zTempFile);
  if( zTempFile==0 ){
    sqlite3_uint64 r = 0;
    sqlite3_randomness(sizeof(r), &r);
    zTempFile = sqlite3_mprintf("temp%llx", r);
    if( zTempFile==0 ){
      sqlite3_result_error_nomem(context);
      return;
    }
  }
  bBin = sqlite3_value_type(argv[0])==SQLITE_BLOB;
  /* When writing the file to be edited, do \n to \r\n conversions on systems
  ** that want \r\n line endings */
  f = fopen(zTempFile, bBin ? "wb" : "w");
  if( f==0 ){
    sqlite3_result_error(context, "edit() cannot open temp file", -1);
    goto edit_func_end;
  }
  sz = sqlite3_value_bytes(argv[0]);
  if( bBin ){
    x = fwrite(sqlite3_value_blob(argv[0]), 1, (size_t)sz, f);
  }else{
    const char *z = (const char*)sqlite3_value_text(argv[0]);
    /* Remember whether or not the value originally contained \r\n */
    if( z && strstr(z,"\r\n")!=0 ) hasCRNL = 1;
    x = fwrite(sqlite3_value_text(argv[0]), 1, (size_t)sz, f);
  }
  fclose(f);
  f = 0;
  if( x!=sz ){
    sqlite3_result_error(context, "edit() could not write the whole file", -1);
    goto edit_func_end;
  }
  zCmd = sqlite3_mprintf("%s \"%s\"", zEditor, zTempFile);
  if( zCmd==0 ){
    sqlite3_result_error_nomem(context);
    goto edit_func_end;
  }
  rc = system(zCmd);
  sqlite3_free(zCmd);
  if( rc ){
    sqlite3_result_error(context, "EDITOR returned non-zero", -1);
    goto edit_func_end;
  }
  f = fopen(zTempFile, "rb");
  if( f==0 ){
    sqlite3_result_error(context,
      "edit() cannot reopen temp file after edit", -1);
    goto edit_func_end;
  }
  fseek(f, 0, SEEK_END);
  sz = ftell(f);
  rewind(f);
  p = sqlite3_malloc64( sz+1 );
  if( p==0 ){
    sqlite3_result_error_nomem(context);
    goto edit_func_end;
  }
  x = fread(p, 1, (size_t)sz, f);
  fclose(f);
  f = 0;
  if( x!=sz ){
    sqlite3_result_error(context, "could not read back the whole file", -1);
    goto edit_func_end;
  }
  if( bBin ){
    sqlite3_result_blob64(context, p, sz, sqlite3_free);
  }else{
    sqlite3_int64 i, j;
    if( hasCRNL ){
      /* If the original contains \r\n then do no conversions back to \n */
    }else{
      /* If the file did not originally contain \r\n then convert any new
      ** \r\n back into \n */
      for(i=j=0; i<sz; i++){
        if( p[i]=='\r' && p[i+1]=='\n' ) i++;
        p[j++] = p[i];
      }
      sz = j;
      p[sz] = 0;
    }
    sqlite3_result_text64(context, (const char*)p, sz,
                          sqlite3_free, SQLITE_UTF8);
  }
  p = 0;

edit_func_end:
  if( f ) fclose(f);
  unlink(zTempFile);
  sqlite3_free(zTempFile);
  sqlite3_free(p);
}
#endif /* SQLITE_NOHAVE_SYSTEM */

/*
** Save or restore the current output mode
*/
static void outputModePush(ShellState *p){
  p->modePrior = p->mode;
  p->priorShFlgs = p->shellFlgs;
  memcpy(p->colSepPrior, p->colSeparator, sizeof(p->colSeparator));
  memcpy(p->rowSepPrior, p->rowSeparator, sizeof(p->rowSeparator));
}
static void outputModePop(ShellState *p){
  p->mode = p->modePrior;
  p->shellFlgs = p->priorShFlgs;
  memcpy(p->colSeparator, p->colSepPrior, sizeof(p->colSeparator));
  memcpy(p->rowSeparator, p->rowSepPrior, sizeof(p->rowSeparator));
}

/*
** Output the given string as a hex-encoded blob (eg. X'1234' )
*/
static void output_hex_blob(FILE *out, const void *pBlob, int nBlob){
  int i;
  char *zBlob = (char *)pBlob;
  raw_printf(out,"X'");
  for(i=0; i<nBlob; i++){ raw_printf(out,"%02x",zBlob[i]&0xff); }
  raw_printf(out,"'");
}

/*
** Find a string that is not found anywhere in z[].  Return a pointer
** to that string.
**
** Try to use zA and zB first.  If both of those are already found in z[]
** then make up some string and store it in the buffer zBuf.
*/
static const char *unused_string(
  const char *z,                    /* Result must not appear anywhere in z */
  const char *zA, const char *zB,   /* Try these first */
  char *zBuf                        /* Space to store a generated string */
){
  unsigned i = 0;
  if( strstr(z, zA)==0 ) return zA;
  if( strstr(z, zB)==0 ) return zB;
  do{
    sqlite3_snprintf(20,zBuf,"(%s%u)", zA, i++);
  }while( strstr(z,zBuf)!=0 );
  return zBuf;
}

/*
** Output the given string as a quoted string using SQL quoting conventions.
**
** See also: output_quoted_escaped_string()
*/
static void output_quoted_string(FILE *out, const char *z){
  int i;
  char c;
  setBinaryMode(out, 1);
  for(i=0; (c = z[i])!=0 && c!='\''; i++){}
  if( c==0 ){
    utf8_printf(out,"'%s'",z);
  }else{
    raw_printf(out, "'");
    while( *z ){
      for(i=0; (c = z[i])!=0 && c!='\''; i++){}
      if( c=='\'' ) i++;
      if( i ){
        utf8_printf(out, "%.*s", i, z);
        z += i;
      }
      if( c=='\'' ){
        raw_printf(out, "'");
        continue;
      }
      if( c==0 ){
        break;
      }
      z++;
    }
    raw_printf(out, "'");
  }
  setTextMode(out, 1);
}

/*
** Output the given string as a quoted string using SQL quoting conventions.
** Additionallly , escape the "\n" and "\r" characters so that they do not
** get corrupted by end-of-line translation facilities in some operating
** systems.
**
** This is like output_quoted_string() but with the addition of the \r\n
** escape mechanism.
*/
static void output_quoted_escaped_string(FILE *out, const char *z){
  int i;
  char c;
  setBinaryMode(out, 1);
  for(i=0; (c = z[i])!=0 && c!='\'' && c!='\n' && c!='\r'; i++){}
  if( c==0 ){
    utf8_printf(out,"'%s'",z);
  }else{
    const char *zNL = 0;
    const char *zCR = 0;
    int nNL = 0;
    int nCR = 0;
    char zBuf1[20], zBuf2[20];
    for(i=0; z[i]; i++){
      if( z[i]=='\n' ) nNL++;
      if( z[i]=='\r' ) nCR++;
    }
    if( nNL ){
      raw_printf(out, "replace(");
      zNL = unused_string(z, "\\n", "\\012", zBuf1);
    }
    if( nCR ){
      raw_printf(out, "replace(");
      zCR = unused_string(z, "\\r", "\\015", zBuf2);
    }
    raw_printf(out, "'");
    while( *z ){
      for(i=0; (c = z[i])!=0 && c!='\n' && c!='\r' && c!='\''; i++){}
      if( c=='\'' ) i++;
      if( i ){
        utf8_printf(out, "%.*s", i, z);
        z += i;
      }
      if( c=='\'' ){
        raw_printf(out, "'");
        continue;
      }
      if( c==0 ){
        break;
      }
      z++;
      if( c=='\n' ){
        raw_printf(out, "%s", zNL);
        continue;
      }
      raw_printf(out, "%s", zCR);
    }
    raw_printf(out, "'");
    if( nCR ){
      raw_printf(out, ",'%s',char(13))", zCR);
    }
    if( nNL ){
      raw_printf(out, ",'%s',char(10))", zNL);
    }
  }
  setTextMode(out, 1);
}

/*
** Output the given string as a quoted according to C or TCL quoting rules.
*/
static void output_c_string(FILE *out, const char *z){
  unsigned int c;
  fputc('"', out);
  while( (c = *(z++))!=0 ){
    if( c=='\\' ){
      fputc(c, out);
      fputc(c, out);
    }else if( c=='"' ){
      fputc('\\', out);
      fputc('"', out);
    }else if( c=='\t' ){
      fputc('\\', out);
      fputc('t', out);
    }else if( c=='\n' ){
      fputc('\\', out);
      fputc('n', out);
    }else if( c=='\r' ){
      fputc('\\', out);
      fputc('r', out);
    }else if( !isprint(c&0xff) ){
      raw_printf(out, "\\%03o", c&0xff);
    }else{
      fputc(c, out);
    }
  }
  fputc('"', out);
}

/*
** Output the given string as a quoted according to JSON quoting rules.
*/
static void output_json_string(FILE *out, const char *z, int n){
  unsigned int c;
  if( n<0 ) n = (int)strlen(z);
  fputc('"', out);
  while( n-- ){
    c = *(z++);
    if( c=='\\' || c=='"' ){
      fputc('\\', out);
      fputc(c, out);
    }else if( c<=0x1f ){
      fputc('\\', out);
      if( c=='\b' ){
        fputc('b', out);
      }else if( c=='\f' ){
        fputc('f', out);
      }else if( c=='\n' ){
        fputc('n', out);
      }else if( c=='\r' ){
        fputc('r', out);
      }else if( c=='\t' ){
        fputc('t', out);
      }else{
         raw_printf(out, "u%04x",c);
      }
    }else{
      fputc(c, out);
    }
  }
  fputc('"', out);
}

/*
** Output the given string with characters that are special to
** HTML escaped.
*/
static void output_html_string(FILE *out, const char *z){
  int i;
  if( z==0 ) z = "";
  while( *z ){
    for(i=0;   z[i]
            && z[i]!='<'
            && z[i]!='&'
            && z[i]!='>'
            && z[i]!='\"'
            && z[i]!='\'';
        i++){}
    if( i>0 ){
      utf8_printf(out,"%.*s",i,z);
    }
    if( z[i]=='<' ){
      raw_printf(out,"&lt;");
    }else if( z[i]=='&' ){
      raw_printf(out,"&amp;");
    }else if( z[i]=='>' ){
      raw_printf(out,"&gt;");
    }else if( z[i]=='\"' ){
      raw_printf(out,"&quot;");
    }else if( z[i]=='\'' ){
      raw_printf(out,"&#39;");
    }else{
      break;
    }
    z += i + 1;
  }
}

/*
** If a field contains any character identified by a 1 in the following
** array, then the string must be quoted for CSV.
*/
static const char needCsvQuote[] = {
  1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,   1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,
  1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,   1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,
  1, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1,   0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
  0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,   0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
  0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,   0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
  0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,   0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
  0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,   0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
  0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,   0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1,
  1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,   1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,
  1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,   1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,
  1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,   1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,
  1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,   1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,
  1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,   1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,
  1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,   1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,
  1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,   1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,
  1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,   1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,
};

/*
** Output a single term of CSV.  Actually, p->colSeparator is used for
** the separator, which may or may not be a comma.  p->nullValue is
** the null value.  Strings are quoted if necessary.  The separator
** is only issued if bSep is true.
*/
static void output_csv(ShellState *p, const char *z, int bSep){
  FILE *out = p->out;
  if( z==0 ){
    utf8_printf(out,"%s",p->nullValue);
  }else{
    unsigned i;
    for(i=0; z[i]; i++){
      if( needCsvQuote[((unsigned char*)z)[i]] ){
        i = 0;
        break;
      }
    }
    if( i==0 || strstr(z, p->colSeparator)!=0 ){
      char *zQuoted = sqlite3_mprintf("\"%w\"", z);
      shell_check_oom(zQuoted);
      utf8_printf(out, "%s", zQuoted);
      sqlite3_free(zQuoted);
    }else{
      utf8_printf(out, "%s", z);
    }
  }
  if( bSep ){
    utf8_printf(p->out, "%s", p->colSeparator);
  }
}

/*
** This routine runs when the user presses Ctrl-C
*/
static void interrupt_handler(int NotUsed){
  UNUSED_PARAMETER(NotUsed);
  seenInterrupt++;
  if( seenInterrupt>2 ) exit(1);
  if( globalDb ) sqlite3_interrupt(globalDb);
}

#if (defined(_WIN32) || defined(WIN32)) && !defined(_WIN32_WCE)
/*
** This routine runs for console events (e.g. Ctrl-C) on Win32
*/
static BOOL WINAPI ConsoleCtrlHandler(
  DWORD dwCtrlType /* One of the CTRL_*_EVENT constants */
){
  if( dwCtrlType==CTRL_C_EVENT ){
    interrupt_handler(0);
    return TRUE;
  }
  return FALSE;
}
#endif

#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_AUTHORIZATION
/*
** This authorizer runs in safe mode.
*/
static int safeModeAuth(
  void *pClientData,
  int op,
  const char *zA1,
  const char *zA2,
  const char *zA3,
  const char *zA4
){
  ShellState *p = (ShellState*)pClientData;
  static const char *azProhibitedFunctions[] = {
    "edit",
    "fts3_tokenizer",
    "load_extension",
    "readfile",
    "writefile",
    "zipfile",
    "zipfile_cds",
  };
  UNUSED_PARAMETER(zA2);
  UNUSED_PARAMETER(zA3);
  UNUSED_PARAMETER(zA4);
  switch( op ){
    case SQLITE_ATTACH: {
      failIfSafeMode(p, "cannot run ATTACH in safe mode");
      break;
    }
    case SQLITE_FUNCTION: {
      int i;
      for(i=0; i<ArraySize(azProhibitedFunctions); i++){
        if( sqlite3_stricmp(zA1, azProhibitedFunctions[i])==0 ){
          failIfSafeMode(p, "cannot use the %s() function in safe mode",
                         azProhibitedFunctions[i]);
        }
      }
      break;
    }
  }
  return SQLITE_OK;
}

/*
** When the ".auth ON" is set, the following authorizer callback is
** invoked.  It always returns SQLITE_OK.
*/
static int shellAuth(
  void *pClientData,
  int op,
  const char *zA1,
  const char *zA2,
  const char *zA3,
  const char *zA4
){
  ShellState *p = (ShellState*)pClientData;
  static const char *azAction[] = { 0,
     "CREATE_INDEX",         "CREATE_TABLE",         "CREATE_TEMP_INDEX",
     "CREATE_TEMP_TABLE",    "CREATE_TEMP_TRIGGER",  "CREATE_TEMP_VIEW",
     "CREATE_TRIGGER",       "CREATE_VIEW",          "DELETE",
     "DROP_INDEX",           "DROP_TABLE",           "DROP_TEMP_INDEX",
     "DROP_TEMP_TABLE",      "DROP_TEMP_TRIGGER",    "DROP_TEMP_VIEW",
     "DROP_TRIGGER",         "DROP_VIEW",            "INSERT",
     "PRAGMA",               "READ",                 "SELECT",
     "TRANSACTION",          "UPDATE",               "ATTACH",
     "DETACH",               "ALTER_TABLE",          "REINDEX",
     "ANALYZE",              "CREATE_VTABLE",        "DROP_VTABLE",
     "FUNCTION",             "SAVEPOINT",            "RECURSIVE"
  };
  int i;
  const char *az[4];
  az[0] = zA1;
  az[1] = zA2;
  az[2] = zA3;
  az[3] = zA4;
  utf8_printf(p->out, "authorizer: %s", azAction[op]);
  for(i=0; i<4; i++){
    raw_printf(p->out, " ");
    if( az[i] ){
      output_c_string(p->out, az[i]);
    }else{
      raw_printf(p->out, "NULL");
    }
  }
  raw_printf(p->out, "\n");
  if( p->bSafeMode ) (void)safeModeAuth(pClientData, op, zA1, zA2, zA3, zA4);
  return SQLITE_OK;
}
#endif

/*
** Print a schema statement.  Part of MODE_Semi and MODE_Pretty output.
**
** This routine converts some CREATE TABLE statements for shadow tables
** in FTS3/4/5 into CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS statements.
*/
static void printSchemaLine(FILE *out, const char *z, const char *zTail){
  if( z==0 ) return;
  if( zTail==0 ) return;
  if( sqlite3_strglob("CREATE TABLE ['\"]*", z)==0 ){
    utf8_printf(out, "CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS %s%s", z+13, zTail);
  }else{
    utf8_printf(out, "%s%s", z, zTail);
  }
}
static void printSchemaLineN(FILE *out, char *z, int n, const char *zTail){
  char c = z[n];
  z[n] = 0;
  printSchemaLine(out, z, zTail);
  z[n] = c;
}

/*
** Return true if string z[] has nothing but whitespace and comments to the
** end of the first line.
*/
static int wsToEol(const char *z){
  int i;
  for(i=0; z[i]; i++){
    if( z[i]=='\n' ) return 1;
    if( IsSpace(z[i]) ) continue;
    if( z[i]=='-' && z[i+1]=='-' ) return 1;
    return 0;
  }
  return 1;
}

/*
** Add a new entry to the EXPLAIN QUERY PLAN data
*/
static void eqp_append(ShellState *p, int iEqpId, int p2, const char *zText){
  EQPGraphRow *pNew;
  int nText = strlen30(zText);
  if( p->autoEQPtest ){
    utf8_printf(p->out, "%d,%d,%s\n", iEqpId, p2, zText);
  }
  pNew = sqlite3_malloc64( sizeof(*pNew) + nText );
  shell_check_oom(pNew);
  pNew->iEqpId = iEqpId;
  pNew->iParentId = p2;
  memcpy(pNew->zText, zText, nText+1);
  pNew->pNext = 0;
  if( p->sGraph.pLast ){
    p->sGraph.pLast->pNext = pNew;
  }else{
    p->sGraph.pRow = pNew;
  }
  p->sGraph.pLast = pNew;
}

/*
** Free and reset the EXPLAIN QUERY PLAN data that has been collected
** in p->sGraph.
*/
static void eqp_reset(ShellState *p){
  EQPGraphRow *pRow, *pNext;
  for(pRow = p->sGraph.pRow; pRow; pRow = pNext){
    pNext = pRow->pNext;
    sqlite3_free(pRow);
  }
  memset(&p->sGraph, 0, sizeof(p->sGraph));
}

/* Return the next EXPLAIN QUERY PLAN line with iEqpId that occurs after
** pOld, or return the first such line if pOld is NULL
*/
static EQPGraphRow *eqp_next_row(ShellState *p, int iEqpId, EQPGraphRow *pOld){
  EQPGraphRow *pRow = pOld ? pOld->pNext : p->sGraph.pRow;
  while( pRow && pRow->iParentId!=iEqpId ) pRow = pRow->pNext;
  return pRow;
}

/* Render a single level of the graph that has iEqpId as its parent.  Called
** recursively to render sublevels.
*/
static void eqp_render_level(ShellState *p, int iEqpId){
  EQPGraphRow *pRow, *pNext;
  int n = strlen30(p->sGraph.zPrefix);
  char *z;
  for(pRow = eqp_next_row(p, iEqpId, 0); pRow; pRow = pNext){
    pNext = eqp_next_row(p, iEqpId, pRow);
    z = pRow->zText;
    utf8_printf(p->out, "%s%s%s\n", p->sGraph.zPrefix,
                pNext ? "|--" : "`--", z);
    if( n<(int)sizeof(p->sGraph.zPrefix)-7 ){
      memcpy(&p->sGraph.zPrefix[n], pNext ? "|  " : "   ", 4);
      eqp_render_level(p, pRow->iEqpId);
      p->sGraph.zPrefix[n] = 0;
    }
  }
}

/*
** Display and reset the EXPLAIN QUERY PLAN data
*/
static void eqp_render(ShellState *p){
  EQPGraphRow *pRow = p->sGraph.pRow;
  if( pRow ){
    if( pRow->zText[0]=='-' ){
      if( pRow->pNext==0 ){
        eqp_reset(p);
        return;
      }
      utf8_printf(p->out, "%s\n", pRow->zText+3);
      p->sGraph.pRow = pRow->pNext;
      sqlite3_free(pRow);
    }else{
      utf8_printf(p->out, "QUERY PLAN\n");
    }
    p->sGraph.zPrefix[0] = 0;
    eqp_render_level(p, 0);
    eqp_reset(p);
  }
}

#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_PROGRESS_CALLBACK
/*
** Progress handler callback.
*/
static int progress_handler(void *pClientData) {
  ShellState *p = (ShellState*)pClientData;
  p->nProgress++;
  if( p->nProgress>=p->mxProgress && p->mxProgress>0 ){
    raw_printf(p->out, "Progress limit reached (%u)\n", p->nProgress);
    if( p->flgProgress & SHELL_PROGRESS_RESET ) p->nProgress = 0;
    if( p->flgProgress & SHELL_PROGRESS_ONCE ) p->mxProgress = 0;
    return 1;
  }
  if( (p->flgProgress & SHELL_PROGRESS_QUIET)==0 ){
    raw_printf(p->out, "Progress %u\n", p->nProgress);
  }
  return 0;
}
#endif /* SQLITE_OMIT_PROGRESS_CALLBACK */

/*
** Print N dashes
*/
static void print_dashes(FILE *out, int N){
  const char zDash[] = "--------------------------------------------------";
  const int nDash = sizeof(zDash) - 1;
  while( N>nDash ){
    fputs(zDash, out);
    N -= nDash;
  }
  raw_printf(out, "%.*s", N, zDash);
}

/*
** Print a markdown or table-style row separator using ascii-art
*/
static void print_row_separator(
  ShellState *p,
  int nArg,
  const char *zSep
){
  int i;
  if( nArg>0 ){
    fputs(zSep, p->out);
    print_dashes(p->out, p->actualWidth[0]+2);
    for(i=1; i<nArg; i++){
      fputs(zSep, p->out);
      print_dashes(p->out, p->actualWidth[i]+2);
    }
    fputs(zSep, p->out);
  }
  fputs("\n", p->out);
}

/*
** This is the callback routine that the shell
** invokes for each row of a query result.
*/
static int shell_callback(
  void *pArg,
  int nArg,        /* Number of result columns */
  char **azArg,    /* Text of each result column */
  char **azCol,    /* Column names */
  int *aiType      /* Column types.  Might be NULL */
){
  int i;
  ShellState *p = (ShellState*)pArg;

  if( azArg==0 ) return 0;
  switch( p->cMode ){
    case MODE_Count:
    case MODE_Off: {
      break;
    }
    case MODE_Line: {
      int w = 5;
      if( azArg==0 ) break;
      for(i=0; i<nArg; i++){
        int len = strlen30(azCol[i] ? azCol[i] : "");
        if( len>w ) w = len;
      }
      if( p->cnt++>0 ) utf8_printf(p->out, "%s", p->rowSeparator);
      for(i=0; i<nArg; i++){
        utf8_printf(p->out,"%*s = %s%s", w, azCol[i],
                azArg[i] ? azArg[i] : p->nullValue, p->rowSeparator);
      }
      break;
    }
    case MODE_Explain: {
      static const int aExplainWidth[] = {4, 13, 4, 4, 4, 13, 2, 13};
      if( nArg>ArraySize(aExplainWidth) ){
        nArg = ArraySize(aExplainWidth);
      }
      if( p->cnt++==0 ){
        for(i=0; i<nArg; i++){
          int w = aExplainWidth[i];
          utf8_width_print(p->out, w, azCol[i]);
          fputs(i==nArg-1 ? "\n" : "  ", p->out);
        }
        for(i=0; i<nArg; i++){
          int w = aExplainWidth[i];
          print_dashes(p->out, w);
          fputs(i==nArg-1 ? "\n" : "  ", p->out);
        }
      }
      if( azArg==0 ) break;
      for(i=0; i<nArg; i++){
        int w = aExplainWidth[i];
        if( i==nArg-1 ) w = 0;
        if( azArg[i] && strlenChar(azArg[i])>w ){
          w = strlenChar(azArg[i]);
        }
        if( i==1 && p->aiIndent && p->pStmt ){
          if( p->iIndent<p->nIndent ){
            utf8_printf(p->out, "%*.s", p->aiIndent[p->iIndent], "");
          }
          p->iIndent++;
        }
        utf8_width_print(p->out, w, azArg[i] ? azArg[i] : p->nullValue);
        fputs(i==nArg-1 ? "\n" : "  ", p->out);
      }
      break;
    }
    case MODE_Semi: {   /* .schema and .fullschema output */
      printSchemaLine(p->out, azArg[0], ";\n");
      break;
    }
    case MODE_Pretty: {  /* .schema and .fullschema with --indent */
      char *z;
      int j;
      int nParen = 0;
      char cEnd = 0;
      char c;
      int nLine = 0;
      assert( nArg==1 );
      if( azArg[0]==0 ) break;
      if( sqlite3_strlike("CREATE VIEW%", azArg[0], 0)==0
       || sqlite3_strlike("CREATE TRIG%", azArg[0], 0)==0
      ){
        utf8_printf(p->out, "%s;\n", azArg[0]);
        break;
      }
      z = sqlite3_mprintf("%s", azArg[0]);
      shell_check_oom(z);
      j = 0;
      for(i=0; IsSpace(z[i]); i++){}
      for(; (c = z[i])!=0; i++){
        if( IsSpace(c) ){
          if( z[j-1]=='\r' ) z[j-1] = '\n';
          if( IsSpace(z[j-1]) || z[j-1]=='(' ) continue;
        }else if( (c=='(' || c==')') && j>0 && IsSpace(z[j-1]) ){
          j--;
        }
        z[j++] = c;
      }
      while( j>0 && IsSpace(z[j-1]) ){ j--; }
      z[j] = 0;
      if( strlen30(z)>=79 ){
        for(i=j=0; (c = z[i])!=0; i++){ /* Copy from z[i] back to z[j] */
          if( c==cEnd ){
            cEnd = 0;
          }else if( c=='"' || c=='\'' || c=='`' ){
            cEnd = c;
          }else if( c=='[' ){
            cEnd = ']';
          }else if( c=='-' && z[i+1]=='-' ){
            cEnd = '\n';
          }else if( c=='(' ){
            nParen++;
          }else if( c==')' ){
            nParen--;
            if( nLine>0 && nParen==0 && j>0 ){
              printSchemaLineN(p->out, z, j, "\n");
              j = 0;
            }
          }
          z[j++] = c;
          if( nParen==1 && cEnd==0
           && (c=='(' || c=='\n' || (c==',' && !wsToEol(z+i+1)))
          ){
            if( c=='\n' ) j--;
            printSchemaLineN(p->out, z, j, "\n  ");
            j = 0;
            nLine++;
            while( IsSpace(z[i+1]) ){ i++; }
          }
        }
        z[j] = 0;
      }
      printSchemaLine(p->out, z, ";\n");
      sqlite3_free(z);
      break;
    }
    case MODE_List: {
      if( p->cnt++==0 && p->showHeader ){
        for(i=0; i<nArg; i++){
          utf8_printf(p->out,"%s%s",azCol[i],
                  i==nArg-1 ? p->rowSeparator : p->colSeparator);
        }
      }
      if( azArg==0 ) break;
      for(i=0; i<nArg; i++){
        char *z = azArg[i];
        if( z==0 ) z = p->nullValue;
        utf8_printf(p->out, "%s", z);
        if( i<nArg-1 ){
          utf8_printf(p->out, "%s", p->colSeparator);
        }else{
          utf8_printf(p->out, "%s", p->rowSeparator);
        }
      }
      break;
    }
    case MODE_Html: {
      if( p->cnt++==0 && p->showHeader ){
        raw_printf(p->out,"<TR>");
        for(i=0; i<nArg; i++){
          raw_printf(p->out,"<TH>");
          output_html_string(p->out, azCol[i]);
          raw_printf(p->out,"</TH>\n");
        }
        raw_printf(p->out,"</TR>\n");
      }
      if( azArg==0 ) break;
      raw_printf(p->out,"<TR>");
      for(i=0; i<nArg; i++){
        raw_printf(p->out,"<TD>");
        output_html_string(p->out, azArg[i] ? azArg[i] : p->nullValue);
        raw_printf(p->out,"</TD>\n");
      }
      raw_printf(p->out,"</TR>\n");
      break;
    }
    case MODE_Tcl: {
      if( p->cnt++==0 && p->showHeader ){
        for(i=0; i<nArg; i++){
          output_c_string(p->out,azCol[i] ? azCol[i] : "");
          if(i<nArg-1) utf8_printf(p->out, "%s", p->colSeparator);
        }
        utf8_printf(p->out, "%s", p->rowSeparator);
      }
      if( azArg==0 ) break;
      for(i=0; i<nArg; i++){
        output_c_string(p->out, azArg[i] ? azArg[i] : p->nullValue);
        if(i<nArg-1) utf8_printf(p->out, "%s", p->colSeparator);
      }
      utf8_printf(p->out, "%s", p->rowSeparator);
      break;
    }
    case MODE_Csv: {
      setBinaryMode(p->out, 1);
      if( p->cnt++==0 && p->showHeader ){
        for(i=0; i<nArg; i++){
          output_csv(p, azCol[i] ? azCol[i] : "", i<nArg-1);
        }
        utf8_printf(p->out, "%s", p->rowSeparator);
      }
      if( nArg>0 ){
        for(i=0; i<nArg; i++){
          output_csv(p, azArg[i], i<nArg-1);
        }
        utf8_printf(p->out, "%s", p->rowSeparator);
      }
      setTextMode(p->out, 1);
      break;
    }
    case MODE_Insert: {
      if( azArg==0 ) break;
      utf8_printf(p->out,"INSERT INTO %s",p->zDestTable);
      if( p->showHeader ){
        raw_printf(p->out,"(");
        for(i=0; i<nArg; i++){
          if( i>0 ) raw_printf(p->out, ",");
          if( quoteChar(azCol[i]) ){
            char *z = sqlite3_mprintf("\"%w\"", azCol[i]);
            shell_check_oom(z);
            utf8_printf(p->out, "%s", z);
            sqlite3_free(z);
          }else{
            raw_printf(p->out, "%s", azCol[i]);
          }
        }
        raw_printf(p->out,")");
      }
      p->cnt++;
      for(i=0; i<nArg; i++){
        raw_printf(p->out, i>0 ? "," : " VALUES(");
        if( (azArg[i]==0) || (aiType && aiType[i]==SQLITE_NULL) ){
          utf8_printf(p->out,"NULL");
        }else if( aiType && aiType[i]==SQLITE_TEXT ){
          if( ShellHasFlag(p, SHFLG_Newlines) ){
            output_quoted_string(p->out, azArg[i]);
          }else{
            output_quoted_escaped_string(p->out, azArg[i]);
          }
        }else if( aiType && aiType[i]==SQLITE_INTEGER ){
          utf8_printf(p->out,"%s", azArg[i]);
        }else if( aiType && aiType[i]==SQLITE_FLOAT ){
          char z[50];
          double r = sqlite3_column_double(p->pStmt, i);
          sqlite3_uint64 ur;
          memcpy(&ur,&r,sizeof(r));
          if( ur==0x7ff0000000000000LL ){
            raw_printf(p->out, "1e999");
          }else if( ur==0xfff0000000000000LL ){
            raw_printf(p->out, "-1e999");
          }else{
            sqlite3_snprintf(50,z,"%!.20g", r);
            raw_printf(p->out, "%s", z);
          }
        }else if( aiType && aiType[i]==SQLITE_BLOB && p->pStmt ){
          const void *pBlob = sqlite3_column_blob(p->pStmt, i);
          int nBlob = sqlite3_column_bytes(p->pStmt, i);
          output_hex_blob(p->out, pBlob, nBlob);
        }else if( isNumber(azArg[i], 0) ){
          utf8_printf(p->out,"%s", azArg[i]);
        }else if( ShellHasFlag(p, SHFLG_Newlines) ){
          output_quoted_string(p->out, azArg[i]);
        }else{
          output_quoted_escaped_string(p->out, azArg[i]);
        }
      }
      raw_printf(p->out,");\n");
      break;
    }
    case MODE_Json: {
      if( azArg==0 ) break;
      if( p->cnt==0 ){
        fputs("[{", p->out);
      }else{
        fputs(",\n{", p->out);
      }
      p->cnt++;
      for(i=0; i<nArg; i++){
        output_json_string(p->out, azCol[i], -1);
        putc(':', p->out);
        if( (azArg[i]==0) || (aiType && aiType[i]==SQLITE_NULL) ){
          fputs("null",p->out);
        }else if( aiType && aiType[i]==SQLITE_FLOAT ){
          char z[50];
          double r = sqlite3_column_double(p->pStmt, i);
          sqlite3_uint64 ur;
          memcpy(&ur,&r,sizeof(r));
          if( ur==0x7ff0000000000000LL ){
            raw_printf(p->out, "1e999");
          }else if( ur==0xfff0000000000000LL ){
            raw_printf(p->out, "-1e999");
          }else{
            sqlite3_snprintf(50,z,"%!.20g", r);
            raw_printf(p->out, "%s", z);
          }
        }else if( aiType && aiType[i]==SQLITE_BLOB && p->pStmt ){
          const void *pBlob = sqlite3_column_blob(p->pStmt, i);
          int nBlob = sqlite3_column_bytes(p->pStmt, i);
          output_json_string(p->out, pBlob, nBlob);
        }else if( aiType && aiType[i]==SQLITE_TEXT ){
          output_json_string(p->out, azArg[i], -1);
        }else{
          utf8_printf(p->out,"%s", azArg[i]);
        }
        if( i<nArg-1 ){
          putc(',', p->out);
        }
      }
      putc('}', p->out);
      break;
    }
    case MODE_Quote: {
      if( azArg==0 ) break;
      if( p->cnt==0 && p->showHeader ){
        for(i=0; i<nArg; i++){
          if( i>0 ) fputs(p->colSeparator, p->out);
          output_quoted_string(p->out, azCol[i]);
        }
        fputs(p->rowSeparator, p->out);
      }
      p->cnt++;
      for(i=0; i<nArg; i++){
        if( i>0 ) fputs(p->colSeparator, p->out);
        if( (azArg[i]==0) || (aiType && aiType[i]==SQLITE_NULL) ){
          utf8_printf(p->out,"NULL");
        }else if( aiType && aiType[i]==SQLITE_TEXT ){
          output_quoted_string(p->out, azArg[i]);
        }else if( aiType && aiType[i]==SQLITE_INTEGER ){
          utf8_printf(p->out,"%s", azArg[i]);
        }else if( aiType && aiType[i]==SQLITE_FLOAT ){
          char z[50];
          double r = sqlite3_column_double(p->pStmt, i);
          sqlite3_snprintf(50,z,"%!.20g", r);
          raw_printf(p->out, "%s", z);
        }else if( aiType && aiType[i]==SQLITE_BLOB && p->pStmt ){
          const void *pBlob = sqlite3_column_blob(p->pStmt, i);
          int nBlob = sqlite3_column_bytes(p->pStmt, i);
          output_hex_blob(p->out, pBlob, nBlob);
        }else if( isNumber(azArg[i], 0) ){
          utf8_printf(p->out,"%s", azArg[i]);
        }else{
          output_quoted_string(p->out, azArg[i]);
        }
      }
      fputs(p->rowSeparator, p->out);
      break;
    }
    case MODE_Ascii: {
      if( p->cnt++==0 && p->showHeader ){
        for(i=0; i<nArg; i++){
          if( i>0 ) utf8_printf(p->out, "%s", p->colSeparator);
          utf8_printf(p->out,"%s",azCol[i] ? azCol[i] : "");
        }
        utf8_printf(p->out, "%s", p->rowSeparator);
      }
      if( azArg==0 ) break;
      for(i=0; i<nArg; i++){
        if( i>0 ) utf8_printf(p->out, "%s", p->colSeparator);
        utf8_printf(p->out,"%s",azArg[i] ? azArg[i] : p->nullValue);
      }
      utf8_printf(p->out, "%s", p->rowSeparator);
      break;
    }
    case MODE_EQP: {
      eqp_append(p, atoi(azArg[0]), atoi(azArg[1]), azArg[3]);
      break;
    }
  }
  return 0;
}

/*
** This is the callback routine that the SQLite library
** invokes for each row of a query result.
*/
static int callback(void *pArg, int nArg, char **azArg, char **azCol){
  /* since we don't have type info, call the shell_callback with a NULL value */
  return shell_callback(pArg, nArg, azArg, azCol, NULL);
}

/*
** This is the callback routine from sqlite3_exec() that appends all
** output onto the end of a ShellText object.
*/
static int captureOutputCallback(void *pArg, int nArg, char **azArg, char **az){
  ShellText *p = (ShellText*)pArg;
  int i;
  UNUSED_PARAMETER(az);
  if( azArg==0 ) return 0;
  if( p->n ) appendText(p, "|", 0);
  for(i=0; i<nArg; i++){
    if( i ) appendText(p, ",", 0);
    if( azArg[i] ) appendText(p, azArg[i], 0);
  }
  return 0;
}

/*
** Generate an appropriate SELFTEST table in the main database.
*/
static void createSelftestTable(ShellState *p){
  char *zErrMsg = 0;
  sqlite3_exec(p->db,
    "SAVEPOINT selftest_init;\n"
    "CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS selftest(\n"
    "  tno INTEGER PRIMARY KEY,\n"   /* Test number */
    "  op TEXT,\n"                   /* Operator:  memo run */
    "  cmd TEXT,\n"                  /* Command text */
    "  ans TEXT\n"                   /* Desired answer */
    ");"
    "CREATE TEMP TABLE [_shell$self](op,cmd,ans);\n"
    "INSERT INTO [_shell$self](rowid,op,cmd)\n"
    "  VALUES(coalesce((SELECT (max(tno)+100)/10 FROM selftest),10),\n"
    "         'memo','Tests generated by --init');\n"
    "INSERT INTO [_shell$self]\n"
    "  SELECT 'run',\n"
    "    'SELECT hex(sha3_query(''SELECT type,name,tbl_name,sql "
                                 "FROM sqlite_schema ORDER BY 2'',224))',\n"
    "    hex(sha3_query('SELECT type,name,tbl_name,sql "
                          "FROM sqlite_schema ORDER BY 2',224));\n"
    "INSERT INTO [_shell$self]\n"
    "  SELECT 'run',"
    "    'SELECT hex(sha3_query(''SELECT * FROM \"' ||"
    "        printf('%w',name) || '\" NOT INDEXED'',224))',\n"
    "    hex(sha3_query(printf('SELECT * FROM \"%w\" NOT INDEXED',name),224))\n"
    "  FROM (\n"
    "    SELECT name FROM sqlite_schema\n"
    "     WHERE type='table'\n"
    "       AND name<>'selftest'\n"
    "       AND coalesce(rootpage,0)>0\n"
    "  )\n"
    " ORDER BY name;\n"
    "INSERT INTO [_shell$self]\n"
    "  VALUES('run','PRAGMA integrity_check','ok');\n"
    "INSERT INTO selftest(tno,op,cmd,ans)"
    "  SELECT rowid*10,op,cmd,ans FROM [_shell$self];\n"
    "DROP TABLE [_shell$self];"
    ,0,0,&zErrMsg);
  if( zErrMsg ){
    utf8_printf(stderr, "SELFTEST initialization failure: %s\n", zErrMsg);
    sqlite3_free(zErrMsg);
  }
  sqlite3_exec(p->db, "RELEASE selftest_init",0,0,0);
}


/*
** Set the destination table field of the ShellState structure to
** the name of the table given.  Escape any quote characters in the
** table name.
*/
static void set_table_name(ShellState *p, const char *zName){
  int i, n;
  char cQuote;
  char *z;

  if( p->zDestTable ){
    free(p->zDestTable);
    p->zDestTable = 0;
  }
  if( zName==0 ) return;
  cQuote = quoteChar(zName);
  n = strlen30(zName);
  if( cQuote ) n += n+2;
  z = p->zDestTable = malloc( n+1 );
  shell_check_oom(z);
  n = 0;
  if( cQuote ) z[n++] = cQuote;
  for(i=0; zName[i]; i++){
    z[n++] = zName[i];
    if( zName[i]==cQuote ) z[n++] = cQuote;
  }
  if( cQuote ) z[n++] = cQuote;
  z[n] = 0;
}

/*
** Maybe construct two lines of text that point out the position of a
** syntax error.  Return a pointer to the text, in memory obtained from
** sqlite3_malloc().  Or, if the most recent error does not involve a
** specific token that we can point to, return an empty string.
**
** In all cases, the memory returned is obtained from sqlite3_malloc64()
** and should be released by the caller invoking sqlite3_free().
*/
static char *shell_error_context(const char *zSql, sqlite3 *db){
  int iOffset;
  size_t len;
  char *zCode;
  char *zMsg;
  int i;
  if( db==0
   || zSql==0
   || (iOffset = sqlite3_error_offset(db))<0
  ){
    return sqlite3_mprintf("");
  }
  while( iOffset>50 ){
    iOffset--;
    zSql++;
    while( (zSql[0]&0xc0)==0x80 ){ zSql++; iOffset--; }
  }
  len = strlen(zSql);
  if( len>78 ){
    len = 78;
    while( (zSql[len]&0xc0)==0x80 ) len--;
  }
  zCode = sqlite3_mprintf("%.*s", len, zSql);
  for(i=0; zCode[i]; i++){ if( IsSpace(zSql[i]) ) zCode[i] = ' '; }
  if( iOffset<25 ){
    zMsg = sqlite3_mprintf("\n  %z\n  %*s^--- error here", zCode, iOffset, "");
  }else{
    zMsg = sqlite3_mprintf("\n  %z\n  %*serror here ---^", zCode, iOffset-14, "");
  }
  return zMsg;
}


/*
** Execute a query statement that will generate SQL output.  Print
** the result columns, comma-separated, on a line and then add a
** semicolon terminator to the end of that line.
**
** If the number of columns is 1 and that column contains text "--"
** then write the semicolon on a separate line.  That way, if a
** "--" comment occurs at the end of the statement, the comment
** won't consume the semicolon terminator.
*/
static int run_table_dump_query(
  ShellState *p,           /* Query context */
  const char *zSelect      /* SELECT statement to extract content */
){
  sqlite3_stmt *pSelect;
  int rc;
  int nResult;
  int i;
  const char *z;
  rc = sqlite3_prepare_v2(p->db, zSelect, -1, &pSelect, 0);
  if( rc!=SQLITE_OK || !pSelect ){
    char *zContext = shell_error_context(zSelect, p->db);
    utf8_printf(p->out, "/**** ERROR: (%d) %s *****/\n%s", rc,
                sqlite3_errmsg(p->db), zContext);
    sqlite3_free(zContext);
    if( (rc&0xff)!=SQLITE_CORRUPT ) p->nErr++;
    return rc;
  }
  rc = sqlite3_step(pSelect);
  nResult = sqlite3_column_count(pSelect);
  while( rc==SQLITE_ROW ){
    z = (const char*)sqlite3_column_text(pSelect, 0);
    utf8_printf(p->out, "%s", z);
    for(i=1; i<nResult; i++){
      utf8_printf(p->out, ",%s", sqlite3_column_text(pSelect, i));
    }
    if( z==0 ) z = "";
    while( z[0] && (z[0]!='-' || z[1]!='-') ) z++;
    if( z[0] ){
      raw_printf(p->out, "\n;\n");
    }else{
      raw_printf(p->out, ";\n");
    }
    rc = sqlite3_step(pSelect);
  }
  rc = sqlite3_finalize(pSelect);
  if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
    utf8_printf(p->out, "/**** ERROR: (%d) %s *****/\n", rc,
                sqlite3_errmsg(p->db));
    if( (rc&0xff)!=SQLITE_CORRUPT ) p->nErr++;
  }
  return rc;
}

/*
** Allocate space and save off string indicating current error.
*/
static char *save_err_msg(
  sqlite3 *db,           /* Database to query */
  const char *zWhen,     /* Qualifier (format) wrapper */
  int rc,                /* Error code returned from API */
  const char *zSql       /* SQL string, or NULL */
){
  char *zErr;
  char *zContext;
  if( zWhen==0 ) zWhen = "%s (%d)%s";
  zContext = shell_error_context(zSql, db);
  zErr = sqlite3_mprintf(zWhen, sqlite3_errmsg(db), rc, zContext);
  shell_check_oom(zErr);
  sqlite3_free(zContext);
  return zErr;
}

#ifdef __linux__
/*
** Attempt to display I/O stats on Linux using /proc/PID/io
*/
static void displayLinuxIoStats(FILE *out){
  FILE *in;
  char z[200];
  sqlite3_snprintf(sizeof(z), z, "/proc/%d/io", getpid());
  in = fopen(z, "rb");
  if( in==0 ) return;
  while( fgets(z, sizeof(z), in)!=0 ){
    static const struct {
      const char *zPattern;
      const char *zDesc;
    } aTrans[] = {
      { "rchar: ",                  "Bytes received by read():" },
      { "wchar: ",                  "Bytes sent to write():"    },
      { "syscr: ",                  "Read() system calls:"      },
      { "syscw: ",                  "Write() system calls:"     },
      { "read_bytes: ",             "Bytes read from storage:"  },
      { "write_bytes: ",            "Bytes written to storage:" },
      { "cancelled_write_bytes: ",  "Cancelled write bytes:"    },
    };
    int i;
    for(i=0; i<ArraySize(aTrans); i++){
      int n = strlen30(aTrans[i].zPattern);
      if( strncmp(aTrans[i].zPattern, z, n)==0 ){
        utf8_printf(out, "%-36s %s", aTrans[i].zDesc, &z[n]);
        break;
      }
    }
  }
  fclose(in);
}
#endif

/*
** Display a single line of status using 64-bit values.
*/
static void displayStatLine(
  ShellState *p,            /* The shell context */
  char *zLabel,             /* Label for this one line */
  char *zFormat,            /* Format for the result */
  int iStatusCtrl,          /* Which status to display */
  int bReset                /* True to reset the stats */
){
  sqlite3_int64 iCur = -1;
  sqlite3_int64 iHiwtr = -1;
  int i, nPercent;
  char zLine[200];
  sqlite3_status64(iStatusCtrl, &iCur, &iHiwtr, bReset);
  for(i=0, nPercent=0; zFormat[i]; i++){
    if( zFormat[i]=='%' ) nPercent++;
  }
  if( nPercent>1 ){
    sqlite3_snprintf(sizeof(zLine), zLine, zFormat, iCur, iHiwtr);
  }else{
    sqlite3_snprintf(sizeof(zLine), zLine, zFormat, iHiwtr);
  }
  raw_printf(p->out, "%-36s %s\n", zLabel, zLine);
}

/*
** Display memory stats.
*/
static int display_stats(
  sqlite3 *db,                /* Database to query */
  ShellState *pArg,           /* Pointer to ShellState */
  int bReset                  /* True to reset the stats */
){
  int iCur;
  int iHiwtr;
  FILE *out;
  if( pArg==0 || pArg->out==0 ) return 0;
  out = pArg->out;

  if( pArg->pStmt && pArg->statsOn==2 ){
    int nCol, i, x;
    sqlite3_stmt *pStmt = pArg->pStmt;
    char z[100];
    nCol = sqlite3_column_count(pStmt);
    raw_printf(out, "%-36s %d\n", "Number of output columns:", nCol);
    for(i=0; i<nCol; i++){
      sqlite3_snprintf(sizeof(z),z,"Column %d %nname:", i, &x);
      utf8_printf(out, "%-36s %s\n", z, sqlite3_column_name(pStmt,i));
#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_DECLTYPE
      sqlite3_snprintf(30, z+x, "declared type:");
      utf8_printf(out, "%-36s %s\n", z, sqlite3_column_decltype(pStmt, i));
#endif
#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_COLUMN_METADATA
      sqlite3_snprintf(30, z+x, "database name:");
      utf8_printf(out, "%-36s %s\n", z, sqlite3_column_database_name(pStmt,i));
      sqlite3_snprintf(30, z+x, "table name:");
      utf8_printf(out, "%-36s %s\n", z, sqlite3_column_table_name(pStmt,i));
      sqlite3_snprintf(30, z+x, "origin name:");
      utf8_printf(out, "%-36s %s\n", z, sqlite3_column_origin_name(pStmt,i));
#endif
    }
  }

  if( pArg->statsOn==3 ){
    if( pArg->pStmt ){
      iCur = sqlite3_stmt_status(pArg->pStmt, SQLITE_STMTSTATUS_VM_STEP, bReset);
      raw_printf(pArg->out, "VM-steps: %d\n", iCur);
    }
    return 0;
  }

  displayStatLine(pArg, "Memory Used:",
     "%lld (max %lld) bytes", SQLITE_STATUS_MEMORY_USED, bReset);
  displayStatLine(pArg, "Number of Outstanding Allocations:",
     "%lld (max %lld)", SQLITE_STATUS_MALLOC_COUNT, bReset);
  if( pArg->shellFlgs & SHFLG_Pagecache ){
    displayStatLine(pArg, "Number of Pcache Pages Used:",
       "%lld (max %lld) pages", SQLITE_STATUS_PAGECACHE_USED, bReset);
  }
  displayStatLine(pArg, "Number of Pcache Overflow Bytes:",
     "%lld (max %lld) bytes", SQLITE_STATUS_PAGECACHE_OVERFLOW, bReset);
  displayStatLine(pArg, "Largest Allocation:",
     "%lld bytes", SQLITE_STATUS_MALLOC_SIZE, bReset);
  displayStatLine(pArg, "Largest Pcache Allocation:",
     "%lld bytes", SQLITE_STATUS_PAGECACHE_SIZE, bReset);
#ifdef YYTRACKMAXSTACKDEPTH
  displayStatLine(pArg, "Deepest Parser Stack:",
     "%lld (max %lld)", SQLITE_STATUS_PARSER_STACK, bReset);
#endif

  if( db ){
    if( pArg->shellFlgs & SHFLG_Lookaside ){
      iHiwtr = iCur = -1;
      sqlite3_db_status(db, SQLITE_DBSTATUS_LOOKASIDE_USED,
                        &iCur, &iHiwtr, bReset);
      raw_printf(pArg->out,
              "Lookaside Slots Used:                %d (max %d)\n",
              iCur, iHiwtr);
      sqlite3_db_status(db, SQLITE_DBSTATUS_LOOKASIDE_HIT,
                        &iCur, &iHiwtr, bReset);
      raw_printf(pArg->out, "Successful lookaside attempts:       %d\n",
              iHiwtr);
      sqlite3_db_status(db, SQLITE_DBSTATUS_LOOKASIDE_MISS_SIZE,
                        &iCur, &iHiwtr, bReset);
      raw_printf(pArg->out, "Lookaside failures due to size:      %d\n",
              iHiwtr);
      sqlite3_db_status(db, SQLITE_DBSTATUS_LOOKASIDE_MISS_FULL,
                        &iCur, &iHiwtr, bReset);
      raw_printf(pArg->out, "Lookaside failures due to OOM:       %d\n",
              iHiwtr);
    }
    iHiwtr = iCur = -1;
    sqlite3_db_status(db, SQLITE_DBSTATUS_CACHE_USED, &iCur, &iHiwtr, bReset);
    raw_printf(pArg->out, "Pager Heap Usage:                    %d bytes\n",
            iCur);
    iHiwtr = iCur = -1;
    sqlite3_db_status(db, SQLITE_DBSTATUS_CACHE_HIT, &iCur, &iHiwtr, 1);
    raw_printf(pArg->out, "Page cache hits:                     %d\n", iCur);
    iHiwtr = iCur = -1;
    sqlite3_db_status(db, SQLITE_DBSTATUS_CACHE_MISS, &iCur, &iHiwtr, 1);
    raw_printf(pArg->out, "Page cache misses:                   %d\n", iCur);
    iHiwtr = iCur = -1;
    sqlite3_db_status(db, SQLITE_DBSTATUS_CACHE_WRITE, &iCur, &iHiwtr, 1);
    raw_printf(pArg->out, "Page cache writes:                   %d\n", iCur);
    iHiwtr = iCur = -1;
    sqlite3_db_status(db, SQLITE_DBSTATUS_CACHE_SPILL, &iCur, &iHiwtr, 1);
    raw_printf(pArg->out, "Page cache spills:                   %d\n", iCur);
    iHiwtr = iCur = -1;
    sqlite3_db_status(db, SQLITE_DBSTATUS_SCHEMA_USED, &iCur, &iHiwtr, bReset);
    raw_printf(pArg->out, "Schema Heap Usage:                   %d bytes\n",
            iCur);
    iHiwtr = iCur = -1;
    sqlite3_db_status(db, SQLITE_DBSTATUS_STMT_USED, &iCur, &iHiwtr, bReset);
    raw_printf(pArg->out, "Statement Heap/Lookaside Usage:      %d bytes\n",
            iCur);
  }

  if( pArg->pStmt ){
    int iHit, iMiss;
    iCur = sqlite3_stmt_status(pArg->pStmt, SQLITE_STMTSTATUS_FULLSCAN_STEP,
                               bReset);
    raw_printf(pArg->out, "Fullscan Steps:                      %d\n", iCur);
    iCur = sqlite3_stmt_status(pArg->pStmt, SQLITE_STMTSTATUS_SORT, bReset);
    raw_printf(pArg->out, "Sort Operations:                     %d\n", iCur);
    iCur = sqlite3_stmt_status(pArg->pStmt, SQLITE_STMTSTATUS_AUTOINDEX,bReset);
    raw_printf(pArg->out, "Autoindex Inserts:                   %d\n", iCur);
    iHit = sqlite3_stmt_status(pArg->pStmt, SQLITE_STMTSTATUS_FILTER_HIT, bReset);
    iMiss = sqlite3_stmt_status(pArg->pStmt, SQLITE_STMTSTATUS_FILTER_MISS, bReset);
    if( iHit || iMiss ){
      raw_printf(pArg->out, "Bloom filter bypass taken:           %d/%d\n",
            iHit, iHit+iMiss);
    }
    iCur = sqlite3_stmt_status(pArg->pStmt, SQLITE_STMTSTATUS_VM_STEP, bReset);
    raw_printf(pArg->out, "Virtual Machine Steps:               %d\n", iCur);
    iCur = sqlite3_stmt_status(pArg->pStmt, SQLITE_STMTSTATUS_REPREPARE,bReset);
    raw_printf(pArg->out, "Reprepare operations:                %d\n", iCur);
    iCur = sqlite3_stmt_status(pArg->pStmt, SQLITE_STMTSTATUS_RUN, bReset);
    raw_printf(pArg->out, "Number of times run:                 %d\n", iCur);
    iCur = sqlite3_stmt_status(pArg->pStmt, SQLITE_STMTSTATUS_MEMUSED, bReset);
    raw_printf(pArg->out, "Memory used by prepared stmt:        %d\n", iCur);
  }

#ifdef __linux__
  displayLinuxIoStats(pArg->out);
#endif

  /* Do not remove this machine readable comment: extra-stats-output-here */

  return 0;
}

/*
** Display scan stats.
*/
static void display_scanstats(
  sqlite3 *db,                    /* Database to query */
  ShellState *pArg                /* Pointer to ShellState */
){
#ifndef SQLITE_ENABLE_STMT_SCANSTATUS
  UNUSED_PARAMETER(db);
  UNUSED_PARAMETER(pArg);
#else
  int i, k, n, mx;
  raw_printf(pArg->out, "-------- scanstats --------\n");
  mx = 0;
  for(k=0; k<=mx; k++){
    double rEstLoop = 1.0;
    for(i=n=0; 1; i++){
      sqlite3_stmt *p = pArg->pStmt;
      sqlite3_int64 nLoop, nVisit;
      double rEst;
      int iSid;
      const char *zExplain;
      if( sqlite3_stmt_scanstatus(p, i, SQLITE_SCANSTAT_NLOOP, (void*)&nLoop) ){
        break;
      }
      sqlite3_stmt_scanstatus(p, i, SQLITE_SCANSTAT_SELECTID, (void*)&iSid);
      if( iSid>mx ) mx = iSid;
      if( iSid!=k ) continue;
      if( n==0 ){
        rEstLoop = (double)nLoop;
        if( k>0 ) raw_printf(pArg->out, "-------- subquery %d -------\n", k);
      }
      n++;
      sqlite3_stmt_scanstatus(p, i, SQLITE_SCANSTAT_NVISIT, (void*)&nVisit);
      sqlite3_stmt_scanstatus(p, i, SQLITE_SCANSTAT_EST, (void*)&rEst);
      sqlite3_stmt_scanstatus(p, i, SQLITE_SCANSTAT_EXPLAIN, (void*)&zExplain);
      utf8_printf(pArg->out, "Loop %2d: %s\n", n, zExplain);
      rEstLoop *= rEst;
      raw_printf(pArg->out,
          "         nLoop=%-8lld nRow=%-8lld estRow=%-8lld estRow/Loop=%-8g\n",
          nLoop, nVisit, (sqlite3_int64)(rEstLoop+0.5), rEst
      );
    }
  }
  raw_printf(pArg->out, "---------------------------\n");
#endif
}

/*
** Parameter azArray points to a zero-terminated array of strings. zStr
** points to a single nul-terminated string. Return non-zero if zStr
** is equal, according to strcmp(), to any of the strings in the array.
** Otherwise, return zero.
*/
static int str_in_array(const char *zStr, const char **azArray){
  int i;
  for(i=0; azArray[i]; i++){
    if( 0==strcmp(zStr, azArray[i]) ) return 1;
  }
  return 0;
}

/*
** If compiled statement pSql appears to be an EXPLAIN statement, allocate
** and populate the ShellState.aiIndent[] array with the number of
** spaces each opcode should be indented before it is output.
**
** The indenting rules are:
**
**     * For each "Next", "Prev", "VNext" or "VPrev" instruction, indent
**       all opcodes that occur between the p2 jump destination and the opcode
**       itself by 2 spaces.
**
**     * For each "Goto", if the jump destination is earlier in the program
**       and ends on one of:
**          Yield  SeekGt  SeekLt  RowSetRead  Rewind
**       or if the P1 parameter is one instead of zero,
**       then indent all opcodes between the earlier instruction
**       and "Goto" by 2 spaces.
*/
static void explain_data_prepare(ShellState *p, sqlite3_stmt *pSql){
  const char *zSql;               /* The text of the SQL statement */
  const char *z;                  /* Used to check if this is an EXPLAIN */
  int *abYield = 0;               /* True if op is an OP_Yield */
  int nAlloc = 0;                 /* Allocated size of p->aiIndent[], abYield */
  int iOp;                        /* Index of operation in p->aiIndent[] */

  const char *azNext[] = { "Next", "Prev", "VPrev", "VNext", "SorterNext", 0 };
  const char *azYield[] = { "Yield", "SeekLT", "SeekGT", "RowSetRead",
                            "Rewind", 0 };
  const char *azGoto[] = { "Goto", 0 };

  /* Try to figure out if this is really an EXPLAIN statement. If this
  ** cannot be verified, return early.  */
  if( sqlite3_column_count(pSql)!=8 ){
    p->cMode = p->mode;
    return;
  }
  zSql = sqlite3_sql(pSql);
  if( zSql==0 ) return;
  for(z=zSql; *z==' ' || *z=='\t' || *z=='\n' || *z=='\f' || *z=='\r'; z++);
  if( sqlite3_strnicmp(z, "explain", 7) ){
    p->cMode = p->mode;
    return;
  }

  for(iOp=0; SQLITE_ROW==sqlite3_step(pSql); iOp++){
    int i;
    int iAddr = sqlite3_column_int(pSql, 0);
    const char *zOp = (const char*)sqlite3_column_text(pSql, 1);

    /* Set p2 to the P2 field of the current opcode. Then, assuming that
    ** p2 is an instruction address, set variable p2op to the index of that
    ** instruction in the aiIndent[] array. p2 and p2op may be different if
    ** the current instruction is part of a sub-program generated by an
    ** SQL trigger or foreign key.  */
    int p2 = sqlite3_column_int(pSql, 3);
    int p2op = (p2 + (iOp-iAddr));

    /* Grow the p->aiIndent array as required */
    if( iOp>=nAlloc ){
      if( iOp==0 ){
        /* Do further verfication that this is explain output.  Abort if
        ** it is not */
        static const char *explainCols[] = {
           "addr", "opcode", "p1", "p2", "p3", "p4", "p5", "comment" };
        int jj;
        for(jj=0; jj<ArraySize(explainCols); jj++){
          if( strcmp(sqlite3_column_name(pSql,jj),explainCols[jj])!=0 ){
            p->cMode = p->mode;
            sqlite3_reset(pSql);
            return;
          }
        }
      }
      nAlloc += 100;
      p->aiIndent = (int*)sqlite3_realloc64(p->aiIndent, nAlloc*sizeof(int));
      shell_check_oom(p->aiIndent);
      abYield = (int*)sqlite3_realloc64(abYield, nAlloc*sizeof(int));
      shell_check_oom(abYield);
    }
    abYield[iOp] = str_in_array(zOp, azYield);
    p->aiIndent[iOp] = 0;
    p->nIndent = iOp+1;

    if( str_in_array(zOp, azNext) ){
      for(i=p2op; i<iOp; i++) p->aiIndent[i] += 2;
    }
    if( str_in_array(zOp, azGoto) && p2op<p->nIndent
     && (abYield[p2op] || sqlite3_column_int(pSql, 2))
    ){
      for(i=p2op; i<iOp; i++) p->aiIndent[i] += 2;
    }
  }

  p->iIndent = 0;
  sqlite3_free(abYield);
  sqlite3_reset(pSql);
}

/*
** Free the array allocated by explain_data_prepare().
*/
static void explain_data_delete(ShellState *p){
  sqlite3_free(p->aiIndent);
  p->aiIndent = 0;
  p->nIndent = 0;
  p->iIndent = 0;
}

/*
** Disable and restore .wheretrace and .selecttrace settings.
*/
static unsigned int savedSelectTrace;
static unsigned int savedWhereTrace;
static void disable_debug_trace_modes(void){
  unsigned int zero = 0;
  sqlite3_test_control(SQLITE_TESTCTRL_TRACEFLAGS, 0, &savedSelectTrace);
  sqlite3_test_control(SQLITE_TESTCTRL_TRACEFLAGS, 1, &zero);
  sqlite3_test_control(SQLITE_TESTCTRL_TRACEFLAGS, 2, &savedWhereTrace);
  sqlite3_test_control(SQLITE_TESTCTRL_TRACEFLAGS, 3, &zero);
}
static void restore_debug_trace_modes(void){
  sqlite3_test_control(SQLITE_TESTCTRL_TRACEFLAGS, 1, &savedSelectTrace);
  sqlite3_test_control(SQLITE_TESTCTRL_TRACEFLAGS, 3, &savedWhereTrace);
}

/* Create the TEMP table used to store parameter bindings */
static void bind_table_init(ShellState *p){
  int wrSchema = 0;
  int defensiveMode = 0;
  sqlite3_db_config(p->db, SQLITE_DBCONFIG_DEFENSIVE, -1, &defensiveMode);
  sqlite3_db_config(p->db, SQLITE_DBCONFIG_DEFENSIVE, 0, 0);
  sqlite3_db_config(p->db, SQLITE_DBCONFIG_WRITABLE_SCHEMA, -1, &wrSchema);
  sqlite3_db_config(p->db, SQLITE_DBCONFIG_WRITABLE_SCHEMA, 1, 0);
  sqlite3_exec(p->db,
    "CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS temp.sqlite_parameters(\n"
    "  key TEXT PRIMARY KEY,\n"
    "  value\n"
    ") WITHOUT ROWID;",
    0, 0, 0);
  sqlite3_db_config(p->db, SQLITE_DBCONFIG_WRITABLE_SCHEMA, wrSchema, 0);
  sqlite3_db_config(p->db, SQLITE_DBCONFIG_DEFENSIVE, defensiveMode, 0);
}

/*
** Bind parameters on a prepared statement.
**
** Parameter bindings are taken from a TEMP table of the form:
**
**    CREATE TEMP TABLE sqlite_parameters(key TEXT PRIMARY KEY, value)
**    WITHOUT ROWID;
**
** No bindings occur if this table does not exist.  The name of the table
** begins with "sqlite_" so that it will not collide with ordinary application
** tables.  The table must be in the TEMP schema.
*/
static void bind_prepared_stmt(ShellState *pArg, sqlite3_stmt *pStmt){
  int nVar;
  int i;
  int rc;
  sqlite3_stmt *pQ = 0;

  nVar = sqlite3_bind_parameter_count(pStmt);
  if( nVar==0 ) return;  /* Nothing to do */
  if( sqlite3_table_column_metadata(pArg->db, "TEMP", "sqlite_parameters",
                                    "key", 0, 0, 0, 0, 0)!=SQLITE_OK ){
    return; /* Parameter table does not exist */
  }
  rc = sqlite3_prepare_v2(pArg->db,
          "SELECT value FROM temp.sqlite_parameters"
          " WHERE key=?1", -1, &pQ, 0);
  if( rc || pQ==0 ) return;
  for(i=1; i<=nVar; i++){
    char zNum[30];
    const char *zVar = sqlite3_bind_parameter_name(pStmt, i);
    if( zVar==0 ){
      sqlite3_snprintf(sizeof(zNum),zNum,"?%d",i);
      zVar = zNum;
    }
    sqlite3_bind_text(pQ, 1, zVar, -1, SQLITE_STATIC);
    if( sqlite3_step(pQ)==SQLITE_ROW ){
      sqlite3_bind_value(pStmt, i, sqlite3_column_value(pQ, 0));
    }else{
      sqlite3_bind_null(pStmt, i);
    }
    sqlite3_reset(pQ);
  }
  sqlite3_finalize(pQ);
}

/*
** UTF8 box-drawing characters.  Imagine box lines like this:
**
**           1
**           |
**       4 --+-- 2
**           |
**           3
**
** Each box characters has between 2 and 4 of the lines leading from
** the center.  The characters are here identified by the numbers of
** their corresponding lines.
*/
#define BOX_24   "\342\224\200"  /* U+2500 --- */
#define BOX_13   "\342\224\202"  /* U+2502  |  */
#define BOX_23   "\342\224\214"  /* U+250c  ,- */
#define BOX_34   "\342\224\220"  /* U+2510 -,  */
#define BOX_12   "\342\224\224"  /* U+2514  '- */
#define BOX_14   "\342\224\230"  /* U+2518 -'  */
#define BOX_123  "\342\224\234"  /* U+251c  |- */
#define BOX_134  "\342\224\244"  /* U+2524 -|  */
#define BOX_234  "\342\224\254"  /* U+252c -,- */
#define BOX_124  "\342\224\264"  /* U+2534 -'- */
#define BOX_1234 "\342\224\274"  /* U+253c -|- */

/* Draw horizontal line N characters long using unicode box
** characters
*/
static void print_box_line(FILE *out, int N){
  const char zDash[] =
      BOX_24 BOX_24 BOX_24 BOX_24 BOX_24 BOX_24 BOX_24 BOX_24 BOX_24 BOX_24
      BOX_24 BOX_24 BOX_24 BOX_24 BOX_24 BOX_24 BOX_24 BOX_24 BOX_24 BOX_24;
  const int nDash = sizeof(zDash) - 1;
  N *= 3;
  while( N>nDash ){
    utf8_printf(out, zDash);
    N -= nDash;
  }
  utf8_printf(out, "%.*s", N, zDash);
}

/*
** Draw a horizontal separator for a MODE_Box table.
*/
static void print_box_row_separator(
  ShellState *p,
  int nArg,
  const char *zSep1,
  const char *zSep2,
  const char *zSep3
){
  int i;
  if( nArg>0 ){
    utf8_printf(p->out, "%s", zSep1);
    print_box_line(p->out, p->actualWidth[0]+2);
    for(i=1; i<nArg; i++){
      utf8_printf(p->out, "%s", zSep2);
      print_box_line(p->out, p->actualWidth[i]+2);
    }
    utf8_printf(p->out, "%s", zSep3);
  }
  fputs("\n", p->out);
}



/*
** Run a prepared statement and output the result in one of the
** table-oriented formats: MODE_Column, MODE_Markdown, MODE_Table,
** or MODE_Box.
**
** This is different from ordinary exec_prepared_stmt() in that
** it has to run the entire query and gather the results into memory
** first, in order to determine column widths, before providing
** any output.
*/
static void exec_prepared_stmt_columnar(
  ShellState *p,                        /* Pointer to ShellState */
  sqlite3_stmt *pStmt                   /* Statment to run */
){
  sqlite3_int64 nRow = 0;
  int nColumn = 0;
  char **azData = 0;
  sqlite3_int64 nAlloc = 0;
  const char *z;
  int rc;
  sqlite3_int64 i, nData;
  int j, nTotal, w, n;
  const char *colSep = 0;
  const char *rowSep = 0;

  rc = sqlite3_step(pStmt);
  if( rc!=SQLITE_ROW ) return;
  nColumn = sqlite3_column_count(pStmt);
  nAlloc = nColumn*4;
  if( nAlloc<=0 ) nAlloc = 1;
  azData = sqlite3_malloc64( nAlloc*sizeof(char*) );
  shell_check_oom(azData);
  for(i=0; i<nColumn; i++){
    azData[i] = strdup(sqlite3_column_name(pStmt,i));
  }
  do{
    if( (nRow+2)*nColumn >= nAlloc ){
      nAlloc *= 2;
      azData = sqlite3_realloc64(azData, nAlloc*sizeof(char*));
      shell_check_oom(azData);
    }
    nRow++;
    for(i=0; i<nColumn; i++){
      z = (const char*)sqlite3_column_text(pStmt,i);
      azData[nRow*nColumn + i] = z ? strdup(z) : 0;
    }
  }while( sqlite3_step(pStmt)==SQLITE_ROW );
  if( nColumn>p->nWidth ){
    p->colWidth = realloc(p->colWidth, (nColumn+1)*2*sizeof(int));
    shell_check_oom(p->colWidth);
    for(i=p->nWidth; i<nColumn; i++) p->colWidth[i] = 0;
    p->nWidth = nColumn;
    p->actualWidth = &p->colWidth[nColumn];
  }
  memset(p->actualWidth, 0, nColumn*sizeof(int));
  for(i=0; i<nColumn; i++){
    w = p->colWidth[i];
    if( w<0 ) w = -w;
    p->actualWidth[i] = w;
  }
  nTotal = nColumn*(nRow+1);
  for(i=0; i<nTotal; i++){
    z = azData[i];
    if( z==0 ) z = p->nullValue;
    n = strlenChar(z);
    j = i%nColumn;
    if( n>p->actualWidth[j] ) p->actualWidth[j] = n;
  }
  if( seenInterrupt ) goto columnar_end;
  if( nColumn==0 ) goto columnar_end;
  switch( p->cMode ){
    case MODE_Column: {
      colSep = "  ";
      rowSep = "\n";
      if( p->showHeader ){
        for(i=0; i<nColumn; i++){
          w = p->actualWidth[i];
          if( p->colWidth[i]<0 ) w = -w;
          utf8_width_print(p->out, w, azData[i]);
          fputs(i==nColumn-1?"\n":"  ", p->out);
        }
        for(i=0; i<nColumn; i++){
          print_dashes(p->out, p->actualWidth[i]);
          fputs(i==nColumn-1?"\n":"  ", p->out);
        }
      }
      break;
    }
    case MODE_Table: {
      colSep = " | ";
      rowSep = " |\n";
      print_row_separator(p, nColumn, "+");
      fputs("| ", p->out);
      for(i=0; i<nColumn; i++){
        w = p->actualWidth[i];
        n = strlenChar(azData[i]);
        utf8_printf(p->out, "%*s%s%*s", (w-n)/2, "", azData[i], (w-n+1)/2, "");
        fputs(i==nColumn-1?" |\n":" | ", p->out);
      }
      print_row_separator(p, nColumn, "+");
      break;
    }
    case MODE_Markdown: {
      colSep = " | ";
      rowSep = " |\n";
      fputs("| ", p->out);
      for(i=0; i<nColumn; i++){
        w = p->actualWidth[i];
        n = strlenChar(azData[i]);
        utf8_printf(p->out, "%*s%s%*s", (w-n)/2, "", azData[i], (w-n+1)/2, "");
        fputs(i==nColumn-1?" |\n":" | ", p->out);
      }
      print_row_separator(p, nColumn, "|");
      break;
    }
    case MODE_Box: {
      colSep = " " BOX_13 " ";
      rowSep = " " BOX_13 "\n";
      print_box_row_separator(p, nColumn, BOX_23, BOX_234, BOX_34);
      utf8_printf(p->out, BOX_13 " ");
      for(i=0; i<nColumn; i++){
        w = p->actualWidth[i];
        n = strlenChar(azData[i]);
        utf8_printf(p->out, "%*s%s%*s%s",
            (w-n)/2, "", azData[i], (w-n+1)/2, "",
            i==nColumn-1?" "BOX_13"\n":" "BOX_13" ");
      }
      print_box_row_separator(p, nColumn, BOX_123, BOX_1234, BOX_134);
      break;
    }
  }
  for(i=nColumn, j=0; i<nTotal; i++, j++){
    if( j==0 && p->cMode!=MODE_Column ){
      utf8_printf(p->out, "%s", p->cMode==MODE_Box?BOX_13" ":"| ");
    }
    z = azData[i];
    if( z==0 ) z = p->nullValue;
    w = p->actualWidth[j];
    if( p->colWidth[j]<0 ) w = -w;
    utf8_width_print(p->out, w, z);
    if( j==nColumn-1 ){
      utf8_printf(p->out, "%s", rowSep);
      j = -1;
      if( seenInterrupt ) goto columnar_end;
    }else{
      utf8_printf(p->out, "%s", colSep);
    }
  }
  if( p->cMode==MODE_Table ){
    print_row_separator(p, nColumn, "+");
  }else if( p->cMode==MODE_Box ){
    print_box_row_separator(p, nColumn, BOX_12, BOX_124, BOX_14);
  }
columnar_end:
  if( seenInterrupt ){
    utf8_printf(p->out, "Interrupt\n");
  }
  nData = (nRow+1)*nColumn;
  for(i=0; i<nData; i++) free(azData[i]);
  sqlite3_free(azData);
}

/*
** Run a prepared statement
*/
static void exec_prepared_stmt(
  ShellState *pArg,                                /* Pointer to ShellState */
  sqlite3_stmt *pStmt                              /* Statment to run */
){
  int rc;
  sqlite3_uint64 nRow = 0;

  if( pArg->cMode==MODE_Column
   || pArg->cMode==MODE_Table
   || pArg->cMode==MODE_Box
   || pArg->cMode==MODE_Markdown
  ){
    exec_prepared_stmt_columnar(pArg, pStmt);
    return;
  }

  /* perform the first step.  this will tell us if we
  ** have a result set or not and how wide it is.
  */
  rc = sqlite3_step(pStmt);
  /* if we have a result set... */
  if( SQLITE_ROW == rc ){
    /* allocate space for col name ptr, value ptr, and type */
    int nCol = sqlite3_column_count(pStmt);
    void *pData = sqlite3_malloc64(3*nCol*sizeof(const char*) + 1);
    if( !pData ){
      shell_out_of_memory();
    }else{
      char **azCols = (char **)pData;      /* Names of result columns */
      char **azVals = &azCols[nCol];       /* Results */
      int *aiTypes = (int *)&azVals[nCol]; /* Result types */
      int i, x;
      assert(sizeof(int) <= sizeof(char *));
      /* save off ptrs to column names */
      for(i=0; i<nCol; i++){
        azCols[i] = (char *)sqlite3_column_name(pStmt, i);
      }
      do{
        nRow++;
        /* extract the data and data types */
        for(i=0; i<nCol; i++){
          aiTypes[i] = x = sqlite3_column_type(pStmt, i);
          if( x==SQLITE_BLOB && pArg && pArg->cMode==MODE_Insert ){
            azVals[i] = "";
          }else{
            azVals[i] = (char*)sqlite3_column_text(pStmt, i);
          }
          if( !azVals[i] && (aiTypes[i]!=SQLITE_NULL) ){
            rc = SQLITE_NOMEM;
            break; /* from for */
          }
        } /* end for */

        /* if data and types extracted successfully... */
        if( SQLITE_ROW == rc ){
          /* call the supplied callback with the result row data */
          if( shell_callback(pArg, nCol, azVals, azCols, aiTypes) ){
            rc = SQLITE_ABORT;
          }else{
            rc = sqlite3_step(pStmt);
          }
        }
      } while( SQLITE_ROW == rc );
      sqlite3_free(pData);
      if( pArg->cMode==MODE_Json ){
        fputs("]\n", pArg->out);
      }else if( pArg->cMode==MODE_Count ){
        printf("%llu row%s\n", nRow, nRow!=1 ? "s" : "");
      }
    }
  }
}

#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_VIRTUALTABLE
/*
** This function is called to process SQL if the previous shell command
** was ".expert". It passes the SQL in the second argument directly to
** the sqlite3expert object.
**
** If successful, SQLITE_OK is returned. Otherwise, an SQLite error
** code. In this case, (*pzErr) may be set to point to a buffer containing
** an English language error message. It is the responsibility of the
** caller to eventually free this buffer using sqlite3_free().
*/
static int expertHandleSQL(
  ShellState *pState,
  const char *zSql,
  char **pzErr
){
  assert( pState->expert.pExpert );
  assert( pzErr==0 || *pzErr==0 );
  return sqlite3_expert_sql(pState->expert.pExpert, zSql, pzErr);
}

/*
** This function is called either to silently clean up the object
** created by the ".expert" command (if bCancel==1), or to generate a
** report from it and then clean it up (if bCancel==0).
**
** If successful, SQLITE_OK is returned. Otherwise, an SQLite error
** code. In this case, (*pzErr) may be set to point to a buffer containing
** an English language error message. It is the responsibility of the
** caller to eventually free this buffer using sqlite3_free().
*/
static int expertFinish(
  ShellState *pState,
  int bCancel,
  char **pzErr
){
  int rc = SQLITE_OK;
  sqlite3expert *p = pState->expert.pExpert;
  assert( p );
  assert( bCancel || pzErr==0 || *pzErr==0 );
  if( bCancel==0 ){
    FILE *out = pState->out;
    int bVerbose = pState->expert.bVerbose;

    rc = sqlite3_expert_analyze(p, pzErr);
    if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
      int nQuery = sqlite3_expert_count(p);
      int i;

      if( bVerbose ){
        const char *zCand = sqlite3_expert_report(p,0,EXPERT_REPORT_CANDIDATES);
        raw_printf(out, "-- Candidates -----------------------------\n");
        raw_printf(out, "%s\n", zCand);
      }
      for(i=0; i<nQuery; i++){
        const char *zSql = sqlite3_expert_report(p, i, EXPERT_REPORT_SQL);
        const char *zIdx = sqlite3_expert_report(p, i, EXPERT_REPORT_INDEXES);
        const char *zEQP = sqlite3_expert_report(p, i, EXPERT_REPORT_PLAN);
        if( zIdx==0 ) zIdx = "(no new indexes)\n";
        if( bVerbose ){
          raw_printf(out, "-- Query %d --------------------------------\n",i+1);
          raw_printf(out, "%s\n\n", zSql);
        }
        raw_printf(out, "%s\n", zIdx);
        raw_printf(out, "%s\n", zEQP);
      }
    }
  }
  sqlite3_expert_destroy(p);
  pState->expert.pExpert = 0;
  return rc;
}

/*
** Implementation of ".expert" dot command.
*/
static int expertDotCommand(
  ShellState *pState,             /* Current shell tool state */
  char **azArg,                   /* Array of arguments passed to dot command */
  int nArg                        /* Number of entries in azArg[] */
){
  int rc = SQLITE_OK;
  char *zErr = 0;
  int i;
  int iSample = 0;

  assert( pState->expert.pExpert==0 );
  memset(&pState->expert, 0, sizeof(ExpertInfo));

  for(i=1; rc==SQLITE_OK && i<nArg; i++){
    char *z = azArg[i];
    int n;
    if( z[0]=='-' && z[1]=='-' ) z++;
    n = strlen30(z);
    if( n>=2 && 0==strncmp(z, "-verbose", n) ){
      pState->expert.bVerbose = 1;
    }
    else if( n>=2 && 0==strncmp(z, "-sample", n) ){
      if( i==(nArg-1) ){
        raw_printf(stderr, "option requires an argument: %s\n", z);
        rc = SQLITE_ERROR;
      }else{
        iSample = (int)integerValue(azArg[++i]);
        if( iSample<0 || iSample>100 ){
          raw_printf(stderr, "value out of range: %s\n", azArg[i]);
          rc = SQLITE_ERROR;
        }
      }
    }
    else{
      raw_printf(stderr, "unknown option: %s\n", z);
      rc = SQLITE_ERROR;
    }
  }

  if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
    pState->expert.pExpert = sqlite3_expert_new(pState->db, &zErr);
    if( pState->expert.pExpert==0 ){
      raw_printf(stderr, "sqlite3_expert_new: %s\n", zErr ? zErr : "out of memory");
      rc = SQLITE_ERROR;
    }else{
      sqlite3_expert_config(
          pState->expert.pExpert, EXPERT_CONFIG_SAMPLE, iSample
      );
    }
  }
  sqlite3_free(zErr);

  return rc;
}
#endif /* ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_VIRTUALTABLE */

/*
** Execute a statement or set of statements.  Print
** any result rows/columns depending on the current mode
** set via the supplied callback.
**
** This is very similar to SQLite's built-in sqlite3_exec()
** function except it takes a slightly different callback
** and callback data argument.
*/
static int shell_exec(
  ShellState *pArg,                         /* Pointer to ShellState */
  const char *zSql,                         /* SQL to be evaluated */
  char **pzErrMsg                           /* Error msg written here */
){
  sqlite3_stmt *pStmt = NULL;     /* Statement to execute. */
  int rc = SQLITE_OK;             /* Return Code */
  int rc2;
  const char *zLeftover;          /* Tail of unprocessed SQL */
  sqlite3 *db = pArg->db;

  if( pzErrMsg ){
    *pzErrMsg = NULL;
  }

#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_VIRTUALTABLE
  if( pArg->expert.pExpert ){
    rc = expertHandleSQL(pArg, zSql, pzErrMsg);
    return expertFinish(pArg, (rc!=SQLITE_OK), pzErrMsg);
  }
#endif

  while( zSql[0] && (SQLITE_OK == rc) ){
    static const char *zStmtSql;
    rc = sqlite3_prepare_v2(db, zSql, -1, &pStmt, &zLeftover);
    if( SQLITE_OK != rc ){
      if( pzErrMsg ){
        *pzErrMsg = save_err_msg(db, "in prepare, %s (%d)%s", rc, zSql);
      }
    }else{
      if( !pStmt ){
        /* this happens for a comment or white-space */
        zSql = zLeftover;
        while( IsSpace(zSql[0]) ) zSql++;
        continue;
      }
      zStmtSql = sqlite3_sql(pStmt);
      if( zStmtSql==0 ) zStmtSql = "";
      while( IsSpace(zStmtSql[0]) ) zStmtSql++;

      /* save off the prepared statment handle and reset row count */
      if( pArg ){
        pArg->pStmt = pStmt;
        pArg->cnt = 0;
      }

      /* echo the sql statement if echo on */
      if( pArg && ShellHasFlag(pArg, SHFLG_Echo) ){
        utf8_printf(pArg->out, "%s\n", zStmtSql ? zStmtSql : zSql);
      }

      /* Show the EXPLAIN QUERY PLAN if .eqp is on */
      if( pArg && pArg->autoEQP && sqlite3_stmt_isexplain(pStmt)==0 ){
        sqlite3_stmt *pExplain;
        char *zEQP;
        int triggerEQP = 0;
        disable_debug_trace_modes();
        sqlite3_db_config(db, SQLITE_DBCONFIG_TRIGGER_EQP, -1, &triggerEQP);
        if( pArg->autoEQP>=AUTOEQP_trigger ){
          sqlite3_db_config(db, SQLITE_DBCONFIG_TRIGGER_EQP, 1, 0);
        }
        zEQP = sqlite3_mprintf("EXPLAIN QUERY PLAN %s", zStmtSql);
        shell_check_oom(zEQP);
        rc = sqlite3_prepare_v2(db, zEQP, -1, &pExplain, 0);
        if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
          while( sqlite3_step(pExplain)==SQLITE_ROW ){
            const char *zEQPLine = (const char*)sqlite3_column_text(pExplain,3);
            int iEqpId = sqlite3_column_int(pExplain, 0);
            int iParentId = sqlite3_column_int(pExplain, 1);
            if( zEQPLine==0 ) zEQPLine = "";
            if( zEQPLine[0]=='-' ) eqp_render(pArg);
            eqp_append(pArg, iEqpId, iParentId, zEQPLine);
          }
          eqp_render(pArg);
        }
        sqlite3_finalize(pExplain);
        sqlite3_free(zEQP);
        if( pArg->autoEQP>=AUTOEQP_full ){
          /* Also do an EXPLAIN for ".eqp full" mode */
          zEQP = sqlite3_mprintf("EXPLAIN %s", zStmtSql);
          shell_check_oom(zEQP);
          rc = sqlite3_prepare_v2(db, zEQP, -1, &pExplain, 0);
          if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
            pArg->cMode = MODE_Explain;
            explain_data_prepare(pArg, pExplain);
            exec_prepared_stmt(pArg, pExplain);
            explain_data_delete(pArg);
          }
          sqlite3_finalize(pExplain);
          sqlite3_free(zEQP);
        }
        if( pArg->autoEQP>=AUTOEQP_trigger && triggerEQP==0 ){
          sqlite3_db_config(db, SQLITE_DBCONFIG_TRIGGER_EQP, 0, 0);
          /* Reprepare pStmt before reactiving trace modes */
          sqlite3_finalize(pStmt);
          sqlite3_prepare_v2(db, zSql, -1, &pStmt, 0);
          if( pArg ) pArg->pStmt = pStmt;
        }
        restore_debug_trace_modes();
      }

      if( pArg ){
        pArg->cMode = pArg->mode;
        if( pArg->autoExplain ){
          if( sqlite3_stmt_isexplain(pStmt)==1 ){
            pArg->cMode = MODE_Explain;
          }
          if( sqlite3_stmt_isexplain(pStmt)==2 ){
            pArg->cMode = MODE_EQP;
          }
        }

        /* If the shell is currently in ".explain" mode, gather the extra
        ** data required to add indents to the output.*/
        if( pArg->cMode==MODE_Explain ){
          explain_data_prepare(pArg, pStmt);
        }
      }

      bind_prepared_stmt(pArg, pStmt);
      exec_prepared_stmt(pArg, pStmt);
      explain_data_delete(pArg);
      eqp_render(pArg);

      /* print usage stats if stats on */
      if( pArg && pArg->statsOn ){
        display_stats(db, pArg, 0);
      }

      /* print loop-counters if required */
      if( pArg && pArg->scanstatsOn ){
        display_scanstats(db, pArg);
      }

      /* Finalize the statement just executed. If this fails, save a
      ** copy of the error message. Otherwise, set zSql to point to the
      ** next statement to execute. */
      rc2 = sqlite3_finalize(pStmt);
      if( rc!=SQLITE_NOMEM ) rc = rc2;
      if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
        zSql = zLeftover;
        while( IsSpace(zSql[0]) ) zSql++;
      }else if( pzErrMsg ){
        *pzErrMsg = save_err_msg(db, "stepping, %s (%d)", rc, 0);
      }

      /* clear saved stmt handle */
      if( pArg ){
        pArg->pStmt = NULL;
      }
    }
  } /* end while */

  return rc;
}

/*
** Release memory previously allocated by tableColumnList().
*/
static void freeColumnList(char **azCol){
  int i;
  for(i=1; azCol[i]; i++){
    sqlite3_free(azCol[i]);
  }
  /* azCol[0] is a static string */
  sqlite3_free(azCol);
}

/*
** Return a list of pointers to strings which are the names of all
** columns in table zTab.   The memory to hold the names is dynamically
** allocated and must be released by the caller using a subsequent call
** to freeColumnList().
**
** The azCol[0] entry is usually NULL.  However, if zTab contains a rowid
** value that needs to be preserved, then azCol[0] is filled in with the
** name of the rowid column.
**
** The first regular column in the table is azCol[1].  The list is terminated
** by an entry with azCol[i]==0.
*/
static char **tableColumnList(ShellState *p, const char *zTab){
  char **azCol = 0;
  sqlite3_stmt *pStmt;
  char *zSql;
  int nCol = 0;
  int nAlloc = 0;
  int nPK = 0;       /* Number of PRIMARY KEY columns seen */
  int isIPK = 0;     /* True if one PRIMARY KEY column of type INTEGER */
  int preserveRowid = ShellHasFlag(p, SHFLG_PreserveRowid);
  int rc;

  zSql = sqlite3_mprintf("PRAGMA table_info=%Q", zTab);
  shell_check_oom(zSql);
  rc = sqlite3_prepare_v2(p->db, zSql, -1, &pStmt, 0);
  sqlite3_free(zSql);
  if( rc ) return 0;
  while( sqlite3_step(pStmt)==SQLITE_ROW ){
    if( nCol>=nAlloc-2 ){
      nAlloc = nAlloc*2 + nCol + 10;
      azCol = sqlite3_realloc(azCol, nAlloc*sizeof(azCol[0]));
      shell_check_oom(azCol);
    }
    azCol[++nCol] = sqlite3_mprintf("%s", sqlite3_column_text(pStmt, 1));
    shell_check_oom(azCol[nCol]);
    if( sqlite3_column_int(pStmt, 5) ){
      nPK++;
      if( nPK==1
       && sqlite3_stricmp((const char*)sqlite3_column_text(pStmt,2),
                          "INTEGER")==0
      ){
        isIPK = 1;
      }else{
        isIPK = 0;
      }
    }
  }
  sqlite3_finalize(pStmt);
  if( azCol==0 ) return 0;
  azCol[0] = 0;
  azCol[nCol+1] = 0;

  /* The decision of whether or not a rowid really needs to be preserved
  ** is tricky.  We never need to preserve a rowid for a WITHOUT ROWID table
  ** or a table with an INTEGER PRIMARY KEY.  We are unable to preserve
  ** rowids on tables where the rowid is inaccessible because there are other
  ** columns in the table named "rowid", "_rowid_", and "oid".
  */
  if( preserveRowid && isIPK ){
    /* If a single PRIMARY KEY column with type INTEGER was seen, then it
    ** might be an alise for the ROWID.  But it might also be a WITHOUT ROWID
    ** table or a INTEGER PRIMARY KEY DESC column, neither of which are
    ** ROWID aliases.  To distinguish these cases, check to see if
    ** there is a "pk" entry in "PRAGMA index_list".  There will be
    ** no "pk" index if the PRIMARY KEY really is an alias for the ROWID.
    */
    zSql = sqlite3_mprintf("SELECT 1 FROM pragma_index_list(%Q)"
                           " WHERE origin='pk'", zTab);
    shell_check_oom(zSql);
    rc = sqlite3_prepare_v2(p->db, zSql, -1, &pStmt, 0);
    sqlite3_free(zSql);
    if( rc ){
      freeColumnList(azCol);
      return 0;
    }
    rc = sqlite3_step(pStmt);
    sqlite3_finalize(pStmt);
    preserveRowid = rc==SQLITE_ROW;
  }
  if( preserveRowid ){
    /* Only preserve the rowid if we can find a name to use for the
    ** rowid */
    static char *azRowid[] = { "rowid", "_rowid_", "oid" };
    int i, j;
    for(j=0; j<3; j++){
      for(i=1; i<=nCol; i++){
        if( sqlite3_stricmp(azRowid[j],azCol[i])==0 ) break;
      }
      if( i>nCol ){
        /* At this point, we know that azRowid[j] is not the name of any
        ** ordinary column in the table.  Verify that azRowid[j] is a valid
        ** name for the rowid before adding it to azCol[0].  WITHOUT ROWID
        ** tables will fail this last check */
        rc = sqlite3_table_column_metadata(p->db,0,zTab,azRowid[j],0,0,0,0,0);
        if( rc==SQLITE_OK ) azCol[0] = azRowid[j];
        break;
      }
    }
  }
  return azCol;
}

/*
** Toggle the reverse_unordered_selects setting.
*/
static void toggleSelectOrder(sqlite3 *db){
  sqlite3_stmt *pStmt = 0;
  int iSetting = 0;
  char zStmt[100];
  sqlite3_prepare_v2(db, "PRAGMA reverse_unordered_selects", -1, &pStmt, 0);
  if( sqlite3_step(pStmt)==SQLITE_ROW ){
    iSetting = sqlite3_column_int(pStmt, 0);
  }
  sqlite3_finalize(pStmt);
  sqlite3_snprintf(sizeof(zStmt), zStmt,
       "PRAGMA reverse_unordered_selects(%d)", !iSetting);
  sqlite3_exec(db, zStmt, 0, 0, 0);
}

/*
** This is a different callback routine used for dumping the database.
** Each row received by this callback consists of a table name,
** the table type ("index" or "table") and SQL to create the table.
** This routine should print text sufficient to recreate the table.
*/
static int dump_callback(void *pArg, int nArg, char **azArg, char **azNotUsed){
  int rc;
  const char *zTable;
  const char *zType;
  const char *zSql;
  ShellState *p = (ShellState *)pArg;
  int dataOnly;
  int noSys;

  UNUSED_PARAMETER(azNotUsed);
  if( nArg!=3 || azArg==0 ) return 0;
  zTable = azArg[0];
  zType = azArg[1];
  zSql = azArg[2];
  dataOnly = (p->shellFlgs & SHFLG_DumpDataOnly)!=0;
  noSys    = (p->shellFlgs & SHFLG_DumpNoSys)!=0;

  if( strcmp(zTable, "sqlite_sequence")==0 && !noSys ){
    if( !dataOnly ) raw_printf(p->out, "DELETE FROM sqlite_sequence;\n");
  }else if( sqlite3_strglob("sqlite_stat?", zTable)==0 && !noSys ){
    if( !dataOnly ) raw_printf(p->out, "ANALYZE sqlite_schema;\n");
  }else if( strncmp(zTable, "sqlite_", 7)==0 ){
    return 0;
  }else if( dataOnly ){
    /* no-op */
  }else if( strncmp(zSql, "CREATE VIRTUAL TABLE", 20)==0 ){
    char *zIns;
    if( !p->writableSchema ){
      raw_printf(p->out, "PRAGMA writable_schema=ON;\n");
      p->writableSchema = 1;
    }
    zIns = sqlite3_mprintf(
       "INSERT INTO sqlite_schema(type,name,tbl_name,rootpage,sql)"
       "VALUES('table','%q','%q',0,'%q');",
       zTable, zTable, zSql);
    shell_check_oom(zIns);
    utf8_printf(p->out, "%s\n", zIns);
    sqlite3_free(zIns);
    return 0;
  }else{
    printSchemaLine(p->out, zSql, ";\n");
  }

  if( strcmp(zType, "table")==0 ){
    ShellText sSelect;
    ShellText sTable;
    char **azCol;
    int i;
    char *savedDestTable;
    int savedMode;

    azCol = tableColumnList(p, zTable);
    if( azCol==0 ){
      p->nErr++;
      return 0;
    }

    /* Always quote the table name, even if it appears to be pure ascii,
    ** in case it is a keyword. Ex:  INSERT INTO "table" ... */
    initText(&sTable);
    appendText(&sTable, zTable, quoteChar(zTable));
    /* If preserving the rowid, add a column list after the table name.
    ** In other words:  "INSERT INTO tab(rowid,a,b,c,...) VALUES(...)"
    ** instead of the usual "INSERT INTO tab VALUES(...)".
    */
    if( azCol[0] ){
      appendText(&sTable, "(", 0);
      appendText(&sTable, azCol[0], 0);
      for(i=1; azCol[i]; i++){
        appendText(&sTable, ",", 0);
        appendText(&sTable, azCol[i], quoteChar(azCol[i]));
      }
      appendText(&sTable, ")", 0);
    }

    /* Build an appropriate SELECT statement */
    initText(&sSelect);
    appendText(&sSelect, "SELECT ", 0);
    if( azCol[0] ){
      appendText(&sSelect, azCol[0], 0);
      appendText(&sSelect, ",", 0);
    }
    for(i=1; azCol[i]; i++){
      appendText(&sSelect, azCol[i], quoteChar(azCol[i]));
      if( azCol[i+1] ){
        appendText(&sSelect, ",", 0);
      }
    }
    freeColumnList(azCol);
    appendText(&sSelect, " FROM ", 0);
    appendText(&sSelect, zTable, quoteChar(zTable));

    savedDestTable = p->zDestTable;
    savedMode = p->mode;
    p->zDestTable = sTable.z;
    p->mode = p->cMode = MODE_Insert;
    rc = shell_exec(p, sSelect.z, 0);
    if( (rc&0xff)==SQLITE_CORRUPT ){
      raw_printf(p->out, "/****** CORRUPTION ERROR *******/\n");
      toggleSelectOrder(p->db);
      shell_exec(p, sSelect.z, 0);
      toggleSelectOrder(p->db);
    }
    p->zDestTable = savedDestTable;
    p->mode = savedMode;
    freeText(&sTable);
    freeText(&sSelect);
    if( rc ) p->nErr++;
  }
  return 0;
}

/*
** Run zQuery.  Use dump_callback() as the callback routine so that
** the contents of the query are output as SQL statements.
**
** If we get a SQLITE_CORRUPT error, rerun the query after appending
** "ORDER BY rowid DESC" to the end.
*/
static int run_schema_dump_query(
  ShellState *p,
  const char *zQuery
){
  int rc;
  char *zErr = 0;
  rc = sqlite3_exec(p->db, zQuery, dump_callback, p, &zErr);
  if( rc==SQLITE_CORRUPT ){
    char *zQ2;
    int len = strlen30(zQuery);
    raw_printf(p->out, "/****** CORRUPTION ERROR *******/\n");
    if( zErr ){
      utf8_printf(p->out, "/****** %s ******/\n", zErr);
      sqlite3_free(zErr);
      zErr = 0;
    }
    zQ2 = malloc( len+100 );
    if( zQ2==0 ) return rc;
    sqlite3_snprintf(len+100, zQ2, "%s ORDER BY rowid DESC", zQuery);
    rc = sqlite3_exec(p->db, zQ2, dump_callback, p, &zErr);
    if( rc ){
      utf8_printf(p->out, "/****** ERROR: %s ******/\n", zErr);
    }else{
      rc = SQLITE_CORRUPT;
    }
    sqlite3_free(zErr);
    free(zQ2);
  }
  return rc;
}

/*
** Text of help messages.
**
** The help text for each individual command begins with a line that starts
** with ".".  Subsequent lines are supplimental information.
**
** There must be two or more spaces between the end of the command and the
** start of the description of what that command does.
*/
static const char *(azHelp[]) = {
#if defined(SQLITE_HAVE_ZLIB) && !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_VIRTUALTABLE)
  ".archive ...             Manage SQL archives",
  "   Each command must have exactly one of the following options:",
  "     -c, --create               Create a new archive",
  "     -u, --update               Add or update files with changed mtime",
  "     -i, --insert               Like -u but always add even if unchanged",
  "     -r, --remove               Remove files from archive",
  "     -t, --list                 List contents of archive",
  "     -x, --extract              Extract files from archive",
  "   Optional arguments:",
  "     -v, --verbose              Print each filename as it is processed",
  "     -f FILE, --file FILE       Use archive FILE (default is current db)",
  "     -a FILE, --append FILE     Open FILE using the apndvfs VFS",
  "     -C DIR, --directory DIR    Read/extract files from directory DIR",
  "     -g, --glob                 Use glob matching for names in archive",
  "     -n, --dryrun               Show the SQL that would have occurred",
  "   Examples:",
  "     .ar -cf ARCHIVE foo bar  # Create ARCHIVE from files foo and bar",
  "     .ar -tf ARCHIVE          # List members of ARCHIVE",
  "     .ar -xvf ARCHIVE         # Verbosely extract files from ARCHIVE",
  "   See also:",
  "      http://sqlite.org/cli.html#sqlite_archive_support",
#endif
#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_AUTHORIZATION
  ".auth ON|OFF             Show authorizer callbacks",
#endif
  ".backup ?DB? FILE        Backup DB (default \"main\") to FILE",
  "       --append            Use the appendvfs",
  "       --async             Write to FILE without journal and fsync()",
  ".bail on|off             Stop after hitting an error.  Default OFF",
  ".binary on|off           Turn binary output on or off.  Default OFF",
  ".cd DIRECTORY            Change the working directory to DIRECTORY",
  ".changes on|off          Show number of rows changed by SQL",
  ".check GLOB              Fail if output since .testcase does not match",
  ".clone NEWDB             Clone data into NEWDB from the existing database",
  ".connection [close] [#]  Open or close an auxiliary database connection",
  ".databases               List names and files of attached databases",
  ".dbconfig ?op? ?val?     List or change sqlite3_db_config() options",
  ".dbinfo ?DB?             Show status information about the database",
  ".dump ?OBJECTS?          Render database content as SQL",
  "   Options:",
  "     --data-only            Output only INSERT statements",
  "     --newlines             Allow unescaped newline characters in output",
  "     --nosys                Omit system tables (ex: \"sqlite_stat1\")",
  "     --preserve-rowids      Include ROWID values in the output",
  "   OBJECTS is a LIKE pattern for tables, indexes, triggers or views to dump",
  "   Additional LIKE patterns can be given in subsequent arguments",
  ".echo on|off             Turn command echo on or off",
  ".eqp on|off|full|...     Enable or disable automatic EXPLAIN QUERY PLAN",
  "   Other Modes:",
#ifdef SQLITE_DEBUG
  "      test                  Show raw EXPLAIN QUERY PLAN output",
  "      trace                 Like \"full\" but enable \"PRAGMA vdbe_trace\"",
#endif
  "      trigger               Like \"full\" but also show trigger bytecode",
  ".excel                   Display the output of next command in spreadsheet",
  "   --bom                   Put a UTF8 byte-order mark on intermediate file",
  ".exit ?CODE?             Exit this program with return-code CODE",
  ".expert                  EXPERIMENTAL. Suggest indexes for queries",
  ".explain ?on|off|auto?   Change the EXPLAIN formatting mode.  Default: auto",
  ".filectrl CMD ...        Run various sqlite3_file_control() operations",
  "   --schema SCHEMA         Use SCHEMA instead of \"main\"",
  "   --help                  Show CMD details",
  ".fullschema ?--indent?   Show schema and the content of sqlite_stat tables",
  ".headers on|off          Turn display of headers on or off",
  ".help ?-all? ?PATTERN?   Show help text for PATTERN",
  ".import FILE TABLE       Import data from FILE into TABLE",
  "   Options:",
  "     --ascii               Use \\037 and \\036 as column and row separators",
  "     --csv                 Use , and \\n as column and row separators",
  "     --skip N              Skip the first N rows of input",
  "     -v                    \"Verbose\" - increase auxiliary output",
  "   Notes:",
  "     *  If TABLE does not exist, it is created.  The first row of input",
  "        determines the column names.",
  "     *  If neither --csv or --ascii are used, the input mode is derived",
  "        from the \".mode\" output mode",
  "     *  If FILE begins with \"|\" then it is a command that generates the",
  "        input text.",
#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_TEST_CONTROL
  ".imposter INDEX TABLE    Create imposter table TABLE on index INDEX",
#endif
  ".indexes ?TABLE?         Show names of indexes",
  "                           If TABLE is specified, only show indexes for",
  "                           tables matching TABLE using the LIKE operator.",
#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_IOTRACE
  ".iotrace FILE            Enable I/O diagnostic logging to FILE",
#endif
  ".limit ?LIMIT? ?VAL?     Display or change the value of an SQLITE_LIMIT",
  ".lint OPTIONS            Report potential schema issues.",
  "     Options:",
  "        fkey-indexes     Find missing foreign key indexes",
#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_LOAD_EXTENSION
  ".load FILE ?ENTRY?       Load an extension library",
#endif
  ".log FILE|off            Turn logging on or off.  FILE can be stderr/stdout",
  ".mode MODE ?TABLE?       Set output mode",
  "   MODE is one of:",
  "     ascii     Columns/rows delimited by 0x1F and 0x1E",
  "     box       Tables using unicode box-drawing characters",
  "     csv       Comma-separated values",
  "     column    Output in columns.  (See .width)",
  "     html      HTML <table> code",
  "     insert    SQL insert statements for TABLE",
  "     json      Results in a JSON array",
  "     line      One value per line",
  "     list      Values delimited by \"|\"",
  "     markdown  Markdown table format",
  "     quote     Escape answers as for SQL",
  "     table     ASCII-art table",
  "     tabs      Tab-separated values",
  "     tcl       TCL list elements",
  ".nonce STRING            Disable safe mode for one command if the nonce matches",
  ".nullvalue STRING        Use STRING in place of NULL values",
  ".once ?OPTIONS? ?FILE?   Output for the next SQL command only to FILE",
  "     If FILE begins with '|' then open as a pipe",
  "       --bom  Put a UTF8 byte-order mark at the beginning",
  "       -e     Send output to the system text editor",
  "       -x     Send output as CSV to a spreadsheet (same as \".excel\")",
  ".open ?OPTIONS? ?FILE?   Close existing database and reopen FILE",
  "     Options:",
  "        --append        Use appendvfs to append database to the end of FILE",
#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_DESERIALIZE
  "        --deserialize   Load into memory using sqlite3_deserialize()",
  "        --hexdb         Load the output of \"dbtotxt\" as an in-memory db",
  "        --maxsize N     Maximum size for --hexdb or --deserialized database",
#endif
  "        --new           Initialize FILE to an empty database",
  "        --nofollow      Do not follow symbolic links",
  "        --readonly      Open FILE readonly",
  "        --zip           FILE is a ZIP archive",
  ".output ?FILE?           Send output to FILE or stdout if FILE is omitted",
  "   If FILE begins with '|' then open it as a pipe.",
  "   Options:",
  "     --bom                 Prefix output with a UTF8 byte-order mark",
  "     -e                    Send output to the system text editor",
  "     -x                    Send output as CSV to a spreadsheet",
  ".parameter CMD ...       Manage SQL parameter bindings",
  "   clear                   Erase all bindings",
  "   init                    Initialize the TEMP table that holds bindings",
  "   list                    List the current parameter bindings",
  "   set PARAMETER VALUE     Given SQL parameter PARAMETER a value of VALUE",
  "                           PARAMETER should start with one of: $ : @ ?",
  "   unset PARAMETER         Remove PARAMETER from the binding table",
  ".print STRING...         Print literal STRING",
#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_PROGRESS_CALLBACK
  ".progress N              Invoke progress handler after every N opcodes",
  "   --limit N                 Interrupt after N progress callbacks",
  "   --once                    Do no more than one progress interrupt",
  "   --quiet|-q                No output except at interrupts",
  "   --reset                   Reset the count for each input and interrupt",
#endif
  ".prompt MAIN CONTINUE    Replace the standard prompts",
  ".quit                    Exit this program",
  ".read FILE               Read input from FILE or command output",
  "    If FILE begins with \"|\", it is a command that generates the input.",
#if !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_VIRTUALTABLE) && defined(SQLITE_ENABLE_DBPAGE_VTAB)
  ".recover                 Recover as much data as possible from corrupt db.",
  "   --freelist-corrupt       Assume the freelist is corrupt",
  "   --recovery-db NAME       Store recovery metadata in database file NAME",
  "   --lost-and-found TABLE   Alternative name for the lost-and-found table",
  "   --no-rowids              Do not attempt to recover rowid values",
  "                            that are not also INTEGER PRIMARY KEYs",
#endif
  ".restore ?DB? FILE       Restore content of DB (default \"main\") from FILE",
  ".save FILE               Write in-memory database into FILE",
  ".scanstats on|off        Turn sqlite3_stmt_scanstatus() metrics on or off",
  ".schema ?PATTERN?        Show the CREATE statements matching PATTERN",
  "   Options:",
  "      --indent             Try to pretty-print the schema",
  "      --nosys              Omit objects whose names start with \"sqlite_\"",
  ".selftest ?OPTIONS?      Run tests defined in the SELFTEST table",
  "    Options:",
  "       --init               Create a new SELFTEST table",
  "       -v                   Verbose output",
  ".separator COL ?ROW?     Change the column and row separators",
#if defined(SQLITE_ENABLE_SESSION)
  ".session ?NAME? CMD ...  Create or control sessions",
  "   Subcommands:",
  "     attach TABLE             Attach TABLE",
  "     changeset FILE           Write a changeset into FILE",
  "     close                    Close one session",
  "     enable ?BOOLEAN?         Set or query the enable bit",
  "     filter GLOB...           Reject tables matching GLOBs",
  "     indirect ?BOOLEAN?       Mark or query the indirect status",
  "     isempty                  Query whether the session is empty",
  "     list                     List currently open session names",
  "     open DB NAME             Open a new session on DB",
  "     patchset FILE            Write a patchset into FILE",
  "   If ?NAME? is omitted, the first defined session is used.",
#endif
  ".sha3sum ...             Compute a SHA3 hash of database content",
  "    Options:",
  "      --schema              Also hash the sqlite_schema table",
  "      --sha3-224            Use the sha3-224 algorithm",
  "      --sha3-256            Use the sha3-256 algorithm (default)",
  "      --sha3-384            Use the sha3-384 algorithm",
  "      --sha3-512            Use the sha3-512 algorithm",
  "    Any other argument is a LIKE pattern for tables to hash",
#ifndef SQLITE_NOHAVE_SYSTEM
  ".shell CMD ARGS...       Run CMD ARGS... in a system shell",
#endif
  ".show                    Show the current values for various settings",
  ".stats ?ARG?             Show stats or turn stats on or off",
  "   off                      Turn off automatic stat display",
  "   on                       Turn on automatic stat display",
  "   stmt                     Show statement stats",
  "   vmstep                   Show the virtual machine step count only",
#ifndef SQLITE_NOHAVE_SYSTEM
  ".system CMD ARGS...      Run CMD ARGS... in a system shell",
#endif
  ".tables ?TABLE?          List names of tables matching LIKE pattern TABLE",
  ".testcase NAME           Begin redirecting output to 'testcase-out.txt'",
  ".testctrl CMD ...        Run various sqlite3_test_control() operations",
  "                           Run \".testctrl\" with no arguments for details",
  ".timeout MS              Try opening locked tables for MS milliseconds",
  ".timer on|off            Turn SQL timer on or off",
#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_TRACE
  ".trace ?OPTIONS?         Output each SQL statement as it is run",
  "    FILE                    Send output to FILE",
  "    stdout                  Send output to stdout",
  "    stderr                  Send output to stderr",
  "    off                     Disable tracing",
  "    --expanded              Expand query parameters",
#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_NORMALIZE
  "    --normalized            Normal the SQL statements",
#endif
  "    --plain                 Show SQL as it is input",
  "    --stmt                  Trace statement execution (SQLITE_TRACE_STMT)",
  "    --profile               Profile statements (SQLITE_TRACE_PROFILE)",
  "    --row                   Trace each row (SQLITE_TRACE_ROW)",
  "    --close                 Trace connection close (SQLITE_TRACE_CLOSE)",
#endif /* SQLITE_OMIT_TRACE */
#ifdef SQLITE_DEBUG
  ".unmodule NAME ...       Unregister virtual table modules",
  "    --allexcept             Unregister everything except those named",
#endif
  ".vfsinfo ?AUX?           Information about the top-level VFS",
  ".vfslist                 List all available VFSes",
  ".vfsname ?AUX?           Print the name of the VFS stack",
  ".width NUM1 NUM2 ...     Set minimum column widths for columnar output",
  "     Negative values right-justify",
};

/*
** Output help text.
**
** zPattern describes the set of commands for which help text is provided.
** If zPattern is NULL, then show all commands, but only give a one-line
** description of each.
**
** Return the number of matches.
*/
static int showHelp(FILE *out, const char *zPattern){
  int i = 0;
  int j = 0;
  int n = 0;
  char *zPat;
  if( zPattern==0
   || zPattern[0]=='0'
   || strcmp(zPattern,"-a")==0
   || strcmp(zPattern,"-all")==0
   || strcmp(zPattern,"--all")==0
  ){
    /* Show all commands, but only one line per command */
    if( zPattern==0 ) zPattern = "";
    for(i=0; i<ArraySize(azHelp); i++){
      if( azHelp[i][0]=='.' || zPattern[0] ){
        utf8_printf(out, "%s\n", azHelp[i]);
        n++;
      }
    }
  }else{
    /* Look for commands that for which zPattern is an exact prefix */
    zPat = sqlite3_mprintf(".%s*", zPattern);
    shell_check_oom(zPat);
    for(i=0; i<ArraySize(azHelp); i++){
      if( sqlite3_strglob(zPat, azHelp[i])==0 ){
        utf8_printf(out, "%s\n", azHelp[i]);
        j = i+1;
        n++;
      }
    }
    sqlite3_free(zPat);
    if( n ){
      if( n==1 ){
        /* when zPattern is a prefix of exactly one command, then include the
        ** details of that command, which should begin at offset j */
        while( j<ArraySize(azHelp)-1 && azHelp[j][0]!='.' ){
          utf8_printf(out, "%s\n", azHelp[j]);
          j++;
        }
      }
      return n;
    }
    /* Look for commands that contain zPattern anywhere.  Show the complete
    ** text of all commands that match. */
    zPat = sqlite3_mprintf("%%%s%%", zPattern);
    shell_check_oom(zPat);
    for(i=0; i<ArraySize(azHelp); i++){
      if( azHelp[i][0]=='.' ) j = i;
      if( sqlite3_strlike(zPat, azHelp[i], 0)==0 ){
        utf8_printf(out, "%s\n", azHelp[j]);
        while( j<ArraySize(azHelp)-1 && azHelp[j+1][0]!='.' ){
          j++;
          utf8_printf(out, "%s\n", azHelp[j]);
        }
        i = j;
        n++;
      }
    }
    sqlite3_free(zPat);
  }
  return n;
}

/* Forward reference */
static int process_input(ShellState *p);

/*
** Read the content of file zName into memory obtained from sqlite3_malloc64()
** and return a pointer to the buffer. The caller is responsible for freeing
** the memory.
**
** If parameter pnByte is not NULL, (*pnByte) is set to the number of bytes
** read.
**
** For convenience, a nul-terminator byte is always appended to the data read
** from the file before the buffer is returned. This byte is not included in
** the final value of (*pnByte), if applicable.
**
** NULL is returned if any error is encountered. The final value of *pnByte
** is undefined in this case.
*/
static char *readFile(const char *zName, int *pnByte){
  FILE *in = fopen(zName, "rb");
  long nIn;
  size_t nRead;
  char *pBuf;
  if( in==0 ) return 0;
  fseek(in, 0, SEEK_END);
  nIn = ftell(in);
  rewind(in);
  pBuf = sqlite3_malloc64( nIn+1 );
  if( pBuf==0 ){ fclose(in); return 0; }
  nRead = fread(pBuf, nIn, 1, in);
  fclose(in);
  if( nRead!=1 ){
    sqlite3_free(pBuf);
    return 0;
  }
  pBuf[nIn] = 0;
  if( pnByte ) *pnByte = nIn;
  return pBuf;
}

#if defined(SQLITE_ENABLE_SESSION)
/*
** Close a single OpenSession object and release all of its associated
** resources.
*/
static void session_close(OpenSession *pSession){
  int i;
  sqlite3session_delete(pSession->p);
  sqlite3_free(pSession->zName);
  for(i=0; i<pSession->nFilter; i++){
    sqlite3_free(pSession->azFilter[i]);
  }
  sqlite3_free(pSession->azFilter);
  memset(pSession, 0, sizeof(OpenSession));
}
#endif

/*
** Close all OpenSession objects and release all associated resources.
*/
#if defined(SQLITE_ENABLE_SESSION)
static void session_close_all(ShellState *p, int i){
  int j;
  struct AuxDb *pAuxDb = i<0 ? p->pAuxDb : &p->aAuxDb[i];
  for(j=0; j<pAuxDb->nSession; j++){
    session_close(&pAuxDb->aSession[j]);
  }
  pAuxDb->nSession = 0;
}
#else
# define session_close_all(X,Y)
#endif

/*
** Implementation of the xFilter function for an open session.  Omit
** any tables named by ".session filter" but let all other table through.
*/
#if defined(SQLITE_ENABLE_SESSION)
static int session_filter(void *pCtx, const char *zTab){
  OpenSession *pSession = (OpenSession*)pCtx;
  int i;
  for(i=0; i<pSession->nFilter; i++){
    if( sqlite3_strglob(pSession->azFilter[i], zTab)==0 ) return 0;
  }
  return 1;
}
#endif

/*
** Try to deduce the type of file for zName based on its content.  Return
** one of the SHELL_OPEN_* constants.
**
** If the file does not exist or is empty but its name looks like a ZIP
** archive and the dfltZip flag is true, then assume it is a ZIP archive.
** Otherwise, assume an ordinary database regardless of the filename if
** the type cannot be determined from content.
*/
int deduceDatabaseType(const char *zName, int dfltZip){
  FILE *f = fopen(zName, "rb");
  size_t n;
  int rc = SHELL_OPEN_UNSPEC;
  char zBuf[100];
  if( f==0 ){
    if( dfltZip && sqlite3_strlike("%.zip",zName,0)==0 ){
       return SHELL_OPEN_ZIPFILE;
    }else{
       return SHELL_OPEN_NORMAL;
    }
  }
  n = fread(zBuf, 16, 1, f);
  if( n==1 && memcmp(zBuf, "SQLite format 3", 16)==0 ){
    fclose(f);
    return SHELL_OPEN_NORMAL;
  }
  fseek(f, -25, SEEK_END);
  n = fread(zBuf, 25, 1, f);
  if( n==1 && memcmp(zBuf, "Start-Of-SQLite3-", 17)==0 ){
    rc = SHELL_OPEN_APPENDVFS;
  }else{
    fseek(f, -22, SEEK_END);
    n = fread(zBuf, 22, 1, f);
    if( n==1 && zBuf[0]==0x50 && zBuf[1]==0x4b && zBuf[2]==0x05
       && zBuf[3]==0x06 ){
      rc = SHELL_OPEN_ZIPFILE;
    }else if( n==0 && dfltZip && sqlite3_strlike("%.zip",zName,0)==0 ){
      rc = SHELL_OPEN_ZIPFILE;
    }
  }
  fclose(f);
  return rc;
}

#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_DESERIALIZE
/*
** Reconstruct an in-memory database using the output from the "dbtotxt"
** program.  Read content from the file in p->aAuxDb[].zDbFilename.
** If p->aAuxDb[].zDbFilename is 0, then read from standard input.
*/
static unsigned char *readHexDb(ShellState *p, int *pnData){
  unsigned char *a = 0;
  int nLine;
  int n = 0;
  int pgsz = 0;
  int iOffset = 0;
  int j, k;
  int rc;
  FILE *in;
  const char *zDbFilename = p->pAuxDb->zDbFilename;
  unsigned int x[16];
  char zLine[1000];
  if( zDbFilename ){
    in = fopen(zDbFilename, "r");
    if( in==0 ){
      utf8_printf(stderr, "cannot open \"%s\" for reading\n", zDbFilename);
      return 0;
    }
    nLine = 0;
  }else{
    in = p->in;
    nLine = p->lineno;
    if( in==0 ) in = stdin;
  }
  *pnData = 0;
  nLine++;
  if( fgets(zLine, sizeof(zLine), in)==0 ) goto readHexDb_error;
  rc = sscanf(zLine, "| size %d pagesize %d", &n, &pgsz);
  if( rc!=2 ) goto readHexDb_error;
  if( n<0 ) goto readHexDb_error;
  if( pgsz<512 || pgsz>65536 || (pgsz&(pgsz-1))!=0 ) goto readHexDb_error;
  n = (n+pgsz-1)&~(pgsz-1);  /* Round n up to the next multiple of pgsz */
  a = sqlite3_malloc( n ? n : 1 );
  shell_check_oom(a);
  memset(a, 0, n);
  if( pgsz<512 || pgsz>65536 || (pgsz & (pgsz-1))!=0 ){
    utf8_printf(stderr, "invalid pagesize\n");
    goto readHexDb_error;
  }
  for(nLine++; fgets(zLine, sizeof(zLine), in)!=0; nLine++){
    rc = sscanf(zLine, "| page %d offset %d", &j, &k);
    if( rc==2 ){
      iOffset = k;
      continue;
    }
    if( strncmp(zLine, "| end ", 6)==0 ){
      break;
    }
    rc = sscanf(zLine,"| %d: %x %x %x %x %x %x %x %x %x %x %x %x %x %x %x %x",
                &j, &x[0], &x[1], &x[2], &x[3], &x[4], &x[5], &x[6], &x[7],
                &x[8], &x[9], &x[10], &x[11], &x[12], &x[13], &x[14], &x[15]);
    if( rc==17 ){
      k = iOffset+j;
      if( k+16<=n && k>=0 ){
        int ii;
        for(ii=0; ii<16; ii++) a[k+ii] = x[ii]&0xff;
      }
    }
  }
  *pnData = n;
  if( in!=p->in ){
    fclose(in);
  }else{
    p->lineno = nLine;
  }
  return a;

readHexDb_error:
  if( in!=p->in ){
    fclose(in);
  }else{
    while( fgets(zLine, sizeof(zLine), p->in)!=0 ){
      nLine++;
      if(strncmp(zLine, "| end ", 6)==0 ) break;
    }
    p->lineno = nLine;
  }
  sqlite3_free(a);
  utf8_printf(stderr,"Error on line %d of --hexdb input\n", nLine);
  return 0;
}
#endif /* SQLITE_OMIT_DESERIALIZE */

/*
** Scalar function "shell_int32". The first argument to this function
** must be a blob. The second a non-negative integer. This function
** reads and returns a 32-bit big-endian integer from byte
** offset (4*<arg2>) of the blob.
*/
static void shellInt32(
  sqlite3_context *context,
  int argc,
  sqlite3_value **argv
){
  const unsigned char *pBlob;
  int nBlob;
  int iInt;

  UNUSED_PARAMETER(argc);
  nBlob = sqlite3_value_bytes(argv[0]);
  pBlob = (const unsigned char*)sqlite3_value_blob(argv[0]);
  iInt = sqlite3_value_int(argv[1]);

  if( iInt>=0 && (iInt+1)*4<=nBlob ){
    const unsigned char *a = &pBlob[iInt*4];
    sqlite3_int64 iVal = ((sqlite3_int64)a[0]<<24)
                       + ((sqlite3_int64)a[1]<<16)
                       + ((sqlite3_int64)a[2]<< 8)
                       + ((sqlite3_int64)a[3]<< 0);
    sqlite3_result_int64(context, iVal);
  }
}

/*
** Scalar function "shell_idquote(X)" returns string X quoted as an identifier,
** using "..." with internal double-quote characters doubled.
*/
static void shellIdQuote(
  sqlite3_context *context,
  int argc,
  sqlite3_value **argv
){
  const char *zName = (const char*)sqlite3_value_text(argv[0]);
  UNUSED_PARAMETER(argc);
  if( zName ){
    char *z = sqlite3_mprintf("\"%w\"", zName);
    sqlite3_result_text(context, z, -1, sqlite3_free);
  }
}

/*
** Scalar function "usleep(X)" invokes sqlite3_sleep(X) and returns X.
*/
static void shellUSleepFunc(
  sqlite3_context *context,
  int argcUnused,
  sqlite3_value **argv
){
  int sleep = sqlite3_value_int(argv[0]);
  (void)argcUnused;
  sqlite3_sleep(sleep/1000);
  sqlite3_result_int(context, sleep);
}

/*
** Scalar function "shell_escape_crnl" used by the .recover command.
** The argument passed to this function is the output of built-in
** function quote(). If the first character of the input is "'",
** indicating that the value passed to quote() was a text value,
** then this function searches the input for "\n" and "\r" characters
** and adds a wrapper similar to the following:
**
**   replace(replace(<input>, '\n', char(10), '\r', char(13));
**
** Or, if the first character of the input is not "'", then a copy
** of the input is returned.
*/
static void shellEscapeCrnl(
  sqlite3_context *context,
  int argc,
  sqlite3_value **argv
){
  const char *zText = (const char*)sqlite3_value_text(argv[0]);
  UNUSED_PARAMETER(argc);
  if( zText && zText[0]=='\'' ){
    int nText = sqlite3_value_bytes(argv[0]);
    int i;
    char zBuf1[20];
    char zBuf2[20];
    const char *zNL = 0;
    const char *zCR = 0;
    int nCR = 0;
    int nNL = 0;

    for(i=0; zText[i]; i++){
      if( zNL==0 && zText[i]=='\n' ){
        zNL = unused_string(zText, "\\n", "\\012", zBuf1);
        nNL = (int)strlen(zNL);
      }
      if( zCR==0 && zText[i]=='\r' ){
        zCR = unused_string(zText, "\\r", "\\015", zBuf2);
        nCR = (int)strlen(zCR);
      }
    }

    if( zNL || zCR ){
      int iOut = 0;
      i64 nMax = (nNL > nCR) ? nNL : nCR;
      i64 nAlloc = nMax * nText + (nMax+64)*2;
      char *zOut = (char*)sqlite3_malloc64(nAlloc);
      if( zOut==0 ){
        sqlite3_result_error_nomem(context);
        return;
      }

      if( zNL && zCR ){
        memcpy(&zOut[iOut], "replace(replace(", 16);
        iOut += 16;
      }else{
        memcpy(&zOut[iOut], "replace(", 8);
        iOut += 8;
      }
      for(i=0; zText[i]; i++){
        if( zText[i]=='\n' ){
          memcpy(&zOut[iOut], zNL, nNL);
          iOut += nNL;
        }else if( zText[i]=='\r' ){
          memcpy(&zOut[iOut], zCR, nCR);
          iOut += nCR;
        }else{
          zOut[iOut] = zText[i];
          iOut++;
        }
      }

      if( zNL ){
        memcpy(&zOut[iOut], ",'", 2); iOut += 2;
        memcpy(&zOut[iOut], zNL, nNL); iOut += nNL;
        memcpy(&zOut[iOut], "', char(10))", 12); iOut += 12;
      }
      if( zCR ){
        memcpy(&zOut[iOut], ",'", 2); iOut += 2;
        memcpy(&zOut[iOut], zCR, nCR); iOut += nCR;
        memcpy(&zOut[iOut], "', char(13))", 12); iOut += 12;
      }

      sqlite3_result_text(context, zOut, iOut, SQLITE_TRANSIENT);
      sqlite3_free(zOut);
      return;
    }
  }

  sqlite3_result_value(context, argv[0]);
}

/* Flags for open_db().
**
** The default behavior of open_db() is to exit(1) if the database fails to
** open.  The OPEN_DB_KEEPALIVE flag changes that so that it prints an error
** but still returns without calling exit.
**
** The OPEN_DB_ZIPFILE flag causes open_db() to prefer to open files as a
** ZIP archive if the file does not exist or is empty and its name matches
** the *.zip pattern.
*/
#define OPEN_DB_KEEPALIVE   0x001   /* Return after error if true */
#define OPEN_DB_ZIPFILE     0x002   /* Open as ZIP if name matches *.zip */

/*
** Make sure the database is open.  If it is not, then open it.  If
** the database fails to open, print an error message and exit.
*/
static void open_db(ShellState *p, int openFlags){
  if( p->db==0 ){
    const char *zDbFilename = p->pAuxDb->zDbFilename;
    if( p->openMode==SHELL_OPEN_UNSPEC ){
      if( zDbFilename==0 || zDbFilename[0]==0 ){
        p->openMode = SHELL_OPEN_NORMAL;
      }else{
        p->openMode = (u8)deduceDatabaseType(zDbFilename,
                             (openFlags & OPEN_DB_ZIPFILE)!=0);
      }
    }
    switch( p->openMode ){
      case SHELL_OPEN_APPENDVFS: {
        sqlite3_open_v2(zDbFilename, &p->db,
           SQLITE_OPEN_READWRITE|SQLITE_OPEN_CREATE|p->openFlags, "apndvfs");
        break;
      }
      case SHELL_OPEN_HEXDB:
      case SHELL_OPEN_DESERIALIZE: {
        sqlite3_open(0, &p->db);
        break;
      }
      case SHELL_OPEN_ZIPFILE: {
        sqlite3_open(":memory:", &p->db);
        break;
      }
      case SHELL_OPEN_READONLY: {
        sqlite3_open_v2(zDbFilename, &p->db,
            SQLITE_OPEN_READONLY|p->openFlags, 0);
        break;
      }
      case SHELL_OPEN_UNSPEC:
      case SHELL_OPEN_NORMAL: {
        sqlite3_open_v2(zDbFilename, &p->db,
           SQLITE_OPEN_READWRITE|SQLITE_OPEN_CREATE|p->openFlags, 0);
        break;
      }
    }
    globalDb = p->db;
    if( p->db==0 || SQLITE_OK!=sqlite3_errcode(p->db) ){
      utf8_printf(stderr,"Error: unable to open database \"%s\": %s\n",
          zDbFilename, sqlite3_errmsg(p->db));
      if( openFlags & OPEN_DB_KEEPALIVE ){
        sqlite3_open(":memory:", &p->db);
        return;
      }
      exit(1);
    }
#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_LOAD_EXTENSION
    sqlite3_enable_load_extension(p->db, 1);
#endif
    sqlite3_fileio_init(p->db, 0, 0);
    sqlite3_shathree_init(p->db, 0, 0);
    sqlite3_completion_init(p->db, 0, 0);
    sqlite3_uint_init(p->db, 0, 0);
    sqlite3_decimal_init(p->db, 0, 0);
    sqlite3_regexp_init(p->db, 0, 0);
    sqlite3_ieee_init(p->db, 0, 0);
    sqlite3_series_init(p->db, 0, 0);
#if !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_VIRTUALTABLE) && defined(SQLITE_ENABLE_DBPAGE_VTAB)
    sqlite3_dbdata_init(p->db, 0, 0);
#endif
#ifdef SQLITE_HAVE_ZLIB
    sqlite3_zipfile_init(p->db, 0, 0);
    sqlite3_sqlar_init(p->db, 0, 0);
#endif
    sqlite3_create_function(p->db, "shell_add_schema", 3, SQLITE_UTF8, 0,
                            shellAddSchemaName, 0, 0);
    sqlite3_create_function(p->db, "shell_module_schema", 1, SQLITE_UTF8, 0,
                            shellModuleSchema, 0, 0);
    sqlite3_create_function(p->db, "shell_putsnl", 1, SQLITE_UTF8, p,
                            shellPutsFunc, 0, 0);
    sqlite3_create_function(p->db, "shell_escape_crnl", 1, SQLITE_UTF8, 0,
                            shellEscapeCrnl, 0, 0);
    sqlite3_create_function(p->db, "shell_int32", 2, SQLITE_UTF8, 0,
                            shellInt32, 0, 0);
    sqlite3_create_function(p->db, "shell_idquote", 1, SQLITE_UTF8, 0,
                            shellIdQuote, 0, 0);
    sqlite3_create_function(p->db, "usleep",1,SQLITE_UTF8,0,
                            shellUSleepFunc, 0, 0);
#ifndef SQLITE_NOHAVE_SYSTEM
    sqlite3_create_function(p->db, "edit", 1, SQLITE_UTF8, 0,
                            editFunc, 0, 0);
    sqlite3_create_function(p->db, "edit", 2, SQLITE_UTF8, 0,
                            editFunc, 0, 0);
#endif
    if( p->openMode==SHELL_OPEN_ZIPFILE ){
      char *zSql = sqlite3_mprintf(
         "CREATE VIRTUAL TABLE zip USING zipfile(%Q);", zDbFilename);
      shell_check_oom(zSql);
      sqlite3_exec(p->db, zSql, 0, 0, 0);
      sqlite3_free(zSql);
    }
#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_DESERIALIZE
    else
    if( p->openMode==SHELL_OPEN_DESERIALIZE || p->openMode==SHELL_OPEN_HEXDB ){
      int rc;
      int nData = 0;
      unsigned char *aData;
      if( p->openMode==SHELL_OPEN_DESERIALIZE ){
        aData = (unsigned char*)readFile(zDbFilename, &nData);
      }else{
        aData = readHexDb(p, &nData);
        if( aData==0 ){
          return;
        }
      }
      rc = sqlite3_deserialize(p->db, "main", aData, nData, nData,
                   SQLITE_DESERIALIZE_RESIZEABLE |
                   SQLITE_DESERIALIZE_FREEONCLOSE);
      if( rc ){
        utf8_printf(stderr, "Error: sqlite3_deserialize() returns %d\n", rc);
      }
      if( p->szMax>0 ){
        sqlite3_file_control(p->db, "main", SQLITE_FCNTL_SIZE_LIMIT, &p->szMax);
      }
    }
#endif
  }
  if( p->bSafeModePersist && p->db!=0 ){
    sqlite3_set_authorizer(p->db, safeModeAuth, p);
  }
}

/*
** Attempt to close the databaes connection.  Report errors.
*/
void close_db(sqlite3 *db){
  int rc = sqlite3_close(db);
  if( rc ){
    utf8_printf(stderr, "Error: sqlite3_close() returns %d: %s\n",
        rc, sqlite3_errmsg(db));
  }
}

#if HAVE_READLINE || HAVE_EDITLINE
/*
** Readline completion callbacks
*/
static char *readline_completion_generator(const char *text, int state){
  static sqlite3_stmt *pStmt = 0;
  char *zRet;
  if( state==0 ){
    char *zSql;
    sqlite3_finalize(pStmt);
    zSql = sqlite3_mprintf("SELECT DISTINCT candidate COLLATE nocase"
                           "  FROM completion(%Q) ORDER BY 1", text);
    shell_check_oom(zSql);
    sqlite3_prepare_v2(globalDb, zSql, -1, &pStmt, 0);
    sqlite3_free(zSql);
  }
  if( sqlite3_step(pStmt)==SQLITE_ROW ){
    const char *z = (const char*)sqlite3_column_text(pStmt,0);
    zRet = z ? strdup(z) : 0;
  }else{
    sqlite3_finalize(pStmt);
    pStmt = 0;
    zRet = 0;
  }
  return zRet;
}
static char **readline_completion(const char *zText, int iStart, int iEnd){
  rl_attempted_completion_over = 1;
  return rl_completion_matches(zText, readline_completion_generator);
}

#elif HAVE_LINENOISE
/*
** Linenoise completion callback
*/
static void linenoise_completion(const char *zLine, linenoiseCompletions *lc){
  int nLine = strlen30(zLine);
  int i, iStart;
  sqlite3_stmt *pStmt = 0;
  char *zSql;
  char zBuf[1000];

  if( nLine>sizeof(zBuf)-30 ) return;
  if( zLine[0]=='.' || zLine[0]=='#') return;
  for(i=nLine-1; i>=0 && (isalnum(zLine[i]) || zLine[i]=='_'); i--){}
  if( i==nLine-1 ) return;
  iStart = i+1;
  memcpy(zBuf, zLine, iStart);
  zSql = sqlite3_mprintf("SELECT DISTINCT candidate COLLATE nocase"
                         "  FROM completion(%Q,%Q) ORDER BY 1",
                         &zLine[iStart], zLine);
  shell_check_oom(zSql);
  sqlite3_prepare_v2(globalDb, zSql, -1, &pStmt, 0);
  sqlite3_free(zSql);
  sqlite3_exec(globalDb, "PRAGMA page_count", 0, 0, 0); /* Load the schema */
  while( sqlite3_step(pStmt)==SQLITE_ROW ){
    const char *zCompletion = (const char*)sqlite3_column_text(pStmt, 0);
    int nCompletion = sqlite3_column_bytes(pStmt, 0);
    if( iStart+nCompletion < sizeof(zBuf)-1 && zCompletion ){
      memcpy(zBuf+iStart, zCompletion, nCompletion+1);
      linenoiseAddCompletion(lc, zBuf);
    }
  }
  sqlite3_finalize(pStmt);
}
#endif

/*
** Do C-language style dequoting.
**
**    \a    -> alarm
**    \b    -> backspace
**    \t    -> tab
**    \n    -> newline
**    \v    -> vertical tab
**    \f    -> form feed
**    \r    -> carriage return
**    \s    -> space
**    \"    -> "
**    \'    -> '
**    \\    -> backslash
**    \NNN  -> ascii character NNN in octal
*/
static void resolve_backslashes(char *z){
  int i, j;
  char c;
  while( *z && *z!='\\' ) z++;
  for(i=j=0; (c = z[i])!=0; i++, j++){
    if( c=='\\' && z[i+1]!=0 ){
      c = z[++i];
      if( c=='a' ){
        c = '\a';
      }else if( c=='b' ){
        c = '\b';
      }else if( c=='t' ){
        c = '\t';
      }else if( c=='n' ){
        c = '\n';
      }else if( c=='v' ){
        c = '\v';
      }else if( c=='f' ){
        c = '\f';
      }else if( c=='r' ){
        c = '\r';
      }else if( c=='"' ){
        c = '"';
      }else if( c=='\'' ){
        c = '\'';
      }else if( c=='\\' ){
        c = '\\';
      }else if( c>='0' && c<='7' ){
        c -= '0';
        if( z[i+1]>='0' && z[i+1]<='7' ){
          i++;
          c = (c<<3) + z[i] - '0';
          if( z[i+1]>='0' && z[i+1]<='7' ){
            i++;
            c = (c<<3) + z[i] - '0';
          }
        }
      }
    }
    z[j] = c;
  }
  if( j<i ) z[j] = 0;
}

/*
** Interpret zArg as either an integer or a boolean value.  Return 1 or 0
** for TRUE and FALSE.  Return the integer value if appropriate.
*/
static int booleanValue(const char *zArg){
  int i;
  if( zArg[0]=='0' && zArg[1]=='x' ){
    for(i=2; hexDigitValue(zArg[i])>=0; i++){}
  }else{
    for(i=0; zArg[i]>='0' && zArg[i]<='9'; i++){}
  }
  if( i>0 && zArg[i]==0 ) return (int)(integerValue(zArg) & 0xffffffff);
  if( sqlite3_stricmp(zArg, "on")==0 || sqlite3_stricmp(zArg,"yes")==0 ){
    return 1;
  }
  if( sqlite3_stricmp(zArg, "off")==0 || sqlite3_stricmp(zArg,"no")==0 ){
    return 0;
  }
  utf8_printf(stderr, "ERROR: Not a boolean value: \"%s\". Assuming \"no\".\n",
          zArg);
  return 0;
}

/*
** Set or clear a shell flag according to a boolean value.
*/
static void setOrClearFlag(ShellState *p, unsigned mFlag, const char *zArg){
  if( booleanValue(zArg) ){
    ShellSetFlag(p, mFlag);
  }else{
    ShellClearFlag(p, mFlag);
  }
}

/*
** Close an output file, assuming it is not stderr or stdout
*/
static void output_file_close(FILE *f){
  if( f && f!=stdout && f!=stderr ) fclose(f);
}

/*
** Try to open an output file.   The names "stdout" and "stderr" are
** recognized and do the right thing.  NULL is returned if the output
** filename is "off".
*/
static FILE *output_file_open(const char *zFile, int bTextMode){
  FILE *f;
  if( strcmp(zFile,"stdout")==0 ){
    f = stdout;
  }else if( strcmp(zFile, "stderr")==0 ){
    f = stderr;
  }else if( strcmp(zFile, "off")==0 ){
    f = 0;
  }else{
    f = fopen(zFile, bTextMode ? "w" : "wb");
    if( f==0 ){
      utf8_printf(stderr, "Error: cannot open \"%s\"\n", zFile);
    }
  }
  return f;
}

#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_TRACE
/*
** A routine for handling output from sqlite3_trace().
*/
static int sql_trace_callback(
  unsigned mType,         /* The trace type */
  void *pArg,             /* The ShellState pointer */
  void *pP,               /* Usually a pointer to sqlite_stmt */
  void *pX                /* Auxiliary output */
){
  ShellState *p = (ShellState*)pArg;
  sqlite3_stmt *pStmt;
  const char *zSql;
  int nSql;
  if( p->traceOut==0 ) return 0;
  if( mType==SQLITE_TRACE_CLOSE ){
    utf8_printf(p->traceOut, "-- closing database connection\n");
    return 0;
  }
  if( mType!=SQLITE_TRACE_ROW && ((const char*)pX)[0]=='-' ){
    zSql = (const char*)pX;
  }else{
    pStmt = (sqlite3_stmt*)pP;
    switch( p->eTraceType ){
      case SHELL_TRACE_EXPANDED: {
        zSql = sqlite3_expanded_sql(pStmt);
        break;
      }
#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_NORMALIZE
      case SHELL_TRACE_NORMALIZED: {
        zSql = sqlite3_normalized_sql(pStmt);
        break;
      }
#endif
      default: {
        zSql = sqlite3_sql(pStmt);
        break;
      }
    }
  }
  if( zSql==0 ) return 0;
  nSql = strlen30(zSql);
  while( nSql>0 && zSql[nSql-1]==';' ){ nSql--; }
  switch( mType ){
    case SQLITE_TRACE_ROW:
    case SQLITE_TRACE_STMT: {
      utf8_printf(p->traceOut, "%.*s;\n", nSql, zSql);
      break;
    }
    case SQLITE_TRACE_PROFILE: {
      sqlite3_int64 nNanosec = *(sqlite3_int64*)pX;
      utf8_printf(p->traceOut, "%.*s; -- %lld ns\n", nSql, zSql, nNanosec);
      break;
    }
  }
  return 0;
}
#endif

/*
** A no-op routine that runs with the ".breakpoint" doc-command.  This is
** a useful spot to set a debugger breakpoint.
*/
static void test_breakpoint(void){
  static int nCall = 0;
  nCall++;
}

/*
** An object used to read a CSV and other files for import.
*/
typedef struct ImportCtx ImportCtx;
struct ImportCtx {
  const char *zFile;  /* Name of the input file */
  FILE *in;           /* Read the CSV text from this input stream */
  int (SQLITE_CDECL *xCloser)(FILE*);      /* Func to close in */
  char *z;            /* Accumulated text for a field */
  int n;              /* Number of bytes in z */
  int nAlloc;         /* Space allocated for z[] */
  int nLine;          /* Current line number */
  int nRow;           /* Number of rows imported */
  int nErr;           /* Number of errors encountered */
  int bNotFirst;      /* True if one or more bytes already read */
  int cTerm;          /* Character that terminated the most recent field */
  int cColSep;        /* The column separator character.  (Usually ",") */
  int cRowSep;        /* The row separator character.  (Usually "\n") */
};

/* Clean up resourced used by an ImportCtx */
static void import_cleanup(ImportCtx *p){
  if( p->in!=0 && p->xCloser!=0 ){
    p->xCloser(p->in);
    p->in = 0;
  }
  sqlite3_free(p->z);
  p->z = 0;
}

/* Append a single byte to z[] */
static void import_append_char(ImportCtx *p, int c){
  if( p->n+1>=p->nAlloc ){
    p->nAlloc += p->nAlloc + 100;
    p->z = sqlite3_realloc64(p->z, p->nAlloc);
    shell_check_oom(p->z);
  }
  p->z[p->n++] = (char)c;
}

/* Read a single field of CSV text.  Compatible with rfc4180 and extended
** with the option of having a separator other than ",".
**
**   +  Input comes from p->in.
**   +  Store results in p->z of length p->n.  Space to hold p->z comes
**      from sqlite3_malloc64().
**   +  Use p->cSep as the column separator.  The default is ",".
**   +  Use p->rSep as the row separator.  The default is "\n".
**   +  Keep track of the line number in p->nLine.
**   +  Store the character that terminates the field in p->cTerm.  Store
**      EOF on end-of-file.
**   +  Report syntax errors on stderr
*/
static char *SQLITE_CDECL csv_read_one_field(ImportCtx *p){
  int c;
  int cSep = p->cColSep;
  int rSep = p->cRowSep;
  p->n = 0;
  c = fgetc(p->in);
  if( c==EOF || seenInterrupt ){
    p->cTerm = EOF;
    return 0;
  }
  if( c=='"' ){
    int pc, ppc;
    int startLine = p->nLine;
    int cQuote = c;
    pc = ppc = 0;
    while( 1 ){
      c = fgetc(p->in);
      if( c==rSep ) p->nLine++;
      if( c==cQuote ){
        if( pc==cQuote ){
          pc = 0;
          continue;
        }
      }
      if( (c==cSep && pc==cQuote)
       || (c==rSep && pc==cQuote)
       || (c==rSep && pc=='\r' && ppc==cQuote)
       || (c==EOF && pc==cQuote)
      ){
        do{ p->n--; }while( p->z[p->n]!=cQuote );
        p->cTerm = c;
        break;
      }
      if( pc==cQuote && c!='\r' ){
        utf8_printf(stderr, "%s:%d: unescaped %c character\n",
                p->zFile, p->nLine, cQuote);
      }
      if( c==EOF ){
        utf8_printf(stderr, "%s:%d: unterminated %c-quoted field\n",
                p->zFile, startLine, cQuote);
        p->cTerm = c;
        break;
      }
      import_append_char(p, c);
      ppc = pc;
      pc = c;
    }
  }else{
    /* If this is the first field being parsed and it begins with the
    ** UTF-8 BOM  (0xEF BB BF) then skip the BOM */
    if( (c&0xff)==0xef && p->bNotFirst==0 ){
      import_append_char(p, c);
      c = fgetc(p->in);
      if( (c&0xff)==0xbb ){
        import_append_char(p, c);
        c = fgetc(p->in);
        if( (c&0xff)==0xbf ){
          p->bNotFirst = 1;
          p->n = 0;
          return csv_read_one_field(p);
        }
      }
    }
    while( c!=EOF && c!=cSep && c!=rSep ){
      import_append_char(p, c);
      c = fgetc(p->in);
    }
    if( c==rSep ){
      p->nLine++;
      if( p->n>0 && p->z[p->n-1]=='\r' ) p->n--;
    }
    p->cTerm = c;
  }
  if( p->z ) p->z[p->n] = 0;
  p->bNotFirst = 1;
  return p->z;
}

/* Read a single field of ASCII delimited text.
**
**   +  Input comes from p->in.
**   +  Store results in p->z of length p->n.  Space to hold p->z comes
**      from sqlite3_malloc64().
**   +  Use p->cSep as the column separator.  The default is "\x1F".
**   +  Use p->rSep as the row separator.  The default is "\x1E".
**   +  Keep track of the row number in p->nLine.
**   +  Store the character that terminates the field in p->cTerm.  Store
**      EOF on end-of-file.
**   +  Report syntax errors on stderr
*/
static char *SQLITE_CDECL ascii_read_one_field(ImportCtx *p){
  int c;
  int cSep = p->cColSep;
  int rSep = p->cRowSep;
  p->n = 0;
  c = fgetc(p->in);
  if( c==EOF || seenInterrupt ){
    p->cTerm = EOF;
    return 0;
  }
  while( c!=EOF && c!=cSep && c!=rSep ){
    import_append_char(p, c);
    c = fgetc(p->in);
  }
  if( c==rSep ){
    p->nLine++;
  }
  p->cTerm = c;
  if( p->z ) p->z[p->n] = 0;
  return p->z;
}

/*
** Try to transfer data for table zTable.  If an error is seen while
** moving forward, try to go backwards.  The backwards movement won't
** work for WITHOUT ROWID tables.
*/
static void tryToCloneData(
  ShellState *p,
  sqlite3 *newDb,
  const char *zTable
){
  sqlite3_stmt *pQuery = 0;
  sqlite3_stmt *pInsert = 0;
  char *zQuery = 0;
  char *zInsert = 0;
  int rc;
  int i, j, n;
  int nTable = strlen30(zTable);
  int k = 0;
  int cnt = 0;
  const int spinRate = 10000;

  zQuery = sqlite3_mprintf("SELECT * FROM \"%w\"", zTable);
  shell_check_oom(zQuery);
  rc = sqlite3_prepare_v2(p->db, zQuery, -1, &pQuery, 0);
  if( rc ){
    utf8_printf(stderr, "Error %d: %s on [%s]\n",
            sqlite3_extended_errcode(p->db), sqlite3_errmsg(p->db),
            zQuery);
    goto end_data_xfer;
  }
  n = sqlite3_column_count(pQuery);
  zInsert = sqlite3_malloc64(200 + nTable + n*3);
  shell_check_oom(zInsert);
  sqlite3_snprintf(200+nTable,zInsert,
                   "INSERT OR IGNORE INTO \"%s\" VALUES(?", zTable);
  i = strlen30(zInsert);
  for(j=1; j<n; j++){
    memcpy(zInsert+i, ",?", 2);
    i += 2;
  }
  memcpy(zInsert+i, ");", 3);
  rc = sqlite3_prepare_v2(newDb, zInsert, -1, &pInsert, 0);
  if( rc ){
    utf8_printf(stderr, "Error %d: %s on [%s]\n",
            sqlite3_extended_errcode(newDb), sqlite3_errmsg(newDb),
            zQuery);
    goto end_data_xfer;
  }
  for(k=0; k<2; k++){
    while( (rc = sqlite3_step(pQuery))==SQLITE_ROW ){
      for(i=0; i<n; i++){
        switch( sqlite3_column_type(pQuery, i) ){
          case SQLITE_NULL: {
            sqlite3_bind_null(pInsert, i+1);
            break;
          }
          case SQLITE_INTEGER: {
            sqlite3_bind_int64(pInsert, i+1, sqlite3_column_int64(pQuery,i));
            break;
          }
          case SQLITE_FLOAT: {
            sqlite3_bind_double(pInsert, i+1, sqlite3_column_double(pQuery,i));
            break;
          }
          case SQLITE_TEXT: {
            sqlite3_bind_text(pInsert, i+1,
                             (const char*)sqlite3_column_text(pQuery,i),
                             -1, SQLITE_STATIC);
            break;
          }
          case SQLITE_BLOB: {
            sqlite3_bind_blob(pInsert, i+1, sqlite3_column_blob(pQuery,i),
                                            sqlite3_column_bytes(pQuery,i),
                                            SQLITE_STATIC);
            break;
          }
        }
      } /* End for */
      rc = sqlite3_step(pInsert);
      if( rc!=SQLITE_OK && rc!=SQLITE_ROW && rc!=SQLITE_DONE ){
        utf8_printf(stderr, "Error %d: %s\n", sqlite3_extended_errcode(newDb),
                        sqlite3_errmsg(newDb));
      }
      sqlite3_reset(pInsert);
      cnt++;
      if( (cnt%spinRate)==0 ){
        printf("%c\b", "|/-\\"[(cnt/spinRate)%4]);
        fflush(stdout);
      }
    } /* End while */
    if( rc==SQLITE_DONE ) break;
    sqlite3_finalize(pQuery);
    sqlite3_free(zQuery);
    zQuery = sqlite3_mprintf("SELECT * FROM \"%w\" ORDER BY rowid DESC;",
                             zTable);
    shell_check_oom(zQuery);
    rc = sqlite3_prepare_v2(p->db, zQuery, -1, &pQuery, 0);
    if( rc ){
      utf8_printf(stderr, "Warning: cannot step \"%s\" backwards", zTable);
      break;
    }
  } /* End for(k=0...) */

end_data_xfer:
  sqlite3_finalize(pQuery);
  sqlite3_finalize(pInsert);
  sqlite3_free(zQuery);
  sqlite3_free(zInsert);
}


/*
** Try to transfer all rows of the schema that match zWhere.  For
** each row, invoke xForEach() on the object defined by that row.
** If an error is encountered while moving forward through the
** sqlite_schema table, try again moving backwards.
*/
static void tryToCloneSchema(
  ShellState *p,
  sqlite3 *newDb,
  const char *zWhere,
  void (*xForEach)(ShellState*,sqlite3*,const char*)
){
  sqlite3_stmt *pQuery = 0;
  char *zQuery = 0;
  int rc;
  const unsigned char *zName;
  const unsigned char *zSql;
  char *zErrMsg = 0;

  zQuery = sqlite3_mprintf("SELECT name, sql FROM sqlite_schema"
                           " WHERE %s", zWhere);
  shell_check_oom(zQuery);
  rc = sqlite3_prepare_v2(p->db, zQuery, -1, &pQuery, 0);
  if( rc ){
    utf8_printf(stderr, "Error: (%d) %s on [%s]\n",
                    sqlite3_extended_errcode(p->db), sqlite3_errmsg(p->db),
                    zQuery);
    goto end_schema_xfer;
  }
  while( (rc = sqlite3_step(pQuery))==SQLITE_ROW ){
    zName = sqlite3_column_text(pQuery, 0);
    zSql = sqlite3_column_text(pQuery, 1);
    if( zName==0 || zSql==0 ) continue;
    printf("%s... ", zName); fflush(stdout);
    sqlite3_exec(newDb, (const char*)zSql, 0, 0, &zErrMsg);
    if( zErrMsg ){
      utf8_printf(stderr, "Error: %s\nSQL: [%s]\n", zErrMsg, zSql);
      sqlite3_free(zErrMsg);
      zErrMsg = 0;
    }
    if( xForEach ){
      xForEach(p, newDb, (const char*)zName);
    }
    printf("done\n");
  }
  if( rc!=SQLITE_DONE ){
    sqlite3_finalize(pQuery);
    sqlite3_free(zQuery);
    zQuery = sqlite3_mprintf("SELECT name, sql FROM sqlite_schema"
                             " WHERE %s ORDER BY rowid DESC", zWhere);
    shell_check_oom(zQuery);
    rc = sqlite3_prepare_v2(p->db, zQuery, -1, &pQuery, 0);
    if( rc ){
      utf8_printf(stderr, "Error: (%d) %s on [%s]\n",
                      sqlite3_extended_errcode(p->db), sqlite3_errmsg(p->db),
                      zQuery);
      goto end_schema_xfer;
    }
    while( sqlite3_step(pQuery)==SQLITE_ROW ){
      zName = sqlite3_column_text(pQuery, 0);
      zSql = sqlite3_column_text(pQuery, 1);
      if( zName==0 || zSql==0 ) continue;
      printf("%s... ", zName); fflush(stdout);
      sqlite3_exec(newDb, (const char*)zSql, 0, 0, &zErrMsg);
      if( zErrMsg ){
        utf8_printf(stderr, "Error: %s\nSQL: [%s]\n", zErrMsg, zSql);
        sqlite3_free(zErrMsg);
        zErrMsg = 0;
      }
      if( xForEach ){
        xForEach(p, newDb, (const char*)zName);
      }
      printf("done\n");
    }
  }
end_schema_xfer:
  sqlite3_finalize(pQuery);
  sqlite3_free(zQuery);
}

/*
** Open a new database file named "zNewDb".  Try to recover as much information
** as possible out of the main database (which might be corrupt) and write it
** into zNewDb.
*/
static void tryToClone(ShellState *p, const char *zNewDb){
  int rc;
  sqlite3 *newDb = 0;
  if( access(zNewDb,0)==0 ){
    utf8_printf(stderr, "File \"%s\" already exists.\n", zNewDb);
    return;
  }
  rc = sqlite3_open(zNewDb, &newDb);
  if( rc ){
    utf8_printf(stderr, "Cannot create output database: %s\n",
            sqlite3_errmsg(newDb));
  }else{
    sqlite3_exec(p->db, "PRAGMA writable_schema=ON;", 0, 0, 0);
    sqlite3_exec(newDb, "BEGIN EXCLUSIVE;", 0, 0, 0);
    tryToCloneSchema(p, newDb, "type='table'", tryToCloneData);
    tryToCloneSchema(p, newDb, "type!='table'", 0);
    sqlite3_exec(newDb, "COMMIT;", 0, 0, 0);
    sqlite3_exec(p->db, "PRAGMA writable_schema=OFF;", 0, 0, 0);
  }
  close_db(newDb);
}

/*
** Change the output file back to stdout.
**
** If the p->doXdgOpen flag is set, that means the output was being
** redirected to a temporary file named by p->zTempFile.  In that case,
** launch start/open/xdg-open on that temporary file.
*/
static void output_reset(ShellState *p){
  if( p->outfile[0]=='|' ){
#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_POPEN
    pclose(p->out);
#endif
  }else{
    output_file_close(p->out);
#ifndef SQLITE_NOHAVE_SYSTEM
    if( p->doXdgOpen ){
      const char *zXdgOpenCmd =
#if defined(_WIN32)
      "start";
#elif defined(__APPLE__)
      "open";
#else
      "xdg-open";
#endif
      char *zCmd;
      zCmd = sqlite3_mprintf("%s %s", zXdgOpenCmd, p->zTempFile);
      if( system(zCmd) ){
        utf8_printf(stderr, "Failed: [%s]\n", zCmd);
      }else{
        /* Give the start/open/xdg-open command some time to get
        ** going before we continue, and potential delete the
        ** p->zTempFile data file out from under it */
        sqlite3_sleep(2000);
      }
      sqlite3_free(zCmd);
      outputModePop(p);
      p->doXdgOpen = 0;
    }
#endif /* !defined(SQLITE_NOHAVE_SYSTEM) */
  }
  p->outfile[0] = 0;
  p->out = stdout;
}

/*
** Run an SQL command and return the single integer result.
*/
static int db_int(ShellState *p, const char *zSql){
  sqlite3_stmt *pStmt;
  int res = 0;
  sqlite3_prepare_v2(p->db, zSql, -1, &pStmt, 0);
  if( pStmt && sqlite3_step(pStmt)==SQLITE_ROW ){
    res = sqlite3_column_int(pStmt,0);
  }
  sqlite3_finalize(pStmt);
  return res;
}

/*
** Convert a 2-byte or 4-byte big-endian integer into a native integer
*/
static unsigned int get2byteInt(unsigned char *a){
  return (a[0]<<8) + a[1];
}
static unsigned int get4byteInt(unsigned char *a){
  return (a[0]<<24) + (a[1]<<16) + (a[2]<<8) + a[3];
}

/*
** Implementation of the ".dbinfo" command.
**
** Return 1 on error, 2 to exit, and 0 otherwise.
*/
static int shell_dbinfo_command(ShellState *p, int nArg, char **azArg){
  static const struct { const char *zName; int ofst; } aField[] = {
     { "file change counter:",  24  },
     { "database page count:",  28  },
     { "freelist page count:",  36  },
     { "schema cookie:",        40  },
     { "schema format:",        44  },
     { "default cache size:",   48  },
     { "autovacuum top root:",  52  },
     { "incremental vacuum:",   64  },
     { "text encoding:",        56  },
     { "user version:",         60  },
     { "application id:",       68  },
     { "software version:",     96  },
  };
  static const struct { const char *zName; const char *zSql; } aQuery[] = {
     { "number of tables:",
       "SELECT count(*) FROM %s WHERE type='table'" },
     { "number of indexes:",
       "SELECT count(*) FROM %s WHERE type='index'" },
     { "number of triggers:",
       "SELECT count(*) FROM %s WHERE type='trigger'" },
     { "number of views:",
       "SELECT count(*) FROM %s WHERE type='view'" },
     { "schema size:",
       "SELECT total(length(sql)) FROM %s" },
  };
  int i, rc;
  unsigned iDataVersion;
  char *zSchemaTab;
  char *zDb = nArg>=2 ? azArg[1] : "main";
  sqlite3_stmt *pStmt = 0;
  unsigned char aHdr[100];
  open_db(p, 0);
  if( p->db==0 ) return 1;
  rc = sqlite3_prepare_v2(p->db,
             "SELECT data FROM sqlite_dbpage(?1) WHERE pgno=1",
             -1, &pStmt, 0);
  if( rc ){
    utf8_printf(stderr, "error: %s\n", sqlite3_errmsg(p->db));
    sqlite3_finalize(pStmt);
    return 1;
  }
  sqlite3_bind_text(pStmt, 1, zDb, -1, SQLITE_STATIC);
  if( sqlite3_step(pStmt)==SQLITE_ROW
   && sqlite3_column_bytes(pStmt,0)>100
  ){
    memcpy(aHdr, sqlite3_column_blob(pStmt,0), 100);
    sqlite3_finalize(pStmt);
  }else{
    raw_printf(stderr, "unable to read database header\n");
    sqlite3_finalize(pStmt);
    return 1;
  }
  i = get2byteInt(aHdr+16);
  if( i==1 ) i = 65536;
  utf8_printf(p->out, "%-20s %d\n", "database page size:", i);
  utf8_printf(p->out, "%-20s %d\n", "write format:", aHdr[18]);
  utf8_printf(p->out, "%-20s %d\n", "read format:", aHdr[19]);
  utf8_printf(p->out, "%-20s %d\n", "reserved bytes:", aHdr[20]);
  for(i=0; i<ArraySize(aField); i++){
    int ofst = aField[i].ofst;
    unsigned int val = get4byteInt(aHdr + ofst);
    utf8_printf(p->out, "%-20s %u", aField[i].zName, val);
    switch( ofst ){
      case 56: {
        if( val==1 ) raw_printf(p->out, " (utf8)");
        if( val==2 ) raw_printf(p->out, " (utf16le)");
        if( val==3 ) raw_printf(p->out, " (utf16be)");
      }
    }
    raw_printf(p->out, "\n");
  }
  if( zDb==0 ){
    zSchemaTab = sqlite3_mprintf("main.sqlite_schema");
  }else if( strcmp(zDb,"temp")==0 ){
    zSchemaTab = sqlite3_mprintf("%s", "sqlite_temp_schema");
  }else{
    zSchemaTab = sqlite3_mprintf("\"%w\".sqlite_schema", zDb);
  }
  for(i=0; i<ArraySize(aQuery); i++){
    char *zSql = sqlite3_mprintf(aQuery[i].zSql, zSchemaTab);
    int val = db_int(p, zSql);
    sqlite3_free(zSql);
    utf8_printf(p->out, "%-20s %d\n", aQuery[i].zName, val);
  }
  sqlite3_free(zSchemaTab);
  sqlite3_file_control(p->db, zDb, SQLITE_FCNTL_DATA_VERSION, &iDataVersion);
  utf8_printf(p->out, "%-20s %u\n", "data version", iDataVersion);
  return 0;
}

/*
** Print the current sqlite3_errmsg() value to stderr and return 1.
*/
static int shellDatabaseError(sqlite3 *db){
  const char *zErr = sqlite3_errmsg(db);
  utf8_printf(stderr, "Error: %s\n", zErr);
  return 1;
}

/*
** Compare the pattern in zGlob[] against the text in z[].  Return TRUE
** if they match and FALSE (0) if they do not match.
**
** Globbing rules:
**
**      '*'       Matches any sequence of zero or more characters.
**
**      '?'       Matches exactly one character.
**
**     [...]      Matches one character from the enclosed list of
**                characters.
**
**     [^...]     Matches one character not in the enclosed list.
**
**      '#'       Matches any sequence of one or more digits with an
**                optional + or - sign in front
**
**      ' '       Any span of whitespace matches any other span of
**                whitespace.
**
** Extra whitespace at the end of z[] is ignored.
*/
static int testcase_glob(const char *zGlob, const char *z){
  int c, c2;
  int invert;
  int seen;

  while( (c = (*(zGlob++)))!=0 ){
    if( IsSpace(c) ){
      if( !IsSpace(*z) ) return 0;
      while( IsSpace(*zGlob) ) zGlob++;
      while( IsSpace(*z) ) z++;
    }else if( c=='*' ){
      while( (c=(*(zGlob++))) == '*' || c=='?' ){
        if( c=='?' && (*(z++))==0 ) return 0;
      }
      if( c==0 ){
        return 1;
      }else if( c=='[' ){
        while( *z && testcase_glob(zGlob-1,z)==0 ){
          z++;
        }
        return (*z)!=0;
      }
      while( (c2 = (*(z++)))!=0 ){
        while( c2!=c ){
          c2 = *(z++);
          if( c2==0 ) return 0;
        }
        if( testcase_glob(zGlob,z) ) return 1;
      }
      return 0;
    }else if( c=='?' ){
      if( (*(z++))==0 ) return 0;
    }else if( c=='[' ){
      int prior_c = 0;
      seen = 0;
      invert = 0;
      c = *(z++);
      if( c==0 ) return 0;
      c2 = *(zGlob++);
      if( c2=='^' ){
        invert = 1;
        c2 = *(zGlob++);
      }
      if( c2==']' ){
        if( c==']' ) seen = 1;
        c2 = *(zGlob++);
      }
      while( c2 && c2!=']' ){
        if( c2=='-' && zGlob[0]!=']' && zGlob[0]!=0 && prior_c>0 ){
          c2 = *(zGlob++);
          if( c>=prior_c && c<=c2 ) seen = 1;
          prior_c = 0;
        }else{
          if( c==c2 ){
            seen = 1;
          }
          prior_c = c2;
        }
        c2 = *(zGlob++);
      }
      if( c2==0 || (seen ^ invert)==0 ) return 0;
    }else if( c=='#' ){
      if( (z[0]=='-' || z[0]=='+') && IsDigit(z[1]) ) z++;
      if( !IsDigit(z[0]) ) return 0;
      z++;
      while( IsDigit(z[0]) ){ z++; }
    }else{
      if( c!=(*(z++)) ) return 0;
    }
  }
  while( IsSpace(*z) ){ z++; }
  return *z==0;
}


/*
** Compare the string as a command-line option with either one or two
** initial "-" characters.
*/
static int optionMatch(const char *zStr, const char *zOpt){
  if( zStr[0]!='-' ) return 0;
  zStr++;
  if( zStr[0]=='-' ) zStr++;
  return strcmp(zStr, zOpt)==0;
}

/*
** Delete a file.
*/
int shellDeleteFile(const char *zFilename){
  int rc;
#ifdef _WIN32
  wchar_t *z = sqlite3_win32_utf8_to_unicode(zFilename);
  rc = _wunlink(z);
  sqlite3_free(z);
#else
  rc = unlink(zFilename);
#endif
  return rc;
}

/*
** Try to delete the temporary file (if there is one) and free the
** memory used to hold the name of the temp file.
*/
static void clearTempFile(ShellState *p){
  if( p->zTempFile==0 ) return;
  if( p->doXdgOpen ) return;
  if( shellDeleteFile(p->zTempFile) ) return;
  sqlite3_free(p->zTempFile);
  p->zTempFile = 0;
}

/*
** Create a new temp file name with the given suffix.
*/
static void newTempFile(ShellState *p, const char *zSuffix){
  clearTempFile(p);
  sqlite3_free(p->zTempFile);
  p->zTempFile = 0;
  if( p->db ){
    sqlite3_file_control(p->db, 0, SQLITE_FCNTL_TEMPFILENAME, &p->zTempFile);
  }
  if( p->zTempFile==0 ){
    /* If p->db is an in-memory database then the TEMPFILENAME file-control
    ** will not work and we will need to fallback to guessing */
    char *zTemp;
    sqlite3_uint64 r;
    sqlite3_randomness(sizeof(r), &r);
    zTemp = getenv("TEMP");
    if( zTemp==0 ) zTemp = getenv("TMP");
    if( zTemp==0 ){
#ifdef _WIN32
      zTemp = "\\tmp";
#else
      zTemp = "/tmp";
#endif
    }
    p->zTempFile = sqlite3_mprintf("%s/temp%llx.%s", zTemp, r, zSuffix);
  }else{
    p->zTempFile = sqlite3_mprintf("%z.%s", p->zTempFile, zSuffix);
  }
  shell_check_oom(p->zTempFile);
}


/*
** The implementation of SQL scalar function fkey_collate_clause(), used
** by the ".lint fkey-indexes" command. This scalar function is always
** called with four arguments - the parent table name, the parent column name,
** the child table name and the child column name.
**
**   fkey_collate_clause('parent-tab', 'parent-col', 'child-tab', 'child-col')
**
** If either of the named tables or columns do not exist, this function
** returns an empty string. An empty string is also returned if both tables
** and columns exist but have the same default collation sequence. Or,
** if both exist but the default collation sequences are different, this
** function returns the string " COLLATE <parent-collation>", where
** <parent-collation> is the default collation sequence of the parent column.
*/
static void shellFkeyCollateClause(
  sqlite3_context *pCtx,
  int nVal,
  sqlite3_value **apVal
){
  sqlite3 *db = sqlite3_context_db_handle(pCtx);
  const char *zParent;
  const char *zParentCol;
  const char *zParentSeq;
  const char *zChild;
  const char *zChildCol;
  const char *zChildSeq = 0;  /* Initialize to avoid false-positive warning */
  int rc;

  assert( nVal==4 );
  zParent = (const char*)sqlite3_value_text(apVal[0]);
  zParentCol = (const char*)sqlite3_value_text(apVal[1]);
  zChild = (const char*)sqlite3_value_text(apVal[2]);
  zChildCol = (const char*)sqlite3_value_text(apVal[3]);

  sqlite3_result_text(pCtx, "", -1, SQLITE_STATIC);
  rc = sqlite3_table_column_metadata(
      db, "main", zParent, zParentCol, 0, &zParentSeq, 0, 0, 0
  );
  if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
    rc = sqlite3_table_column_metadata(
        db, "main", zChild, zChildCol, 0, &zChildSeq, 0, 0, 0
    );
  }

  if( rc==SQLITE_OK && sqlite3_stricmp(zParentSeq, zChildSeq) ){
    char *z = sqlite3_mprintf(" COLLATE %s", zParentSeq);
    sqlite3_result_text(pCtx, z, -1, SQLITE_TRANSIENT);
    sqlite3_free(z);
  }
}


/*
** The implementation of dot-command ".lint fkey-indexes".
*/
static int lintFkeyIndexes(
  ShellState *pState,             /* Current shell tool state */
  char **azArg,                   /* Array of arguments passed to dot command */
  int nArg                        /* Number of entries in azArg[] */
){
  sqlite3 *db = pState->db;       /* Database handle to query "main" db of */
  FILE *out = pState->out;        /* Stream to write non-error output to */
  int bVerbose = 0;               /* If -verbose is present */
  int bGroupByParent = 0;         /* If -groupbyparent is present */
  int i;                          /* To iterate through azArg[] */
  const char *zIndent = "";       /* How much to indent CREATE INDEX by */
  int rc;                         /* Return code */
  sqlite3_stmt *pSql = 0;         /* Compiled version of SQL statement below */

  /*
  ** This SELECT statement returns one row for each foreign key constraint
  ** in the schema of the main database. The column values are:
  **
  ** 0. The text of an SQL statement similar to:
  **
  **      "EXPLAIN QUERY PLAN SELECT 1 FROM child_table WHERE child_key=?"
  **
  **    This SELECT is similar to the one that the foreign keys implementation
  **    needs to run internally on child tables. If there is an index that can
  **    be used to optimize this query, then it can also be used by the FK
  **    implementation to optimize DELETE or UPDATE statements on the parent
  **    table.
  **
  ** 1. A GLOB pattern suitable for sqlite3_strglob(). If the plan output by
  **    the EXPLAIN QUERY PLAN command matches this pattern, then the schema
  **    contains an index that can be used to optimize the query.
  **
  ** 2. Human readable text that describes the child table and columns. e.g.
  **
  **       "child_table(child_key1, child_key2)"
  **
  ** 3. Human readable text that describes the parent table and columns. e.g.
  **
  **       "parent_table(parent_key1, parent_key2)"
  **
  ** 4. A full CREATE INDEX statement for an index that could be used to
  **    optimize DELETE or UPDATE statements on the parent table. e.g.
  **
  **       "CREATE INDEX child_table_child_key ON child_table(child_key)"
  **
  ** 5. The name of the parent table.
  **
  ** These six values are used by the C logic below to generate the report.
  */
  const char *zSql =
  "SELECT "
    "     'EXPLAIN QUERY PLAN SELECT 1 FROM ' || quote(s.name) || ' WHERE '"
    "  || group_concat(quote(s.name) || '.' || quote(f.[from]) || '=?' "
    "  || fkey_collate_clause("
    "       f.[table], COALESCE(f.[to], p.[name]), s.name, f.[from]),' AND ')"
    ", "
    "     'SEARCH ' || s.name || ' USING COVERING INDEX*('"
    "  || group_concat('*=?', ' AND ') || ')'"
    ", "
    "     s.name  || '(' || group_concat(f.[from],  ', ') || ')'"
    ", "
    "     f.[table] || '(' || group_concat(COALESCE(f.[to], p.[name])) || ')'"
    ", "
    "     'CREATE INDEX ' || quote(s.name ||'_'|| group_concat(f.[from], '_'))"
    "  || ' ON ' || quote(s.name) || '('"
    "  || group_concat(quote(f.[from]) ||"
    "        fkey_collate_clause("
    "          f.[table], COALESCE(f.[to], p.[name]), s.name, f.[from]), ', ')"
    "  || ');'"
    ", "
    "     f.[table] "
    "FROM sqlite_schema AS s, pragma_foreign_key_list(s.name) AS f "
    "LEFT JOIN pragma_table_info AS p ON (pk-1=seq AND p.arg=f.[table]) "
    "GROUP BY s.name, f.id "
    "ORDER BY (CASE WHEN ? THEN f.[table] ELSE s.name END)"
  ;
  const char *zGlobIPK = "SEARCH * USING INTEGER PRIMARY KEY (rowid=?)";

  for(i=2; i<nArg; i++){
    int n = strlen30(azArg[i]);
    if( n>1 && sqlite3_strnicmp("-verbose", azArg[i], n)==0 ){
      bVerbose = 1;
    }
    else if( n>1 && sqlite3_strnicmp("-groupbyparent", azArg[i], n)==0 ){
      bGroupByParent = 1;
      zIndent = "    ";
    }
    else{
      raw_printf(stderr, "Usage: %s %s ?-verbose? ?-groupbyparent?\n",
          azArg[0], azArg[1]
      );
      return SQLITE_ERROR;
    }
  }

  /* Register the fkey_collate_clause() SQL function */
  rc = sqlite3_create_function(db, "fkey_collate_clause", 4, SQLITE_UTF8,
      0, shellFkeyCollateClause, 0, 0
  );


  if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
    rc = sqlite3_prepare_v2(db, zSql, -1, &pSql, 0);
  }
  if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
    sqlite3_bind_int(pSql, 1, bGroupByParent);
  }

  if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
    int rc2;
    char *zPrev = 0;
    while( SQLITE_ROW==sqlite3_step(pSql) ){
      int res = -1;
      sqlite3_stmt *pExplain = 0;
      const char *zEQP = (const char*)sqlite3_column_text(pSql, 0);
      const char *zGlob = (const char*)sqlite3_column_text(pSql, 1);
      const char *zFrom = (const char*)sqlite3_column_text(pSql, 2);
      const char *zTarget = (const char*)sqlite3_column_text(pSql, 3);
      const char *zCI = (const char*)sqlite3_column_text(pSql, 4);
      const char *zParent = (const char*)sqlite3_column_text(pSql, 5);

      if( zEQP==0 ) continue;
      if( zGlob==0 ) continue;
      rc = sqlite3_prepare_v2(db, zEQP, -1, &pExplain, 0);
      if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ) break;
      if( SQLITE_ROW==sqlite3_step(pExplain) ){
        const char *zPlan = (const char*)sqlite3_column_text(pExplain, 3);
        res = zPlan!=0 && (  0==sqlite3_strglob(zGlob, zPlan)
                          || 0==sqlite3_strglob(zGlobIPK, zPlan));
      }
      rc = sqlite3_finalize(pExplain);
      if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ) break;

      if( res<0 ){
        raw_printf(stderr, "Error: internal error");
        break;
      }else{
        if( bGroupByParent
        && (bVerbose || res==0)
        && (zPrev==0 || sqlite3_stricmp(zParent, zPrev))
        ){
          raw_printf(out, "-- Parent table %s\n", zParent);
          sqlite3_free(zPrev);
          zPrev = sqlite3_mprintf("%s", zParent);
        }

        if( res==0 ){
          raw_printf(out, "%s%s --> %s\n", zIndent, zCI, zTarget);
        }else if( bVerbose ){
          raw_printf(out, "%s/* no extra indexes required for %s -> %s */\n",
              zIndent, zFrom, zTarget
          );
        }
      }
    }
    sqlite3_free(zPrev);

    if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
      raw_printf(stderr, "%s\n", sqlite3_errmsg(db));
    }

    rc2 = sqlite3_finalize(pSql);
    if( rc==SQLITE_OK && rc2!=SQLITE_OK ){
      rc = rc2;
      raw_printf(stderr, "%s\n", sqlite3_errmsg(db));
    }
  }else{
    raw_printf(stderr, "%s\n", sqlite3_errmsg(db));
  }

  return rc;
}

/*
** Implementation of ".lint" dot command.
*/
static int lintDotCommand(
  ShellState *pState,             /* Current shell tool state */
  char **azArg,                   /* Array of arguments passed to dot command */
  int nArg                        /* Number of entries in azArg[] */
){
  int n;
  n = (nArg>=2 ? strlen30(azArg[1]) : 0);
  if( n<1 || sqlite3_strnicmp(azArg[1], "fkey-indexes", n) ) goto usage;
  return lintFkeyIndexes(pState, azArg, nArg);

 usage:
  raw_printf(stderr, "Usage %s sub-command ?switches...?\n", azArg[0]);
  raw_printf(stderr, "Where sub-commands are:\n");
  raw_printf(stderr, "    fkey-indexes\n");
  return SQLITE_ERROR;
}

#if !defined SQLITE_OMIT_VIRTUALTABLE
static void shellPrepare(
  sqlite3 *db,
  int *pRc,
  const char *zSql,
  sqlite3_stmt **ppStmt
){
  *ppStmt = 0;
  if( *pRc==SQLITE_OK ){
    int rc = sqlite3_prepare_v2(db, zSql, -1, ppStmt, 0);
    if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
      raw_printf(stderr, "sql error: %s (%d)\n",
          sqlite3_errmsg(db), sqlite3_errcode(db)
      );
      *pRc = rc;
    }
  }
}

/*
** Create a prepared statement using printf-style arguments for the SQL.
**
** This routine is could be marked "static".  But it is not always used,
** depending on compile-time options.  By omitting the "static", we avoid
** nuisance compiler warnings about "defined but not used".
*/
void shellPreparePrintf(
  sqlite3 *db,
  int *pRc,
  sqlite3_stmt **ppStmt,
  const char *zFmt,
  ...
){
  *ppStmt = 0;
  if( *pRc==SQLITE_OK ){
    va_list ap;
    char *z;
    va_start(ap, zFmt);
    z = sqlite3_vmprintf(zFmt, ap);
    va_end(ap);
    if( z==0 ){
      *pRc = SQLITE_NOMEM;
    }else{
      shellPrepare(db, pRc, z, ppStmt);
      sqlite3_free(z);
    }
  }
}

/* Finalize the prepared statement created using shellPreparePrintf().
**
** This routine is could be marked "static".  But it is not always used,
** depending on compile-time options.  By omitting the "static", we avoid
** nuisance compiler warnings about "defined but not used".
*/
void shellFinalize(
  int *pRc,
  sqlite3_stmt *pStmt
){
  if( pStmt ){
    sqlite3 *db = sqlite3_db_handle(pStmt);
    int rc = sqlite3_finalize(pStmt);
    if( *pRc==SQLITE_OK ){
      if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
        raw_printf(stderr, "SQL error: %s\n", sqlite3_errmsg(db));
      }
      *pRc = rc;
    }
  }
}

/* Reset the prepared statement created using shellPreparePrintf().
**
** This routine is could be marked "static".  But it is not always used,
** depending on compile-time options.  By omitting the "static", we avoid
** nuisance compiler warnings about "defined but not used".
*/
void shellReset(
  int *pRc,
  sqlite3_stmt *pStmt
){
  int rc = sqlite3_reset(pStmt);
  if( *pRc==SQLITE_OK ){
    if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
      sqlite3 *db = sqlite3_db_handle(pStmt);
      raw_printf(stderr, "SQL error: %s\n", sqlite3_errmsg(db));
    }
    *pRc = rc;
  }
}
#endif /* !defined SQLITE_OMIT_VIRTUALTABLE */

#if !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_VIRTUALTABLE) && defined(SQLITE_HAVE_ZLIB)
/******************************************************************************
** The ".archive" or ".ar" command.
*/
/*
** Structure representing a single ".ar" command.
*/
typedef struct ArCommand ArCommand;
struct ArCommand {
  u8 eCmd;                        /* An AR_CMD_* value */
  u8 bVerbose;                    /* True if --verbose */
  u8 bZip;                        /* True if the archive is a ZIP */
  u8 bDryRun;                     /* True if --dry-run */
  u8 bAppend;                     /* True if --append */
  u8 bGlob;                       /* True if --glob */
  u8 fromCmdLine;                 /* Run from -A instead of .archive */
  int nArg;                       /* Number of command arguments */
  char *zSrcTable;                /* "sqlar", "zipfile($file)" or "zip" */
  const char *zFile;              /* --file argument, or NULL */
  const char *zDir;               /* --directory argument, or NULL */
  char **azArg;                   /* Array of command arguments */
  ShellState *p;                  /* Shell state */
  sqlite3 *db;                    /* Database containing the archive */
};

/*
** Print a usage message for the .ar command to stderr and return SQLITE_ERROR.
*/
static int arUsage(FILE *f){
  showHelp(f,"archive");
  return SQLITE_ERROR;
}

/*
** Print an error message for the .ar command to stderr and return
** SQLITE_ERROR.
*/
static int arErrorMsg(ArCommand *pAr, const char *zFmt, ...){
  va_list ap;
  char *z;
  va_start(ap, zFmt);
  z = sqlite3_vmprintf(zFmt, ap);
  va_end(ap);
  utf8_printf(stderr, "Error: %s\n", z);
  if( pAr->fromCmdLine ){
    utf8_printf(stderr, "Use \"-A\" for more help\n");
  }else{
    utf8_printf(stderr, "Use \".archive --help\" for more help\n");
  }
  sqlite3_free(z);
  return SQLITE_ERROR;
}

/*
** Values for ArCommand.eCmd.
*/
#define AR_CMD_CREATE       1
#define AR_CMD_UPDATE       2
#define AR_CMD_INSERT       3
#define AR_CMD_EXTRACT      4
#define AR_CMD_LIST         5
#define AR_CMD_HELP         6
#define AR_CMD_REMOVE       7

/*
** Other (non-command) switches.
*/
#define AR_SWITCH_VERBOSE     8
#define AR_SWITCH_FILE        9
#define AR_SWITCH_DIRECTORY  10
#define AR_SWITCH_APPEND     11
#define AR_SWITCH_DRYRUN     12
#define AR_SWITCH_GLOB       13

static int arProcessSwitch(ArCommand *pAr, int eSwitch, const char *zArg){
  switch( eSwitch ){
    case AR_CMD_CREATE:
    case AR_CMD_EXTRACT:
    case AR_CMD_LIST:
    case AR_CMD_REMOVE:
    case AR_CMD_UPDATE:
    case AR_CMD_INSERT:
    case AR_CMD_HELP:
      if( pAr->eCmd ){
        return arErrorMsg(pAr, "multiple command options");
      }
      pAr->eCmd = eSwitch;
      break;

    case AR_SWITCH_DRYRUN:
      pAr->bDryRun = 1;
      break;
    case AR_SWITCH_GLOB:
      pAr->bGlob = 1;
      break;
    case AR_SWITCH_VERBOSE:
      pAr->bVerbose = 1;
      break;
    case AR_SWITCH_APPEND:
      pAr->bAppend = 1;
      /* Fall thru into --file */
    case AR_SWITCH_FILE:
      pAr->zFile = zArg;
      break;
    case AR_SWITCH_DIRECTORY:
      pAr->zDir = zArg;
      break;
  }

  return SQLITE_OK;
}

/*
** Parse the command line for an ".ar" command. The results are written into
** structure (*pAr). SQLITE_OK is returned if the command line is parsed
** successfully, otherwise an error message is written to stderr and
** SQLITE_ERROR returned.
*/
static int arParseCommand(
  char **azArg,                   /* Array of arguments passed to dot command */
  int nArg,                       /* Number of entries in azArg[] */
  ArCommand *pAr                  /* Populate this object */
){
  struct ArSwitch {
    const char *zLong;
    char cShort;
    u8 eSwitch;
    u8 bArg;
  } aSwitch[] = {
    { "create",    'c', AR_CMD_CREATE,       0 },
    { "extract",   'x', AR_CMD_EXTRACT,      0 },
    { "insert",    'i', AR_CMD_INSERT,       0 },
    { "list",      't', AR_CMD_LIST,         0 },
    { "remove",    'r', AR_CMD_REMOVE,       0 },
    { "update",    'u', AR_CMD_UPDATE,       0 },
    { "help",      'h', AR_CMD_HELP,         0 },
    { "verbose",   'v', AR_SWITCH_VERBOSE,   0 },
    { "file",      'f', AR_SWITCH_FILE,      1 },
    { "append",    'a', AR_SWITCH_APPEND,    1 },
    { "directory", 'C', AR_SWITCH_DIRECTORY, 1 },
    { "dryrun",    'n', AR_SWITCH_DRYRUN,    0 },
    { "glob",      'g', AR_SWITCH_GLOB,      0 },
  };
  int nSwitch = sizeof(aSwitch) / sizeof(struct ArSwitch);
  struct ArSwitch *pEnd = &aSwitch[nSwitch];

  if( nArg<=1 ){
    utf8_printf(stderr, "Wrong number of arguments.  Usage:\n");
    return arUsage(stderr);
  }else{
    char *z = azArg[1];
    if( z[0]!='-' ){
      /* Traditional style [tar] invocation */
      int i;
      int iArg = 2;
      for(i=0; z[i]; i++){
        const char *zArg = 0;
        struct ArSwitch *pOpt;
        for(pOpt=&aSwitch[0]; pOpt<pEnd; pOpt++){
          if( z[i]==pOpt->cShort ) break;
        }
        if( pOpt==pEnd ){
          return arErrorMsg(pAr, "unrecognized option: %c", z[i]);
        }
        if( pOpt->bArg ){
          if( iArg>=nArg ){
            return arErrorMsg(pAr, "option requires an argument: %c",z[i]);
          }
          zArg = azArg[iArg++];
        }
        if( arProcessSwitch(pAr, pOpt->eSwitch, zArg) ) return SQLITE_ERROR;
      }
      pAr->nArg = nArg-iArg;
      if( pAr->nArg>0 ){
        pAr->azArg = &azArg[iArg];
      }
    }else{
      /* Non-traditional invocation */
      int iArg;
      for(iArg=1; iArg<nArg; iArg++){
        int n;
        z = azArg[iArg];
        if( z[0]!='-' ){
          /* All remaining command line words are command arguments. */
          pAr->azArg = &azArg[iArg];
          pAr->nArg = nArg-iArg;
          break;
        }
        n = strlen30(z);

        if( z[1]!='-' ){
          int i;
          /* One or more short options */
          for(i=1; i<n; i++){
            const char *zArg = 0;
            struct ArSwitch *pOpt;
            for(pOpt=&aSwitch[0]; pOpt<pEnd; pOpt++){
              if( z[i]==pOpt->cShort ) break;
            }
            if( pOpt==pEnd ){
              return arErrorMsg(pAr, "unrecognized option: %c", z[i]);
            }
            if( pOpt->bArg ){
              if( i<(n-1) ){
                zArg = &z[i+1];
                i = n;
              }else{
                if( iArg>=(nArg-1) ){
                  return arErrorMsg(pAr, "option requires an argument: %c",
                                    z[i]);
                }
                zArg = azArg[++iArg];
              }
            }
            if( arProcessSwitch(pAr, pOpt->eSwitch, zArg) ) return SQLITE_ERROR;
          }
        }else if( z[2]=='\0' ){
          /* A -- option, indicating that all remaining command line words
          ** are command arguments.  */
          pAr->azArg = &azArg[iArg+1];
          pAr->nArg = nArg-iArg-1;
          break;
        }else{
          /* A long option */
          const char *zArg = 0;             /* Argument for option, if any */
          struct ArSwitch *pMatch = 0;      /* Matching option */
          struct ArSwitch *pOpt;            /* Iterator */
          for(pOpt=&aSwitch[0]; pOpt<pEnd; pOpt++){
            const char *zLong = pOpt->zLong;
            if( (n-2)<=strlen30(zLong) && 0==memcmp(&z[2], zLong, n-2) ){
              if( pMatch ){
                return arErrorMsg(pAr, "ambiguous option: %s",z);
              }else{
                pMatch = pOpt;
              }
            }
          }

          if( pMatch==0 ){
            return arErrorMsg(pAr, "unrecognized option: %s", z);
          }
          if( pMatch->bArg ){
            if( iArg>=(nArg-1) ){
              return arErrorMsg(pAr, "option requires an argument: %s", z);
            }
            zArg = azArg[++iArg];
          }
          if( arProcessSwitch(pAr, pMatch->eSwitch, zArg) ) return SQLITE_ERROR;
        }
      }
    }
  }

  return SQLITE_OK;
}

/*
** This function assumes that all arguments within the ArCommand.azArg[]
** array refer to archive members, as for the --extract, --list or --remove
** commands. It checks that each of them are "present". If any specified
** file is not present in the archive, an error is printed to stderr and an
** error code returned. Otherwise, if all specified arguments are present
** in the archive, SQLITE_OK is returned. Here, "present" means either an
** exact equality when pAr->bGlob is false or a "name GLOB pattern" match
** when pAr->bGlob is true.
**
** This function strips any trailing '/' characters from each argument.
** This is consistent with the way the [tar] command seems to work on
** Linux.
*/
static int arCheckEntries(ArCommand *pAr){
  int rc = SQLITE_OK;
  if( pAr->nArg ){
    int i, j;
    sqlite3_stmt *pTest = 0;
    const char *zSel = (pAr->bGlob)
      ? "SELECT name FROM %s WHERE glob($name,name)"
      : "SELECT name FROM %s WHERE name=$name";

    shellPreparePrintf(pAr->db, &rc, &pTest, zSel, pAr->zSrcTable);
    j = sqlite3_bind_parameter_index(pTest, "$name");
    for(i=0; i<pAr->nArg && rc==SQLITE_OK; i++){
      char *z = pAr->azArg[i];
      int n = strlen30(z);
      int bOk = 0;
      while( n>0 && z[n-1]=='/' ) n--;
      z[n] = '\0';
      sqlite3_bind_text(pTest, j, z, -1, SQLITE_STATIC);
      if( SQLITE_ROW==sqlite3_step(pTest) ){
        bOk = 1;
      }
      shellReset(&rc, pTest);
      if( rc==SQLITE_OK && bOk==0 ){
        utf8_printf(stderr, "not found in archive: %s\n", z);
        rc = SQLITE_ERROR;
      }
    }
    shellFinalize(&rc, pTest);
  }
  return rc;
}

/*
** Format a WHERE clause that can be used against the "sqlar" table to
** identify all archive members that match the command arguments held
** in (*pAr). Leave this WHERE clause in (*pzWhere) before returning.
** The caller is responsible for eventually calling sqlite3_free() on
** any non-NULL (*pzWhere) value. Here, "match" means strict equality
** when pAr->bGlob is false and GLOB match when pAr->bGlob is true.
*/
static void arWhereClause(
  int *pRc,
  ArCommand *pAr,
  char **pzWhere                  /* OUT: New WHERE clause */
){
  char *zWhere = 0;
  const char *zSameOp = (pAr->bGlob)? "GLOB" : "=";
  if( *pRc==SQLITE_OK ){
    if( pAr->nArg==0 ){
      zWhere = sqlite3_mprintf("1");
    }else{
      int i;
      const char *zSep = "";
      for(i=0; i<pAr->nArg; i++){
        const char *z = pAr->azArg[i];
        zWhere = sqlite3_mprintf(
          "%z%s name %s '%q' OR substr(name,1,%d) %s '%q/'",
          zWhere, zSep, zSameOp, z, strlen30(z)+1, zSameOp, z
        );
        if( zWhere==0 ){
          *pRc = SQLITE_NOMEM;
          break;
        }
        zSep = " OR ";
      }
    }
  }
  *pzWhere = zWhere;
}

/*
** Implementation of .ar "lisT" command.
*/
static int arListCommand(ArCommand *pAr){
  const char *zSql = "SELECT %s FROM %s WHERE %s";
  const char *azCols[] = {
    "name",
    "lsmode(mode), sz, datetime(mtime, 'unixepoch'), name"
  };

  char *zWhere = 0;
  sqlite3_stmt *pSql = 0;
  int rc;

  rc = arCheckEntries(pAr);
  arWhereClause(&rc, pAr, &zWhere);

  shellPreparePrintf(pAr->db, &rc, &pSql, zSql, azCols[pAr->bVerbose],
                     pAr->zSrcTable, zWhere);
  if( pAr->bDryRun ){
    utf8_printf(pAr->p->out, "%s\n", sqlite3_sql(pSql));
  }else{
    while( rc==SQLITE_OK && SQLITE_ROW==sqlite3_step(pSql) ){
      if( pAr->bVerbose ){
        utf8_printf(pAr->p->out, "%s % 10d  %s  %s\n",
            sqlite3_column_text(pSql, 0),
            sqlite3_column_int(pSql, 1),
            sqlite3_column_text(pSql, 2),
            sqlite3_column_text(pSql, 3)
        );
      }else{
        utf8_printf(pAr->p->out, "%s\n", sqlite3_column_text(pSql, 0));
      }
    }
  }
  shellFinalize(&rc, pSql);
  sqlite3_free(zWhere);
  return rc;
}


/*
** Implementation of .ar "Remove" command.
*/
static int arRemoveCommand(ArCommand *pAr){
  int rc = 0;
  char *zSql = 0;
  char *zWhere = 0;

  if( pAr->nArg ){
    /* Verify that args actually exist within the archive before proceeding.
    ** And formulate a WHERE clause to match them.  */
    rc = arCheckEntries(pAr);
    arWhereClause(&rc, pAr, &zWhere);
  }
  if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
    zSql = sqlite3_mprintf("DELETE FROM %s WHERE %s;",
                           pAr->zSrcTable, zWhere);
    if( pAr->bDryRun ){
      utf8_printf(pAr->p->out, "%s\n", zSql);
    }else{
      char *zErr = 0;
      rc = sqlite3_exec(pAr->db, "SAVEPOINT ar;", 0, 0, 0);
      if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
        rc = sqlite3_exec(pAr->db, zSql, 0, 0, &zErr);
        if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
          sqlite3_exec(pAr->db, "ROLLBACK TO ar; RELEASE ar;", 0, 0, 0);
        }else{
          rc = sqlite3_exec(pAr->db, "RELEASE ar;", 0, 0, 0);
        }
      }
      if( zErr ){
        utf8_printf(stdout, "ERROR: %s\n", zErr);
        sqlite3_free(zErr);
      }
    }
  }
  sqlite3_free(zWhere);
  sqlite3_free(zSql);
  return rc;
}

/*
** Implementation of .ar "eXtract" command.
*/
static int arExtractCommand(ArCommand *pAr){
  const char *zSql1 =
    "SELECT "
    " ($dir || name),"
    " writefile(($dir || name), %s, mode, mtime) "
    "FROM %s WHERE (%s) AND (data IS NULL OR $dirOnly = 0)"
    " AND name NOT GLOB '*..[/\\]*'";

  const char *azExtraArg[] = {
    "sqlar_uncompress(data, sz)",
    "data"
  };

  sqlite3_stmt *pSql = 0;
  int rc = SQLITE_OK;
  char *zDir = 0;
  char *zWhere = 0;
  int i, j;

  /* If arguments are specified, check that they actually exist within
  ** the archive before proceeding. And formulate a WHERE clause to
  ** match them.  */
  rc = arCheckEntries(pAr);
  arWhereClause(&rc, pAr, &zWhere);

  if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
    if( pAr->zDir ){
      zDir = sqlite3_mprintf("%s/", pAr->zDir);
    }else{
      zDir = sqlite3_mprintf("");
    }
    if( zDir==0 ) rc = SQLITE_NOMEM;
  }

  shellPreparePrintf(pAr->db, &rc, &pSql, zSql1,
      azExtraArg[pAr->bZip], pAr->zSrcTable, zWhere
  );

  if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
    j = sqlite3_bind_parameter_index(pSql, "$dir");
    sqlite3_bind_text(pSql, j, zDir, -1, SQLITE_STATIC);

    /* Run the SELECT statement twice. The first time, writefile() is called
    ** for all archive members that should be extracted. The second time,
    ** only for the directories. This is because the timestamps for
    ** extracted directories must be reset after they are populated (as
    ** populating them changes the timestamp).  */
    for(i=0; i<2; i++){
      j = sqlite3_bind_parameter_index(pSql, "$dirOnly");
      sqlite3_bind_int(pSql, j, i);
      if( pAr->bDryRun ){
        utf8_printf(pAr->p->out, "%s\n", sqlite3_sql(pSql));
      }else{
        while( rc==SQLITE_OK && SQLITE_ROW==sqlite3_step(pSql) ){
          if( i==0 && pAr->bVerbose ){
            utf8_printf(pAr->p->out, "%s\n", sqlite3_column_text(pSql, 0));
          }
        }
      }
      shellReset(&rc, pSql);
    }
    shellFinalize(&rc, pSql);
  }

  sqlite3_free(zDir);
  sqlite3_free(zWhere);
  return rc;
}

/*
** Run the SQL statement in zSql.  Or if doing a --dryrun, merely print it out.
*/
static int arExecSql(ArCommand *pAr, const char *zSql){
  int rc;
  if( pAr->bDryRun ){
    utf8_printf(pAr->p->out, "%s\n", zSql);
    rc = SQLITE_OK;
  }else{
    char *zErr = 0;
    rc = sqlite3_exec(pAr->db, zSql, 0, 0, &zErr);
    if( zErr ){
      utf8_printf(stdout, "ERROR: %s\n", zErr);
      sqlite3_free(zErr);
    }
  }
  return rc;
}


/*
** Implementation of .ar "create", "insert", and "update" commands.
**
**     create    ->     Create a new SQL archive
**     insert    ->     Insert or reinsert all files listed
**     update    ->     Insert files that have changed or that were not
**                      previously in the archive
**
** Create the "sqlar" table in the database if it does not already exist.
** Then add each file in the azFile[] array to the archive. Directories
** are added recursively. If argument bVerbose is non-zero, a message is
** printed on stdout for each file archived.
**
** The create command is the same as update, except that it drops
** any existing "sqlar" table before beginning.  The "insert" command
** always overwrites every file named on the command-line, where as
** "update" only overwrites if the size or mtime or mode has changed.
*/
static int arCreateOrUpdateCommand(
  ArCommand *pAr,                 /* Command arguments and options */
  int bUpdate,                    /* true for a --create. */
  int bOnlyIfChanged              /* Only update if file has changed */
){
  const char *zCreate =
      "CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS sqlar(\n"
      "  name TEXT PRIMARY KEY,  -- name of the file\n"
      "  mode INT,               -- access permissions\n"
      "  mtime INT,              -- last modification time\n"
      "  sz INT,                 -- original file size\n"
      "  data BLOB               -- compressed content\n"
      ")";
  const char *zDrop = "DROP TABLE IF EXISTS sqlar";
  const char *zInsertFmt[2] = {
     "REPLACE INTO %s(name,mode,mtime,sz,data)\n"
     "  SELECT\n"
     "    %s,\n"
     "    mode,\n"
     "    mtime,\n"
     "    CASE substr(lsmode(mode),1,1)\n"
     "      WHEN '-' THEN length(data)\n"
     "      WHEN 'd' THEN 0\n"
     "      ELSE -1 END,\n"
     "    sqlar_compress(data)\n"
     "  FROM fsdir(%Q,%Q) AS disk\n"
     "  WHERE lsmode(mode) NOT LIKE '?%%'%s;"
     ,
     "REPLACE INTO %s(name,mode,mtime,data)\n"
     "  SELECT\n"
     "    %s,\n"
     "    mode,\n"
     "    mtime,\n"
     "    data\n"
     "  FROM fsdir(%Q,%Q) AS disk\n"
     "  WHERE lsmode(mode) NOT LIKE '?%%'%s;"
  };
  int i;                          /* For iterating through azFile[] */
  int rc;                         /* Return code */
  const char *zTab = 0;           /* SQL table into which to insert */
  char *zSql;
  char zTemp[50];
  char *zExists = 0;

  arExecSql(pAr, "PRAGMA page_size=512");
  rc = arExecSql(pAr, "SAVEPOINT ar;");
  if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ) return rc;
  zTemp[0] = 0;
  if( pAr->bZip ){
    /* Initialize the zipfile virtual table, if necessary */
    if( pAr->zFile ){
      sqlite3_uint64 r;
      sqlite3_randomness(sizeof(r),&r);
      sqlite3_snprintf(sizeof(zTemp),zTemp,"zip%016llx",r);
      zTab = zTemp;
      zSql = sqlite3_mprintf(
         "CREATE VIRTUAL TABLE temp.%s USING zipfile(%Q)",
         zTab, pAr->zFile
      );
      rc = arExecSql(pAr, zSql);
      sqlite3_free(zSql);
    }else{
      zTab = "zip";
    }
  }else{
    /* Initialize the table for an SQLAR */
    zTab = "sqlar";
    if( bUpdate==0 ){
      rc = arExecSql(pAr, zDrop);
      if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ) goto end_ar_transaction;
    }
    rc = arExecSql(pAr, zCreate);
  }
  if( bOnlyIfChanged ){
    zExists = sqlite3_mprintf(
      " AND NOT EXISTS("
          "SELECT 1 FROM %s AS mem"
          " WHERE mem.name=disk.name"
          " AND mem.mtime=disk.mtime"
          " AND mem.mode=disk.mode)", zTab);
  }else{
    zExists = sqlite3_mprintf("");
  }
  if( zExists==0 ) rc = SQLITE_NOMEM;
  for(i=0; i<pAr->nArg && rc==SQLITE_OK; i++){
    char *zSql2 = sqlite3_mprintf(zInsertFmt[pAr->bZip], zTab,
        pAr->bVerbose ? "shell_putsnl(name)" : "name",
        pAr->azArg[i], pAr->zDir, zExists);
    rc = arExecSql(pAr, zSql2);
    sqlite3_free(zSql2);
  }
end_ar_transaction:
  if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
    sqlite3_exec(pAr->db, "ROLLBACK TO ar; RELEASE ar;", 0, 0, 0);
  }else{
    rc = arExecSql(pAr, "RELEASE ar;");
    if( pAr->bZip && pAr->zFile ){
      zSql = sqlite3_mprintf("DROP TABLE %s", zTemp);
      arExecSql(pAr, zSql);
      sqlite3_free(zSql);
    }
  }
  sqlite3_free(zExists);
  return rc;
}

/*
** Implementation of ".ar" dot command.
*/
static int arDotCommand(
  ShellState *pState,          /* Current shell tool state */
  int fromCmdLine,             /* True if -A command-line option, not .ar cmd */
  char **azArg,                /* Array of arguments passed to dot command */
  int nArg                     /* Number of entries in azArg[] */
){
  ArCommand cmd;
  int rc;
  memset(&cmd, 0, sizeof(cmd));
  cmd.fromCmdLine = fromCmdLine;
  rc = arParseCommand(azArg, nArg, &cmd);
  if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
    int eDbType = SHELL_OPEN_UNSPEC;
    cmd.p = pState;
    cmd.db = pState->db;
    if( cmd.zFile ){
      eDbType = deduceDatabaseType(cmd.zFile, 1);
    }else{
      eDbType = pState->openMode;
    }
    if( eDbType==SHELL_OPEN_ZIPFILE ){
      if( cmd.eCmd==AR_CMD_EXTRACT || cmd.eCmd==AR_CMD_LIST ){
        if( cmd.zFile==0 ){
          cmd.zSrcTable = sqlite3_mprintf("zip");
        }else{
          cmd.zSrcTable = sqlite3_mprintf("zipfile(%Q)", cmd.zFile);
        }
      }
      cmd.bZip = 1;
    }else if( cmd.zFile ){
      int flags;
      if( cmd.bAppend ) eDbType = SHELL_OPEN_APPENDVFS;
      if( cmd.eCmd==AR_CMD_CREATE || cmd.eCmd==AR_CMD_INSERT
           || cmd.eCmd==AR_CMD_REMOVE || cmd.eCmd==AR_CMD_UPDATE ){
        flags = SQLITE_OPEN_READWRITE|SQLITE_OPEN_CREATE;
      }else{
        flags = SQLITE_OPEN_READONLY;
      }
      cmd.db = 0;
      if( cmd.bDryRun ){
        utf8_printf(pState->out, "-- open database '%s'%s\n", cmd.zFile,
             eDbType==SHELL_OPEN_APPENDVFS ? " using 'apndvfs'" : "");
      }
      rc = sqlite3_open_v2(cmd.zFile, &cmd.db, flags,
             eDbType==SHELL_OPEN_APPENDVFS ? "apndvfs" : 0);
      if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
        utf8_printf(stderr, "cannot open file: %s (%s)\n",
            cmd.zFile, sqlite3_errmsg(cmd.db)
        );
        goto end_ar_command;
      }
      sqlite3_fileio_init(cmd.db, 0, 0);
      sqlite3_sqlar_init(cmd.db, 0, 0);
      sqlite3_create_function(cmd.db, "shell_putsnl", 1, SQLITE_UTF8, cmd.p,
                              shellPutsFunc, 0, 0);

    }
    if( cmd.zSrcTable==0 && cmd.bZip==0 && cmd.eCmd!=AR_CMD_HELP ){
      if( cmd.eCmd!=AR_CMD_CREATE
       && sqlite3_table_column_metadata(cmd.db,0,"sqlar","name",0,0,0,0,0)
      ){
        utf8_printf(stderr, "database does not contain an 'sqlar' table\n");
        rc = SQLITE_ERROR;
        goto end_ar_command;
      }
      cmd.zSrcTable = sqlite3_mprintf("sqlar");
    }

    switch( cmd.eCmd ){
      case AR_CMD_CREATE:
        rc = arCreateOrUpdateCommand(&cmd, 0, 0);
        break;

      case AR_CMD_EXTRACT:
        rc = arExtractCommand(&cmd);
        break;

      case AR_CMD_LIST:
        rc = arListCommand(&cmd);
        break;

      case AR_CMD_HELP:
        arUsage(pState->out);
        break;

      case AR_CMD_INSERT:
        rc = arCreateOrUpdateCommand(&cmd, 1, 0);
        break;

      case AR_CMD_REMOVE:
        rc = arRemoveCommand(&cmd);
        break;

      default:
        assert( cmd.eCmd==AR_CMD_UPDATE );
        rc = arCreateOrUpdateCommand(&cmd, 1, 1);
        break;
    }
  }
end_ar_command:
  if( cmd.db!=pState->db ){
    close_db(cmd.db);
  }
  sqlite3_free(cmd.zSrcTable);

  return rc;
}
/* End of the ".archive" or ".ar" command logic
*******************************************************************************/
#endif /* !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_VIRTUALTABLE) && defined(SQLITE_HAVE_ZLIB) */

#if !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_VIRTUALTABLE) && defined(SQLITE_ENABLE_DBPAGE_VTAB)
/*
** If (*pRc) is not SQLITE_OK when this function is called, it is a no-op.
** Otherwise, the SQL statement or statements in zSql are executed using
** database connection db and the error code written to *pRc before
** this function returns.
*/
static void shellExec(sqlite3 *db, int *pRc, const char *zSql){
  int rc = *pRc;
  if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
    char *zErr = 0;
    rc = sqlite3_exec(db, zSql, 0, 0, &zErr);
    if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
      raw_printf(stderr, "SQL error: %s\n", zErr);
    }
    sqlite3_free(zErr);
    *pRc = rc;
  }
}

/*
** Like shellExec(), except that zFmt is a printf() style format string.
*/
static void shellExecPrintf(sqlite3 *db, int *pRc, const char *zFmt, ...){
  char *z = 0;
  if( *pRc==SQLITE_OK ){
    va_list ap;
    va_start(ap, zFmt);
    z = sqlite3_vmprintf(zFmt, ap);
    va_end(ap);
    if( z==0 ){
      *pRc = SQLITE_NOMEM;
    }else{
      shellExec(db, pRc, z);
    }
    sqlite3_free(z);
  }
}

/*
** If *pRc is not SQLITE_OK when this function is called, it is a no-op.
** Otherwise, an attempt is made to allocate, zero and return a pointer
** to a buffer nByte bytes in size. If an OOM error occurs, *pRc is set
** to SQLITE_NOMEM and NULL returned.
*/
static void *shellMalloc(int *pRc, sqlite3_int64 nByte){
  void *pRet = 0;
  if( *pRc==SQLITE_OK ){
    pRet = sqlite3_malloc64(nByte);
    if( pRet==0 ){
      *pRc = SQLITE_NOMEM;
    }else{
      memset(pRet, 0, nByte);
    }
  }
  return pRet;
}

/*
** If *pRc is not SQLITE_OK when this function is called, it is a no-op.
** Otherwise, zFmt is treated as a printf() style string. The result of
** formatting it along with any trailing arguments is written into a
** buffer obtained from sqlite3_malloc(), and pointer to which is returned.
** It is the responsibility of the caller to eventually free this buffer
** using a call to sqlite3_free().
**
** If an OOM error occurs, (*pRc) is set to SQLITE_NOMEM and a NULL
** pointer returned.
*/
static char *shellMPrintf(int *pRc, const char *zFmt, ...){
  char *z = 0;
  if( *pRc==SQLITE_OK ){
    va_list ap;
    va_start(ap, zFmt);
    z = sqlite3_vmprintf(zFmt, ap);
    va_end(ap);
    if( z==0 ){
      *pRc = SQLITE_NOMEM;
    }
  }
  return z;
}

/*
** When running the ".recover" command, each output table, and the special
** orphaned row table if it is required, is represented by an instance
** of the following struct.
*/
typedef struct RecoverTable RecoverTable;
struct RecoverTable {
  char *zQuoted;                  /* Quoted version of table name */
  int nCol;                       /* Number of columns in table */
  char **azlCol;                  /* Array of column lists */
  int iPk;                        /* Index of IPK column */
};

/*
** Free a RecoverTable object allocated by recoverFindTable() or
** recoverOrphanTable().
*/
static void recoverFreeTable(RecoverTable *pTab){
  if( pTab ){
    sqlite3_free(pTab->zQuoted);
    if( pTab->azlCol ){
      int i;
      for(i=0; i<=pTab->nCol; i++){
        sqlite3_free(pTab->azlCol[i]);
      }
      sqlite3_free(pTab->azlCol);
    }
    sqlite3_free(pTab);
  }
}

/*
** This function is a no-op if (*pRc) is not SQLITE_OK when it is called.
** Otherwise, it allocates and returns a RecoverTable object based on the
** final four arguments passed to this function. It is the responsibility
** of the caller to eventually free the returned object using
** recoverFreeTable().
*/
static RecoverTable *recoverNewTable(
  int *pRc,                       /* IN/OUT: Error code */
  const char *zName,              /* Name of table */
  const char *zSql,               /* CREATE TABLE statement */
  int bIntkey,
  int nCol
){
  sqlite3 *dbtmp = 0;             /* sqlite3 handle for testing CREATE TABLE */
  int rc = *pRc;
  RecoverTable *pTab = 0;

  pTab = (RecoverTable*)shellMalloc(&rc, sizeof(RecoverTable));
  if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
    int nSqlCol = 0;
    int bSqlIntkey = 0;
    sqlite3_stmt *pStmt = 0;

    rc = sqlite3_open("", &dbtmp);
    if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
      sqlite3_create_function(dbtmp, "shell_idquote", 1, SQLITE_UTF8, 0,
                              shellIdQuote, 0, 0);
    }
    if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
      rc = sqlite3_exec(dbtmp, "PRAGMA writable_schema = on", 0, 0, 0);
    }
    if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
      rc = sqlite3_exec(dbtmp, zSql, 0, 0, 0);
      if( rc==SQLITE_ERROR ){
        rc = SQLITE_OK;
        goto finished;
      }
    }
    shellPreparePrintf(dbtmp, &rc, &pStmt,
        "SELECT count(*) FROM pragma_table_info(%Q)", zName
    );
    if( rc==SQLITE_OK && SQLITE_ROW==sqlite3_step(pStmt) ){
      nSqlCol = sqlite3_column_int(pStmt, 0);
    }
    shellFinalize(&rc, pStmt);

    if( rc!=SQLITE_OK || nSqlCol<nCol ){
      goto finished;
    }

    shellPreparePrintf(dbtmp, &rc, &pStmt,
      "SELECT ("
      "  SELECT substr(data,1,1)==X'0D' FROM sqlite_dbpage WHERE pgno=rootpage"
      ") FROM sqlite_schema WHERE name = %Q", zName
    );
    if( rc==SQLITE_OK && SQLITE_ROW==sqlite3_step(pStmt) ){
      bSqlIntkey = sqlite3_column_int(pStmt, 0);
    }
    shellFinalize(&rc, pStmt);

    if( bIntkey==bSqlIntkey ){
      int i;
      const char *zPk = "_rowid_";
      sqlite3_stmt *pPkFinder = 0;

      /* If this is an intkey table and there is an INTEGER PRIMARY KEY,
      ** set zPk to the name of the PK column, and pTab->iPk to the index
      ** of the column, where columns are 0-numbered from left to right.
      ** Or, if this is a WITHOUT ROWID table or if there is no IPK column,
      ** leave zPk as "_rowid_" and pTab->iPk at -2.  */
      pTab->iPk = -2;
      if( bIntkey ){
        shellPreparePrintf(dbtmp, &rc, &pPkFinder,
          "SELECT cid, name FROM pragma_table_info(%Q) "
          "  WHERE pk=1 AND type='integer' COLLATE nocase"
          "  AND NOT EXISTS (SELECT cid FROM pragma_table_info(%Q) WHERE pk=2)"
          , zName, zName
        );
        if( rc==SQLITE_OK && SQLITE_ROW==sqlite3_step(pPkFinder) ){
          pTab->iPk = sqlite3_column_int(pPkFinder, 0);
          zPk = (const char*)sqlite3_column_text(pPkFinder, 1);
          if( zPk==0 ){ zPk = "_";  /* Defensive.  Should never happen */ }
        }
      }

      pTab->zQuoted = shellMPrintf(&rc, "\"%w\"", zName);
      pTab->azlCol = (char**)shellMalloc(&rc, sizeof(char*) * (nSqlCol+1));
      pTab->nCol = nSqlCol;

      if( bIntkey ){
        pTab->azlCol[0] = shellMPrintf(&rc, "\"%w\"", zPk);
      }else{
        pTab->azlCol[0] = shellMPrintf(&rc, "");
      }
      i = 1;
      shellPreparePrintf(dbtmp, &rc, &pStmt,
          "SELECT %Q || group_concat(shell_idquote(name), ', ') "
          "  FILTER (WHERE cid!=%d) OVER (ORDER BY %s cid) "
          "FROM pragma_table_info(%Q)",
          bIntkey ? ", " : "", pTab->iPk,
          bIntkey ? "" : "(CASE WHEN pk=0 THEN 1000000 ELSE pk END), ",
          zName
      );
      while( rc==SQLITE_OK && SQLITE_ROW==sqlite3_step(pStmt) ){
        const char *zText = (const char*)sqlite3_column_text(pStmt, 0);
        pTab->azlCol[i] = shellMPrintf(&rc, "%s%s", pTab->azlCol[0], zText);
        i++;
      }
      shellFinalize(&rc, pStmt);

      shellFinalize(&rc, pPkFinder);
    }
  }

 finished:
  sqlite3_close(dbtmp);
  *pRc = rc;
  if( rc!=SQLITE_OK || (pTab && pTab->zQuoted==0) ){
    recoverFreeTable(pTab);
    pTab = 0;
  }
  return pTab;
}

/*
** This function is called to search the schema recovered from the
** sqlite_schema table of the (possibly) corrupt database as part
** of a ".recover" command. Specifically, for a table with root page
** iRoot and at least nCol columns. Additionally, if bIntkey is 0, the
** table must be a WITHOUT ROWID table, or if non-zero, not one of
** those.
**
** If a table is found, a (RecoverTable*) object is returned. Or, if
** no such table is found, but bIntkey is false and iRoot is the
** root page of an index in the recovered schema, then (*pbNoop) is
** set to true and NULL returned. Or, if there is no such table or
** index, NULL is returned and (*pbNoop) set to 0, indicating that
** the caller should write data to the orphans table.
*/
static RecoverTable *recoverFindTable(
  ShellState *pState,             /* Shell state object */
  int *pRc,                       /* IN/OUT: Error code */
  int iRoot,                      /* Root page of table */
  int bIntkey,                    /* True for an intkey table */
  int nCol,                       /* Number of columns in table */
  int *pbNoop                     /* OUT: True if iRoot is root of index */
){
  sqlite3_stmt *pStmt = 0;
  RecoverTable *pRet = 0;
  int bNoop = 0;
  const char *zSql = 0;
  const char *zName = 0;

  /* Search the recovered schema for an object with root page iRoot. */
  shellPreparePrintf(pState->db, pRc, &pStmt,
      "SELECT type, name, sql FROM recovery.schema WHERE rootpage=%d", iRoot
  );
  while( *pRc==SQLITE_OK && SQLITE_ROW==sqlite3_step(pStmt) ){
    const char *zType = (const char*)sqlite3_column_text(pStmt, 0);
    if( bIntkey==0 && sqlite3_stricmp(zType, "index")==0 ){
      bNoop = 1;
      break;
    }
    if( sqlite3_stricmp(zType, "table")==0 ){
      zName = (const char*)sqlite3_column_text(pStmt, 1);
      zSql = (const char*)sqlite3_column_text(pStmt, 2);
      if( zName!=0 && zSql!=0 ){
        pRet = recoverNewTable(pRc, zName, zSql, bIntkey, nCol);
        break;
      }
    }
  }

  shellFinalize(pRc, pStmt);
  *pbNoop = bNoop;
  return pRet;
}

/*
** Return a RecoverTable object representing the orphans table.
*/
static RecoverTable *recoverOrphanTable(
  ShellState *pState,             /* Shell state object */
  int *pRc,                       /* IN/OUT: Error code */
  const char *zLostAndFound,      /* Base name for orphans table */
  int nCol                        /* Number of user data columns */
){
  RecoverTable *pTab = 0;
  if( nCol>=0 && *pRc==SQLITE_OK ){
    int i;

    /* This block determines the name of the orphan table. The prefered
    ** name is zLostAndFound. But if that clashes with another name
    ** in the recovered schema, try zLostAndFound_0, zLostAndFound_1
    ** and so on until a non-clashing name is found.  */
    int iTab = 0;
    char *zTab = shellMPrintf(pRc, "%s", zLostAndFound);
    sqlite3_stmt *pTest = 0;
    shellPrepare(pState->db, pRc,
        "SELECT 1 FROM recovery.schema WHERE name=?", &pTest
    );
    if( pTest ) sqlite3_bind_text(pTest, 1, zTab, -1, SQLITE_TRANSIENT);
    while( *pRc==SQLITE_OK && SQLITE_ROW==sqlite3_step(pTest) ){
      shellReset(pRc, pTest);
      sqlite3_free(zTab);
      zTab = shellMPrintf(pRc, "%s_%d", zLostAndFound, iTab++);
      sqlite3_bind_text(pTest, 1, zTab, -1, SQLITE_TRANSIENT);
    }
    shellFinalize(pRc, pTest);

    pTab = (RecoverTable*)shellMalloc(pRc, sizeof(RecoverTable));
    if( pTab ){
      pTab->zQuoted = shellMPrintf(pRc, "\"%w\"", zTab);
      pTab->nCol = nCol;
      pTab->iPk = -2;
      if( nCol>0 ){
        pTab->azlCol = (char**)shellMalloc(pRc, sizeof(char*) * (nCol+1));
        if( pTab->azlCol ){
          pTab->azlCol[nCol] = shellMPrintf(pRc, "");
          for(i=nCol-1; i>=0; i--){
            pTab->azlCol[i] = shellMPrintf(pRc, "%s, NULL", pTab->azlCol[i+1]);
          }
        }
      }

      if( *pRc!=SQLITE_OK ){
        recoverFreeTable(pTab);
        pTab = 0;
      }else{
        raw_printf(pState->out,
            "CREATE TABLE %s(rootpgno INTEGER, "
            "pgno INTEGER, nfield INTEGER, id INTEGER", pTab->zQuoted
        );
        for(i=0; i<nCol; i++){
          raw_printf(pState->out, ", c%d", i);
        }
        raw_printf(pState->out, ");\n");
      }
    }
    sqlite3_free(zTab);
  }
  return pTab;
}

/*
** This function is called to recover data from the database. A script
** to construct a new database containing all recovered data is output
** on stream pState->out.
*/
static int recoverDatabaseCmd(ShellState *pState, int nArg, char **azArg){
  int rc = SQLITE_OK;
  sqlite3_stmt *pLoop = 0;        /* Loop through all root pages */
  sqlite3_stmt *pPages = 0;       /* Loop through all pages in a group */
  sqlite3_stmt *pCells = 0;       /* Loop through all cells in a page */
  const char *zRecoveryDb = "";   /* Name of "recovery" database */
  const char *zLostAndFound = "lost_and_found";
  int i;
  int nOrphan = -1;
  RecoverTable *pOrphan = 0;

  int bFreelist = 1;              /* 0 if --freelist-corrupt is specified */
  int bRowids = 1;                /* 0 if --no-rowids */
  for(i=1; i<nArg; i++){
    char *z = azArg[i];
    int n;
    if( z[0]=='-' && z[1]=='-' ) z++;
    n = strlen30(z);
    if( n<=17 && memcmp("-freelist-corrupt", z, n)==0 ){
      bFreelist = 0;
    }else
    if( n<=12 && memcmp("-recovery-db", z, n)==0 && i<(nArg-1) ){
      i++;
      zRecoveryDb = azArg[i];
    }else
    if( n<=15 && memcmp("-lost-and-found", z, n)==0 && i<(nArg-1) ){
      i++;
      zLostAndFound = azArg[i];
    }else
    if( n<=10 && memcmp("-no-rowids", z, n)==0 ){
      bRowids = 0;
    }
    else{
      utf8_printf(stderr, "unexpected option: %s\n", azArg[i]);
      showHelp(pState->out, azArg[0]);
      return 1;
    }
  }

  shellExecPrintf(pState->db, &rc,
    /* Attach an in-memory database named 'recovery'. Create an indexed
    ** cache of the sqlite_dbptr virtual table. */
    "PRAGMA writable_schema = on;"
    "ATTACH %Q AS recovery;"
    "DROP TABLE IF EXISTS recovery.dbptr;"
    "DROP TABLE IF EXISTS recovery.freelist;"
    "DROP TABLE IF EXISTS recovery.map;"
    "DROP TABLE IF EXISTS recovery.schema;"
    "CREATE TABLE recovery.freelist(pgno INTEGER PRIMARY KEY);", zRecoveryDb
  );

  if( bFreelist ){
    shellExec(pState->db, &rc,
      "WITH trunk(pgno) AS ("
      "  SELECT shell_int32("
      "      (SELECT data FROM sqlite_dbpage WHERE pgno=1), 8) AS x "
      "      WHERE x>0"
      "    UNION"
      "  SELECT shell_int32("
      "      (SELECT data FROM sqlite_dbpage WHERE pgno=trunk.pgno), 0) AS x "
      "      FROM trunk WHERE x>0"
      "),"
      "freelist(data, n, freepgno) AS ("
      "  SELECT data, min(16384, shell_int32(data, 1)-1), t.pgno "
      "      FROM trunk t, sqlite_dbpage s WHERE s.pgno=t.pgno"
      "    UNION ALL"
      "  SELECT data, n-1, shell_int32(data, 2+n) "
      "      FROM freelist WHERE n>=0"
      ")"
      "REPLACE INTO recovery.freelist SELECT freepgno FROM freelist;"
    );
  }

  /* If this is an auto-vacuum database, add all pointer-map pages to
  ** the freelist table. Do this regardless of whether or not
  ** --freelist-corrupt was specified.  */
  shellExec(pState->db, &rc,
    "WITH ptrmap(pgno) AS ("
    "  SELECT 2 WHERE shell_int32("
    "    (SELECT data FROM sqlite_dbpage WHERE pgno=1), 13"
    "  )"
    "    UNION ALL "
    "  SELECT pgno+1+(SELECT page_size FROM pragma_page_size)/5 AS pp "
    "  FROM ptrmap WHERE pp<=(SELECT page_count FROM pragma_page_count)"
    ")"
    "REPLACE INTO recovery.freelist SELECT pgno FROM ptrmap"
  );

  shellExec(pState->db, &rc,
    "CREATE TABLE recovery.dbptr("
    "      pgno, child, PRIMARY KEY(child, pgno)"
    ") WITHOUT ROWID;"
    "INSERT OR IGNORE INTO recovery.dbptr(pgno, child) "
    "    SELECT * FROM sqlite_dbptr"
    "      WHERE pgno NOT IN freelist AND child NOT IN freelist;"

    /* Delete any pointer to page 1. This ensures that page 1 is considered
    ** a root page, regardless of how corrupt the db is. */
    "DELETE FROM recovery.dbptr WHERE child = 1;"

    /* Delete all pointers to any pages that have more than one pointer
    ** to them. Such pages will be treated as root pages when recovering
    ** data.  */
    "DELETE FROM recovery.dbptr WHERE child IN ("
    "  SELECT child FROM recovery.dbptr GROUP BY child HAVING count(*)>1"
    ");"

    /* Create the "map" table that will (eventually) contain instructions
    ** for dealing with each page in the db that contains one or more
    ** records. */
    "CREATE TABLE recovery.map("
      "pgno INTEGER PRIMARY KEY, maxlen INT, intkey, root INT"
    ");"

    /* Populate table [map]. If there are circular loops of pages in the
    ** database, the following adds all pages in such a loop to the map
    ** as individual root pages. This could be handled better.  */
    "WITH pages(i, maxlen) AS ("
    "  SELECT page_count, ("
    "    SELECT max(field+1) FROM sqlite_dbdata WHERE pgno=page_count"
    "  ) FROM pragma_page_count WHERE page_count>0"
    "    UNION ALL"
    "  SELECT i-1, ("
    "    SELECT max(field+1) FROM sqlite_dbdata WHERE pgno=i-1"
    "  ) FROM pages WHERE i>=2"
    ")"
    "INSERT INTO recovery.map(pgno, maxlen, intkey, root) "
    "  SELECT i, maxlen, NULL, ("
    "    WITH p(orig, pgno, parent) AS ("
    "      SELECT 0, i, (SELECT pgno FROM recovery.dbptr WHERE child=i)"
    "        UNION "
    "      SELECT i, p.parent, "
    "        (SELECT pgno FROM recovery.dbptr WHERE child=p.parent) FROM p"
    "    )"
    "    SELECT pgno FROM p WHERE (parent IS NULL OR pgno = orig)"
    ") "
    "FROM pages WHERE maxlen IS NOT NULL AND i NOT IN freelist;"
    "UPDATE recovery.map AS o SET intkey = ("
    "  SELECT substr(data, 1, 1)==X'0D' FROM sqlite_dbpage WHERE pgno=o.pgno"
    ");"

    /* Extract data from page 1 and any linked pages into table
    ** recovery.schema. With the same schema as an sqlite_schema table.  */
    "CREATE TABLE recovery.schema(type, name, tbl_name, rootpage, sql);"
    "INSERT INTO recovery.schema SELECT "
    "  max(CASE WHEN field=0 THEN value ELSE NULL END),"
    "  max(CASE WHEN field=1 THEN value ELSE NULL END),"
    "  max(CASE WHEN field=2 THEN value ELSE NULL END),"
    "  max(CASE WHEN field=3 THEN value ELSE NULL END),"
    "  max(CASE WHEN field=4 THEN value ELSE NULL END)"
    "FROM sqlite_dbdata WHERE pgno IN ("
    "  SELECT pgno FROM recovery.map WHERE root=1"
    ")"
    "GROUP BY pgno, cell;"
    "CREATE INDEX recovery.schema_rootpage ON schema(rootpage);"
  );

  /* Open a transaction, then print out all non-virtual, non-"sqlite_%"
  ** CREATE TABLE statements that extracted from the existing schema.  */
  if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
    sqlite3_stmt *pStmt = 0;
    /* ".recover" might output content in an order which causes immediate
    ** foreign key constraints to be violated. So disable foreign-key
    ** constraint enforcement to prevent problems when running the output
    ** script. */
    raw_printf(pState->out, "PRAGMA foreign_keys=OFF;\n");
    raw_printf(pState->out, "BEGIN;\n");
    raw_printf(pState->out, "PRAGMA writable_schema = on;\n");
    shellPrepare(pState->db, &rc,
        "SELECT sql FROM recovery.schema "
        "WHERE type='table' AND sql LIKE 'create table%'", &pStmt
    );
    while( rc==SQLITE_OK && SQLITE_ROW==sqlite3_step(pStmt) ){
      const char *zCreateTable = (const char*)sqlite3_column_text(pStmt, 0);
      raw_printf(pState->out, "CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS %s;\n",
          &zCreateTable[12]
      );
    }
    shellFinalize(&rc, pStmt);
  }

  /* Figure out if an orphan table will be required. And if so, how many
  ** user columns it should contain */
  shellPrepare(pState->db, &rc,
      "SELECT coalesce(max(maxlen), -2) FROM recovery.map WHERE root>1"
      , &pLoop
  );
  if( rc==SQLITE_OK && SQLITE_ROW==sqlite3_step(pLoop) ){
    nOrphan = sqlite3_column_int(pLoop, 0);
  }
  shellFinalize(&rc, pLoop);
  pLoop = 0;

  shellPrepare(pState->db, &rc,
      "SELECT pgno FROM recovery.map WHERE root=?", &pPages
  );

  shellPrepare(pState->db, &rc,
      "SELECT max(field), group_concat(shell_escape_crnl(quote"
      "(case when (? AND field<0) then NULL else value end)"
      "), ', ')"
      ", min(field) "
      "FROM sqlite_dbdata WHERE pgno = ? AND field != ?"
      "GROUP BY cell", &pCells
  );

  /* Loop through each root page. */
  shellPrepare(pState->db, &rc,
      "SELECT root, intkey, max(maxlen) FROM recovery.map"
      " WHERE root>1 GROUP BY root, intkey ORDER BY root=("
      "  SELECT rootpage FROM recovery.schema WHERE name='sqlite_sequence'"
      ")", &pLoop
  );
  while( rc==SQLITE_OK && SQLITE_ROW==sqlite3_step(pLoop) ){
    int iRoot = sqlite3_column_int(pLoop, 0);
    int bIntkey = sqlite3_column_int(pLoop, 1);
    int nCol = sqlite3_column_int(pLoop, 2);
    int bNoop = 0;
    RecoverTable *pTab;

    assert( bIntkey==0 || bIntkey==1 );
    pTab = recoverFindTable(pState, &rc, iRoot, bIntkey, nCol, &bNoop);
    if( bNoop || rc ) continue;
    if( pTab==0 ){
      if( pOrphan==0 ){
        pOrphan = recoverOrphanTable(pState, &rc, zLostAndFound, nOrphan);
      }
      pTab = pOrphan;
      if( pTab==0 ) break;
    }

    if( 0==sqlite3_stricmp(pTab->zQuoted, "\"sqlite_sequence\"") ){
      raw_printf(pState->out, "DELETE FROM sqlite_sequence;\n");
    }
    sqlite3_bind_int(pPages, 1, iRoot);
    if( bRowids==0 && pTab->iPk<0 ){
      sqlite3_bind_int(pCells, 1, 1);
    }else{
      sqlite3_bind_int(pCells, 1, 0);
    }
    sqlite3_bind_int(pCells, 3, pTab->iPk);

    while( rc==SQLITE_OK && SQLITE_ROW==sqlite3_step(pPages) ){
      int iPgno = sqlite3_column_int(pPages, 0);
      sqlite3_bind_int(pCells, 2, iPgno);
      while( rc==SQLITE_OK && SQLITE_ROW==sqlite3_step(pCells) ){
        int nField = sqlite3_column_int(pCells, 0);
        int iMin = sqlite3_column_int(pCells, 2);
        const char *zVal = (const char*)sqlite3_column_text(pCells, 1);

        RecoverTable *pTab2 = pTab;
        if( pTab!=pOrphan && (iMin<0)!=bIntkey ){
          if( pOrphan==0 ){
            pOrphan = recoverOrphanTable(pState, &rc, zLostAndFound, nOrphan);
          }
          pTab2 = pOrphan;
          if( pTab2==0 ) break;
        }

        nField = nField+1;
        if( pTab2==pOrphan ){
          raw_printf(pState->out,
              "INSERT INTO %s VALUES(%d, %d, %d, %s%s%s);\n",
              pTab2->zQuoted, iRoot, iPgno, nField,
              iMin<0 ? "" : "NULL, ", zVal, pTab2->azlCol[nField]
          );
        }else{
          raw_printf(pState->out, "INSERT INTO %s(%s) VALUES( %s );\n",
              pTab2->zQuoted, pTab2->azlCol[nField], zVal
          );
        }
      }
      shellReset(&rc, pCells);
    }
    shellReset(&rc, pPages);
    if( pTab!=pOrphan ) recoverFreeTable(pTab);
  }
  shellFinalize(&rc, pLoop);
  shellFinalize(&rc, pPages);
  shellFinalize(&rc, pCells);
  recoverFreeTable(pOrphan);

  /* The rest of the schema */
  if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
    sqlite3_stmt *pStmt = 0;
    shellPrepare(pState->db, &rc,
        "SELECT sql, name FROM recovery.schema "
        "WHERE sql NOT LIKE 'create table%'", &pStmt
    );
    while( rc==SQLITE_OK && SQLITE_ROW==sqlite3_step(pStmt) ){
      const char *zSql = (const char*)sqlite3_column_text(pStmt, 0);
      if( sqlite3_strnicmp(zSql, "create virt", 11)==0 ){
        const char *zName = (const char*)sqlite3_column_text(pStmt, 1);
        char *zPrint = shellMPrintf(&rc,
          "INSERT INTO sqlite_schema VALUES('table', %Q, %Q, 0, %Q)",
          zName, zName, zSql
        );
        raw_printf(pState->out, "%s;\n", zPrint);
        sqlite3_free(zPrint);
      }else{
        raw_printf(pState->out, "%s;\n", zSql);
      }
    }
    shellFinalize(&rc, pStmt);
  }

  if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
    raw_printf(pState->out, "PRAGMA writable_schema = off;\n");
    raw_printf(pState->out, "COMMIT;\n");
  }
  sqlite3_exec(pState->db, "DETACH recovery", 0, 0, 0);
  return rc;
}
#endif /* !(SQLITE_OMIT_VIRTUALTABLE) && defined(SQLITE_ENABLE_DBPAGE_VTAB) */

/*
** If an input line begins with "." then invoke this routine to
** process that line.
**
** Return 1 on error, 2 to exit, and 0 otherwise.
*/
static int do_meta_command(char *zLine, ShellState *p){
  int h = 1;
  int nArg = 0;
  int n, c;
  int rc = 0;
  char *azArg[52];

#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_VIRTUALTABLE
  if( p->expert.pExpert ){
    expertFinish(p, 1, 0);
  }
#endif

  /* Parse the input line into tokens.
  */
  while( zLine[h] && nArg<ArraySize(azArg)-1 ){
    while( IsSpace(zLine[h]) ){ h++; }
    if( zLine[h]==0 ) break;
    if( zLine[h]=='\'' || zLine[h]=='"' ){
      int delim = zLine[h++];
      azArg[nArg++] = &zLine[h];
      while( zLine[h] && zLine[h]!=delim ){
        if( zLine[h]=='\\' && delim=='"' && zLine[h+1]!=0 ) h++;
        h++;
      }
      if( zLine[h]==delim ){
        zLine[h++] = 0;
      }
      if( delim=='"' ) resolve_backslashes(azArg[nArg-1]);
    }else{
      azArg[nArg++] = &zLine[h];
      while( zLine[h] && !IsSpace(zLine[h]) ){ h++; }
      if( zLine[h] ) zLine[h++] = 0;
      resolve_backslashes(azArg[nArg-1]);
    }
  }
  azArg[nArg] = 0;

  /* Process the input line.
  */
  if( nArg==0 ) return 0; /* no tokens, no error */
  n = strlen30(azArg[0]);
  c = azArg[0][0];
  clearTempFile(p);

#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_AUTHORIZATION
  if( c=='a' && strncmp(azArg[0], "auth", n)==0 ){
    if( nArg!=2 ){
      raw_printf(stderr, "Usage: .auth ON|OFF\n");
      rc = 1;
      goto meta_command_exit;
    }
    open_db(p, 0);
    if( booleanValue(azArg[1]) ){
      sqlite3_set_authorizer(p->db, shellAuth, p);
    }else if( p->bSafeModePersist ){
      sqlite3_set_authorizer(p->db, safeModeAuth, p);
    }else{
      sqlite3_set_authorizer(p->db, 0, 0);
    }
  }else
#endif

#if !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_VIRTUALTABLE) && defined(SQLITE_HAVE_ZLIB)
  if( c=='a' && strncmp(azArg[0], "archive", n)==0 ){
    open_db(p, 0);
    failIfSafeMode(p, "cannot run .archive in safe mode");
    rc = arDotCommand(p, 0, azArg, nArg);
  }else
#endif

  if( (c=='b' && n>=3 && strncmp(azArg[0], "backup", n)==0)
   || (c=='s' && n>=3 && strncmp(azArg[0], "save", n)==0)
  ){
    const char *zDestFile = 0;
    const char *zDb = 0;
    sqlite3 *pDest;
    sqlite3_backup *pBackup;
    int j;
    int bAsync = 0;
    const char *zVfs = 0;
    failIfSafeMode(p, "cannot run .%s in safe mode", azArg[0]);
    for(j=1; j<nArg; j++){
      const char *z = azArg[j];
      if( z[0]=='-' ){
        if( z[1]=='-' ) z++;
        if( strcmp(z, "-append")==0 ){
          zVfs = "apndvfs";
        }else
        if( strcmp(z, "-async")==0 ){
          bAsync = 1;
        }else
        {
          utf8_printf(stderr, "unknown option: %s\n", azArg[j]);
          return 1;
        }
      }else if( zDestFile==0 ){
        zDestFile = azArg[j];
      }else if( zDb==0 ){
        zDb = zDestFile;
        zDestFile = azArg[j];
      }else{
        raw_printf(stderr, "Usage: .backup ?DB? ?OPTIONS? FILENAME\n");
        return 1;
      }
    }
    if( zDestFile==0 ){
      raw_printf(stderr, "missing FILENAME argument on .backup\n");
      return 1;
    }
    if( zDb==0 ) zDb = "main";
    rc = sqlite3_open_v2(zDestFile, &pDest,
                  SQLITE_OPEN_READWRITE|SQLITE_OPEN_CREATE, zVfs);
    if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
      utf8_printf(stderr, "Error: cannot open \"%s\"\n", zDestFile);
      close_db(pDest);
      return 1;
    }
    if( bAsync ){
      sqlite3_exec(pDest, "PRAGMA synchronous=OFF; PRAGMA journal_mode=OFF;",
                   0, 0, 0);
    }
    open_db(p, 0);
    pBackup = sqlite3_backup_init(pDest, "main", p->db, zDb);
    if( pBackup==0 ){
      utf8_printf(stderr, "Error: %s\n", sqlite3_errmsg(pDest));
      close_db(pDest);
      return 1;
    }
    while(  (rc = sqlite3_backup_step(pBackup,100))==SQLITE_OK ){}
    sqlite3_backup_finish(pBackup);
    if( rc==SQLITE_DONE ){
      rc = 0;
    }else{
      utf8_printf(stderr, "Error: %s\n", sqlite3_errmsg(pDest));
      rc = 1;
    }
    close_db(pDest);
  }else

  if( c=='b' && n>=3 && strncmp(azArg[0], "bail", n)==0 ){
    if( nArg==2 ){
      bail_on_error = booleanValue(azArg[1]);
    }else{
      raw_printf(stderr, "Usage: .bail on|off\n");
      rc = 1;
    }
  }else

  if( c=='b' && n>=3 && strncmp(azArg[0], "binary", n)==0 ){
    if( nArg==2 ){
      if( booleanValue(azArg[1]) ){
        setBinaryMode(p->out, 1);
      }else{
        setTextMode(p->out, 1);
      }
    }else{
      raw_printf(stderr, "Usage: .binary on|off\n");
      rc = 1;
    }
  }else

  /* The undocumented ".breakpoint" command causes a call to the no-op
  ** routine named test_breakpoint().
  */
  if( c=='b' && n>=3 && strncmp(azArg[0], "breakpoint", n)==0 ){
    test_breakpoint();
  }else

  if( c=='c' && strcmp(azArg[0],"cd")==0 ){
    failIfSafeMode(p, "cannot run .cd in safe mode");
    if( nArg==2 ){
#if defined(_WIN32) || defined(WIN32)
      wchar_t *z = sqlite3_win32_utf8_to_unicode(azArg[1]);
      rc = !SetCurrentDirectoryW(z);
      sqlite3_free(z);
#else
      rc = chdir(azArg[1]);
#endif
      if( rc ){
        utf8_printf(stderr, "Cannot change to directory \"%s\"\n", azArg[1]);
        rc = 1;
      }
    }else{
      raw_printf(stderr, "Usage: .cd DIRECTORY\n");
      rc = 1;
    }
  }else

  if( c=='c' && n>=3 && strncmp(azArg[0], "changes", n)==0 ){
    if( nArg==2 ){
      setOrClearFlag(p, SHFLG_CountChanges, azArg[1]);
    }else{
      raw_printf(stderr, "Usage: .changes on|off\n");
      rc = 1;
    }
  }else

  /* Cancel output redirection, if it is currently set (by .testcase)
  ** Then read the content of the testcase-out.txt file and compare against
  ** azArg[1].  If there are differences, report an error and exit.
  */
  if( c=='c' && n>=3 && strncmp(azArg[0], "check", n)==0 ){
    char *zRes = 0;
    output_reset(p);
    if( nArg!=2 ){
      raw_printf(stderr, "Usage: .check GLOB-PATTERN\n");
      rc = 2;
    }else if( (zRes = readFile("testcase-out.txt", 0))==0 ){
      raw_printf(stderr, "Error: cannot read 'testcase-out.txt'\n");
      rc = 2;
    }else if( testcase_glob(azArg[1],zRes)==0 ){
      utf8_printf(stderr,
                 "testcase-%s FAILED\n Expected: [%s]\n      Got: [%s]\n",
                 p->zTestcase, azArg[1], zRes);
      rc = 1;
    }else{
      utf8_printf(stdout, "testcase-%s ok\n", p->zTestcase);
      p->nCheck++;
    }
    sqlite3_free(zRes);
  }else

  if( c=='c' && strncmp(azArg[0], "clone", n)==0 ){
    failIfSafeMode(p, "cannot run .clone in safe mode");
    if( nArg==2 ){
      tryToClone(p, azArg[1]);
    }else{
      raw_printf(stderr, "Usage: .clone FILENAME\n");
      rc = 1;
    }
  }else

  if( c=='c' && strncmp(azArg[0], "connection", n)==0 ){
    if( nArg==1 ){
      /* List available connections */
      int i;
      for(i=0; i<ArraySize(p->aAuxDb); i++){
        const char *zFile = p->aAuxDb[i].zDbFilename;
        if( p->aAuxDb[i].db==0 && p->pAuxDb!=&p->aAuxDb[i] ){
          zFile = "(not open)";
        }else if( zFile==0 ){
          zFile = "(memory)";
        }else if( zFile[0]==0 ){
          zFile = "(temporary-file)";
        }
        if( p->pAuxDb == &p->aAuxDb[i] ){
          utf8_printf(stdout, "ACTIVE %d: %s\n", i, zFile);
        }else if( p->aAuxDb[i].db!=0 ){
          utf8_printf(stdout, "       %d: %s\n", i, zFile);
        }
      }
    }else if( nArg==2 && IsDigit(azArg[1][0]) && azArg[1][1]==0 ){
      int i = azArg[1][0] - '0';
      if( p->pAuxDb != &p->aAuxDb[i] && i>=0 && i<ArraySize(p->aAuxDb) ){
        p->pAuxDb->db = p->db;
        p->pAuxDb = &p->aAuxDb[i];
        globalDb = p->db = p->pAuxDb->db;
        p->pAuxDb->db = 0;
      }
    }else if( nArg==3 && strcmp(azArg[1], "close")==0
           && IsDigit(azArg[2][0]) && azArg[2][1]==0 ){
      int i = azArg[2][0] - '0';
      if( i<0 || i>=ArraySize(p->aAuxDb) ){
        /* No-op */
      }else if( p->pAuxDb == &p->aAuxDb[i] ){
        raw_printf(stderr, "cannot close the active database connection\n");
        rc = 1;
      }else if( p->aAuxDb[i].db ){
        session_close_all(p, i);
        close_db(p->aAuxDb[i].db);
        p->aAuxDb[i].db = 0;
      }
    }else{
      raw_printf(stderr, "Usage: .connection [close] [CONNECTION-NUMBER]\n");
      rc = 1;
    }
  }else

  if( c=='d' && n>1 && strncmp(azArg[0], "databases", n)==0 ){
    char **azName = 0;
    int nName = 0;
    sqlite3_stmt *pStmt;
    int i;
    open_db(p, 0);
    rc = sqlite3_prepare_v2(p->db, "PRAGMA database_list", -1, &pStmt, 0);
    if( rc ){
      utf8_printf(stderr, "Error: %s\n", sqlite3_errmsg(p->db));
      rc = 1;
    }else{
      while( sqlite3_step(pStmt)==SQLITE_ROW ){
        const char *zSchema = (const char *)sqlite3_column_text(pStmt,1);
        const char *zFile = (const char*)sqlite3_column_text(pStmt,2);
        if( zSchema==0 || zFile==0 ) continue;
        azName = sqlite3_realloc(azName, (nName+1)*2*sizeof(char*));
        shell_check_oom(azName);
        azName[nName*2] = strdup(zSchema);
        azName[nName*2+1] = strdup(zFile);
        nName++;
      }
    }
    sqlite3_finalize(pStmt);
    for(i=0; i<nName; i++){
      int eTxn = sqlite3_txn_state(p->db, azName[i*2]);
      int bRdonly = sqlite3_db_readonly(p->db, azName[i*2]);
      const char *z = azName[i*2+1];
      utf8_printf(p->out, "%s: %s %s%s\n",
         azName[i*2],
         z && z[0] ? z : "\"\"",
         bRdonly ? "r/o" : "r/w",
         eTxn==SQLITE_TXN_NONE ? "" :
            eTxn==SQLITE_TXN_READ ? " read-txn" : " write-txn");
      free(azName[i*2]);
      free(azName[i*2+1]);
    }
    sqlite3_free(azName);
  }else

  if( c=='d' && n>=3 && strncmp(azArg[0], "dbconfig", n)==0 ){
    static const struct DbConfigChoices {
      const char *zName;
      int op;
    } aDbConfig[] = {
        { "defensive",          SQLITE_DBCONFIG_DEFENSIVE             },
        { "dqs_ddl",            SQLITE_DBCONFIG_DQS_DDL               },
        { "dqs_dml",            SQLITE_DBCONFIG_DQS_DML               },
        { "enable_fkey",        SQLITE_DBCONFIG_ENABLE_FKEY           },
        { "enable_qpsg",        SQLITE_DBCONFIG_ENABLE_QPSG           },
        { "enable_trigger",     SQLITE_DBCONFIG_ENABLE_TRIGGER        },
        { "enable_view",        SQLITE_DBCONFIG_ENABLE_VIEW           },
        { "fts3_tokenizer",     SQLITE_DBCONFIG_ENABLE_FTS3_TOKENIZER },
        { "legacy_alter_table", SQLITE_DBCONFIG_LEGACY_ALTER_TABLE    },
        { "legacy_file_format", SQLITE_DBCONFIG_LEGACY_FILE_FORMAT    },
        { "load_extension",     SQLITE_DBCONFIG_ENABLE_LOAD_EXTENSION },
        { "no_ckpt_on_close",   SQLITE_DBCONFIG_NO_CKPT_ON_CLOSE      },
        { "reset_database",     SQLITE_DBCONFIG_RESET_DATABASE        },
        { "trigger_eqp",        SQLITE_DBCONFIG_TRIGGER_EQP           },
        { "trusted_schema",     SQLITE_DBCONFIG_TRUSTED_SCHEMA        },
        { "writable_schema",    SQLITE_DBCONFIG_WRITABLE_SCHEMA       },
    };
    int ii, v;
    open_db(p, 0);
    for(ii=0; ii<ArraySize(aDbConfig); ii++){
      if( nArg>1 && strcmp(azArg[1], aDbConfig[ii].zName)!=0 ) continue;
      if( nArg>=3 ){
        sqlite3_db_config(p->db, aDbConfig[ii].op, booleanValue(azArg[2]), 0);
      }
      sqlite3_db_config(p->db, aDbConfig[ii].op, -1, &v);
      utf8_printf(p->out, "%19s %s\n", aDbConfig[ii].zName, v ? "on" : "off");
      if( nArg>1 ) break;
    }
    if( nArg>1 && ii==ArraySize(aDbConfig) ){
      utf8_printf(stderr, "Error: unknown dbconfig \"%s\"\n", azArg[1]);
      utf8_printf(stderr, "Enter \".dbconfig\" with no arguments for a list\n");
    }
  }else

  if( c=='d' && n>=3 && strncmp(azArg[0], "dbinfo", n)==0 ){
    rc = shell_dbinfo_command(p, nArg, azArg);
  }else

#if !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_VIRTUALTABLE) && defined(SQLITE_ENABLE_DBPAGE_VTAB)
  if( c=='r' && strncmp(azArg[0], "recover", n)==0 ){
    open_db(p, 0);
    rc = recoverDatabaseCmd(p, nArg, azArg);
  }else
#endif /* !(SQLITE_OMIT_VIRTUALTABLE) && defined(SQLITE_ENABLE_DBPAGE_VTAB) */

  if( c=='d' && strncmp(azArg[0], "dump", n)==0 ){
    char *zLike = 0;
    char *zSql;
    int i;
    int savedShowHeader = p->showHeader;
    int savedShellFlags = p->shellFlgs;
    ShellClearFlag(p,
       SHFLG_PreserveRowid|SHFLG_Newlines|SHFLG_Echo
       |SHFLG_DumpDataOnly|SHFLG_DumpNoSys);
    for(i=1; i<nArg; i++){
      if( azArg[i][0]=='-' ){
        const char *z = azArg[i]+1;
        if( z[0]=='-' ) z++;
        if( strcmp(z,"preserve-rowids")==0 ){
#ifdef SQLITE_OMIT_VIRTUALTABLE
          raw_printf(stderr, "The --preserve-rowids option is not compatible"
                             " with SQLITE_OMIT_VIRTUALTABLE\n");
          rc = 1;
          sqlite3_free(zLike);
          goto meta_command_exit;
#else
          ShellSetFlag(p, SHFLG_PreserveRowid);
#endif
        }else
        if( strcmp(z,"newlines")==0 ){
          ShellSetFlag(p, SHFLG_Newlines);
        }else
        if( strcmp(z,"data-only")==0 ){
          ShellSetFlag(p, SHFLG_DumpDataOnly);
        }else
        if( strcmp(z,"nosys")==0 ){
          ShellSetFlag(p, SHFLG_DumpNoSys);
        }else
        {
          raw_printf(stderr, "Unknown option \"%s\" on \".dump\"\n", azArg[i]);
          rc = 1;
          sqlite3_free(zLike);
          goto meta_command_exit;
        }
      }else{
        /* azArg[i] contains a LIKE pattern. This ".dump" request should
        ** only dump data for tables for which either the table name matches
        ** the LIKE pattern, or the table appears to be a shadow table of
        ** a virtual table for which the name matches the LIKE pattern.
        */
        char *zExpr = sqlite3_mprintf(
            "name LIKE %Q ESCAPE '\\' OR EXISTS ("
            "  SELECT 1 FROM sqlite_schema WHERE "
            "    name LIKE %Q ESCAPE '\\' AND"
            "    sql LIKE 'CREATE VIRTUAL TABLE%%' AND"
            "    substr(o.name, 1, length(name)+1) == (name||'_')"
            ")", azArg[i], azArg[i]
        );

        if( zLike ){
          zLike = sqlite3_mprintf("%z OR %z", zLike, zExpr);
        }else{
          zLike = zExpr;
        }
      }
    }

    open_db(p, 0);

    if( (p->shellFlgs & SHFLG_DumpDataOnly)==0 ){
      /* When playing back a "dump", the content might appear in an order
      ** which causes immediate foreign key constraints to be violated.
      ** So disable foreign-key constraint enforcement to prevent problems. */
      raw_printf(p->out, "PRAGMA foreign_keys=OFF;\n");
      raw_printf(p->out, "BEGIN TRANSACTION;\n");
    }
    p->writableSchema = 0;
    p->showHeader = 0;
    /* Set writable_schema=ON since doing so forces SQLite to initialize
    ** as much of the schema as it can even if the sqlite_schema table is
    ** corrupt. */
    sqlite3_exec(p->db, "SAVEPOINT dump; PRAGMA writable_schema=ON", 0, 0, 0);
    p->nErr = 0;
    if( zLike==0 ) zLike = sqlite3_mprintf("true");
    zSql = sqlite3_mprintf(
      "SELECT name, type, sql FROM sqlite_schema AS o "
      "WHERE (%s) AND type=='table'"
      "  AND sql NOT NULL"
      " ORDER BY tbl_name='sqlite_sequence', rowid",
      zLike
    );
    run_schema_dump_query(p,zSql);
    sqlite3_free(zSql);
    if( (p->shellFlgs & SHFLG_DumpDataOnly)==0 ){
      zSql = sqlite3_mprintf(
        "SELECT sql FROM sqlite_schema AS o "
        "WHERE (%s) AND sql NOT NULL"
        "  AND type IN ('index','trigger','view')",
        zLike
      );
      run_table_dump_query(p, zSql);
      sqlite3_free(zSql);
    }
    sqlite3_free(zLike);
    if( p->writableSchema ){
      raw_printf(p->out, "PRAGMA writable_schema=OFF;\n");
      p->writableSchema = 0;
    }
    sqlite3_exec(p->db, "PRAGMA writable_schema=OFF;", 0, 0, 0);
    sqlite3_exec(p->db, "RELEASE dump;", 0, 0, 0);
    if( (p->shellFlgs & SHFLG_DumpDataOnly)==0 ){
      raw_printf(p->out, p->nErr?"ROLLBACK; -- due to errors\n":"COMMIT;\n");
    }
    p->showHeader = savedShowHeader;
    p->shellFlgs = savedShellFlags;
  }else

  if( c=='e' && strncmp(azArg[0], "echo", n)==0 ){
    if( nArg==2 ){
      setOrClearFlag(p, SHFLG_Echo, azArg[1]);
    }else{
      raw_printf(stderr, "Usage: .echo on|off\n");
      rc = 1;
    }
  }else

  if( c=='e' && strncmp(azArg[0], "eqp", n)==0 ){
    if( nArg==2 ){
      p->autoEQPtest = 0;
      if( p->autoEQPtrace ){
        if( p->db ) sqlite3_exec(p->db, "PRAGMA vdbe_trace=OFF;", 0, 0, 0);
        p->autoEQPtrace = 0;
      }
      if( strcmp(azArg[1],"full")==0 ){
        p->autoEQP = AUTOEQP_full;
      }else if( strcmp(azArg[1],"trigger")==0 ){
        p->autoEQP = AUTOEQP_trigger;
#ifdef SQLITE_DEBUG
      }else if( strcmp(azArg[1],"test")==0 ){
        p->autoEQP = AUTOEQP_on;
        p->autoEQPtest = 1;
      }else if( strcmp(azArg[1],"trace")==0 ){
        p->autoEQP = AUTOEQP_full;
        p->autoEQPtrace = 1;
        open_db(p, 0);
        sqlite3_exec(p->db, "SELECT name FROM sqlite_schema LIMIT 1", 0, 0, 0);
        sqlite3_exec(p->db, "PRAGMA vdbe_trace=ON;", 0, 0, 0);
#endif
      }else{
        p->autoEQP = (u8)booleanValue(azArg[1]);
      }
    }else{
      raw_printf(stderr, "Usage: .eqp off|on|trace|trigger|full\n");
      rc = 1;
    }
  }else

  if( c=='e' && strncmp(azArg[0], "exit", n)==0 ){
    if( nArg>1 && (rc = (int)integerValue(azArg[1]))!=0 ) exit(rc);
    rc = 2;
  }else

  /* The ".explain" command is automatic now.  It is largely pointless.  It
  ** retained purely for backwards compatibility */
  if( c=='e' && strncmp(azArg[0], "explain", n)==0 ){
    int val = 1;
    if( nArg>=2 ){
      if( strcmp(azArg[1],"auto")==0 ){
        val = 99;
      }else{
        val =  booleanValue(azArg[1]);
      }
    }
    if( val==1 && p->mode!=MODE_Explain ){
      p->normalMode = p->mode;
      p->mode = MODE_Explain;
      p->autoExplain = 0;
    }else if( val==0 ){
      if( p->mode==MODE_Explain ) p->mode = p->normalMode;
      p->autoExplain = 0;
    }else if( val==99 ){
      if( p->mode==MODE_Explain ) p->mode = p->normalMode;
      p->autoExplain = 1;
    }
  }else

#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_VIRTUALTABLE
  if( c=='e' && strncmp(azArg[0], "expert", n)==0 ){
    if( p->bSafeMode ){
      raw_printf(stderr,
        "Cannot run experimental commands such as \"%s\" in safe mode\n",
        azArg[0]);
      rc = 1;
    }else{
      open_db(p, 0);
      expertDotCommand(p, azArg, nArg);
    }
  }else
#endif

  if( c=='f' && strncmp(azArg[0], "filectrl", n)==0 ){
    static const struct {
       const char *zCtrlName;   /* Name of a test-control option */
       int ctrlCode;            /* Integer code for that option */
       const char *zUsage;      /* Usage notes */
    } aCtrl[] = {
      { "chunk_size",     SQLITE_FCNTL_CHUNK_SIZE,      "SIZE"           },
      { "data_version",   SQLITE_FCNTL_DATA_VERSION,    ""               },
      { "has_moved",      SQLITE_FCNTL_HAS_MOVED,       ""               },
      { "lock_timeout",   SQLITE_FCNTL_LOCK_TIMEOUT,    "MILLISEC"       },
      { "persist_wal",    SQLITE_FCNTL_PERSIST_WAL,     "[BOOLEAN]"      },
   /* { "pragma",         SQLITE_FCNTL_PRAGMA,          "NAME ARG"       },*/
      { "psow",       SQLITE_FCNTL_POWERSAFE_OVERWRITE, "[BOOLEAN]"      },
      { "reserve_bytes",  SQLITE_FCNTL_RESERVE_BYTES,   "[N]"            },
      { "size_limit",     SQLITE_FCNTL_SIZE_LIMIT,      "[LIMIT]"        },
      { "tempfilename",   SQLITE_FCNTL_TEMPFILENAME,    ""               },
   /* { "win32_av_retry", SQLITE_FCNTL_WIN32_AV_RETRY,  "COUNT DELAY"    },*/
    };
    int filectrl = -1;
    int iCtrl = -1;
    sqlite3_int64 iRes = 0;  /* Integer result to display if rc2==1 */
    int isOk = 0;            /* 0: usage  1: %lld  2: no-result */
    int n2, i;
    const char *zCmd = 0;
    const char *zSchema = 0;

    open_db(p, 0);
    zCmd = nArg>=2 ? azArg[1] : "help";

    if( zCmd[0]=='-'
     && (strcmp(zCmd,"--schema")==0 || strcmp(zCmd,"-schema")==0)
     && nArg>=4
    ){
      zSchema = azArg[2];
      for(i=3; i<nArg; i++) azArg[i-2] = azArg[i];
      nArg -= 2;
      zCmd = azArg[1];
    }

    /* The argument can optionally begin with "-" or "--" */
    if( zCmd[0]=='-' && zCmd[1] ){
      zCmd++;
      if( zCmd[0]=='-' && zCmd[1] ) zCmd++;
    }

    /* --help lists all file-controls */
    if( strcmp(zCmd,"help")==0 ){
      utf8_printf(p->out, "Available file-controls:\n");
      for(i=0; i<ArraySize(aCtrl); i++){
        utf8_printf(p->out, "  .filectrl %s %s\n",
                    aCtrl[i].zCtrlName, aCtrl[i].zUsage);
      }
      rc = 1;
      goto meta_command_exit;
    }

    /* convert filectrl text option to value. allow any unique prefix
    ** of the option name, or a numerical value. */
    n2 = strlen30(zCmd);
    for(i=0; i<ArraySize(aCtrl); i++){
      if( strncmp(zCmd, aCtrl[i].zCtrlName, n2)==0 ){
        if( filectrl<0 ){
          filectrl = aCtrl[i].ctrlCode;
          iCtrl = i;
        }else{
          utf8_printf(stderr, "Error: ambiguous file-control: \"%s\"\n"
                              "Use \".filectrl --help\" for help\n", zCmd);
          rc = 1;
          goto meta_command_exit;
        }
      }
    }
    if( filectrl<0 ){
      utf8_printf(stderr,"Error: unknown file-control: %s\n"
                         "Use \".filectrl --help\" for help\n", zCmd);
    }else{
      switch(filectrl){
        case SQLITE_FCNTL_SIZE_LIMIT: {
          if( nArg!=2 && nArg!=3 ) break;
          iRes = nArg==3 ? integerValue(azArg[2]) : -1;
          sqlite3_file_control(p->db, zSchema, SQLITE_FCNTL_SIZE_LIMIT, &iRes);
          isOk = 1;
          break;
        }
        case SQLITE_FCNTL_LOCK_TIMEOUT:
        case SQLITE_FCNTL_CHUNK_SIZE: {
          int x;
          if( nArg!=3 ) break;
          x = (int)integerValue(azArg[2]);
          sqlite3_file_control(p->db, zSchema, filectrl, &x);
          isOk = 2;
          break;
        }
        case SQLITE_FCNTL_PERSIST_WAL:
        case SQLITE_FCNTL_POWERSAFE_OVERWRITE: {
          int x;
          if( nArg!=2 && nArg!=3 ) break;
          x = nArg==3 ? booleanValue(azArg[2]) : -1;
          sqlite3_file_control(p->db, zSchema, filectrl, &x);
          iRes = x;
          isOk = 1;
          break;
        }
        case SQLITE_FCNTL_DATA_VERSION:
        case SQLITE_FCNTL_HAS_MOVED: {
          int x;
          if( nArg!=2 ) break;
          sqlite3_file_control(p->db, zSchema, filectrl, &x);
          iRes = x;
          isOk = 1;
          break;
        }
        case SQLITE_FCNTL_TEMPFILENAME: {
          char *z = 0;
          if( nArg!=2 ) break;
          sqlite3_file_control(p->db, zSchema, filectrl, &z);
          if( z ){
            utf8_printf(p->out, "%s\n", z);
            sqlite3_free(z);
          }
          isOk = 2;
          break;
        }
        case SQLITE_FCNTL_RESERVE_BYTES: {
          int x;
          if( nArg>=3 ){
            x = atoi(azArg[2]);
            sqlite3_file_control(p->db, zSchema, filectrl, &x);
          }
          x = -1;
          sqlite3_file_control(p->db, zSchema, filectrl, &x);
          utf8_printf(p->out,"%d\n", x);
          isOk = 2;
          break;
        }
      }
    }
    if( isOk==0 && iCtrl>=0 ){
      utf8_printf(p->out, "Usage: .filectrl %s %s\n", zCmd,aCtrl[iCtrl].zUsage);
      rc = 1;
    }else if( isOk==1 ){
      char zBuf[100];
      sqlite3_snprintf(sizeof(zBuf), zBuf, "%lld", iRes);
      raw_printf(p->out, "%s\n", zBuf);
    }
  }else

  if( c=='f' && strncmp(azArg[0], "fullschema", n)==0 ){
    ShellState data;
    int doStats = 0;
    memcpy(&data, p, sizeof(data));
    data.showHeader = 0;
    data.cMode = data.mode = MODE_Semi;
    if( nArg==2 && optionMatch(azArg[1], "indent") ){
      data.cMode = data.mode = MODE_Pretty;
      nArg = 1;
    }
    if( nArg!=1 ){
      raw_printf(stderr, "Usage: .fullschema ?--indent?\n");
      rc = 1;
      goto meta_command_exit;
    }
    open_db(p, 0);
    rc = sqlite3_exec(p->db,
       "SELECT sql FROM"
       "  (SELECT sql sql, type type, tbl_name tbl_name, name name, rowid x"
       "     FROM sqlite_schema UNION ALL"
       "   SELECT sql, type, tbl_name, name, rowid FROM sqlite_temp_schema) "
       "WHERE type!='meta' AND sql NOTNULL AND name NOT LIKE 'sqlite_%' "
       "ORDER BY x",
       callback, &data, 0
    );
    if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
      sqlite3_stmt *pStmt;
      rc = sqlite3_prepare_v2(p->db,
               "SELECT rowid FROM sqlite_schema"
               " WHERE name GLOB 'sqlite_stat[134]'",
               -1, &pStmt, 0);
      doStats = sqlite3_step(pStmt)==SQLITE_ROW;
      sqlite3_finalize(pStmt);
    }
    if( doStats==0 ){
      raw_printf(p->out, "/* No STAT tables available */\n");
    }else{
      raw_printf(p->out, "ANALYZE sqlite_schema;\n");
      data.cMode = data.mode = MODE_Insert;
      data.zDestTable = "sqlite_stat1";
      shell_exec(&data, "SELECT * FROM sqlite_stat1", 0);
      data.zDestTable = "sqlite_stat4";
      shell_exec(&data, "SELECT * FROM sqlite_stat4", 0);
      raw_printf(p->out, "ANALYZE sqlite_schema;\n");
    }
  }else

  if( c=='h' && strncmp(azArg[0], "headers", n)==0 ){
    if( nArg==2 ){
      p->showHeader = booleanValue(azArg[1]);
      p->shellFlgs |= SHFLG_HeaderSet;
    }else{
      raw_printf(stderr, "Usage: .headers on|off\n");
      rc = 1;
    }
  }else

  if( c=='h' && strncmp(azArg[0], "help", n)==0 ){
    if( nArg>=2 ){
      n = showHelp(p->out, azArg[1]);
      if( n==0 ){
        utf8_printf(p->out, "Nothing matches '%s'\n", azArg[1]);
      }
    }else{
      showHelp(p->out, 0);
    }
  }else

  if( c=='i' && strncmp(azArg[0], "import", n)==0 ){
    char *zTable = 0;           /* Insert data into this table */
    char *zFile = 0;            /* Name of file to extra content from */
    sqlite3_stmt *pStmt = NULL; /* A statement */
    int nCol;                   /* Number of columns in the table */
    int nByte;                  /* Number of bytes in an SQL string */
    int i, j;                   /* Loop counters */
    int needCommit;             /* True to COMMIT or ROLLBACK at end */
    int nSep;                   /* Number of bytes in p->colSeparator[] */
    char *zSql;                 /* An SQL statement */
    ImportCtx sCtx;             /* Reader context */
    char *(SQLITE_CDECL *xRead)(ImportCtx*); /* Func to read one value */
    int eVerbose = 0;           /* Larger for more console output */
    int nSkip = 0;              /* Initial lines to skip */
    int useOutputMode = 1;      /* Use output mode to determine separators */

    failIfSafeMode(p, "cannot run .import in safe mode");
    memset(&sCtx, 0, sizeof(sCtx));
    sCtx.z = sqlite3_malloc64(120);
    if( sCtx.z==0 ){
      import_cleanup(&sCtx);
      shell_out_of_memory();
    }
    if( p->mode==MODE_Ascii ){
      xRead = ascii_read_one_field;
    }else{
      xRead = csv_read_one_field;
    }
    for(i=1; i<nArg; i++){
      char *z = azArg[i];
      if( z[0]=='-' && z[1]=='-' ) z++;
      if( z[0]!='-' ){
        if( zFile==0 ){
          zFile = z;
        }else if( zTable==0 ){
          zTable = z;
        }else{
          utf8_printf(p->out, "ERROR: extra argument: \"%s\".  Usage:\n", z);
          showHelp(p->out, "import");
          rc = 1;
          goto meta_command_exit;
        }
      }else if( strcmp(z,"-v")==0 ){
        eVerbose++;
      }else if( strcmp(z,"-skip")==0 && i<nArg-1 ){
        nSkip = integerValue(azArg[++i]);
      }else if( strcmp(z,"-ascii")==0 ){
        sCtx.cColSep = SEP_Unit[0];
        sCtx.cRowSep = SEP_Record[0];
        xRead = ascii_read_one_field;
        useOutputMode = 0;
      }else if( strcmp(z,"-csv")==0 ){
        sCtx.cColSep = ',';
        sCtx.cRowSep = '\n';
        xRead = csv_read_one_field;
        useOutputMode = 0;
      }else{
        utf8_printf(p->out, "ERROR: unknown option: \"%s\".  Usage:\n", z);
        showHelp(p->out, "import");
        rc = 1;
        goto meta_command_exit;
      }
    }
    if( zTable==0 ){
      utf8_printf(p->out, "ERROR: missing %s argument. Usage:\n",
                  zFile==0 ? "FILE" : "TABLE");
      showHelp(p->out, "import");
      rc = 1;
      goto meta_command_exit;
    }
    seenInterrupt = 0;
    open_db(p, 0);
    if( useOutputMode ){
      /* If neither the --csv or --ascii options are specified, then set
      ** the column and row separator characters from the output mode. */
      nSep = strlen30(p->colSeparator);
      if( nSep==0 ){
        raw_printf(stderr,
                   "Error: non-null column separator required for import\n");
        rc = 1;
        goto meta_command_exit;
      }
      if( nSep>1 ){
        raw_printf(stderr,
              "Error: multi-character column separators not allowed"
              " for import\n");
        rc = 1;
        goto meta_command_exit;
      }
      nSep = strlen30(p->rowSeparator);
      if( nSep==0 ){
        raw_printf(stderr,
            "Error: non-null row separator required for import\n");
        rc = 1;
        goto meta_command_exit;
      }
      if( nSep==2 && p->mode==MODE_Csv && strcmp(p->rowSeparator,SEP_CrLf)==0 ){
        /* When importing CSV (only), if the row separator is set to the
        ** default output row separator, change it to the default input
        ** row separator.  This avoids having to maintain different input
        ** and output row separators. */
        sqlite3_snprintf(sizeof(p->rowSeparator), p->rowSeparator, SEP_Row);
        nSep = strlen30(p->rowSeparator);
      }
      if( nSep>1 ){
        raw_printf(stderr, "Error: multi-character row separators not allowed"
                           " for import\n");
        rc = 1;
        goto meta_command_exit;
      }
      sCtx.cColSep = p->colSeparator[0];
      sCtx.cRowSep = p->rowSeparator[0];
    }
    sCtx.zFile = zFile;
    sCtx.nLine = 1;
    if( sCtx.zFile[0]=='|' ){
#ifdef SQLITE_OMIT_POPEN
      raw_printf(stderr, "Error: pipes are not supported in this OS\n");
      rc = 1;
      goto meta_command_exit;
#else
      sCtx.in = popen(sCtx.zFile+1, "r");
      sCtx.zFile = "<pipe>";
      sCtx.xCloser = pclose;
#endif
    }else{
      sCtx.in = fopen(sCtx.zFile, "rb");
      sCtx.xCloser = fclose;
    }
    if( sCtx.in==0 ){
      utf8_printf(stderr, "Error: cannot open \"%s\"\n", zFile);
      rc = 1;
      import_cleanup(&sCtx);
      goto meta_command_exit;
    }
    if( eVerbose>=2 || (eVerbose>=1 && useOutputMode) ){
      char zSep[2];
      zSep[1] = 0;
      zSep[0] = sCtx.cColSep;
      utf8_printf(p->out, "Column separator ");
      output_c_string(p->out, zSep);
      utf8_printf(p->out, ", row separator ");
      zSep[0] = sCtx.cRowSep;
      output_c_string(p->out, zSep);
      utf8_printf(p->out, "\n");
    }
    while( (nSkip--)>0 ){
      while( xRead(&sCtx) && sCtx.cTerm==sCtx.cColSep ){}
    }
    zSql = sqlite3_mprintf("SELECT * FROM \"%w\"", zTable);
    if( zSql==0 ){
      import_cleanup(&sCtx);
      shell_out_of_memory();
    }
    nByte = strlen30(zSql);
    rc = sqlite3_prepare_v2(p->db, zSql, -1, &pStmt, 0);
    import_append_char(&sCtx, 0);    /* To ensure sCtx.z is allocated */
    if( rc && sqlite3_strglob("no such table: *", sqlite3_errmsg(p->db))==0 ){
      char *zCreate = sqlite3_mprintf("CREATE TABLE \"%w\"", zTable);
      char cSep = '(';
      while( xRead(&sCtx) ){
        zCreate = sqlite3_mprintf("%z%c\n  \"%w\" TEXT", zCreate, cSep, sCtx.z);
        cSep = ',';
        if( sCtx.cTerm!=sCtx.cColSep ) break;
      }
      if( cSep=='(' ){
        sqlite3_free(zCreate);
        import_cleanup(&sCtx);
        utf8_printf(stderr,"%s: empty file\n", sCtx.zFile);
        rc = 1;
        goto meta_command_exit;
      }
      zCreate = sqlite3_mprintf("%z\n)", zCreate);
      if( eVerbose>=1 ){
        utf8_printf(p->out, "%s\n", zCreate);
      }
      rc = sqlite3_exec(p->db, zCreate, 0, 0, 0);
      sqlite3_free(zCreate);
      if( rc ){
        utf8_printf(stderr, "CREATE TABLE \"%s\"(...) failed: %s\n", zTable,
                sqlite3_errmsg(p->db));
        import_cleanup(&sCtx);
        rc = 1;
        goto meta_command_exit;
      }
      rc = sqlite3_prepare_v2(p->db, zSql, -1, &pStmt, 0);
    }
    sqlite3_free(zSql);
    if( rc ){
      if (pStmt) sqlite3_finalize(pStmt);
      utf8_printf(stderr,"Error: %s\n", sqlite3_errmsg(p->db));
      import_cleanup(&sCtx);
      rc = 1;
      goto meta_command_exit;
    }
    nCol = sqlite3_column_count(pStmt);
    sqlite3_finalize(pStmt);
    pStmt = 0;
    if( nCol==0 ) return 0; /* no columns, no error */
    zSql = sqlite3_malloc64( nByte*2 + 20 + nCol*2 );
    if( zSql==0 ){
      import_cleanup(&sCtx);
      shell_out_of_memory();
    }
    sqlite3_snprintf(nByte+20, zSql, "INSERT INTO \"%w\" VALUES(?", zTable);
    j = strlen30(zSql);
    for(i=1; i<nCol; i++){
      zSql[j++] = ',';
      zSql[j++] = '?';
    }
    zSql[j++] = ')';
    zSql[j] = 0;
    if( eVerbose>=2 ){
      utf8_printf(p->out, "Insert using: %s\n", zSql);
    }
    rc = sqlite3_prepare_v2(p->db, zSql, -1, &pStmt, 0);
    sqlite3_free(zSql);
    if( rc ){
      utf8_printf(stderr, "Error: %s\n", sqlite3_errmsg(p->db));
      if (pStmt) sqlite3_finalize(pStmt);
      import_cleanup(&sCtx);
      rc = 1;
      goto meta_command_exit;
    }
    needCommit = sqlite3_get_autocommit(p->db);
    if( needCommit ) sqlite3_exec(p->db, "BEGIN", 0, 0, 0);
    do{
      int startLine = sCtx.nLine;
      for(i=0; i<nCol; i++){
        char *z = xRead(&sCtx);
        /*
        ** Did we reach end-of-file before finding any columns?
        ** If so, stop instead of NULL filling the remaining columns.
        */
        if( z==0 && i==0 ) break;
        /*
        ** Did we reach end-of-file OR end-of-line before finding any
        ** columns in ASCII mode?  If so, stop instead of NULL filling
        ** the remaining columns.
        */
        if( p->mode==MODE_Ascii && (z==0 || z[0]==0) && i==0 ) break;
        sqlite3_bind_text(pStmt, i+1, z, -1, SQLITE_TRANSIENT);
        if( i<nCol-1 && sCtx.cTerm!=sCtx.cColSep ){
          utf8_printf(stderr, "%s:%d: expected %d columns but found %d - "
                          "filling the rest with NULL\n",
                          sCtx.zFile, startLine, nCol, i+1);
          i += 2;
          while( i<=nCol ){ sqlite3_bind_null(pStmt, i); i++; }
        }
      }
      if( sCtx.cTerm==sCtx.cColSep ){
        do{
          xRead(&sCtx);
          i++;
        }while( sCtx.cTerm==sCtx.cColSep );
        utf8_printf(stderr, "%s:%d: expected %d columns but found %d - "
                        "extras ignored\n",
                        sCtx.zFile, startLine, nCol, i);
      }
      if( i>=nCol ){
        sqlite3_step(pStmt);
        rc = sqlite3_reset(pStmt);
        if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
          utf8_printf(stderr, "%s:%d: INSERT failed: %s\n", sCtx.zFile,
                      startLine, sqlite3_errmsg(p->db));
          sCtx.nErr++;
        }else{
          sCtx.nRow++;
        }
      }
    }while( sCtx.cTerm!=EOF );

    import_cleanup(&sCtx);
    sqlite3_finalize(pStmt);
    if( needCommit ) sqlite3_exec(p->db, "COMMIT", 0, 0, 0);
    if( eVerbose>0 ){
      utf8_printf(p->out,
          "Added %d rows with %d errors using %d lines of input\n",
          sCtx.nRow, sCtx.nErr, sCtx.nLine-1);
    }
  }else

#ifndef SQLITE_UNTESTABLE
  if( c=='i' && strncmp(azArg[0], "imposter", n)==0 ){
    char *zSql;
    char *zCollist = 0;
    sqlite3_stmt *pStmt;
    int tnum = 0;
    int isWO = 0;  /* True if making an imposter of a WITHOUT ROWID table */
    int lenPK = 0; /* Length of the PRIMARY KEY string for isWO tables */
    int i;
    if( !(nArg==3 || (nArg==2 && sqlite3_stricmp(azArg[1],"off")==0)) ){
      utf8_printf(stderr, "Usage: .imposter INDEX IMPOSTER\n"
                          "       .imposter off\n");
      /* Also allowed, but not documented:
      **
      **    .imposter TABLE IMPOSTER
      **
      ** where TABLE is a WITHOUT ROWID table.  In that case, the
      ** imposter is another WITHOUT ROWID table with the columns in
      ** storage order. */
      rc = 1;
      goto meta_command_exit;
    }
    open_db(p, 0);
    if( nArg==2 ){
      sqlite3_test_control(SQLITE_TESTCTRL_IMPOSTER, p->db, "main", 0, 1);
      goto meta_command_exit;
    }
    zSql = sqlite3_mprintf(
      "SELECT rootpage, 0 FROM sqlite_schema"
      " WHERE name='%q' AND type='index'"
      "UNION ALL "
      "SELECT rootpage, 1 FROM sqlite_schema"
      " WHERE name='%q' AND type='table'"
      "   AND sql LIKE '%%without%%rowid%%'",
      azArg[1], azArg[1]
    );
    sqlite3_prepare_v2(p->db, zSql, -1, &pStmt, 0);
    sqlite3_free(zSql);
    if( sqlite3_step(pStmt)==SQLITE_ROW ){
      tnum = sqlite3_column_int(pStmt, 0);
      isWO = sqlite3_column_int(pStmt, 1);
    }
    sqlite3_finalize(pStmt);
    zSql = sqlite3_mprintf("PRAGMA index_xinfo='%q'", azArg[1]);
    rc = sqlite3_prepare_v2(p->db, zSql, -1, &pStmt, 0);
    sqlite3_free(zSql);
    i = 0;
    while( rc==SQLITE_OK && sqlite3_step(pStmt)==SQLITE_ROW ){
      char zLabel[20];
      const char *zCol = (const char*)sqlite3_column_text(pStmt,2);
      i++;
      if( zCol==0 ){
        if( sqlite3_column_int(pStmt,1)==-1 ){
          zCol = "_ROWID_";
        }else{
          sqlite3_snprintf(sizeof(zLabel),zLabel,"expr%d",i);
          zCol = zLabel;
        }
      }
      if( isWO && lenPK==0 && sqlite3_column_int(pStmt,5)==0 && zCollist ){
        lenPK = (int)strlen(zCollist);
      }
      if( zCollist==0 ){
        zCollist = sqlite3_mprintf("\"%w\"", zCol);
      }else{
        zCollist = sqlite3_mprintf("%z,\"%w\"", zCollist, zCol);
      }
    }
    sqlite3_finalize(pStmt);
    if( i==0 || tnum==0 ){
      utf8_printf(stderr, "no such index: \"%s\"\n", azArg[1]);
      rc = 1;
      sqlite3_free(zCollist);
      goto meta_command_exit;
    }
    if( lenPK==0 ) lenPK = 100000;
    zSql = sqlite3_mprintf(
          "CREATE TABLE \"%w\"(%s,PRIMARY KEY(%.*s))WITHOUT ROWID",
          azArg[2], zCollist, lenPK, zCollist);
    sqlite3_free(zCollist);
    rc = sqlite3_test_control(SQLITE_TESTCTRL_IMPOSTER, p->db, "main", 1, tnum);
    if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
      rc = sqlite3_exec(p->db, zSql, 0, 0, 0);
      sqlite3_test_control(SQLITE_TESTCTRL_IMPOSTER, p->db, "main", 0, 0);
      if( rc ){
        utf8_printf(stderr, "Error in [%s]: %s\n", zSql, sqlite3_errmsg(p->db));
      }else{
        utf8_printf(stdout, "%s;\n", zSql);
        raw_printf(stdout,
          "WARNING: writing to an imposter table will corrupt the \"%s\" %s!\n",
          azArg[1], isWO ? "table" : "index"
        );
      }
    }else{
      raw_printf(stderr, "SQLITE_TESTCTRL_IMPOSTER returns %d\n", rc);
      rc = 1;
    }
    sqlite3_free(zSql);
  }else
#endif /* !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_TEST_CONTROL) */

#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_IOTRACE
  if( c=='i' && strncmp(azArg[0], "iotrace", n)==0 ){
    SQLITE_API extern void (SQLITE_CDECL *sqlite3IoTrace)(const char*, ...);
    if( iotrace && iotrace!=stdout ) fclose(iotrace);
    iotrace = 0;
    if( nArg<2 ){
      sqlite3IoTrace = 0;
    }else if( strcmp(azArg[1], "-")==0 ){
      sqlite3IoTrace = iotracePrintf;
      iotrace = stdout;
    }else{
      iotrace = fopen(azArg[1], "w");
      if( iotrace==0 ){
        utf8_printf(stderr, "Error: cannot open \"%s\"\n", azArg[1]);
        sqlite3IoTrace = 0;
        rc = 1;
      }else{
        sqlite3IoTrace = iotracePrintf;
      }
    }
  }else
#endif

  if( c=='l' && n>=5 && strncmp(azArg[0], "limits", n)==0 ){
    static const struct {
       const char *zLimitName;   /* Name of a limit */
       int limitCode;            /* Integer code for that limit */
    } aLimit[] = {
      { "length",                SQLITE_LIMIT_LENGTH                    },
      { "sql_length",            SQLITE_LIMIT_SQL_LENGTH                },
      { "column",                SQLITE_LIMIT_COLUMN                    },
      { "expr_depth",            SQLITE_LIMIT_EXPR_DEPTH                },
      { "compound_select",       SQLITE_LIMIT_COMPOUND_SELECT           },
      { "vdbe_op",               SQLITE_LIMIT_VDBE_OP                   },
      { "function_arg",          SQLITE_LIMIT_FUNCTION_ARG              },
      { "attached",              SQLITE_LIMIT_ATTACHED                  },
      { "like_pattern_length",   SQLITE_LIMIT_LIKE_PATTERN_LENGTH       },
      { "variable_number",       SQLITE_LIMIT_VARIABLE_NUMBER           },
      { "trigger_depth",         SQLITE_LIMIT_TRIGGER_DEPTH             },
      { "worker_threads",        SQLITE_LIMIT_WORKER_THREADS            },
    };
    int i, n2;
    open_db(p, 0);
    if( nArg==1 ){
      for(i=0; i<ArraySize(aLimit); i++){
        printf("%20s %d\n", aLimit[i].zLimitName,
               sqlite3_limit(p->db, aLimit[i].limitCode, -1));
      }
    }else if( nArg>3 ){
      raw_printf(stderr, "Usage: .limit NAME ?NEW-VALUE?\n");
      rc = 1;
      goto meta_command_exit;
    }else{
      int iLimit = -1;
      n2 = strlen30(azArg[1]);
      for(i=0; i<ArraySize(aLimit); i++){
        if( sqlite3_strnicmp(aLimit[i].zLimitName, azArg[1], n2)==0 ){
          if( iLimit<0 ){
            iLimit = i;
          }else{
            utf8_printf(stderr, "ambiguous limit: \"%s\"\n", azArg[1]);
            rc = 1;
            goto meta_command_exit;
          }
        }
      }
      if( iLimit<0 ){
        utf8_printf(stderr, "unknown limit: \"%s\"\n"
                        "enter \".limits\" with no arguments for a list.\n",
                         azArg[1]);
        rc = 1;
        goto meta_command_exit;
      }
      if( nArg==3 ){
        sqlite3_limit(p->db, aLimit[iLimit].limitCode,
                      (int)integerValue(azArg[2]));
      }
      printf("%20s %d\n", aLimit[iLimit].zLimitName,
             sqlite3_limit(p->db, aLimit[iLimit].limitCode, -1));
    }
  }else

  if( c=='l' && n>2 && strncmp(azArg[0], "lint", n)==0 ){
    open_db(p, 0);
    lintDotCommand(p, azArg, nArg);
  }else

#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_LOAD_EXTENSION
  if( c=='l' && strncmp(azArg[0], "load", n)==0 ){
    const char *zFile, *zProc;
    char *zErrMsg = 0;
    failIfSafeMode(p, "cannot run .load in safe mode");
    if( nArg<2 ){
      raw_printf(stderr, "Usage: .load FILE ?ENTRYPOINT?\n");
      rc = 1;
      goto meta_command_exit;
    }
    zFile = azArg[1];
    zProc = nArg>=3 ? azArg[2] : 0;
    open_db(p, 0);
    rc = sqlite3_load_extension(p->db, zFile, zProc, &zErrMsg);
    if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
      utf8_printf(stderr, "Error: %s\n", zErrMsg);
      sqlite3_free(zErrMsg);
      rc = 1;
    }
  }else
#endif

  if( c=='l' && strncmp(azArg[0], "log", n)==0 ){
    failIfSafeMode(p, "cannot run .log in safe mode");
    if( nArg!=2 ){
      raw_printf(stderr, "Usage: .log FILENAME\n");
      rc = 1;
    }else{
      const char *zFile = azArg[1];
      output_file_close(p->pLog);
      p->pLog = output_file_open(zFile, 0);
    }
  }else

  if( c=='m' && strncmp(azArg[0], "mode", n)==0 ){
    const char *zMode = nArg>=2 ? azArg[1] : "";
    int n2 = strlen30(zMode);
    int c2 = zMode[0];
    if( c2=='l' && n2>2 && strncmp(azArg[1],"lines",n2)==0 ){
      p->mode = MODE_Line;
      sqlite3_snprintf(sizeof(p->rowSeparator), p->rowSeparator, SEP_Row);
    }else if( c2=='c' && strncmp(azArg[1],"columns",n2)==0 ){
      p->mode = MODE_Column;
      if( (p->shellFlgs & SHFLG_HeaderSet)==0 ){
        p->showHeader = 1;
      }
      sqlite3_snprintf(sizeof(p->rowSeparator), p->rowSeparator, SEP_Row);
    }else if( c2=='l' && n2>2 && strncmp(azArg[1],"list",n2)==0 ){
      p->mode = MODE_List;
      sqlite3_snprintf(sizeof(p->colSeparator), p->colSeparator, SEP_Column);
      sqlite3_snprintf(sizeof(p->rowSeparator), p->rowSeparator, SEP_Row);
    }else if( c2=='h' && strncmp(azArg[1],"html",n2)==0 ){
      p->mode = MODE_Html;
    }else if( c2=='t' && strncmp(azArg[1],"tcl",n2)==0 ){
      p->mode = MODE_Tcl;
      sqlite3_snprintf(sizeof(p->colSeparator), p->colSeparator, SEP_Space);
      sqlite3_snprintf(sizeof(p->rowSeparator), p->rowSeparator, SEP_Row);
    }else if( c2=='c' && strncmp(azArg[1],"csv",n2)==0 ){
      p->mode = MODE_Csv;
      sqlite3_snprintf(sizeof(p->colSeparator), p->colSeparator, SEP_Comma);
      sqlite3_snprintf(sizeof(p->rowSeparator), p->rowSeparator, SEP_CrLf);
    }else if( c2=='t' && strncmp(azArg[1],"tabs",n2)==0 ){
      p->mode = MODE_List;
      sqlite3_snprintf(sizeof(p->colSeparator), p->colSeparator, SEP_Tab);
    }else if( c2=='i' && strncmp(azArg[1],"insert",n2)==0 ){
      p->mode = MODE_Insert;
      set_table_name(p, nArg>=3 ? azArg[2] : "table");
    }else if( c2=='q' && strncmp(azArg[1],"quote",n2)==0 ){
      p->mode = MODE_Quote;
      sqlite3_snprintf(sizeof(p->colSeparator), p->colSeparator, SEP_Comma);
      sqlite3_snprintf(sizeof(p->rowSeparator), p->rowSeparator, SEP_Row);
    }else if( c2=='a' && strncmp(azArg[1],"ascii",n2)==0 ){
      p->mode = MODE_Ascii;
      sqlite3_snprintf(sizeof(p->colSeparator), p->colSeparator, SEP_Unit);
      sqlite3_snprintf(sizeof(p->rowSeparator), p->rowSeparator, SEP_Record);
    }else if( c2=='m' && strncmp(azArg[1],"markdown",n2)==0 ){
      p->mode = MODE_Markdown;
    }else if( c2=='t' && strncmp(azArg[1],"table",n2)==0 ){
      p->mode = MODE_Table;
    }else if( c2=='b' && strncmp(azArg[1],"box",n2)==0 ){
      p->mode = MODE_Box;
    }else if( c2=='c' && strncmp(azArg[1],"count",n2)==0 ){
      p->mode = MODE_Count;
    }else if( c2=='o' && strncmp(azArg[1],"off",n2)==0 ){
      p->mode = MODE_Off;
    }else if( c2=='j' && strncmp(azArg[1],"json",n2)==0 ){
      p->mode = MODE_Json;
    }else if( nArg==1 ){
      raw_printf(p->out, "current output mode: %s\n", modeDescr[p->mode]);
    }else{
      raw_printf(stderr, "Error: mode should be one of: "
         "ascii box column csv html insert json line list markdown "
         "quote table tabs tcl\n");
      rc = 1;
    }
    p->cMode = p->mode;
  }else

  if( c=='n' && strcmp(azArg[0], "nonce")==0 ){
    if( nArg!=2 ){
      raw_printf(stderr, "Usage: .nonce NONCE\n");
      rc = 1;
    }else if( p->zNonce==0 || strcmp(azArg[1],p->zNonce)!=0 ){
      raw_printf(stderr, "line %d: incorrect nonce: \"%s\"\n",
                 p->lineno, azArg[1]);
      exit(1);
    }else{
      p->bSafeMode = 0;
      return 0;  /* Return immediately to bypass the safe mode reset
                 ** at the end of this procedure */
    }
  }else

  if( c=='n' && strncmp(azArg[0], "nullvalue", n)==0 ){
    if( nArg==2 ){
      sqlite3_snprintf(sizeof(p->nullValue), p->nullValue,
                       "%.*s", (int)ArraySize(p->nullValue)-1, azArg[1]);
    }else{
      raw_printf(stderr, "Usage: .nullvalue STRING\n");
      rc = 1;
    }
  }else

  if( c=='o' && strncmp(azArg[0], "open", n)==0 && n>=2 ){
    const char *zFN = 0;     /* Pointer to constant filename */
    char *zNewFilename = 0;  /* Name of the database file to open */
    int iName = 1;           /* Index in azArg[] of the filename */
    int newFlag = 0;         /* True to delete file before opening */
    int openMode = SHELL_OPEN_UNSPEC;

    /* Check for command-line arguments */
    for(iName=1; iName<nArg; iName++){
      const char *z = azArg[iName];
      if( optionMatch(z,"new") ){
        newFlag = 1;
#ifdef SQLITE_HAVE_ZLIB
      }else if( optionMatch(z, "zip") ){
        openMode = SHELL_OPEN_ZIPFILE;
#endif
      }else if( optionMatch(z, "append") ){
        openMode = SHELL_OPEN_APPENDVFS;
      }else if( optionMatch(z, "readonly") ){
        openMode = SHELL_OPEN_READONLY;
      }else if( optionMatch(z, "nofollow") ){
        p->openFlags |= SQLITE_OPEN_NOFOLLOW;
#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_DESERIALIZE
      }else if( optionMatch(z, "deserialize") ){
        openMode = SHELL_OPEN_DESERIALIZE;
      }else if( optionMatch(z, "hexdb") ){
        openMode = SHELL_OPEN_HEXDB;
      }else if( optionMatch(z, "maxsize") && iName+1<nArg ){
        p->szMax = integerValue(azArg[++iName]);
#endif /* SQLITE_OMIT_DESERIALIZE */
      }else if( z[0]=='-' ){
        utf8_printf(stderr, "unknown option: %s\n", z);
        rc = 1;
        goto meta_command_exit;
      }else if( zFN ){
        utf8_printf(stderr, "extra argument: \"%s\"\n", z);
        rc = 1;
        goto meta_command_exit;
      }else{
        zFN = z;
      }
    }

    /* Close the existing database */
    session_close_all(p, -1);
    close_db(p->db);
    p->db = 0;
    p->pAuxDb->zDbFilename = 0;
    sqlite3_free(p->pAuxDb->zFreeOnClose);
    p->pAuxDb->zFreeOnClose = 0;
    p->openMode = openMode;
    p->openFlags = 0;
    p->szMax = 0;

    /* If a filename is specified, try to open it first */
    if( zFN || p->openMode==SHELL_OPEN_HEXDB ){
      if( newFlag && zFN && !p->bSafeMode ) shellDeleteFile(zFN);
      if( p->bSafeMode
       && p->openMode!=SHELL_OPEN_HEXDB
       && zFN
       && strcmp(zFN,":memory:")!=0
      ){
        failIfSafeMode(p, "cannot open disk-based database files in safe mode");
      }
      if( zFN ){
        zNewFilename = sqlite3_mprintf("%s", zFN);
        shell_check_oom(zNewFilename);
      }else{
        zNewFilename = 0;
      }
      p->pAuxDb->zDbFilename = zNewFilename;
      open_db(p, OPEN_DB_KEEPALIVE);
      if( p->db==0 ){
        utf8_printf(stderr, "Error: cannot open '%s'\n", zNewFilename);
        sqlite3_free(zNewFilename);
      }else{
        p->pAuxDb->zFreeOnClose = zNewFilename;
      }
    }
    if( p->db==0 ){
      /* As a fall-back open a TEMP database */
      p->pAuxDb->zDbFilename = 0;
      open_db(p, 0);
    }
  }else

  if( (c=='o'
        && (strncmp(azArg[0], "output", n)==0||strncmp(azArg[0], "once", n)==0))
   || (c=='e' && n==5 && strcmp(azArg[0],"excel")==0)
  ){
    char *zFile = 0;
    int bTxtMode = 0;
    int i;
    int eMode = 0;
    int bBOM = 0;
    int bOnce = 0;  /* 0: .output, 1: .once, 2: .excel */

    failIfSafeMode(p, "cannot run .%s in safe mode", azArg[0]);
    if( c=='e' ){
      eMode = 'x';
      bOnce = 2;
    }else if( strncmp(azArg[0],"once",n)==0 ){
      bOnce = 1;
    }
    for(i=1; i<nArg; i++){
      char *z = azArg[i];
      if( z[0]=='-' ){
        if( z[1]=='-' ) z++;
        if( strcmp(z,"-bom")==0 ){
          bBOM = 1;
        }else if( c!='e' && strcmp(z,"-x")==0 ){
          eMode = 'x';  /* spreadsheet */
        }else if( c!='e' && strcmp(z,"-e")==0 ){
          eMode = 'e';  /* text editor */
        }else{
          utf8_printf(p->out, "ERROR: unknown option: \"%s\".  Usage:\n",
                      azArg[i]);
          showHelp(p->out, azArg[0]);
          rc = 1;
          goto meta_command_exit;
        }
      }else if( zFile==0 && eMode!='e' && eMode!='x' ){
        zFile = sqlite3_mprintf("%s", z);
        if( zFile && zFile[0]=='|' ){
          while( i+1<nArg ) zFile = sqlite3_mprintf("%z %s", zFile, azArg[++i]);
          break;
        }
      }else{
        utf8_printf(p->out,"ERROR: extra parameter: \"%s\".  Usage:\n",
                    azArg[i]);
        showHelp(p->out, azArg[0]);
        rc = 1;
        sqlite3_free(zFile);
        goto meta_command_exit;
      }
    }
    if( zFile==0 ){
      zFile = sqlite3_mprintf("stdout");
    }
    if( bOnce ){
      p->outCount = 2;
    }else{
      p->outCount = 0;
    }
    output_reset(p);
#ifndef SQLITE_NOHAVE_SYSTEM
    if( eMode=='e' || eMode=='x' ){
      p->doXdgOpen = 1;
      outputModePush(p);
      if( eMode=='x' ){
        /* spreadsheet mode.  Output as CSV. */
        newTempFile(p, "csv");
        ShellClearFlag(p, SHFLG_Echo);
        p->mode = MODE_Csv;
        sqlite3_snprintf(sizeof(p->colSeparator), p->colSeparator, SEP_Comma);
        sqlite3_snprintf(sizeof(p->rowSeparator), p->rowSeparator, SEP_CrLf);
      }else{
        /* text editor mode */
        newTempFile(p, "txt");
        bTxtMode = 1;
      }
      sqlite3_free(zFile);
      zFile = sqlite3_mprintf("%s", p->zTempFile);
    }
#endif /* SQLITE_NOHAVE_SYSTEM */
    shell_check_oom(zFile);
    if( zFile[0]=='|' ){
#ifdef SQLITE_OMIT_POPEN
      raw_printf(stderr, "Error: pipes are not supported in this OS\n");
      rc = 1;
      p->out = stdout;
#else
      p->out = popen(zFile + 1, "w");
      if( p->out==0 ){
        utf8_printf(stderr,"Error: cannot open pipe \"%s\"\n", zFile + 1);
        p->out = stdout;
        rc = 1;
      }else{
        if( bBOM ) fprintf(p->out,"\357\273\277");
        sqlite3_snprintf(sizeof(p->outfile), p->outfile, "%s", zFile);
      }
#endif
    }else{
      p->out = output_file_open(zFile, bTxtMode);
      if( p->out==0 ){
        if( strcmp(zFile,"off")!=0 ){
          utf8_printf(stderr,"Error: cannot write to \"%s\"\n", zFile);
        }
        p->out = stdout;
        rc = 1;
      } else {
        if( bBOM ) fprintf(p->out,"\357\273\277");
        sqlite3_snprintf(sizeof(p->outfile), p->outfile, "%s", zFile);
      }
    }
    sqlite3_free(zFile);
  }else

  if( c=='p' && n>=3 && strncmp(azArg[0], "parameter", n)==0 ){
    open_db(p,0);
    if( nArg<=1 ) goto parameter_syntax_error;

    /* .parameter clear
    ** Clear all bind parameters by dropping the TEMP table that holds them.
    */
    if( nArg==2 && strcmp(azArg[1],"clear")==0 ){
      sqlite3_exec(p->db, "DROP TABLE IF EXISTS temp.sqlite_parameters;",
                   0, 0, 0);
    }else

    /* .parameter list
    ** List all bind parameters.
    */
    if( nArg==2 && strcmp(azArg[1],"list")==0 ){
      sqlite3_stmt *pStmt = 0;
      int rx;
      int len = 0;
      rx = sqlite3_prepare_v2(p->db,
             "SELECT max(length(key)) "
             "FROM temp.sqlite_parameters;", -1, &pStmt, 0);
      if( rx==SQLITE_OK && sqlite3_step(pStmt)==SQLITE_ROW ){
        len = sqlite3_column_int(pStmt, 0);
        if( len>40 ) len = 40;
      }
      sqlite3_finalize(pStmt);
      pStmt = 0;
      if( len ){
        rx = sqlite3_prepare_v2(p->db,
             "SELECT key, quote(value) "
             "FROM temp.sqlite_parameters;", -1, &pStmt, 0);
        while( rx==SQLITE_OK && sqlite3_step(pStmt)==SQLITE_ROW ){
          utf8_printf(p->out, "%-*s %s\n", len, sqlite3_column_text(pStmt,0),
                      sqlite3_column_text(pStmt,1));
        }
        sqlite3_finalize(pStmt);
      }
    }else

    /* .parameter init
    ** Make sure the TEMP table used to hold bind parameters exists.
    ** Create it if necessary.
    */
    if( nArg==2 && strcmp(azArg[1],"init")==0 ){
      bind_table_init(p);
    }else

    /* .parameter set NAME VALUE
    ** Set or reset a bind parameter.  NAME should be the full parameter
    ** name exactly as it appears in the query.  (ex: $abc, @def).  The
    ** VALUE can be in either SQL literal notation, or if not it will be
    ** understood to be a text string.
    */
    if( nArg==4 && strcmp(azArg[1],"set")==0 ){
      int rx;
      char *zSql;
      sqlite3_stmt *pStmt;
      const char *zKey = azArg[2];
      const char *zValue = azArg[3];
      bind_table_init(p);
      zSql = sqlite3_mprintf(
                  "REPLACE INTO temp.sqlite_parameters(key,value)"
                  "VALUES(%Q,%s);", zKey, zValue);
      shell_check_oom(zSql);
      pStmt = 0;
      rx = sqlite3_prepare_v2(p->db, zSql, -1, &pStmt, 0);
      sqlite3_free(zSql);
      if( rx!=SQLITE_OK ){
        sqlite3_finalize(pStmt);
        pStmt = 0;
        zSql = sqlite3_mprintf(
                   "REPLACE INTO temp.sqlite_parameters(key,value)"
                   "VALUES(%Q,%Q);", zKey, zValue);
        shell_check_oom(zSql);
        rx = sqlite3_prepare_v2(p->db, zSql, -1, &pStmt, 0);
        sqlite3_free(zSql);
        if( rx!=SQLITE_OK ){
          utf8_printf(p->out, "Error: %s\n", sqlite3_errmsg(p->db));
          sqlite3_finalize(pStmt);
          pStmt = 0;
          rc = 1;
        }
      }
      sqlite3_step(pStmt);
      sqlite3_finalize(pStmt);
    }else

    /* .parameter unset NAME
    ** Remove the NAME binding from the parameter binding table, if it
    ** exists.
    */
    if( nArg==3 && strcmp(azArg[1],"unset")==0 ){
      char *zSql = sqlite3_mprintf(
          "DELETE FROM temp.sqlite_parameters WHERE key=%Q", azArg[2]);
      shell_check_oom(zSql);
      sqlite3_exec(p->db, zSql, 0, 0, 0);
      sqlite3_free(zSql);
    }else
    /* If no command name matches, show a syntax error */
    parameter_syntax_error:
    showHelp(p->out, "parameter");
  }else

  if( c=='p' && n>=3 && strncmp(azArg[0], "print", n)==0 ){
    int i;
    for(i=1; i<nArg; i++){
      if( i>1 ) raw_printf(p->out, " ");
      utf8_printf(p->out, "%s", azArg[i]);
    }
    raw_printf(p->out, "\n");
  }else

#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_PROGRESS_CALLBACK
  if( c=='p' && n>=3 && strncmp(azArg[0], "progress", n)==0 ){
    int i;
    int nn = 0;
    p->flgProgress = 0;
    p->mxProgress = 0;
    p->nProgress = 0;
    for(i=1; i<nArg; i++){
      const char *z = azArg[i];
      if( z[0]=='-' ){
        z++;
        if( z[0]=='-' ) z++;
        if( strcmp(z,"quiet")==0 || strcmp(z,"q")==0 ){
          p->flgProgress |= SHELL_PROGRESS_QUIET;
          continue;
        }
        if( strcmp(z,"reset")==0 ){
          p->flgProgress |= SHELL_PROGRESS_RESET;
          continue;
        }
        if( strcmp(z,"once")==0 ){
          p->flgProgress |= SHELL_PROGRESS_ONCE;
          continue;
        }
        if( strcmp(z,"limit")==0 ){
          if( i+1>=nArg ){
            utf8_printf(stderr, "Error: missing argument on --limit\n");
            rc = 1;
            goto meta_command_exit;
          }else{
            p->mxProgress = (int)integerValue(azArg[++i]);
          }
          continue;
        }
        utf8_printf(stderr, "Error: unknown option: \"%s\"\n", azArg[i]);
        rc = 1;
        goto meta_command_exit;
      }else{
        nn = (int)integerValue(z);
      }
    }
    open_db(p, 0);
    sqlite3_progress_handler(p->db, nn, progress_handler, p);
  }else
#endif /* SQLITE_OMIT_PROGRESS_CALLBACK */

  if( c=='p' && strncmp(azArg[0], "prompt", n)==0 ){
    if( nArg >= 2) {
      strncpy(mainPrompt,azArg[1],(int)ArraySize(mainPrompt)-1);
    }
    if( nArg >= 3) {
      strncpy(continuePrompt,azArg[2],(int)ArraySize(continuePrompt)-1);
    }
  }else

  if( c=='q' && strncmp(azArg[0], "quit", n)==0 ){
    rc = 2;
  }else

  if( c=='r' && n>=3 && strncmp(azArg[0], "read", n)==0 ){
    FILE *inSaved = p->in;
    int savedLineno = p->lineno;
    failIfSafeMode(p, "cannot run .read in safe mode");
    if( nArg!=2 ){
      raw_printf(stderr, "Usage: .read FILE\n");
      rc = 1;
      goto meta_command_exit;
    }
    if( azArg[1][0]=='|' ){
#ifdef SQLITE_OMIT_POPEN
      raw_printf(stderr, "Error: pipes are not supported in this OS\n");
      rc = 1;
      p->out = stdout;
#else
      p->in = popen(azArg[1]+1, "r");
      if( p->in==0 ){
        utf8_printf(stderr, "Error: cannot open \"%s\"\n", azArg[1]);
        rc = 1;
      }else{
        rc = process_input(p);
        pclose(p->in);
      }
#endif
    }else if( (p->in = openChrSource(azArg[1]))==0 ){
      utf8_printf(stderr,"Error: cannot open \"%s\"\n", azArg[1]);
      rc = 1;
    }else{
      rc = process_input(p);
      fclose(p->in);
    }
    p->in = inSaved;
    p->lineno = savedLineno;
  }else

  if( c=='r' && n>=3 && strncmp(azArg[0], "restore", n)==0 ){
    const char *zSrcFile;
    const char *zDb;
    sqlite3 *pSrc;
    sqlite3_backup *pBackup;
    int nTimeout = 0;

    failIfSafeMode(p, "cannot run .restore in safe mode");
    if( nArg==2 ){
      zSrcFile = azArg[1];
      zDb = "main";
    }else if( nArg==3 ){
      zSrcFile = azArg[2];
      zDb = azArg[1];
    }else{
      raw_printf(stderr, "Usage: .restore ?DB? FILE\n");
      rc = 1;
      goto meta_command_exit;
    }
    rc = sqlite3_open(zSrcFile, &pSrc);
    if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
      utf8_printf(stderr, "Error: cannot open \"%s\"\n", zSrcFile);
      close_db(pSrc);
      return 1;
    }
    open_db(p, 0);
    pBackup = sqlite3_backup_init(p->db, zDb, pSrc, "main");
    if( pBackup==0 ){
      utf8_printf(stderr, "Error: %s\n", sqlite3_errmsg(p->db));
      close_db(pSrc);
      return 1;
    }
    while( (rc = sqlite3_backup_step(pBackup,100))==SQLITE_OK
          || rc==SQLITE_BUSY  ){
      if( rc==SQLITE_BUSY ){
        if( nTimeout++ >= 3 ) break;
        sqlite3_sleep(100);
      }
    }
    sqlite3_backup_finish(pBackup);
    if( rc==SQLITE_DONE ){
      rc = 0;
    }else if( rc==SQLITE_BUSY || rc==SQLITE_LOCKED ){
      raw_printf(stderr, "Error: source database is busy\n");
      rc = 1;
    }else{
      utf8_printf(stderr, "Error: %s\n", sqlite3_errmsg(p->db));
      rc = 1;
    }
    close_db(pSrc);
  }else

  if( c=='s' && strncmp(azArg[0], "scanstats", n)==0 ){
    if( nArg==2 ){
      p->scanstatsOn = (u8)booleanValue(azArg[1]);
#ifndef SQLITE_ENABLE_STMT_SCANSTATUS
      raw_printf(stderr, "Warning: .scanstats not available in this build.\n");
#endif
    }else{
      raw_printf(stderr, "Usage: .scanstats on|off\n");
      rc = 1;
    }
  }else

  if( c=='s' && strncmp(azArg[0], "schema", n)==0 ){
    ShellText sSelect;
    ShellState data;
    char *zErrMsg = 0;
    const char *zDiv = "(";
    const char *zName = 0;
    int iSchema = 0;
    int bDebug = 0;
    int bNoSystemTabs = 0;
    int ii;

    open_db(p, 0);
    memcpy(&data, p, sizeof(data));
    data.showHeader = 0;
    data.cMode = data.mode = MODE_Semi;
    initText(&sSelect);
    for(ii=1; ii<nArg; ii++){
      if( optionMatch(azArg[ii],"indent") ){
        data.cMode = data.mode = MODE_Pretty;
      }else if( optionMatch(azArg[ii],"debug") ){
        bDebug = 1;
      }else if( optionMatch(azArg[ii],"nosys") ){
        bNoSystemTabs = 1;
      }else if( azArg[ii][0]=='-' ){
        utf8_printf(stderr, "Unknown option: \"%s\"\n", azArg[ii]);
        rc = 1;
        goto meta_command_exit;
      }else if( zName==0 ){
        zName = azArg[ii];
      }else{
        raw_printf(stderr, "Usage: .schema ?--indent? ?--nosys? ?LIKE-PATTERN?\n");
        rc = 1;
        goto meta_command_exit;
      }
    }
    if( zName!=0 ){
      int isSchema = sqlite3_strlike(zName, "sqlite_master", '\\')==0
                  || sqlite3_strlike(zName, "sqlite_schema", '\\')==0
                  || sqlite3_strlike(zName,"sqlite_temp_master", '\\')==0
                  || sqlite3_strlike(zName,"sqlite_temp_schema", '\\')==0;
      if( isSchema ){
        char *new_argv[2], *new_colv[2];
        new_argv[0] = sqlite3_mprintf(
                      "CREATE TABLE %s (\n"
                      "  type text,\n"
                      "  name text,\n"
                      "  tbl_name text,\n"
                      "  rootpage integer,\n"
                      "  sql text\n"
                      ")", zName);
        shell_check_oom(new_argv[0]);
        new_argv[1] = 0;
        new_colv[0] = "sql";
        new_colv[1] = 0;
        callback(&data, 1, new_argv, new_colv);
        sqlite3_free(new_argv[0]);
      }
    }
    if( zDiv ){
      sqlite3_stmt *pStmt = 0;
      rc = sqlite3_prepare_v2(p->db, "SELECT name FROM pragma_database_list",
                              -1, &pStmt, 0);
      if( rc ){
        utf8_printf(stderr, "Error: %s\n", sqlite3_errmsg(p->db));
        sqlite3_finalize(pStmt);
        rc = 1;
        goto meta_command_exit;
      }
      appendText(&sSelect, "SELECT sql FROM", 0);
      iSchema = 0;
      while( sqlite3_step(pStmt)==SQLITE_ROW ){
        const char *zDb = (const char*)sqlite3_column_text(pStmt, 0);
        char zScNum[30];
        sqlite3_snprintf(sizeof(zScNum), zScNum, "%d", ++iSchema);
        appendText(&sSelect, zDiv, 0);
        zDiv = " UNION ALL ";
        appendText(&sSelect, "SELECT shell_add_schema(sql,", 0);
        if( sqlite3_stricmp(zDb, "main")!=0 ){
          appendText(&sSelect, zDb, '\'');
        }else{
          appendText(&sSelect, "NULL", 0);
        }
        appendText(&sSelect, ",name) AS sql, type, tbl_name, name, rowid,", 0);
        appendText(&sSelect, zScNum, 0);
        appendText(&sSelect, " AS snum, ", 0);
        appendText(&sSelect, zDb, '\'');
        appendText(&sSelect, " AS sname FROM ", 0);
        appendText(&sSelect, zDb, quoteChar(zDb));
        appendText(&sSelect, ".sqlite_schema", 0);
      }
      sqlite3_finalize(pStmt);
#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_INTROSPECTION_PRAGMAS
      if( zName ){
        appendText(&sSelect,
           " UNION ALL SELECT shell_module_schema(name),"
           " 'table', name, name, name, 9e+99, 'main' FROM pragma_module_list",
        0);
      }
#endif
      appendText(&sSelect, ") WHERE ", 0);
      if( zName ){
        char *zQarg = sqlite3_mprintf("%Q", zName);
        shell_check_oom(zQarg);
        int bGlob = strchr(zName, '*') != 0 || strchr(zName, '?') != 0 ||
                    strchr(zName, '[') != 0;
        if( strchr(zName, '.') ){
          appendText(&sSelect, "lower(printf('%s.%s',sname,tbl_name))", 0);
        }else{
          appendText(&sSelect, "lower(tbl_name)", 0);
        }
        appendText(&sSelect, bGlob ? " GLOB " : " LIKE ", 0);
        appendText(&sSelect, zQarg, 0);
        if( !bGlob ){
          appendText(&sSelect, " ESCAPE '\\' ", 0);
        }
        appendText(&sSelect, " AND ", 0);
        sqlite3_free(zQarg);
      }
      if( bNoSystemTabs ){
        appendText(&sSelect, "name NOT LIKE 'sqlite_%%' AND ", 0);
      }
      appendText(&sSelect, "sql IS NOT NULL"
                           " ORDER BY snum, rowid", 0);
      if( bDebug ){
        utf8_printf(p->out, "SQL: %s;\n", sSelect.z);
      }else{
        rc = sqlite3_exec(p->db, sSelect.z, callback, &data, &zErrMsg);
      }
      freeText(&sSelect);
    }
    if( zErrMsg ){
      utf8_printf(stderr,"Error: %s\n", zErrMsg);
      sqlite3_free(zErrMsg);
      rc = 1;
    }else if( rc != SQLITE_OK ){
      raw_printf(stderr,"Error: querying schema information\n");
      rc = 1;
    }else{
      rc = 0;
    }
  }else

  if( c=='s' && n==11 && strncmp(azArg[0], "selecttrace", n)==0 ){
    unsigned int x = nArg>=2 ? (unsigned int)integerValue(azArg[1]) : 0xffffffff;
    sqlite3_test_control(SQLITE_TESTCTRL_TRACEFLAGS, 1, &x);
  }else

#if defined(SQLITE_ENABLE_SESSION)
  if( c=='s' && strncmp(azArg[0],"session",n)==0 && n>=3 ){
    struct AuxDb *pAuxDb = p->pAuxDb;
    OpenSession *pSession = &pAuxDb->aSession[0];
    char **azCmd = &azArg[1];
    int iSes = 0;
    int nCmd = nArg - 1;
    int i;
    if( nArg<=1 ) goto session_syntax_error;
    open_db(p, 0);
    if( nArg>=3 ){
      for(iSes=0; iSes<pAuxDb->nSession; iSes++){
        if( strcmp(pAuxDb->aSession[iSes].zName, azArg[1])==0 ) break;
      }
      if( iSes<pAuxDb->nSession ){
        pSession = &pAuxDb->aSession[iSes];
        azCmd++;
        nCmd--;
      }else{
        pSession = &pAuxDb->aSession[0];
        iSes = 0;
      }
    }

    /* .session attach TABLE
    ** Invoke the sqlite3session_attach() interface to attach a particular
    ** table so that it is never filtered.
    */
    if( strcmp(azCmd[0],"attach")==0 ){
      if( nCmd!=2 ) goto session_syntax_error;
      if( pSession->p==0 ){
        session_not_open:
        raw_printf(stderr, "ERROR: No sessions are open\n");
      }else{
        rc = sqlite3session_attach(pSession->p, azCmd[1]);
        if( rc ){
          raw_printf(stderr, "ERROR: sqlite3session_attach() returns %d\n", rc);
          rc = 0;
        }
      }
    }else

    /* .session changeset FILE
    ** .session patchset FILE
    ** Write a changeset or patchset into a file.  The file is overwritten.
    */
    if( strcmp(azCmd[0],"changeset")==0 || strcmp(azCmd[0],"patchset")==0 ){
      FILE *out = 0;
      failIfSafeMode(p, "cannot run \".session %s\" in safe mode", azCmd[0]);
      if( nCmd!=2 ) goto session_syntax_error;
      if( pSession->p==0 ) goto session_not_open;
      out = fopen(azCmd[1], "wb");
      if( out==0 ){
        utf8_printf(stderr, "ERROR: cannot open \"%s\" for writing\n",
                    azCmd[1]);
      }else{
        int szChng;
        void *pChng;
        if( azCmd[0][0]=='c' ){
          rc = sqlite3session_changeset(pSession->p, &szChng, &pChng);
        }else{
          rc = sqlite3session_patchset(pSession->p, &szChng, &pChng);
        }
        if( rc ){
          printf("Error: error code %d\n", rc);
          rc = 0;
        }
        if( pChng
          && fwrite(pChng, szChng, 1, out)!=1 ){
          raw_printf(stderr, "ERROR: Failed to write entire %d-byte output\n",
                  szChng);
        }
        sqlite3_free(pChng);
        fclose(out);
      }
    }else

    /* .session close
    ** Close the identified session
    */
    if( strcmp(azCmd[0], "close")==0 ){
      if( nCmd!=1 ) goto session_syntax_error;
      if( pAuxDb->nSession ){
        session_close(pSession);
        pAuxDb->aSession[iSes] = pAuxDb->aSession[--pAuxDb->nSession];
      }
    }else

    /* .session enable ?BOOLEAN?
    ** Query or set the enable flag
    */
    if( strcmp(azCmd[0], "enable")==0 ){
      int ii;
      if( nCmd>2 ) goto session_syntax_error;
      ii = nCmd==1 ? -1 : booleanValue(azCmd[1]);
      if( pAuxDb->nSession ){
        ii = sqlite3session_enable(pSession->p, ii);
        utf8_printf(p->out, "session %s enable flag = %d\n",
                    pSession->zName, ii);
      }
    }else

    /* .session filter GLOB ....
    ** Set a list of GLOB patterns of table names to be excluded.
    */
    if( strcmp(azCmd[0], "filter")==0 ){
      int ii, nByte;
      if( nCmd<2 ) goto session_syntax_error;
      if( pAuxDb->nSession ){
        for(ii=0; ii<pSession->nFilter; ii++){
          sqlite3_free(pSession->azFilter[ii]);
        }
        sqlite3_free(pSession->azFilter);
        nByte = sizeof(pSession->azFilter[0])*(nCmd-1);
        pSession->azFilter = sqlite3_malloc( nByte );
        if( pSession->azFilter==0 ){
          raw_printf(stderr, "Error: out or memory\n");
          exit(1);
        }
        for(ii=1; ii<nCmd; ii++){
          char *x = pSession->azFilter[ii-1] = sqlite3_mprintf("%s", azCmd[ii]);
          shell_check_oom(x);
        }
        pSession->nFilter = ii-1;
      }
    }else

    /* .session indirect ?BOOLEAN?
    ** Query or set the indirect flag
    */
    if( strcmp(azCmd[0], "indirect")==0 ){
      int ii;
      if( nCmd>2 ) goto session_syntax_error;
      ii = nCmd==1 ? -1 : booleanValue(azCmd[1]);
      if( pAuxDb->nSession ){
        ii = sqlite3session_indirect(pSession->p, ii);
        utf8_printf(p->out, "session %s indirect flag = %d\n",
                    pSession->zName, ii);
      }
    }else

    /* .session isempty
    ** Determine if the session is empty
    */
    if( strcmp(azCmd[0], "isempty")==0 ){
      int ii;
      if( nCmd!=1 ) goto session_syntax_error;
      if( pAuxDb->nSession ){
        ii = sqlite3session_isempty(pSession->p);
        utf8_printf(p->out, "session %s isempty flag = %d\n",
                    pSession->zName, ii);
      }
    }else

    /* .session list
    ** List all currently open sessions
    */
    if( strcmp(azCmd[0],"list")==0 ){
      for(i=0; i<pAuxDb->nSession; i++){
        utf8_printf(p->out, "%d %s\n", i, pAuxDb->aSession[i].zName);
      }
    }else

    /* .session open DB NAME
    ** Open a new session called NAME on the attached database DB.
    ** DB is normally "main".
    */
    if( strcmp(azCmd[0],"open")==0 ){
      char *zName;
      if( nCmd!=3 ) goto session_syntax_error;
      zName = azCmd[2];
      if( zName[0]==0 ) goto session_syntax_error;
      for(i=0; i<pAuxDb->nSession; i++){
        if( strcmp(pAuxDb->aSession[i].zName,zName)==0 ){
          utf8_printf(stderr, "Session \"%s\" already exists\n", zName);
          goto meta_command_exit;
        }
      }
      if( pAuxDb->nSession>=ArraySize(pAuxDb->aSession) ){
        raw_printf(stderr, "Maximum of %d sessions\n", ArraySize(pAuxDb->aSession));
        goto meta_command_exit;
      }
      pSession = &pAuxDb->aSession[pAuxDb->nSession];
      rc = sqlite3session_create(p->db, azCmd[1], &pSession->p);
      if( rc ){
        raw_printf(stderr, "Cannot open session: error code=%d\n", rc);
        rc = 0;
        goto meta_command_exit;
      }
      pSession->nFilter = 0;
      sqlite3session_table_filter(pSession->p, session_filter, pSession);
      pAuxDb->nSession++;
      pSession->zName = sqlite3_mprintf("%s", zName);
      shell_check_oom(pSession->zName);
    }else
    /* If no command name matches, show a syntax error */
    session_syntax_error:
    showHelp(p->out, "session");
  }else
#endif

#ifdef SQLITE_DEBUG
  /* Undocumented commands for internal testing.  Subject to change
  ** without notice. */
  if( c=='s' && n>=10 && strncmp(azArg[0], "selftest-", 9)==0 ){
    if( strncmp(azArg[0]+9, "boolean", n-9)==0 ){
      int i, v;
      for(i=1; i<nArg; i++){
        v = booleanValue(azArg[i]);
        utf8_printf(p->out, "%s: %d 0x%x\n", azArg[i], v, v);
      }
    }
    if( strncmp(azArg[0]+9, "integer", n-9)==0 ){
      int i; sqlite3_int64 v;
      for(i=1; i<nArg; i++){
        char zBuf[200];
        v = integerValue(azArg[i]);
        sqlite3_snprintf(sizeof(zBuf),zBuf,"%s: %lld 0x%llx\n", azArg[i],v,v);
        utf8_printf(p->out, "%s", zBuf);
      }
    }
  }else
#endif

  if( c=='s' && n>=4 && strncmp(azArg[0],"selftest",n)==0 ){
    int bIsInit = 0;         /* True to initialize the SELFTEST table */
    int bVerbose = 0;        /* Verbose output */
    int bSelftestExists;     /* True if SELFTEST already exists */
    int i, k;                /* Loop counters */
    int nTest = 0;           /* Number of tests runs */
    int nErr = 0;            /* Number of errors seen */
    ShellText str;           /* Answer for a query */
    sqlite3_stmt *pStmt = 0; /* Query against the SELFTEST table */

    open_db(p,0);
    for(i=1; i<nArg; i++){
      const char *z = azArg[i];
      if( z[0]=='-' && z[1]=='-' ) z++;
      if( strcmp(z,"-init")==0 ){
        bIsInit = 1;
      }else
      if( strcmp(z,"-v")==0 ){
        bVerbose++;
      }else
      {
        utf8_printf(stderr, "Unknown option \"%s\" on \"%s\"\n",
                    azArg[i], azArg[0]);
        raw_printf(stderr, "Should be one of: --init -v\n");
        rc = 1;
        goto meta_command_exit;
      }
    }
    if( sqlite3_table_column_metadata(p->db,"main","selftest",0,0,0,0,0,0)
           != SQLITE_OK ){
      bSelftestExists = 0;
    }else{
      bSelftestExists = 1;
    }
    if( bIsInit ){
      createSelftestTable(p);
      bSelftestExists = 1;
    }
    initText(&str);
    appendText(&str, "x", 0);
    for(k=bSelftestExists; k>=0; k--){
      if( k==1 ){
        rc = sqlite3_prepare_v2(p->db,
            "SELECT tno,op,cmd,ans FROM selftest ORDER BY tno",
            -1, &pStmt, 0);
      }else{
        rc = sqlite3_prepare_v2(p->db,
          "VALUES(0,'memo','Missing SELFTEST table - default checks only',''),"
          "      (1,'run','PRAGMA integrity_check','ok')",
          -1, &pStmt, 0);
      }
      if( rc ){
        raw_printf(stderr, "Error querying the selftest table\n");
        rc = 1;
        sqlite3_finalize(pStmt);
        goto meta_command_exit;
      }
      for(i=1; sqlite3_step(pStmt)==SQLITE_ROW; i++){
        int tno = sqlite3_column_int(pStmt, 0);
        const char *zOp = (const char*)sqlite3_column_text(pStmt, 1);
        const char *zSql = (const char*)sqlite3_column_text(pStmt, 2);
        const char *zAns = (const char*)sqlite3_column_text(pStmt, 3);

        if( zOp==0 ) continue;
        if( zSql==0 ) continue;
        if( zAns==0 ) continue;
        k = 0;
        if( bVerbose>0 ){
          printf("%d: %s %s\n", tno, zOp, zSql);
        }
        if( strcmp(zOp,"memo")==0 ){
          utf8_printf(p->out, "%s\n", zSql);
        }else
        if( strcmp(zOp,"run")==0 ){
          char *zErrMsg = 0;
          str.n = 0;
          str.z[0] = 0;
          rc = sqlite3_exec(p->db, zSql, captureOutputCallback, &str, &zErrMsg);
          nTest++;
          if( bVerbose ){
            utf8_printf(p->out, "Result: %s\n", str.z);
          }
          if( rc || zErrMsg ){
            nErr++;
            rc = 1;
            utf8_printf(p->out, "%d: error-code-%d: %s\n", tno, rc, zErrMsg);
            sqlite3_free(zErrMsg);
          }else if( strcmp(zAns,str.z)!=0 ){
            nErr++;
            rc = 1;
            utf8_printf(p->out, "%d: Expected: [%s]\n", tno, zAns);
            utf8_printf(p->out, "%d:      Got: [%s]\n", tno, str.z);
          }
        }else
        {
          utf8_printf(stderr,
            "Unknown operation \"%s\" on selftest line %d\n", zOp, tno);
          rc = 1;
          break;
        }
      } /* End loop over rows of content from SELFTEST */
      sqlite3_finalize(pStmt);
    } /* End loop over k */
    freeText(&str);
    utf8_printf(p->out, "%d errors out of %d tests\n", nErr, nTest);
  }else

  if( c=='s' && strncmp(azArg[0], "separator", n)==0 ){
    if( nArg<2 || nArg>3 ){
      raw_printf(stderr, "Usage: .separator COL ?ROW?\n");
      rc = 1;
    }
    if( nArg>=2 ){
      sqlite3_snprintf(sizeof(p->colSeparator), p->colSeparator,
                       "%.*s", (int)ArraySize(p->colSeparator)-1, azArg[1]);
    }
    if( nArg>=3 ){
      sqlite3_snprintf(sizeof(p->rowSeparator), p->rowSeparator,
                       "%.*s", (int)ArraySize(p->rowSeparator)-1, azArg[2]);
    }
  }else

  if( c=='s' && n>=4 && strncmp(azArg[0],"sha3sum",n)==0 ){
    const char *zLike = 0;   /* Which table to checksum. 0 means everything */
    int i;                   /* Loop counter */
    int bSchema = 0;         /* Also hash the schema */
    int bSeparate = 0;       /* Hash each table separately */
    int iSize = 224;         /* Hash algorithm to use */
    int bDebug = 0;          /* Only show the query that would have run */
    sqlite3_stmt *pStmt;     /* For querying tables names */
    char *zSql;              /* SQL to be run */
    char *zSep;              /* Separator */
    ShellText sSql;          /* Complete SQL for the query to run the hash */
    ShellText sQuery;        /* Set of queries used to read all content */
    open_db(p, 0);
    for(i=1; i<nArg; i++){
      const char *z = azArg[i];
      if( z[0]=='-' ){
        z++;
        if( z[0]=='-' ) z++;
        if( strcmp(z,"schema")==0 ){
          bSchema = 1;
        }else
        if( strcmp(z,"sha3-224")==0 || strcmp(z,"sha3-256")==0
         || strcmp(z,"sha3-384")==0 || strcmp(z,"sha3-512")==0
        ){
          iSize = atoi(&z[5]);
        }else
        if( strcmp(z,"debug")==0 ){
          bDebug = 1;
        }else
        {
          utf8_printf(stderr, "Unknown option \"%s\" on \"%s\"\n",
                      azArg[i], azArg[0]);
          showHelp(p->out, azArg[0]);
          rc = 1;
          goto meta_command_exit;
        }
      }else if( zLike ){
        raw_printf(stderr, "Usage: .sha3sum ?OPTIONS? ?LIKE-PATTERN?\n");
        rc = 1;
        goto meta_command_exit;
      }else{
        zLike = z;
        bSeparate = 1;
        if( sqlite3_strlike("sqlite\\_%", zLike, '\\')==0 ) bSchema = 1;
      }
    }
    if( bSchema ){
      zSql = "SELECT lower(name) FROM sqlite_schema"
             " WHERE type='table' AND coalesce(rootpage,0)>1"
             " UNION ALL SELECT 'sqlite_schema'"
             " ORDER BY 1 collate nocase";
    }else{
      zSql = "SELECT lower(name) FROM sqlite_schema"
             " WHERE type='table' AND coalesce(rootpage,0)>1"
             " AND name NOT LIKE 'sqlite_%'"
             " ORDER BY 1 collate nocase";
    }
    sqlite3_prepare_v2(p->db, zSql, -1, &pStmt, 0);
    initText(&sQuery);
    initText(&sSql);
    appendText(&sSql, "WITH [sha3sum$query](a,b) AS(",0);
    zSep = "VALUES(";
    while( SQLITE_ROW==sqlite3_step(pStmt) ){
      const char *zTab = (const char*)sqlite3_column_text(pStmt,0);
      if( zTab==0 ) continue;
      if( zLike && sqlite3_strlike(zLike, zTab, 0)!=0 ) continue;
      if( strncmp(zTab, "sqlite_",7)!=0 ){
        appendText(&sQuery,"SELECT * FROM ", 0);
        appendText(&sQuery,zTab,'"');
        appendText(&sQuery," NOT INDEXED;", 0);
      }else if( strcmp(zTab, "sqlite_schema")==0 ){
        appendText(&sQuery,"SELECT type,name,tbl_name,sql FROM sqlite_schema"
                           " ORDER BY name;", 0);
      }else if( strcmp(zTab, "sqlite_sequence")==0 ){
        appendText(&sQuery,"SELECT name,seq FROM sqlite_sequence"
                           " ORDER BY name;", 0);
      }else if( strcmp(zTab, "sqlite_stat1")==0 ){
        appendText(&sQuery,"SELECT tbl,idx,stat FROM sqlite_stat1"
                           " ORDER BY tbl,idx;", 0);
      }else if( strcmp(zTab, "sqlite_stat4")==0 ){
        appendText(&sQuery, "SELECT * FROM ", 0);
        appendText(&sQuery, zTab, 0);
        appendText(&sQuery, " ORDER BY tbl, idx, rowid;\n", 0);
      }
      appendText(&sSql, zSep, 0);
      appendText(&sSql, sQuery.z, '\'');
      sQuery.n = 0;
      appendText(&sSql, ",", 0);
      appendText(&sSql, zTab, '\'');
      zSep = "),(";
    }
    sqlite3_finalize(pStmt);
    if( bSeparate ){
      zSql = sqlite3_mprintf(
          "%s))"
          " SELECT lower(hex(sha3_query(a,%d))) AS hash, b AS label"
          "   FROM [sha3sum$query]",
          sSql.z, iSize);
    }else{
      zSql = sqlite3_mprintf(
          "%s))"
          " SELECT lower(hex(sha3_query(group_concat(a,''),%d))) AS hash"
          "   FROM [sha3sum$query]",
          sSql.z, iSize);
    }
    shell_check_oom(zSql);
    freeText(&sQuery);
    freeText(&sSql);
    if( bDebug ){
      utf8_printf(p->out, "%s\n", zSql);
    }else{
      shell_exec(p, zSql, 0);
    }
    sqlite3_free(zSql);
  }else

#ifndef SQLITE_NOHAVE_SYSTEM
  if( c=='s'
   && (strncmp(azArg[0], "shell", n)==0 || strncmp(azArg[0],"system",n)==0)
  ){
    char *zCmd;
    int i, x;
    failIfSafeMode(p, "cannot run .%s in safe mode", azArg[0]);
    if( nArg<2 ){
      raw_printf(stderr, "Usage: .system COMMAND\n");
      rc = 1;
      goto meta_command_exit;
    }
    zCmd = sqlite3_mprintf(strchr(azArg[1],' ')==0?"%s":"\"%s\"", azArg[1]);
    for(i=2; i<nArg && zCmd!=0; i++){
      zCmd = sqlite3_mprintf(strchr(azArg[i],' ')==0?"%z %s":"%z \"%s\"",
                             zCmd, azArg[i]);
    }
    x = zCmd!=0 ? system(zCmd) : 1;
    sqlite3_free(zCmd);
    if( x ) raw_printf(stderr, "System command returns %d\n", x);
  }else
#endif /* !defined(SQLITE_NOHAVE_SYSTEM) */

  if( c=='s' && strncmp(azArg[0], "show", n)==0 ){
    static const char *azBool[] = { "off", "on", "trigger", "full"};
    const char *zOut;
    int i;
    if( nArg!=1 ){
      raw_printf(stderr, "Usage: .show\n");
      rc = 1;
      goto meta_command_exit;
    }
    utf8_printf(p->out, "%12.12s: %s\n","echo",
                                  azBool[ShellHasFlag(p, SHFLG_Echo)]);
    utf8_printf(p->out, "%12.12s: %s\n","eqp", azBool[p->autoEQP&3]);
    utf8_printf(p->out, "%12.12s: %s\n","explain",
         p->mode==MODE_Explain ? "on" : p->autoExplain ? "auto" : "off");
    utf8_printf(p->out,"%12.12s: %s\n","headers", azBool[p->showHeader!=0]);
    utf8_printf(p->out, "%12.12s: %s\n","mode", modeDescr[p->mode]);
    utf8_printf(p->out, "%12.12s: ", "nullvalue");
      output_c_string(p->out, p->nullValue);
      raw_printf(p->out, "\n");
    utf8_printf(p->out,"%12.12s: %s\n","output",
            strlen30(p->outfile) ? p->outfile : "stdout");
    utf8_printf(p->out,"%12.12s: ", "colseparator");
      output_c_string(p->out, p->colSeparator);
      raw_printf(p->out, "\n");
    utf8_printf(p->out,"%12.12s: ", "rowseparator");
      output_c_string(p->out, p->rowSeparator);
      raw_printf(p->out, "\n");
    switch( p->statsOn ){
      case 0:  zOut = "off";     break;
      default: zOut = "on";      break;
      case 2:  zOut = "stmt";    break;
      case 3:  zOut = "vmstep";  break;
    }
    utf8_printf(p->out, "%12.12s: %s\n","stats", zOut);
    utf8_printf(p->out, "%12.12s: ", "width");
    for (i=0;i<p->nWidth;i++) {
      raw_printf(p->out, "%d ", p->colWidth[i]);
    }
    raw_printf(p->out, "\n");
    utf8_printf(p->out, "%12.12s: %s\n", "filename",
                p->pAuxDb->zDbFilename ? p->pAuxDb->zDbFilename : "");
  }else

  if( c=='s' && strncmp(azArg[0], "stats", n)==0 ){
    if( nArg==2 ){
      if( strcmp(azArg[1],"stmt")==0 ){
        p->statsOn = 2;
      }else if( strcmp(azArg[1],"vmstep")==0 ){
        p->statsOn = 3;
      }else{
        p->statsOn = (u8)booleanValue(azArg[1]);
      }
    }else if( nArg==1 ){
      display_stats(p->db, p, 0);
    }else{
      raw_printf(stderr, "Usage: .stats ?on|off|stmt|vmstep?\n");
      rc = 1;
    }
  }else

  if( (c=='t' && n>1 && strncmp(azArg[0], "tables", n)==0)
   || (c=='i' && (strncmp(azArg[0], "indices", n)==0
                 || strncmp(azArg[0], "indexes", n)==0) )
  ){
    sqlite3_stmt *pStmt;
    char **azResult;
    int nRow, nAlloc;
    int ii;
    ShellText s;
    initText(&s);
    open_db(p, 0);
    rc = sqlite3_prepare_v2(p->db, "PRAGMA database_list", -1, &pStmt, 0);
    if( rc ){
      sqlite3_finalize(pStmt);
      return shellDatabaseError(p->db);
    }

    if( nArg>2 && c=='i' ){
      /* It is an historical accident that the .indexes command shows an error
      ** when called with the wrong number of arguments whereas the .tables
      ** command does not. */
      raw_printf(stderr, "Usage: .indexes ?LIKE-PATTERN?\n");
      rc = 1;
      sqlite3_finalize(pStmt);
      goto meta_command_exit;
    }
    for(ii=0; sqlite3_step(pStmt)==SQLITE_ROW; ii++){
      const char *zDbName = (const char*)sqlite3_column_text(pStmt, 1);
      if( zDbName==0 ) continue;
      if( s.z && s.z[0] ) appendText(&s, " UNION ALL ", 0);
      if( sqlite3_stricmp(zDbName, "main")==0 ){
        appendText(&s, "SELECT name FROM ", 0);
      }else{
        appendText(&s, "SELECT ", 0);
        appendText(&s, zDbName, '\'');
        appendText(&s, "||'.'||name FROM ", 0);
      }
      appendText(&s, zDbName, '"');
      appendText(&s, ".sqlite_schema ", 0);
      if( c=='t' ){
        appendText(&s," WHERE type IN ('table','view')"
                      "   AND name NOT LIKE 'sqlite_%'"
                      "   AND name LIKE ?1", 0);
      }else{
        appendText(&s," WHERE type='index'"
                      "   AND tbl_name LIKE ?1", 0);
      }
    }
    rc = sqlite3_finalize(pStmt);
    if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
      appendText(&s, " ORDER BY 1", 0);
      rc = sqlite3_prepare_v2(p->db, s.z, -1, &pStmt, 0);
    }
    freeText(&s);
    if( rc ) return shellDatabaseError(p->db);

    /* Run the SQL statement prepared by the above block. Store the results
    ** as an array of nul-terminated strings in azResult[].  */
    nRow = nAlloc = 0;
    azResult = 0;
    if( nArg>1 ){
      sqlite3_bind_text(pStmt, 1, azArg[1], -1, SQLITE_TRANSIENT);
    }else{
      sqlite3_bind_text(pStmt, 1, "%", -1, SQLITE_STATIC);
    }
    while( sqlite3_step(pStmt)==SQLITE_ROW ){
      if( nRow>=nAlloc ){
        char **azNew;
        int n2 = nAlloc*2 + 10;
        azNew = sqlite3_realloc64(azResult, sizeof(azResult[0])*n2);
        shell_check_oom(azNew);
        nAlloc = n2;
        azResult = azNew;
      }
      azResult[nRow] = sqlite3_mprintf("%s", sqlite3_column_text(pStmt, 0));
      shell_check_oom(azResult[nRow]);
      nRow++;
    }
    if( sqlite3_finalize(pStmt)!=SQLITE_OK ){
      rc = shellDatabaseError(p->db);
    }

    /* Pretty-print the contents of array azResult[] to the output */
    if( rc==0 && nRow>0 ){
      int len, maxlen = 0;
      int i, j;
      int nPrintCol, nPrintRow;
      for(i=0; i<nRow; i++){
        len = strlen30(azResult[i]);
        if( len>maxlen ) maxlen = len;
      }
      nPrintCol = 80/(maxlen+2);
      if( nPrintCol<1 ) nPrintCol = 1;
      nPrintRow = (nRow + nPrintCol - 1)/nPrintCol;
      for(i=0; i<nPrintRow; i++){
        for(j=i; j<nRow; j+=nPrintRow){
          char *zSp = j<nPrintRow ? "" : "  ";
          utf8_printf(p->out, "%s%-*s", zSp, maxlen,
                      azResult[j] ? azResult[j]:"");
        }
        raw_printf(p->out, "\n");
      }
    }

    for(ii=0; ii<nRow; ii++) sqlite3_free(azResult[ii]);
    sqlite3_free(azResult);
  }else

  /* Begin redirecting output to the file "testcase-out.txt" */
  if( c=='t' && strcmp(azArg[0],"testcase")==0 ){
    output_reset(p);
    p->out = output_file_open("testcase-out.txt", 0);
    if( p->out==0 ){
      raw_printf(stderr, "Error: cannot open 'testcase-out.txt'\n");
    }
    if( nArg>=2 ){
      sqlite3_snprintf(sizeof(p->zTestcase), p->zTestcase, "%s", azArg[1]);
    }else{
      sqlite3_snprintf(sizeof(p->zTestcase), p->zTestcase, "?");
    }
  }else

#ifndef SQLITE_UNTESTABLE
  if( c=='t' && n>=8 && strncmp(azArg[0], "testctrl", n)==0 ){
    static const struct {
       const char *zCtrlName;   /* Name of a test-control option */
       int ctrlCode;            /* Integer code for that option */
       int unSafe;              /* Not valid for --safe mode */
       const char *zUsage;      /* Usage notes */
    } aCtrl[] = {
      { "always",             SQLITE_TESTCTRL_ALWAYS, 1,     "BOOLEAN"         },
      { "assert",             SQLITE_TESTCTRL_ASSERT, 1,     "BOOLEAN"         },
    /*{ "benign_malloc_hooks",SQLITE_TESTCTRL_BENIGN_MALLOC_HOOKS,1, ""        },*/
    /*{ "bitvec_test",        SQLITE_TESTCTRL_BITVEC_TEST, 1,  ""              },*/
      { "byteorder",          SQLITE_TESTCTRL_BYTEORDER, 0,  ""                },
      { "extra_schema_checks",SQLITE_TESTCTRL_EXTRA_SCHEMA_CHECKS,0,"BOOLEAN"  },
    /*{ "fault_install",      SQLITE_TESTCTRL_FAULT_INSTALL, 1,""              },*/
      { "imposter",         SQLITE_TESTCTRL_IMPOSTER,1,"SCHEMA ON/OFF ROOTPAGE"},
      { "internal_functions", SQLITE_TESTCTRL_INTERNAL_FUNCTIONS,0,""          },
      { "localtime_fault",    SQLITE_TESTCTRL_LOCALTIME_FAULT,0,"BOOLEAN"      },
      { "never_corrupt",      SQLITE_TESTCTRL_NEVER_CORRUPT,1, "BOOLEAN"       },
      { "optimizations",      SQLITE_TESTCTRL_OPTIMIZATIONS,0,"DISABLE-MASK"   },
#ifdef YYCOVERAGE
      { "parser_coverage",    SQLITE_TESTCTRL_PARSER_COVERAGE,0,""             },
#endif
      { "pending_byte",       SQLITE_TESTCTRL_PENDING_BYTE,0, "OFFSET  "       },
      { "prng_restore",       SQLITE_TESTCTRL_PRNG_RESTORE,0, ""               },
      { "prng_save",          SQLITE_TESTCTRL_PRNG_SAVE,   0, ""               },
      { "prng_seed",          SQLITE_TESTCTRL_PRNG_SEED,   0, "SEED ?db?"      },
      { "seek_count",         SQLITE_TESTCTRL_SEEK_COUNT,  0, ""               },
      { "sorter_mmap",        SQLITE_TESTCTRL_SORTER_MMAP, 0, "NMAX"           },
      { "tune",               SQLITE_TESTCTRL_TUNE,        1, "ID VALUE"       },
    };
    int testctrl = -1;
    int iCtrl = -1;
    int rc2 = 0;    /* 0: usage.  1: %d  2: %x  3: no-output */
    int isOk = 0;
    int i, n2;
    const char *zCmd = 0;

    open_db(p, 0);
    zCmd = nArg>=2 ? azArg[1] : "help";

    /* The argument can optionally begin with "-" or "--" */
    if( zCmd[0]=='-' && zCmd[1] ){
      zCmd++;
      if( zCmd[0]=='-' && zCmd[1] ) zCmd++;
    }

    /* --help lists all test-controls */
    if( strcmp(zCmd,"help")==0 ){
      utf8_printf(p->out, "Available test-controls:\n");
      for(i=0; i<ArraySize(aCtrl); i++){
        utf8_printf(p->out, "  .testctrl %s %s\n",
                    aCtrl[i].zCtrlName, aCtrl[i].zUsage);
      }
      rc = 1;
      goto meta_command_exit;
    }

    /* convert testctrl text option to value. allow any unique prefix
    ** of the option name, or a numerical value. */
    n2 = strlen30(zCmd);
    for(i=0; i<ArraySize(aCtrl); i++){
      if( strncmp(zCmd, aCtrl[i].zCtrlName, n2)==0 ){
        if( testctrl<0 ){
          testctrl = aCtrl[i].ctrlCode;
          iCtrl = i;
        }else{
          utf8_printf(stderr, "Error: ambiguous test-control: \"%s\"\n"
                              "Use \".testctrl --help\" for help\n", zCmd);
          rc = 1;
          goto meta_command_exit;
        }
      }
    }
    if( testctrl<0 ){
      utf8_printf(stderr,"Error: unknown test-control: %s\n"
                         "Use \".testctrl --help\" for help\n", zCmd);
    }else if( aCtrl[iCtrl].unSafe && p->bSafeMode ){
      utf8_printf(stderr,
         "line %d: \".testctrl %s\" may not be used in safe mode\n",
         p->lineno, aCtrl[iCtrl].zCtrlName);
      exit(1);
    }else{
      switch(testctrl){

        /* sqlite3_test_control(int, db, int) */
        case SQLITE_TESTCTRL_OPTIMIZATIONS:
          if( nArg==3 ){
            unsigned int opt = (unsigned int)strtol(azArg[2], 0, 0);
            rc2 = sqlite3_test_control(testctrl, p->db, opt);
            isOk = 3;
          }
          break;

        /* sqlite3_test_control(int) */
        case SQLITE_TESTCTRL_PRNG_SAVE:
        case SQLITE_TESTCTRL_PRNG_RESTORE:
        case SQLITE_TESTCTRL_BYTEORDER:
          if( nArg==2 ){
            rc2 = sqlite3_test_control(testctrl);
            isOk = testctrl==SQLITE_TESTCTRL_BYTEORDER ? 1 : 3;
          }
          break;

        /* sqlite3_test_control(int, uint) */
        case SQLITE_TESTCTRL_PENDING_BYTE:
          if( nArg==3 ){
            unsigned int opt = (unsigned int)integerValue(azArg[2]);
            rc2 = sqlite3_test_control(testctrl, opt);
            isOk = 3;
          }
          break;

        /* sqlite3_test_control(int, int, sqlite3*) */
        case SQLITE_TESTCTRL_PRNG_SEED:
          if( nArg==3 || nArg==4 ){
            int ii = (int)integerValue(azArg[2]);
            sqlite3 *db;
            if( ii==0 && strcmp(azArg[2],"random")==0 ){
              sqlite3_randomness(sizeof(ii),&ii);
              printf("-- random seed: %d\n", ii);
            }
            if( nArg==3 ){
              db = 0;
            }else{
              db = p->db;
              /* Make sure the schema has been loaded */
              sqlite3_table_column_metadata(db, 0, "x", 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0);
            }
            rc2 = sqlite3_test_control(testctrl, ii, db);
            isOk = 3;
          }
          break;

        /* sqlite3_test_control(int, int) */
        case SQLITE_TESTCTRL_ASSERT:
        case SQLITE_TESTCTRL_ALWAYS:
          if( nArg==3 ){
            int opt = booleanValue(azArg[2]);
            rc2 = sqlite3_test_control(testctrl, opt);
            isOk = 1;
          }
          break;

        /* sqlite3_test_control(int, int) */
        case SQLITE_TESTCTRL_LOCALTIME_FAULT:
        case SQLITE_TESTCTRL_NEVER_CORRUPT:
          if( nArg==3 ){
            int opt = booleanValue(azArg[2]);
            rc2 = sqlite3_test_control(testctrl, opt);
            isOk = 3;
          }
          break;

        /* sqlite3_test_control(sqlite3*) */
        case SQLITE_TESTCTRL_INTERNAL_FUNCTIONS:
          rc2 = sqlite3_test_control(testctrl, p->db);
          isOk = 3;
          break;

        case SQLITE_TESTCTRL_IMPOSTER:
          if( nArg==5 ){
            rc2 = sqlite3_test_control(testctrl, p->db,
                          azArg[2],
                          integerValue(azArg[3]),
                          integerValue(azArg[4]));
            isOk = 3;
          }
          break;

        case SQLITE_TESTCTRL_SEEK_COUNT: {
          u64 x = 0;
          rc2 = sqlite3_test_control(testctrl, p->db, &x);
          utf8_printf(p->out, "%llu\n", x);
          isOk = 3;
          break;
        }

#ifdef YYCOVERAGE
        case SQLITE_TESTCTRL_PARSER_COVERAGE: {
          if( nArg==2 ){
            sqlite3_test_control(testctrl, p->out);
            isOk = 3;
          }
          break;
        }
#endif
#ifdef SQLITE_DEBUG
        case SQLITE_TESTCTRL_TUNE: {
          if( nArg==4 ){
            int id = (int)integerValue(azArg[2]);
            int val = (int)integerValue(azArg[3]);
            sqlite3_test_control(testctrl, id, &val);
            isOk = 3;
          }else if( nArg==3 ){
            int id = (int)integerValue(azArg[2]);
            sqlite3_test_control(testctrl, -id, &rc2);
            isOk = 1;
          }else if( nArg==2 ){
            int id = 1;
            while(1){
              int val = 0;
              rc2 = sqlite3_test_control(testctrl, -id, &val);
              if( rc2!=SQLITE_OK ) break;
              if( id>1 ) utf8_printf(p->out, "  ");
              utf8_printf(p->out, "%d: %d", id, val);
              id++;
            }
            if( id>1 ) utf8_printf(p->out, "\n");
            isOk = 3;
          }
          break;
        }
#endif
        case SQLITE_TESTCTRL_SORTER_MMAP:
          if( nArg==3 ){
            int opt = (unsigned int)integerValue(azArg[2]);
            rc2 = sqlite3_test_control(testctrl, p->db, opt);
            isOk = 3;
          }
          break;
      }
    }
    if( isOk==0 && iCtrl>=0 ){
      utf8_printf(p->out, "Usage: .testctrl %s %s\n", zCmd,aCtrl[iCtrl].zUsage);
      rc = 1;
    }else if( isOk==1 ){
      raw_printf(p->out, "%d\n", rc2);
    }else if( isOk==2 ){
      raw_printf(p->out, "0x%08x\n", rc2);
    }
  }else
#endif /* !defined(SQLITE_UNTESTABLE) */

  if( c=='t' && n>4 && strncmp(azArg[0], "timeout", n)==0 ){
    open_db(p, 0);
    sqlite3_busy_timeout(p->db, nArg>=2 ? (int)integerValue(azArg[1]) : 0);
  }else

  if( c=='t' && n>=5 && strncmp(azArg[0], "timer", n)==0 ){
    if( nArg==2 ){
      enableTimer = booleanValue(azArg[1]);
      if( enableTimer && !HAS_TIMER ){
        raw_printf(stderr, "Error: timer not available on this system.\n");
        enableTimer = 0;
      }
    }else{
      raw_printf(stderr, "Usage: .timer on|off\n");
      rc = 1;
    }
  }else

#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_TRACE
  if( c=='t' && strncmp(azArg[0], "trace", n)==0 ){
    int mType = 0;
    int jj;
    open_db(p, 0);
    for(jj=1; jj<nArg; jj++){
      const char *z = azArg[jj];
      if( z[0]=='-' ){
        if( optionMatch(z, "expanded") ){
          p->eTraceType = SHELL_TRACE_EXPANDED;
        }
#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_NORMALIZE
        else if( optionMatch(z, "normalized") ){
          p->eTraceType = SHELL_TRACE_NORMALIZED;
        }
#endif
        else if( optionMatch(z, "plain") ){
          p->eTraceType = SHELL_TRACE_PLAIN;
        }
        else if( optionMatch(z, "profile") ){
          mType |= SQLITE_TRACE_PROFILE;
        }
        else if( optionMatch(z, "row") ){
          mType |= SQLITE_TRACE_ROW;
        }
        else if( optionMatch(z, "stmt") ){
          mType |= SQLITE_TRACE_STMT;
        }
        else if( optionMatch(z, "close") ){
          mType |= SQLITE_TRACE_CLOSE;
        }
        else {
          raw_printf(stderr, "Unknown option \"%s\" on \".trace\"\n", z);
          rc = 1;
          goto meta_command_exit;
        }
      }else{
        output_file_close(p->traceOut);
        p->traceOut = output_file_open(azArg[1], 0);
      }
    }
    if( p->traceOut==0 ){
      sqlite3_trace_v2(p->db, 0, 0, 0);
    }else{
      if( mType==0 ) mType = SQLITE_TRACE_STMT;
      sqlite3_trace_v2(p->db, mType, sql_trace_callback, p);
    }
  }else
#endif /* !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_TRACE) */

#if defined(SQLITE_DEBUG) && !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_VIRTUALTABLE)
  if( c=='u' && strncmp(azArg[0], "unmodule", n)==0 ){
    int ii;
    int lenOpt;
    char *zOpt;
    if( nArg<2 ){
      raw_printf(stderr, "Usage: .unmodule [--allexcept] NAME ...\n");
      rc = 1;
      goto meta_command_exit;
    }
    open_db(p, 0);
    zOpt = azArg[1];
    if( zOpt[0]=='-' && zOpt[1]=='-' && zOpt[2]!=0 ) zOpt++;
    lenOpt = (int)strlen(zOpt);
    if( lenOpt>=3 && strncmp(zOpt, "-allexcept",lenOpt)==0 ){
      assert( azArg[nArg]==0 );
      sqlite3_drop_modules(p->db, nArg>2 ? (const char**)(azArg+2) : 0);
    }else{
      for(ii=1; ii<nArg; ii++){
        sqlite3_create_module(p->db, azArg[ii], 0, 0);
      }
    }
  }else
#endif

#if SQLITE_USER_AUTHENTICATION
  if( c=='u' && strncmp(azArg[0], "user", n)==0 ){
    if( nArg<2 ){
      raw_printf(stderr, "Usage: .user SUBCOMMAND ...\n");
      rc = 1;
      goto meta_command_exit;
    }
    open_db(p, 0);
    if( strcmp(azArg[1],"login")==0 ){
      if( nArg!=4 ){
        raw_printf(stderr, "Usage: .user login USER PASSWORD\n");
        rc = 1;
        goto meta_command_exit;
      }
      rc = sqlite3_user_authenticate(p->db, azArg[2], azArg[3],
                                     strlen30(azArg[3]));
      if( rc ){
        utf8_printf(stderr, "Authentication failed for user %s\n", azArg[2]);
        rc = 1;
      }
    }else if( strcmp(azArg[1],"add")==0 ){
      if( nArg!=5 ){
        raw_printf(stderr, "Usage: .user add USER PASSWORD ISADMIN\n");
        rc = 1;
        goto meta_command_exit;
      }
      rc = sqlite3_user_add(p->db, azArg[2], azArg[3], strlen30(azArg[3]),
                            booleanValue(azArg[4]));
      if( rc ){
        raw_printf(stderr, "User-Add failed: %d\n", rc);
        rc = 1;
      }
    }else if( strcmp(azArg[1],"edit")==0 ){
      if( nArg!=5 ){
        raw_printf(stderr, "Usage: .user edit USER PASSWORD ISADMIN\n");
        rc = 1;
        goto meta_command_exit;
      }
      rc = sqlite3_user_change(p->db, azArg[2], azArg[3], strlen30(azArg[3]),
                              booleanValue(azArg[4]));
      if( rc ){
        raw_printf(stderr, "User-Edit failed: %d\n", rc);
        rc = 1;
      }
    }else if( strcmp(azArg[1],"delete")==0 ){
      if( nArg!=3 ){
        raw_printf(stderr, "Usage: .user delete USER\n");
        rc = 1;
        goto meta_command_exit;
      }
      rc = sqlite3_user_delete(p->db, azArg[2]);
      if( rc ){
        raw_printf(stderr, "User-Delete failed: %d\n", rc);
        rc = 1;
      }
    }else{
      raw_printf(stderr, "Usage: .user login|add|edit|delete ...\n");
      rc = 1;
      goto meta_command_exit;
    }
  }else
#endif /* SQLITE_USER_AUTHENTICATION */

  if( c=='v' && strncmp(azArg[0], "version", n)==0 ){
    utf8_printf(p->out, "SQLite %s %s\n" /*extra-version-info*/,
        sqlite3_libversion(), sqlite3_sourceid());
#if SQLITE_HAVE_ZLIB
    utf8_printf(p->out, "zlib version %s\n", zlibVersion());
#endif
#define CTIMEOPT_VAL_(opt) #opt
#define CTIMEOPT_VAL(opt) CTIMEOPT_VAL_(opt)
#if defined(__clang__) && defined(__clang_major__)
    utf8_printf(p->out, "clang-" CTIMEOPT_VAL(__clang_major__) "."
                    CTIMEOPT_VAL(__clang_minor__) "."
                    CTIMEOPT_VAL(__clang_patchlevel__) "\n");
#elif defined(_MSC_VER)
    utf8_printf(p->out, "msvc-" CTIMEOPT_VAL(_MSC_VER) "\n");
#elif defined(__GNUC__) && defined(__VERSION__)
    utf8_printf(p->out, "gcc-" __VERSION__ "\n");
#endif
  }else

  if( c=='v' && strncmp(azArg[0], "vfsinfo", n)==0 ){
    const char *zDbName = nArg==2 ? azArg[1] : "main";
    sqlite3_vfs *pVfs = 0;
    if( p->db ){
      sqlite3_file_control(p->db, zDbName, SQLITE_FCNTL_VFS_POINTER, &pVfs);
      if( pVfs ){
        utf8_printf(p->out, "vfs.zName      = \"%s\"\n", pVfs->zName);
        raw_printf(p->out, "vfs.iVersion   = %d\n", pVfs->iVersion);
        raw_printf(p->out, "vfs.szOsFile   = %d\n", pVfs->szOsFile);
        raw_printf(p->out, "vfs.mxPathname = %d\n", pVfs->mxPathname);
      }
    }
  }else

  if( c=='v' && strncmp(azArg[0], "vfslist", n)==0 ){
    sqlite3_vfs *pVfs;
    sqlite3_vfs *pCurrent = 0;
    if( p->db ){
      sqlite3_file_control(p->db, "main", SQLITE_FCNTL_VFS_POINTER, &pCurrent);
    }
    for(pVfs=sqlite3_vfs_find(0); pVfs; pVfs=pVfs->pNext){
      utf8_printf(p->out, "vfs.zName      = \"%s\"%s\n", pVfs->zName,
           pVfs==pCurrent ? "  <--- CURRENT" : "");
      raw_printf(p->out, "vfs.iVersion   = %d\n", pVfs->iVersion);
      raw_printf(p->out, "vfs.szOsFile   = %d\n", pVfs->szOsFile);
      raw_printf(p->out, "vfs.mxPathname = %d\n", pVfs->mxPathname);
      if( pVfs->pNext ){
        raw_printf(p->out, "-----------------------------------\n");
      }
    }
  }else

  if( c=='v' && strncmp(azArg[0], "vfsname", n)==0 ){
    const char *zDbName = nArg==2 ? azArg[1] : "main";
    char *zVfsName = 0;
    if( p->db ){
      sqlite3_file_control(p->db, zDbName, SQLITE_FCNTL_VFSNAME, &zVfsName);
      if( zVfsName ){
        utf8_printf(p->out, "%s\n", zVfsName);
        sqlite3_free(zVfsName);
      }
    }
  }else

  if( c=='w' && strncmp(azArg[0], "wheretrace", n)==0 ){
    unsigned int x = nArg>=2 ? (unsigned int)integerValue(azArg[1]) : 0xffffffff;
    sqlite3_test_control(SQLITE_TESTCTRL_TRACEFLAGS, 3, &x);
  }else

  if( c=='w' && strncmp(azArg[0], "width", n)==0 ){
    int j;
    assert( nArg<=ArraySize(azArg) );
    p->nWidth = nArg-1;
    p->colWidth = realloc(p->colWidth, (p->nWidth+1)*sizeof(int)*2);
    if( p->colWidth==0 && p->nWidth>0 ) shell_out_of_memory();
    if( p->nWidth ) p->actualWidth = &p->colWidth[p->nWidth];
    for(j=1; j<nArg; j++){
      p->colWidth[j-1] = (int)integerValue(azArg[j]);
    }
  }else

  {
    utf8_printf(stderr, "Error: unknown command or invalid arguments: "
      " \"%s\". Enter \".help\" for help\n", azArg[0]);
    rc = 1;
  }

meta_command_exit:
  if( p->outCount ){
    p->outCount--;
    if( p->outCount==0 ) output_reset(p);
  }
  p->bSafeMode = p->bSafeModePersist;
  return rc;
}

/* Line scan result and intermediate states (supporting scan resumption)
*/
#ifndef CHAR_BIT
# define CHAR_BIT 8
#endif
typedef enum {
  QSS_HasDark = 1<<CHAR_BIT, QSS_EndingSemi = 2<<CHAR_BIT,
  QSS_CharMask = (1<<CHAR_BIT)-1, QSS_ScanMask = 3<<CHAR_BIT,
  QSS_Start = 0
} QuickScanState;
#define QSS_SETV(qss, newst) ((newst) | ((qss) & QSS_ScanMask))
#define QSS_INPLAIN(qss) (((qss)&QSS_CharMask)==QSS_Start)
#define QSS_PLAINWHITE(qss) (((qss)&~QSS_EndingSemi)==QSS_Start)
#define QSS_PLAINDARK(qss) (((qss)&~QSS_EndingSemi)==QSS_HasDark)
#define QSS_SEMITERM(qss) (((qss)&~QSS_HasDark)==QSS_EndingSemi)

/*
** Scan line for classification to guide shell's handling.
** The scan is resumable for subsequent lines when prior
** return values are passed as the 2nd argument.
*/
static QuickScanState quickscan(char *zLine, QuickScanState qss){
  char cin;
  char cWait = (char)qss; /* intentional narrowing loss */
  if( cWait==0 ){
  PlainScan:
    assert( cWait==0 );
    while( (cin = *zLine++)!=0 ){
      if( IsSpace(cin) )
        continue;
      switch (cin){
      case '-':
        if( *zLine!='-' )
          break;
        while((cin = *++zLine)!=0 )
          if( cin=='\n')
            goto PlainScan;
        return qss;
      case ';':
        qss |= QSS_EndingSemi;
        continue;
      case '/':
        if( *zLine=='*' ){
          ++zLine;
          cWait = '*';
          qss = QSS_SETV(qss, cWait);
          goto TermScan;
        }
        break;
      case '[':
        cin = ']';
        /* fall thru */
      case '`': case '\'': case '"':
        cWait = cin;
        qss = QSS_HasDark | cWait;
        goto TermScan;
      default:
        break;
      }
      qss = (qss & ~QSS_EndingSemi) | QSS_HasDark;
    }
  }else{
  TermScan:
    while( (cin = *zLine++)!=0 ){
      if( cin==cWait ){
        switch( cWait ){
        case '*':
          if( *zLine != '/' )
            continue;
          ++zLine;
          cWait = 0;
          qss = QSS_SETV(qss, 0);
          goto PlainScan;
        case '`': case '\'': case '"':
          if(*zLine==cWait){
            ++zLine;
            continue;
          }
          /* fall thru */
        case ']':
          cWait = 0;
          qss = QSS_SETV(qss, 0);
          goto PlainScan;
        default: assert(0);
        }
      }
    }
  }
  return qss;
}

/*
** Return TRUE if the line typed in is an SQL command terminator other
** than a semi-colon.  The SQL Server style "go" command is understood
** as is the Oracle "/".
*/
static int line_is_command_terminator(char *zLine){
  while( IsSpace(zLine[0]) ){ zLine++; };
  if( zLine[0]=='/' )
    zLine += 1; /* Oracle */
  else if ( ToLower(zLine[0])=='g' && ToLower(zLine[1])=='o' )
    zLine += 2; /* SQL Server */
  else
    return 0;
  return quickscan(zLine,QSS_Start)==QSS_Start;
}

/*
** We need a default sqlite3_complete() implementation to use in case
** the shell is compiled with SQLITE_OMIT_COMPLETE.  The default assumes
** any arbitrary text is a complete SQL statement.  This is not very
** user-friendly, but it does seem to work.
*/
#ifdef SQLITE_OMIT_COMPLETE
#define sqlite3_complete(x) 1
#endif

/*
** Return true if zSql is a complete SQL statement.  Return false if it
** ends in the middle of a string literal or C-style comment.
*/
static int line_is_complete(char *zSql, int nSql){
  int rc;
  if( zSql==0 ) return 1;
  zSql[nSql] = ';';
  zSql[nSql+1] = 0;
  rc = sqlite3_complete(zSql);
  zSql[nSql] = 0;
  return rc;
}

/*
** Run a single line of SQL.  Return the number of errors.
*/
static int runOneSqlLine(ShellState *p, char *zSql, FILE *in, int startline){
  int rc;
  char *zErrMsg = 0;

  open_db(p, 0);
  if( ShellHasFlag(p,SHFLG_Backslash) ) resolve_backslashes(zSql);
  if( p->flgProgress & SHELL_PROGRESS_RESET ) p->nProgress = 0;
  BEGIN_TIMER;
  rc = shell_exec(p, zSql, &zErrMsg);
  END_TIMER;
  if( rc || zErrMsg ){
    char zPrefix[100];
    if( in!=0 || !stdin_is_interactive ){
      sqlite3_snprintf(sizeof(zPrefix), zPrefix,
                       "Error: near line %d:", startline);
    }else{
      sqlite3_snprintf(sizeof(zPrefix), zPrefix, "Error:");
    }
    if( zErrMsg!=0 ){
      utf8_printf(stderr, "%s %s\n", zPrefix, zErrMsg);
      sqlite3_free(zErrMsg);
      zErrMsg = 0;
    }else{
      utf8_printf(stderr, "%s %s\n", zPrefix, sqlite3_errmsg(p->db));
    }
    return 1;
  }else if( ShellHasFlag(p, SHFLG_CountChanges) ){
    char zLineBuf[2000];
    sqlite3_snprintf(sizeof(zLineBuf), zLineBuf,
            "changes: %lld   total_changes: %lld",
            sqlite3_changes64(p->db), sqlite3_total_changes64(p->db));
    raw_printf(p->out, "%s\n", zLineBuf);
  }
  return 0;
}


/*
** Read input from *in and process it.  If *in==0 then input
** is interactive - the user is typing it it.  Otherwise, input
** is coming from a file or device.  A prompt is issued and history
** is saved only if input is interactive.  An interrupt signal will
** cause this routine to exit immediately, unless input is interactive.
**
** Return the number of errors.
*/
static int process_input(ShellState *p){
  char *zLine = 0;          /* A single input line */
  char *zSql = 0;           /* Accumulated SQL text */
  int nLine;                /* Length of current line */
  int nSql = 0;             /* Bytes of zSql[] used */
  int nAlloc = 0;           /* Allocated zSql[] space */
  int rc;                   /* Error code */
  int errCnt = 0;           /* Number of errors seen */
  int startline = 0;        /* Line number for start of current input */
  QuickScanState qss = QSS_Start; /* Accumulated line status (so far) */

  p->lineno = 0;
  while( errCnt==0 || !bail_on_error || (p->in==0 && stdin_is_interactive) ){
    fflush(p->out);
    zLine = one_input_line(p->in, zLine, nSql>0);
    if( zLine==0 ){
      /* End of input */
      if( p->in==0 && stdin_is_interactive ) printf("\n");
      break;
    }
    if( seenInterrupt ){
      if( p->in!=0 ) break;
      seenInterrupt = 0;
    }
    p->lineno++;
    if( QSS_INPLAIN(qss)
        && line_is_command_terminator(zLine)
        && line_is_complete(zSql, nSql) ){
      memcpy(zLine,";",2);
    }
    qss = quickscan(zLine, qss);
    if( QSS_PLAINWHITE(qss) && nSql==0 ){
      if( ShellHasFlag(p, SHFLG_Echo) )
        printf("%s\n", zLine);
      /* Just swallow single-line whitespace */
      qss = QSS_Start;
      continue;
    }
    if( zLine && (zLine[0]=='.' || zLine[0]=='#') && nSql==0 ){
      if( ShellHasFlag(p, SHFLG_Echo) ) printf("%s\n", zLine);
      if( zLine[0]=='.' ){
        rc = do_meta_command(zLine, p);
        if( rc==2 ){ /* exit requested */
          break;
        }else if( rc ){
          errCnt++;
        }
      }
      qss = QSS_Start;
      continue;
    }
    /* No single-line dispositions remain; accumulate line(s). */
    nLine = strlen30(zLine);
    if( nSql+nLine+2>=nAlloc ){
      /* Grow buffer by half-again increments when big. */
      nAlloc = nSql+(nSql>>1)+nLine+100;
      zSql = realloc(zSql, nAlloc);
      shell_check_oom(zSql);
    }
    if( nSql==0 ){
      int i;
      for(i=0; zLine[i] && IsSpace(zLine[i]); i++){}
      assert( nAlloc>0 && zSql!=0 );
      memcpy(zSql, zLine+i, nLine+1-i);
      startline = p->lineno;
      nSql = nLine-i;
    }else{
      zSql[nSql++] = '\n';
      memcpy(zSql+nSql, zLine, nLine+1);
      nSql += nLine;
    }
    if( nSql && QSS_SEMITERM(qss) && sqlite3_complete(zSql) ){
      errCnt += runOneSqlLine(p, zSql, p->in, startline);
      nSql = 0;
      if( p->outCount ){
        output_reset(p);
        p->outCount = 0;
      }else{
        clearTempFile(p);
      }
      p->bSafeMode = p->bSafeModePersist;
      qss = QSS_Start;
    }else if( nSql && QSS_PLAINWHITE(qss) ){
      if( ShellHasFlag(p, SHFLG_Echo) ) printf("%s\n", zSql);
      nSql = 0;
      qss = QSS_Start;
    }
  }
  if( nSql && QSS_PLAINDARK(qss) ){
    errCnt += runOneSqlLine(p, zSql, p->in, startline);
  }
  free(zSql);
  free(zLine);
  return errCnt>0;
}

/*
** Return a pathname which is the user's home directory.  A
** 0 return indicates an error of some kind.
*/
static char *find_home_dir(int clearFlag){
  static char *home_dir = NULL;
  if( clearFlag ){
    free(home_dir);
    home_dir = 0;
    return 0;
  }
  if( home_dir ) return home_dir;

#if !defined(_WIN32) && !defined(WIN32) && !defined(_WIN32_WCE) \
     && !defined(__RTP__) && !defined(_WRS_KERNEL)
  {
    struct passwd *pwent;
    uid_t uid = getuid();
    if( (pwent=getpwuid(uid)) != NULL) {
      home_dir = pwent->pw_dir;
    }
  }
#endif

#if defined(_WIN32_WCE)
  /* Windows CE (arm-wince-mingw32ce-gcc) does not provide getenv()
   */
  home_dir = "/";
#else

#if defined(_WIN32) || defined(WIN32)
  if (!home_dir) {
    home_dir = getenv("USERPROFILE");
  }
#endif

  if (!home_dir) {
    home_dir = getenv("HOME");
  }

#if defined(_WIN32) || defined(WIN32)
  if (!home_dir) {
    char *zDrive, *zPath;
    int n;
    zDrive = getenv("HOMEDRIVE");
    zPath = getenv("HOMEPATH");
    if( zDrive && zPath ){
      n = strlen30(zDrive) + strlen30(zPath) + 1;
      home_dir = malloc( n );
      if( home_dir==0 ) return 0;
      sqlite3_snprintf(n, home_dir, "%s%s", zDrive, zPath);
      return home_dir;
    }
    home_dir = "c:\\";
  }
#endif

#endif /* !_WIN32_WCE */

  if( home_dir ){
    int n = strlen30(home_dir) + 1;
    char *z = malloc( n );
    if( z ) memcpy(z, home_dir, n);
    home_dir = z;
  }

  return home_dir;
}

/*
** Read input from the file given by sqliterc_override.  Or if that
** parameter is NULL, take input from ~/.sqliterc
**
** Returns the number of errors.
*/
static void process_sqliterc(
  ShellState *p,                  /* Configuration data */
  const char *sqliterc_override   /* Name of config file. NULL to use default */
){
  char *home_dir = NULL;
  const char *sqliterc = sqliterc_override;
  char *zBuf = 0;
  FILE *inSaved = p->in;
  int savedLineno = p->lineno;

  if (sqliterc == NULL) {
    home_dir = find_home_dir(0);
    if( home_dir==0 ){
      raw_printf(stderr, "-- warning: cannot find home directory;"
                      " cannot read ~/.sqliterc\n");
      return;
    }
    zBuf = sqlite3_mprintf("%s/.sqliterc",home_dir);
    shell_check_oom(zBuf);
    sqliterc = zBuf;
  }
  p->in = fopen(sqliterc,"rb");
  if( p->in ){
    if( stdin_is_interactive ){
      utf8_printf(stderr,"-- Loading resources from %s\n",sqliterc);
    }
    if( process_input(p) && bail_on_error ) exit(1);
    fclose(p->in);
  }else if( sqliterc_override!=0 ){
    utf8_printf(stderr,"cannot open: \"%s\"\n", sqliterc);
    if( bail_on_error ) exit(1);
  }
  p->in = inSaved;
  p->lineno = savedLineno;
  sqlite3_free(zBuf);
}

/*
** Show available command line options
*/
static const char zOptions[] =
#if defined(SQLITE_HAVE_ZLIB) && !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_VIRTUALTABLE)
  "   -A ARGS...           run \".archive ARGS\" and exit\n"
#endif
  "   -append              append the database to the end of the file\n"
  "   -ascii               set output mode to 'ascii'\n"
  "   -bail                stop after hitting an error\n"
  "   -batch               force batch I/O\n"
  "   -box                 set output mode to 'box'\n"
  "   -column              set output mode to 'column'\n"
  "   -cmd COMMAND         run \"COMMAND\" before reading stdin\n"
  "   -csv                 set output mode to 'csv'\n"
#if !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_DESERIALIZE)
  "   -deserialize         open the database using sqlite3_deserialize()\n"
#endif
  "   -echo                print commands before execution\n"
  "   -init FILENAME       read/process named file\n"
  "   -[no]header          turn headers on or off\n"
#if defined(SQLITE_ENABLE_MEMSYS3) || defined(SQLITE_ENABLE_MEMSYS5)
  "   -heap SIZE           Size of heap for memsys3 or memsys5\n"
#endif
  "   -help                show this message\n"
  "   -html                set output mode to HTML\n"
  "   -interactive         force interactive I/O\n"
  "   -json                set output mode to 'json'\n"
  "   -line                set output mode to 'line'\n"
  "   -list                set output mode to 'list'\n"
  "   -lookaside SIZE N    use N entries of SZ bytes for lookaside memory\n"
  "   -markdown            set output mode to 'markdown'\n"
#if !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_DESERIALIZE)
  "   -maxsize N           maximum size for a --deserialize database\n"
#endif
  "   -memtrace            trace all memory allocations and deallocations\n"
  "   -mmap N              default mmap size set to N\n"
#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_MULTIPLEX
  "   -multiplex           enable the multiplexor VFS\n"
#endif
  "   -newline SEP         set output row separator. Default: '\\n'\n"
  "   -nofollow            refuse to open symbolic links to database files\n"
  "   -nonce STRING        set the safe-mode escape nonce\n"
  "   -nullvalue TEXT      set text string for NULL values. Default ''\n"
  "   -pagecache SIZE N    use N slots of SZ bytes each for page cache memory\n"
  "   -quote               set output mode to 'quote'\n"
  "   -readonly            open the database read-only\n"
  "   -safe                enable safe-mode\n"
  "   -separator SEP       set output column separator. Default: '|'\n"
#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_SORTER_REFERENCES
  "   -sorterref SIZE      sorter references threshold size\n"
#endif
  "   -stats               print memory stats before each finalize\n"
  "   -table               set output mode to 'table'\n"
  "   -tabs                set output mode to 'tabs'\n"
  "   -version             show SQLite version\n"
  "   -vfs NAME            use NAME as the default VFS\n"
#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_VFSTRACE
  "   -vfstrace            enable tracing of all VFS calls\n"
#endif
#ifdef SQLITE_HAVE_ZLIB
  "   -zip                 open the file as a ZIP Archive\n"
#endif
;
static void usage(int showDetail){
  utf8_printf(stderr,
      "Usage: %s [OPTIONS] FILENAME [SQL]\n"
      "FILENAME is the name of an SQLite database. A new database is created\n"
      "if the file does not previously exist.\n", Argv0);
  if( showDetail ){
    utf8_printf(stderr, "OPTIONS include:\n%s", zOptions);
  }else{
    raw_printf(stderr, "Use the -help option for additional information\n");
  }
  exit(1);
}

/*
** Internal check:  Verify that the SQLite is uninitialized.  Print a
** error message if it is initialized.
*/
static void verify_uninitialized(void){
  if( sqlite3_config(-1)==SQLITE_MISUSE ){
    utf8_printf(stdout, "WARNING: attempt to configure SQLite after"
                        " initialization.\n");
  }
}

/*
** Initialize the state information in data
*/
static void main_init(ShellState *data) {
  memset(data, 0, sizeof(*data));
  data->normalMode = data->cMode = data->mode = MODE_List;
  data->autoExplain = 1;
  data->pAuxDb = &data->aAuxDb[0];
  memcpy(data->colSeparator,SEP_Column, 2);
  memcpy(data->rowSeparator,SEP_Row, 2);
  data->showHeader = 0;
  data->shellFlgs = SHFLG_Lookaside;
  verify_uninitialized();
  sqlite3_config(SQLITE_CONFIG_URI, 1);
  sqlite3_config(SQLITE_CONFIG_LOG, shellLog, data);
  sqlite3_config(SQLITE_CONFIG_MULTITHREAD);
  sqlite3_snprintf(sizeof(mainPrompt), mainPrompt,"sqlite> ");
  sqlite3_snprintf(sizeof(continuePrompt), continuePrompt,"   ...> ");
}

/*
** Output text to the console in a font that attracts extra attention.
*/
#ifdef _WIN32
static void printBold(const char *zText){
#if !SQLITE_OS_WINRT
  HANDLE out = GetStdHandle(STD_OUTPUT_HANDLE);
  CONSOLE_SCREEN_BUFFER_INFO defaultScreenInfo;
  GetConsoleScreenBufferInfo(out, &defaultScreenInfo);
  SetConsoleTextAttribute(out,
         FOREGROUND_RED|FOREGROUND_INTENSITY
  );
#endif
  printf("%s", zText);
#if !SQLITE_OS_WINRT
  SetConsoleTextAttribute(out, defaultScreenInfo.wAttributes);
#endif
}
#else
static void printBold(const char *zText){
  printf("\033[1m%s\033[0m", zText);
}
#endif

/*
** Get the argument to an --option.  Throw an error and die if no argument
** is available.
*/
static char *cmdline_option_value(int argc, char **argv, int i){
  if( i==argc ){
    utf8_printf(stderr, "%s: Error: missing argument to %s\n",
            argv[0], argv[argc-1]);
    exit(1);
  }
  return argv[i];
}

#ifndef SQLITE_SHELL_IS_UTF8
#  if (defined(_WIN32) || defined(WIN32)) \
   && (defined(_MSC_VER) || (defined(UNICODE) && defined(__GNUC__)))
#    define SQLITE_SHELL_IS_UTF8          (0)
#  else
#    define SQLITE_SHELL_IS_UTF8          (1)
#  endif
#endif

#if SQLITE_SHELL_IS_UTF8
int SQLITE_CDECL main(int argc, char **argv){
#else
int SQLITE_CDECL wmain(int argc, wchar_t **wargv){
  char **argv;
#endif
  char *zErrMsg = 0;
  ShellState data;
  const char *zInitFile = 0;
  int i;
  int rc = 0;
  int warnInmemoryDb = 0;
  int readStdin = 1;
  int nCmd = 0;
  char **azCmd = 0;
  const char *zVfs = 0;           /* Value of -vfs command-line option */
#if !SQLITE_SHELL_IS_UTF8
  char **argvToFree = 0;
  int argcToFree = 0;
#endif

  setBinaryMode(stdin, 0);
  setvbuf(stderr, 0, _IONBF, 0); /* Make sure stderr is unbuffered */
  stdin_is_interactive = isatty(0);
  stdout_is_console = isatty(1);

#if !defined(_WIN32_WCE)
  if( getenv("SQLITE_DEBUG_BREAK") ){
    if( isatty(0) && isatty(2) ){
      fprintf(stderr,
          "attach debugger to process %d and press any key to continue.\n",
          GETPID());
      fgetc(stdin);
    }else{
#if defined(_WIN32) || defined(WIN32)
#if SQLITE_OS_WINRT
      __debugbreak();
#else
      DebugBreak();
#endif
#elif defined(SIGTRAP)
      raise(SIGTRAP);
#endif
    }
  }
#endif

#if USE_SYSTEM_SQLITE+0!=1
  if( strncmp(sqlite3_sourceid(),SQLITE_SOURCE_ID,60)!=0 ){
    utf8_printf(stderr, "SQLite header and source version mismatch\n%s\n%s\n",
            sqlite3_sourceid(), SQLITE_SOURCE_ID);
    exit(1);
  }
#endif
  main_init(&data);

  /* On Windows, we must translate command-line arguments into UTF-8.
  ** The SQLite memory allocator subsystem has to be enabled in order to
  ** do this.  But we want to run an sqlite3_shutdown() afterwards so that
  ** subsequent sqlite3_config() calls will work.  So copy all results into
  ** memory that does not come from the SQLite memory allocator.
  */
#if !SQLITE_SHELL_IS_UTF8
  sqlite3_initialize();
  argvToFree = malloc(sizeof(argv[0])*argc*2);
  shell_check_oom(argvToFree);
  argcToFree = argc;
  argv = argvToFree + argc;
  for(i=0; i<argc; i++){
    char *z = sqlite3_win32_unicode_to_utf8(wargv[i]);
    int n;
    shell_check_oom(z);
    n = (int)strlen(z);
    argv[i] = malloc( n+1 );
    shell_check_oom(argv[i]);
    memcpy(argv[i], z, n+1);
    argvToFree[i] = argv[i];
    sqlite3_free(z);
  }
  sqlite3_shutdown();
#endif

  assert( argc>=1 && argv && argv[0] );
  Argv0 = argv[0];

  /* Make sure we have a valid signal handler early, before anything
  ** else is done.
  */
#ifdef SIGINT
  signal(SIGINT, interrupt_handler);
#elif (defined(_WIN32) || defined(WIN32)) && !defined(_WIN32_WCE)
  SetConsoleCtrlHandler(ConsoleCtrlHandler, TRUE);
#endif

#ifdef SQLITE_SHELL_DBNAME_PROC
  {
    /* If the SQLITE_SHELL_DBNAME_PROC macro is defined, then it is the name
    ** of a C-function that will provide the name of the database file.  Use
    ** this compile-time option to embed this shell program in larger
    ** applications. */
    extern void SQLITE_SHELL_DBNAME_PROC(const char**);
    SQLITE_SHELL_DBNAME_PROC(&data.pAuxDb->zDbFilename);
    warnInmemoryDb = 0;
  }
#endif

  /* Do an initial pass through the command-line argument to locate
  ** the name of the database file, the name of the initialization file,
  ** the size of the alternative malloc heap,
  ** and the first command to execute.
  */
  verify_uninitialized();
  for(i=1; i<argc; i++){
    char *z;
    z = argv[i];
    if( z[0]!='-' ){
      if( data.aAuxDb->zDbFilename==0 ){
        data.aAuxDb->zDbFilename = z;
      }else{
        /* Excesss arguments are interpreted as SQL (or dot-commands) and
        ** mean that nothing is read from stdin */
        readStdin = 0;
        nCmd++;
        azCmd = realloc(azCmd, sizeof(azCmd[0])*nCmd);
        shell_check_oom(azCmd);
        azCmd[nCmd-1] = z;
      }
    }
    if( z[1]=='-' ) z++;
    if( strcmp(z,"-separator")==0
     || strcmp(z,"-nullvalue")==0
     || strcmp(z,"-newline")==0
     || strcmp(z,"-cmd")==0
    ){
      (void)cmdline_option_value(argc, argv, ++i);
    }else if( strcmp(z,"-init")==0 ){
      zInitFile = cmdline_option_value(argc, argv, ++i);
    }else if( strcmp(z,"-batch")==0 ){
      /* Need to check for batch mode here to so we can avoid printing
      ** informational messages (like from process_sqliterc) before
      ** we do the actual processing of arguments later in a second pass.
      */
      stdin_is_interactive = 0;
    }else if( strcmp(z,"-heap")==0 ){
#if defined(SQLITE_ENABLE_MEMSYS3) || defined(SQLITE_ENABLE_MEMSYS5)
      const char *zSize;
      sqlite3_int64 szHeap;

      zSize = cmdline_option_value(argc, argv, ++i);
      szHeap = integerValue(zSize);
      if( szHeap>0x7fff0000 ) szHeap = 0x7fff0000;
      sqlite3_config(SQLITE_CONFIG_HEAP, malloc((int)szHeap), (int)szHeap, 64);
#else
      (void)cmdline_option_value(argc, argv, ++i);
#endif
    }else if( strcmp(z,"-pagecache")==0 ){
      sqlite3_int64 n, sz;
      sz = integerValue(cmdline_option_value(argc,argv,++i));
      if( sz>70000 ) sz = 70000;
      if( sz<0 ) sz = 0;
      n = integerValue(cmdline_option_value(argc,argv,++i));
      if( sz>0 && n>0 && 0xffffffffffffLL/sz<n ){
        n = 0xffffffffffffLL/sz;
      }
      sqlite3_config(SQLITE_CONFIG_PAGECACHE,
                    (n>0 && sz>0) ? malloc(n*sz) : 0, sz, n);
      data.shellFlgs |= SHFLG_Pagecache;
    }else if( strcmp(z,"-lookaside")==0 ){
      int n, sz;
      sz = (int)integerValue(cmdline_option_value(argc,argv,++i));
      if( sz<0 ) sz = 0;
      n = (int)integerValue(cmdline_option_value(argc,argv,++i));
      if( n<0 ) n = 0;
      sqlite3_config(SQLITE_CONFIG_LOOKASIDE, sz, n);
      if( sz*n==0 ) data.shellFlgs &= ~SHFLG_Lookaside;
    }else if( strcmp(z,"-threadsafe")==0 ){
      int n;
      n = (int)integerValue(cmdline_option_value(argc,argv,++i));
      switch( n ){
         case 0:  sqlite3_config(SQLITE_CONFIG_SINGLETHREAD);  break;
         case 2:  sqlite3_config(SQLITE_CONFIG_MULTITHREAD);   break;
         default: sqlite3_config(SQLITE_CONFIG_SERIALIZED);    break;
      }
#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_VFSTRACE
    }else if( strcmp(z,"-vfstrace")==0 ){
      extern int vfstrace_register(
         const char *zTraceName,
         const char *zOldVfsName,
         int (*xOut)(const char*,void*),
         void *pOutArg,
         int makeDefault
      );
      vfstrace_register("trace",0,(int(*)(const char*,void*))fputs,stderr,1);
#endif
#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_MULTIPLEX
    }else if( strcmp(z,"-multiplex")==0 ){
      extern int sqlite3_multiple_initialize(const char*,int);
      sqlite3_multiplex_initialize(0, 1);
#endif
    }else if( strcmp(z,"-mmap")==0 ){
      sqlite3_int64 sz = integerValue(cmdline_option_value(argc,argv,++i));
      sqlite3_config(SQLITE_CONFIG_MMAP_SIZE, sz, sz);
#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_SORTER_REFERENCES
    }else if( strcmp(z,"-sorterref")==0 ){
      sqlite3_int64 sz = integerValue(cmdline_option_value(argc,argv,++i));
      sqlite3_config(SQLITE_CONFIG_SORTERREF_SIZE, (int)sz);
#endif
    }else if( strcmp(z,"-vfs")==0 ){
      zVfs = cmdline_option_value(argc, argv, ++i);
#ifdef SQLITE_HAVE_ZLIB
    }else if( strcmp(z,"-zip")==0 ){
      data.openMode = SHELL_OPEN_ZIPFILE;
#endif
    }else if( strcmp(z,"-append")==0 ){
      data.openMode = SHELL_OPEN_APPENDVFS;
#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_DESERIALIZE
    }else if( strcmp(z,"-deserialize")==0 ){
      data.openMode = SHELL_OPEN_DESERIALIZE;
    }else if( strcmp(z,"-maxsize")==0 && i+1<argc ){
      data.szMax = integerValue(argv[++i]);
#endif
    }else if( strcmp(z,"-readonly")==0 ){
      data.openMode = SHELL_OPEN_READONLY;
    }else if( strcmp(z,"-nofollow")==0 ){
      data.openFlags = SQLITE_OPEN_NOFOLLOW;
#if !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_VIRTUALTABLE) && defined(SQLITE_HAVE_ZLIB)
    }else if( strncmp(z, "-A",2)==0 ){
      /* All remaining command-line arguments are passed to the ".archive"
      ** command, so ignore them */
      break;
#endif
    }else if( strcmp(z, "-memtrace")==0 ){
      sqlite3MemTraceActivate(stderr);
    }else if( strcmp(z,"-bail")==0 ){
      bail_on_error = 1;
    }else if( strcmp(z,"-nonce")==0 ){
      free(data.zNonce);
      data.zNonce = strdup(argv[++i]);
    }else if( strcmp(z,"-safe")==0 ){
      /* no-op - catch this on the second pass */
    }
  }
  verify_uninitialized();


#ifdef SQLITE_SHELL_INIT_PROC
  {
    /* If the SQLITE_SHELL_INIT_PROC macro is defined, then it is the name
    ** of a C-function that will perform initialization actions on SQLite that
    ** occur just before or after sqlite3_initialize(). Use this compile-time
    ** option to embed this shell program in larger applications. */
    extern void SQLITE_SHELL_INIT_PROC(void);
    SQLITE_SHELL_INIT_PROC();
  }
#else
  /* All the sqlite3_config() calls have now been made. So it is safe
  ** to call sqlite3_initialize() and process any command line -vfs option. */
  sqlite3_initialize();
#endif

  if( zVfs ){
    sqlite3_vfs *pVfs = sqlite3_vfs_find(zVfs);
    if( pVfs ){
      sqlite3_vfs_register(pVfs, 1);
    }else{
      utf8_printf(stderr, "no such VFS: \"%s\"\n", argv[i]);
      exit(1);
    }
  }

  if( data.pAuxDb->zDbFilename==0 ){
#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_MEMORYDB
    data.pAuxDb->zDbFilename = ":memory:";
    warnInmemoryDb = argc==1;
#else
    utf8_printf(stderr,"%s: Error: no database filename specified\n", Argv0);
    return 1;
#endif
  }
  data.out = stdout;
  sqlite3_appendvfs_init(0,0,0);

  /* Go ahead and open the database file if it already exists.  If the
  ** file does not exist, delay opening it.  This prevents empty database
  ** files from being created if a user mistypes the database name argument
  ** to the sqlite command-line tool.
  */
  if( access(data.pAuxDb->zDbFilename, 0)==0 ){
    open_db(&data, 0);
  }

  /* Process the initialization file if there is one.  If no -init option
  ** is given on the command line, look for a file named ~/.sqliterc and
  ** try to process it.
  */
  process_sqliterc(&data,zInitFile);

  /* Make a second pass through the command-line argument and set
  ** options.  This second pass is delayed until after the initialization
  ** file is processed so that the command-line arguments will override
  ** settings in the initialization file.
  */
  for(i=1; i<argc; i++){
    char *z = argv[i];
    if( z[0]!='-' ) continue;
    if( z[1]=='-' ){ z++; }
    if( strcmp(z,"-init")==0 ){
      i++;
    }else if( strcmp(z,"-html")==0 ){
      data.mode = MODE_Html;
    }else if( strcmp(z,"-list")==0 ){
      data.mode = MODE_List;
    }else if( strcmp(z,"-quote")==0 ){
      data.mode = MODE_Quote;
      sqlite3_snprintf(sizeof(data.colSeparator), data.colSeparator, SEP_Comma);
      sqlite3_snprintf(sizeof(data.rowSeparator), data.rowSeparator, SEP_Row);
    }else if( strcmp(z,"-line")==0 ){
      data.mode = MODE_Line;
    }else if( strcmp(z,"-column")==0 ){
      data.mode = MODE_Column;
    }else if( strcmp(z,"-json")==0 ){
      data.mode = MODE_Json;
    }else if( strcmp(z,"-markdown")==0 ){
      data.mode = MODE_Markdown;
    }else if( strcmp(z,"-table")==0 ){
      data.mode = MODE_Table;
    }else if( strcmp(z,"-box")==0 ){
      data.mode = MODE_Box;
    }else if( strcmp(z,"-csv")==0 ){
      data.mode = MODE_Csv;
      memcpy(data.colSeparator,",",2);
#ifdef SQLITE_HAVE_ZLIB
    }else if( strcmp(z,"-zip")==0 ){
      data.openMode = SHELL_OPEN_ZIPFILE;
#endif
    }else if( strcmp(z,"-append")==0 ){
      data.openMode = SHELL_OPEN_APPENDVFS;
#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_DESERIALIZE
    }else if( strcmp(z,"-deserialize")==0 ){
      data.openMode = SHELL_OPEN_DESERIALIZE;
    }else if( strcmp(z,"-maxsize")==0 && i+1<argc ){
      data.szMax = integerValue(argv[++i]);
#endif
    }else if( strcmp(z,"-readonly")==0 ){
      data.openMode = SHELL_OPEN_READONLY;
    }else if( strcmp(z,"-nofollow")==0 ){
      data.openFlags |= SQLITE_OPEN_NOFOLLOW;
    }else if( strcmp(z,"-ascii")==0 ){
      data.mode = MODE_Ascii;
      sqlite3_snprintf(sizeof(data.colSeparator), data.colSeparator, SEP_Unit);
      sqlite3_snprintf(sizeof(data.rowSeparator), data.rowSeparator, SEP_Record);
    }else if( strcmp(z,"-tabs")==0 ){
      data.mode = MODE_List;
      sqlite3_snprintf(sizeof(data.colSeparator), data.colSeparator, SEP_Tab);
      sqlite3_snprintf(sizeof(data.rowSeparator), data.rowSeparator, SEP_Row);
    }else if( strcmp(z,"-separator")==0 ){
      sqlite3_snprintf(sizeof(data.colSeparator), data.colSeparator,
                       "%s",cmdline_option_value(argc,argv,++i));
    }else if( strcmp(z,"-newline")==0 ){
      sqlite3_snprintf(sizeof(data.rowSeparator), data.rowSeparator,
                       "%s",cmdline_option_value(argc,argv,++i));
    }else if( strcmp(z,"-nullvalue")==0 ){
      sqlite3_snprintf(sizeof(data.nullValue), data.nullValue,
                       "%s",cmdline_option_value(argc,argv,++i));
    }else if( strcmp(z,"-header")==0 ){
      data.showHeader = 1;
      ShellSetFlag(&data, SHFLG_HeaderSet);
     }else if( strcmp(z,"-noheader")==0 ){
      data.showHeader = 0;
      ShellSetFlag(&data, SHFLG_HeaderSet);
    }else if( strcmp(z,"-echo")==0 ){
      ShellSetFlag(&data, SHFLG_Echo);
    }else if( strcmp(z,"-eqp")==0 ){
      data.autoEQP = AUTOEQP_on;
    }else if( strcmp(z,"-eqpfull")==0 ){
      data.autoEQP = AUTOEQP_full;
    }else if( strcmp(z,"-stats")==0 ){
      data.statsOn = 1;
    }else if( strcmp(z,"-scanstats")==0 ){
      data.scanstatsOn = 1;
    }else if( strcmp(z,"-backslash")==0 ){
      /* Undocumented command-line option: -backslash
      ** Causes C-style backslash escapes to be evaluated in SQL statements
      ** prior to sending the SQL into SQLite.  Useful for injecting
      ** crazy bytes in the middle of SQL statements for testing and debugging.
      */
      ShellSetFlag(&data, SHFLG_Backslash);
    }else if( strcmp(z,"-bail")==0 ){
      /* No-op.  The bail_on_error flag should already be set. */
    }else if( strcmp(z,"-version")==0 ){
      printf("%s %s\n", sqlite3_libversion(), sqlite3_sourceid());
      return 0;
    }else if( strcmp(z,"-interactive")==0 ){
      stdin_is_interactive = 1;
    }else if( strcmp(z,"-batch")==0 ){
      stdin_is_interactive = 0;
    }else if( strcmp(z,"-heap")==0 ){
      i++;
    }else if( strcmp(z,"-pagecache")==0 ){
      i+=2;
    }else if( strcmp(z,"-lookaside")==0 ){
      i+=2;
    }else if( strcmp(z,"-threadsafe")==0 ){
      i+=2;
    }else if( strcmp(z,"-nonce")==0 ){
      i += 2;
    }else if( strcmp(z,"-mmap")==0 ){
      i++;
    }else if( strcmp(z,"-memtrace")==0 ){
      i++;
#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_SORTER_REFERENCES
    }else if( strcmp(z,"-sorterref")==0 ){
      i++;
#endif
    }else if( strcmp(z,"-vfs")==0 ){
      i++;
#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_VFSTRACE
    }else if( strcmp(z,"-vfstrace")==0 ){
      i++;
#endif
#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_MULTIPLEX
    }else if( strcmp(z,"-multiplex")==0 ){
      i++;
#endif
    }else if( strcmp(z,"-help")==0 ){
      usage(1);
    }else if( strcmp(z,"-cmd")==0 ){
      /* Run commands that follow -cmd first and separately from commands
      ** that simply appear on the command-line.  This seems goofy.  It would
      ** be better if all commands ran in the order that they appear.  But
      ** we retain the goofy behavior for historical compatibility. */
      if( i==argc-1 ) break;
      z = cmdline_option_value(argc,argv,++i);
      if( z[0]=='.' ){
        rc = do_meta_command(z, &data);
        if( rc && bail_on_error ) return rc==2 ? 0 : rc;
      }else{
        open_db(&data, 0);
        rc = shell_exec(&data, z, &zErrMsg);
        if( zErrMsg!=0 ){
          utf8_printf(stderr,"Error: %s\n", zErrMsg);
          if( bail_on_error ) return rc!=0 ? rc : 1;
        }else if( rc!=0 ){
          utf8_printf(stderr,"Error: unable to process SQL \"%s\"\n", z);
          if( bail_on_error ) return rc;
        }
      }
#if !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_VIRTUALTABLE) && defined(SQLITE_HAVE_ZLIB)
    }else if( strncmp(z, "-A", 2)==0 ){
      if( nCmd>0 ){
        utf8_printf(stderr, "Error: cannot mix regular SQL or dot-commands"
                            " with \"%s\"\n", z);
        return 1;
      }
      open_db(&data, OPEN_DB_ZIPFILE);
      if( z[2] ){
        argv[i] = &z[2];
        arDotCommand(&data, 1, argv+(i-1), argc-(i-1));
      }else{
        arDotCommand(&data, 1, argv+i, argc-i);
      }
      readStdin = 0;
      break;
#endif
    }else if( strcmp(z,"-safe")==0 ){
      data.bSafeMode = data.bSafeModePersist = 1;
    }else{
      utf8_printf(stderr,"%s: Error: unknown option: %s\n", Argv0, z);
      raw_printf(stderr,"Use -help for a list of options.\n");
      return 1;
    }
    data.cMode = data.mode;
  }

  if( !readStdin ){
    /* Run all arguments that do not begin with '-' as if they were separate
    ** command-line inputs, except for the argToSkip argument which contains
    ** the database filename.
    */
    for(i=0; i<nCmd; i++){
      if( azCmd[i][0]=='.' ){
        rc = do_meta_command(azCmd[i], &data);
        if( rc ){
          free(azCmd);
          return rc==2 ? 0 : rc;
        }
      }else{
        open_db(&data, 0);
        rc = shell_exec(&data, azCmd[i], &zErrMsg);
        if( zErrMsg || rc ){
          if( zErrMsg!=0 ){
            utf8_printf(stderr,"Error: %s\n", zErrMsg);
          }else{
            utf8_printf(stderr,"Error: unable to process SQL: %s\n", azCmd[i]);
          }
          sqlite3_free(zErrMsg);
          free(azCmd);
          return rc!=0 ? rc : 1;
        }
      }
    }
  }else{
    /* Run commands received from standard input
    */
    if( stdin_is_interactive ){
      char *zHome;
      char *zHistory;
      int nHistory;
      printf(
        "SQLite version %s %.19s\n" /*extra-version-info*/
        "Enter \".help\" for usage hints.\n",
        sqlite3_libversion(), sqlite3_sourceid()
      );
      if( warnInmemoryDb ){
        printf("Connected to a ");
        printBold("transient in-memory database");
        printf(".\nUse \".open FILENAME\" to reopen on a "
               "persistent database.\n");
      }
      zHistory = getenv("SQLITE_HISTORY");
      if( zHistory ){
        zHistory = strdup(zHistory);
      }else if( (zHome = find_home_dir(0))!=0 ){
        nHistory = strlen30(zHome) + 20;
        if( (zHistory = malloc(nHistory))!=0 ){
          sqlite3_snprintf(nHistory, zHistory,"%s/.sqlite_history", zHome);
        }
      }
      if( zHistory ){ shell_read_history(zHistory); }
#if HAVE_READLINE || HAVE_EDITLINE
      rl_attempted_completion_function = readline_completion;
#elif HAVE_LINENOISE
      linenoiseSetCompletionCallback(linenoise_completion);
#endif
      data.in = 0;
      rc = process_input(&data);
      if( zHistory ){
        shell_stifle_history(2000);
        shell_write_history(zHistory);
        free(zHistory);
      }
    }else{
      data.in = stdin;
      rc = process_input(&data);
    }
  }
  free(azCmd);
  set_table_name(&data, 0);
  if( data.db ){
    session_close_all(&data, -1);
    close_db(data.db);
  }
  for(i=0; i<ArraySize(data.aAuxDb); i++){
    sqlite3_free(data.aAuxDb[i].zFreeOnClose);
    if( data.aAuxDb[i].db ){
      session_close_all(&data, i);
      close_db(data.aAuxDb[i].db);
    }
  }
  find_home_dir(1);
  output_reset(&data);
  data.doXdgOpen = 0;
  clearTempFile(&data);
#if !SQLITE_SHELL_IS_UTF8
  for(i=0; i<argcToFree; i++) free(argvToFree[i]);
  free(argvToFree);
#endif
  free(data.colWidth);
  free(data.zNonce);
  /* Clear the global data structure so that valgrind will detect memory
  ** leaks */
  memset(&data, 0, sizeof(data));
  return rc;
}