tools/mlir-tblgen/OpPythonBindingGen.cpp

//===- OpPythonBindingGen.cpp - Generator of Python API for MLIR Ops ------===//
//
// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
//
//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
//
// OpPythonBindingGen uses ODS specification of MLIR ops to generate Python
// binding classes wrapping a generic operation API.
//
//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//

#include "mlir/TableGen/GenInfo.h"
#include "mlir/TableGen/Operator.h"
#include "llvm/ADT/StringSet.h"
#include "llvm/Support/CommandLine.h"
#include "llvm/Support/FormatVariadic.h"
#include "llvm/TableGen/Error.h"
#include "llvm/TableGen/Record.h"

using namespace mlir;
using namespace mlir::tblgen;

/// File header and includes.
///   {0} is the dialect namespace.
constexpr const char *fileHeader = R"Py(
# Autogenerated by mlir-tblgen; don't manually edit.

from ._ods_common import _cext as _ods_cext
from ._ods_common import extend_opview_class as _ods_extend_opview_class, segmented_accessor as _ods_segmented_accessor, equally_sized_accessor as _ods_equally_sized_accessor, get_default_loc_context as _ods_get_default_loc_context, get_op_result_or_value as _get_op_result_or_value, get_op_results_or_values as _get_op_results_or_values
_ods_ir = _ods_cext.ir

try:
  from . import _{0}_ops_ext as _ods_ext_module
except ImportError:
  _ods_ext_module = None

import builtins

)Py";

/// Template for dialect class:
///   {0} is the dialect namespace.
constexpr const char *dialectClassTemplate = R"Py(
@_ods_cext.register_dialect
class _Dialect(_ods_ir.Dialect):
  DIALECT_NAMESPACE = "{0}"
  pass

)Py";

/// Template for operation class:
///   {0} is the Python class name;
///   {1} is the operation name.
constexpr const char *opClassTemplate = R"Py(
@_ods_cext.register_operation(_Dialect)
@_ods_extend_opview_class(_ods_ext_module)
class {0}(_ods_ir.OpView):
  OPERATION_NAME = "{1}"
)Py";

/// Template for class level declarations of operand and result
/// segment specs.
///   {0} is either "OPERAND" or "RESULT"
///   {1} is the segment spec
/// Each segment spec is either None (default) or an array of integers
/// where:
///   1 = single element (expect non sequence operand/result)
///   0 = optional element (expect a value or None)
///   -1 = operand/result is a sequence corresponding to a variadic
constexpr const char *opClassSizedSegmentsTemplate = R"Py(
  _ODS_{0}_SEGMENTS = {1}
)Py";

/// Template for class level declarations of the _ODS_REGIONS spec:
///   {0} is the minimum number of regions
///   {1} is the Python bool literal for hasNoVariadicRegions
constexpr const char *opClassRegionSpecTemplate = R"Py(
  _ODS_REGIONS = ({0}, {1})
)Py";

/// Template for single-element accessor:
///   {0} is the name of the accessor;
///   {1} is either 'operand' or 'result';
///   {2} is the position in the element list.
constexpr const char *opSingleTemplate = R"Py(
  @builtins.property
  def {0}(self):
    return self.operation.{1}s[{2}]
)Py";

/// Template for single-element accessor after a variable-length group:
///   {0} is the name of the accessor;
///   {1} is either 'operand' or 'result';
///   {2} is the total number of element groups;
///   {3} is the position of the current group in the group list.
/// This works for both a single variadic group (non-negative length) and an
/// single optional element (zero length if the element is absent).
constexpr const char *opSingleAfterVariableTemplate = R"Py(
  @builtins.property
  def {0}(self):
    _ods_variadic_group_length = len(self.operation.{1}s) - {2} + 1
    return self.operation.{1}s[{3} + _ods_variadic_group_length - 1]
)Py";

/// Template for an optional element accessor:
///   {0} is the name of the accessor;
///   {1} is either 'operand' or 'result';
///   {2} is the total number of element groups;
///   {3} is the position of the current group in the group list.
/// This works if we have only one variable-length group (and it's the optional
/// operand/result): we can deduce it's absent if the `len(operation.{1}s)` is
/// smaller than the total number of groups.
constexpr const char *opOneOptionalTemplate = R"Py(
  @builtins.property
  def {0}(self):
    return None if len(self.operation.{1}s) < {2} else self.operation.{1}s[{3}]
)Py";

/// Template for the variadic group accessor in the single variadic group case:
///   {0} is the name of the accessor;
///   {1} is either 'operand' or 'result';
///   {2} is the total number of element groups;
///   {3} is the position of the current group in the group list.
constexpr const char *opOneVariadicTemplate = R"Py(
  @builtins.property
  def {0}(self):
    _ods_variadic_group_length = len(self.operation.{1}s) - {2} + 1
    return self.operation.{1}s[{3}:{3} + _ods_variadic_group_length]
)Py";

/// First part of the template for equally-sized variadic group accessor:
///   {0} is the name of the accessor;
///   {1} is either 'operand' or 'result';
///   {2} is the total number of variadic groups;
///   {3} is the number of non-variadic groups preceding the current group;
///   {3} is the number of variadic groups preceding the current group.
constexpr const char *opVariadicEqualPrefixTemplate = R"Py(
  @builtins.property
  def {0}(self):
    start, pg = _ods_equally_sized_accessor(operation.{1}s, {2}, {3}, {4}))Py";

/// Second part of the template for equally-sized case, accessing a single
/// element:
///   {0} is either 'operand' or 'result'.
constexpr const char *opVariadicEqualSimpleTemplate = R"Py(
    return self.operation.{0}s[start]
)Py";

/// Second part of the template for equally-sized case, accessing a variadic
/// group:
///   {0} is either 'operand' or 'result'.
constexpr const char *opVariadicEqualVariadicTemplate = R"Py(
    return self.operation.{0}s[start:start + pg]
)Py";

/// Template for an attribute-sized group accessor:
///   {0} is the name of the accessor;
///   {1} is either 'operand' or 'result';
///   {2} is the position of the group in the group list;
///   {3} is a return suffix (expected [0] for single-element, empty for
///       variadic, and opVariadicSegmentOptionalTrailingTemplate for optional).
constexpr const char *opVariadicSegmentTemplate = R"Py(
  @builtins.property
  def {0}(self):
    {1}_range = _ods_segmented_accessor(
         self.operation.{1}s,
         self.operation.attributes["{1}_segment_sizes"], {2})
    return {1}_range{3}
)Py";

/// Template for a suffix when accessing an optional element in the
/// attribute-sized case:
///   {0} is either 'operand' or 'result';
constexpr const char *opVariadicSegmentOptionalTrailingTemplate =
    R"Py([0] if len({0}_range) > 0 else None)Py";

/// Template for an operation attribute getter:
///   {0} is the name of the attribute sanitized for Python;
///   {1} is the Python type of the attribute;
///   {2} os the original name of the attribute.
constexpr const char *attributeGetterTemplate = R"Py(
  @builtins.property
  def {0}(self):
    return {1}(self.operation.attributes["{2}"])
)Py";

/// Template for an optional operation attribute getter:
///   {0} is the name of the attribute sanitized for Python;
///   {1} is the Python type of the attribute;
///   {2} is the original name of the attribute.
constexpr const char *optionalAttributeGetterTemplate = R"Py(
  @builtins.property
  def {0}(self):
    if "{2}" not in self.operation.attributes:
      return None
    return {1}(self.operation.attributes["{2}"])
)Py";

/// Template for a getter of a unit operation attribute, returns True of the
/// unit attribute is present, False otherwise (unit attributes have meaning
/// by mere presence):
///    {0} is the name of the attribute sanitized for Python,
///    {1} is the original name of the attribute.
constexpr const char *unitAttributeGetterTemplate = R"Py(
  @builtins.property
  def {0}(self):
    return "{1}" in self.operation.attributes
)Py";

/// Template for an operation attribute setter:
///    {0} is the name of the attribute sanitized for Python;
///    {1} is the original name of the attribute.
constexpr const char *attributeSetterTemplate = R"Py(
  @{0}.setter
  def {0}(self, value):
    if value is None:
      raise ValueError("'None' not allowed as value for mandatory attributes")
    self.operation.attributes["{1}"] = value
)Py";

/// Template for a setter of an optional operation attribute, setting to None
/// removes the attribute:
///    {0} is the name of the attribute sanitized for Python;
///    {1} is the original name of the attribute.
constexpr const char *optionalAttributeSetterTemplate = R"Py(
  @{0}.setter
  def {0}(self, value):
    if value is not None:
      self.operation.attributes["{1}"] = value
    elif "{1}" in self.operation.attributes:
      del self.operation.attributes["{1}"]
)Py";

/// Template for a setter of a unit operation attribute, setting to None or
/// False removes the attribute:
///    {0} is the name of the attribute sanitized for Python;
///    {1} is the original name of the attribute.
constexpr const char *unitAttributeSetterTemplate = R"Py(
  @{0}.setter
  def {0}(self, value):
    if bool(value):
      self.operation.attributes["{1}"] = _ods_ir.UnitAttr.get()
    elif "{1}" in self.operation.attributes:
      del self.operation.attributes["{1}"]
)Py";

/// Template for a deleter of an optional or a unit operation attribute, removes
/// the attribute from the operation:
///    {0} is the name of the attribute sanitized for Python;
///    {1} is the original name of the attribute.
constexpr const char *attributeDeleterTemplate = R"Py(
  @{0}.deleter
  def {0}(self):
    del self.operation.attributes["{1}"]
)Py";

constexpr const char *regionAccessorTemplate = R"PY(
  @builtins.property
  def {0}(self):
    return self.regions[{1}]
)PY";

static llvm::cl::OptionCategory
    clOpPythonBindingCat("Options for -gen-python-op-bindings");

static llvm::cl::opt<std::string>
    clDialectName("bind-dialect",
                  llvm::cl::desc("The dialect to run the generator for"),
                  llvm::cl::init(""), llvm::cl::cat(clOpPythonBindingCat));

using AttributeClasses = DenseMap<StringRef, StringRef>;

/// Checks whether `str` is a Python keyword.
static bool isPythonKeyword(StringRef str) {
  static llvm::StringSet<> keywords(
      {"and",   "as",     "assert",   "break", "class",  "continue",
       "def",   "del",    "elif",     "else",  "except", "finally",
       "for",   "from",   "global",   "if",    "import", "in",
       "is",    "lambda", "nonlocal", "not",   "or",     "pass",
       "raise", "return", "try",      "while", "with",   "yield"});
  return keywords.contains(str);
}

/// Checks whether `str` would shadow a generated variable or attribute
/// part of the OpView API.
static bool isODSReserved(StringRef str) {
  static llvm::StringSet<> reserved(
      {"attributes", "create", "context", "ip", "operands", "print", "get_asm",
       "loc", "verify", "regions", "results", "self", "operation",
       "DIALECT_NAMESPACE", "OPERATION_NAME"});
  return str.startswith("_ods_") || str.endswith("_ods") ||
         reserved.contains(str);
}

/// Modifies the `name` in a way that it becomes suitable for Python bindings
/// (does not change the `name` if it already is suitable) and returns the
/// modified version.
static std::string sanitizeName(StringRef name) {
  if (isPythonKeyword(name) || isODSReserved(name))
    return (name + "_").str();
  return name.str();
}

static std::string attrSizedTraitForKind(const char *kind) {
  return llvm::formatv("::mlir::OpTrait::AttrSized{0}{1}Segments",
                       llvm::StringRef(kind).take_front().upper(),
                       llvm::StringRef(kind).drop_front());
}

/// Emits accessors to "elements" of an Op definition. Currently, the supported
/// elements are operands and results, indicated by `kind`, which must be either
/// `operand` or `result` and is used verbatim in the emitted code.
static void emitElementAccessors(
    const Operator &op, raw_ostream &os, const char *kind,
    llvm::function_ref<unsigned(const Operator &)> getNumVariableLength,
    llvm::function_ref<int(const Operator &)> getNumElements,
    llvm::function_ref<const NamedTypeConstraint &(const Operator &, int)>
        getElement) {
  assert(llvm::is_contained(
             llvm::SmallVector<StringRef, 2>{"operand", "result"}, kind) &&
         "unsupported kind");

  // Traits indicating how to process variadic elements.
  std::string sameSizeTrait =
      llvm::formatv("::mlir::OpTrait::SameVariadic{0}{1}Size",
                    llvm::StringRef(kind).take_front().upper(),
                    llvm::StringRef(kind).drop_front());
  std::string attrSizedTrait = attrSizedTraitForKind(kind);

  unsigned numVariableLength = getNumVariableLength(op);

  // If there is only one variable-length element group, its size can be
  // inferred from the total number of elements. If there are none, the
  // generation is straightforward.
  if (numVariableLength <= 1) {
    bool seenVariableLength = false;
    for (int i = 0, e = getNumElements(op); i < e; ++i) {
      const NamedTypeConstraint &element = getElement(op, i);
      if (element.isVariableLength())
        seenVariableLength = true;
      if (element.name.empty())
        continue;
      if (element.isVariableLength()) {
        os << llvm::formatv(element.isOptional() ? opOneOptionalTemplate
                                                 : opOneVariadicTemplate,
                            sanitizeName(element.name), kind,
                            getNumElements(op), i);
      } else if (seenVariableLength) {
        os << llvm::formatv(opSingleAfterVariableTemplate,
                            sanitizeName(element.name), kind,
                            getNumElements(op), i);
      } else {
        os << llvm::formatv(opSingleTemplate, sanitizeName(element.name), kind,
                            i);
      }
    }
    return;
  }

  // Handle the operations where variadic groups have the same size.
  if (op.getTrait(sameSizeTrait)) {
    int numPrecedingSimple = 0;
    int numPrecedingVariadic = 0;
    for (int i = 0, e = getNumElements(op); i < e; ++i) {
      const NamedTypeConstraint &element = getElement(op, i);
      if (!element.name.empty()) {
        os << llvm::formatv(opVariadicEqualPrefixTemplate,
                            sanitizeName(element.name), kind, numVariableLength,
                            numPrecedingSimple, numPrecedingVariadic);
        os << llvm::formatv(element.isVariableLength()
                                ? opVariadicEqualVariadicTemplate
                                : opVariadicEqualSimpleTemplate,
                            kind);
      }
      if (element.isVariableLength())
        ++numPrecedingVariadic;
      else
        ++numPrecedingSimple;
    }
    return;
  }

  // Handle the operations where the size of groups (variadic or not) is
  // provided as an attribute. For non-variadic elements, make sure to return
  // an element rather than a singleton container.
  if (op.getTrait(attrSizedTrait)) {
    for (int i = 0, e = getNumElements(op); i < e; ++i) {
      const NamedTypeConstraint &element = getElement(op, i);
      if (element.name.empty())
        continue;
      std::string trailing;
      if (!element.isVariableLength())
        trailing = "[0]";
      else if (element.isOptional())
        trailing = std::string(
            llvm::formatv(opVariadicSegmentOptionalTrailingTemplate, kind));
      os << llvm::formatv(opVariadicSegmentTemplate, sanitizeName(element.name),
                          kind, i, trailing);
    }
    return;
  }

  llvm::PrintFatalError("unsupported " + llvm::Twine(kind) + " structure");
}

/// Free function helpers accessing Operator components.
static int getNumOperands(const Operator &op) { return op.getNumOperands(); }
static const NamedTypeConstraint &getOperand(const Operator &op, int i) {
  return op.getOperand(i);
}
static int getNumResults(const Operator &op) { return op.getNumResults(); }
static const NamedTypeConstraint &getResult(const Operator &op, int i) {
  return op.getResult(i);
}

/// Emits accessors to Op operands.
static void emitOperandAccessors(const Operator &op, raw_ostream &os) {
  auto getNumVariableLengthOperands = [](const Operator &oper) {
    return oper.getNumVariableLengthOperands();
  };
  emitElementAccessors(op, os, "operand", getNumVariableLengthOperands,
                       getNumOperands, getOperand);
}

/// Emits accessors Op results.
static void emitResultAccessors(const Operator &op, raw_ostream &os) {
  auto getNumVariableLengthResults = [](const Operator &oper) {
    return oper.getNumVariableLengthResults();
  };
  emitElementAccessors(op, os, "result", getNumVariableLengthResults,
                       getNumResults, getResult);
}

/// Emits accessors to Op attributes.
static void emitAttributeAccessors(const Operator &op,
                                   const AttributeClasses &attributeClasses,
                                   raw_ostream &os) {
  for (const auto &namedAttr : op.getAttributes()) {
    // Skip "derived" attributes because they are just C++ functions that we
    // don't currently expose.
    if (namedAttr.attr.isDerivedAttr())
      continue;

    if (namedAttr.name.empty())
      continue;

    std::string sanitizedName = sanitizeName(namedAttr.name);

    // Unit attributes are handled specially.
    if (namedAttr.attr.getStorageType().trim().equals("::mlir::UnitAttr")) {
      os << llvm::formatv(unitAttributeGetterTemplate, sanitizedName,
                          namedAttr.name);
      os << llvm::formatv(unitAttributeSetterTemplate, sanitizedName,
                          namedAttr.name);
      os << llvm::formatv(attributeDeleterTemplate, sanitizedName,
                          namedAttr.name);
      continue;
    }

    // Other kinds of attributes need a mapping to a Python type.
    if (!attributeClasses.count(namedAttr.attr.getStorageType().trim()))
      continue;

    StringRef pythonType =
        attributeClasses.lookup(namedAttr.attr.getStorageType());
    if (namedAttr.attr.isOptional()) {
      os << llvm::formatv(optionalAttributeGetterTemplate, sanitizedName,
                          pythonType, namedAttr.name);
      os << llvm::formatv(optionalAttributeSetterTemplate, sanitizedName,
                          namedAttr.name);
      os << llvm::formatv(attributeDeleterTemplate, sanitizedName,
                          namedAttr.name);
    } else {
      os << llvm::formatv(attributeGetterTemplate, sanitizedName, pythonType,
                          namedAttr.name);
      os << llvm::formatv(attributeSetterTemplate, sanitizedName,
                          namedAttr.name);
      // Non-optional attributes cannot be deleted.
    }
  }
}

/// Template for the default auto-generated builder.
///   {0} is a comma-separated list of builder arguments, including the trailing
///       `loc` and `ip`;
///   {1} is the code populating `operands`, `results` and `attributes`,
///       `successors` fields.
constexpr const char *initTemplate = R"Py(
  def __init__(self, {0}):
    operands = []
    results = []
    attributes = {{}
    regions = None
    {1}
    super().__init__(self.build_generic(
      attributes=attributes, results=results, operands=operands,
      successors=_ods_successors, regions=regions, loc=loc, ip=ip))
)Py";

/// Template for appending a single element to the operand/result list.
///   {0} is the field name.
constexpr const char *singleOperandAppendTemplate =
    "operands.append(_get_op_result_or_value({0}))";
constexpr const char *singleResultAppendTemplate = "results.append({0})";

/// Template for appending an optional element to the operand/result list.
///   {0} is the field name.
constexpr const char *optionalAppendOperandTemplate =
    "if {0} is not None: operands.append(_get_op_result_or_value({0}))";
constexpr const char *optionalAppendAttrSizedOperandsTemplate =
    "operands.append(_get_op_result_or_value({0}) if {0} is not None else "
    "None)";
constexpr const char *optionalAppendResultTemplate =
    "if {0} is not None: results.append({0})";

/// Template for appending a list of elements to the operand/result list.
///   {0} is the field name.
constexpr const char *multiOperandAppendTemplate =
    "operands.extend(_get_op_results_or_values({0}))";
constexpr const char *multiOperandAppendPackTemplate =
    "operands.append(_get_op_results_or_values({0}))";
constexpr const char *multiResultAppendTemplate = "results.extend({0})";

/// Template for setting an attribute in the operation builder.
///   {0} is the attribute name;
///   {1} is the builder argument name.
constexpr const char *initAttributeTemplate = R"Py(attributes["{0}"] = {1})Py";

/// Template for setting an optional attribute in the operation builder.
///   {0} is the attribute name;
///   {1} is the builder argument name.
constexpr const char *initOptionalAttributeTemplate =
    R"Py(if {1} is not None: attributes["{0}"] = {1})Py";

constexpr const char *initUnitAttributeTemplate =
    R"Py(if bool({1}): attributes["{0}"] = _ods_ir.UnitAttr.get(
      _ods_get_default_loc_context(loc)))Py";

/// Template to initialize the successors list in the builder if there are any
/// successors.
///   {0} is the value to initialize the successors list to.
constexpr const char *initSuccessorsTemplate = R"Py(_ods_successors = {0})Py";

/// Template to append or extend the list of successors in the builder.
///   {0} is the list method ('append' or 'extend');
///   {1} is the value to add.
constexpr const char *addSuccessorTemplate = R"Py(_ods_successors.{0}({1}))Py";

/// Returns true if the SameArgumentAndResultTypes trait can be used to infer
/// result types of the given operation.
static bool hasSameArgumentAndResultTypes(const Operator &op) {
  return op.getTrait("::mlir::OpTrait::SameOperandsAndResultType") &&
         op.getNumVariableLengthResults() == 0;
}

/// Returns true if the FirstAttrDerivedResultType trait can be used to infer
/// result types of the given operation.
static bool hasFirstAttrDerivedResultTypes(const Operator &op) {
  return op.getTrait("::mlir::OpTrait::FirstAttrDerivedResultType") &&
         op.getNumVariableLengthResults() == 0;
}

/// Returns true if the InferTypeOpInterface can be used to infer result types
/// of the given operation.
static bool hasInferTypeInterface(const Operator &op) {
  return op.getTrait("::mlir::InferTypeOpInterface::Trait") &&
         op.getNumRegions() == 0;
}

/// Returns true if there is a trait or interface that can be used to infer
/// result types of the given operation.
static bool canInferType(const Operator &op) {
  return hasSameArgumentAndResultTypes(op) ||
         hasFirstAttrDerivedResultTypes(op) || hasInferTypeInterface(op);
}

/// Populates `builderArgs` with result names if the builder is expected to
/// accept them as arguments.
static void
populateBuilderArgsResults(const Operator &op,
                           llvm::SmallVectorImpl<std::string> &builderArgs) {
  if (canInferType(op))
    return;

  for (int i = 0, e = op.getNumResults(); i < e; ++i) {
    std::string name = op.getResultName(i).str();
    if (name.empty()) {
      if (op.getNumResults() == 1) {
        // Special case for one result, make the default name be 'result'
        // to properly match the built-in result accessor.
        name = "result";
      } else {
        name = llvm::formatv("_gen_res_{0}", i);
      }
    }
    name = sanitizeName(name);
    builderArgs.push_back(name);
  }
}

/// Populates `builderArgs` with the Python-compatible names of builder function
/// arguments using intermixed attributes and operands in the same order as they
/// appear in the `arguments` field of the op definition. Additionally,
/// `operandNames` is populated with names of operands in their order of
/// appearance.
static void
populateBuilderArgs(const Operator &op,
                    llvm::SmallVectorImpl<std::string> &builderArgs,
                    llvm::SmallVectorImpl<std::string> &operandNames,
                    llvm::SmallVectorImpl<std::string> &successorArgNames) {

  for (int i = 0, e = op.getNumArgs(); i < e; ++i) {
    std::string name = op.getArgName(i).str();
    if (name.empty())
      name = llvm::formatv("_gen_arg_{0}", i);
    name = sanitizeName(name);
    builderArgs.push_back(name);
    if (!op.getArg(i).is<NamedAttribute *>())
      operandNames.push_back(name);
  }
}

/// Populates `builderArgs` with the Python-compatible names of builder function
/// successor arguments. Additionally, `successorArgNames` is also populated.
static void populateBuilderArgsSuccessors(
    const Operator &op, llvm::SmallVectorImpl<std::string> &builderArgs,
    llvm::SmallVectorImpl<std::string> &successorArgNames) {

  for (int i = 0, e = op.getNumSuccessors(); i < e; ++i) {
    NamedSuccessor successor = op.getSuccessor(i);
    std::string name = std::string(successor.name);
    if (name.empty())
      name = llvm::formatv("_gen_successor_{0}", i);
    name = sanitizeName(name);
    builderArgs.push_back(name);
    successorArgNames.push_back(name);
  }
}

/// Populates `builderLines` with additional lines that are required in the
/// builder to set up operation attributes. `argNames` is expected to contain
/// the names of builder arguments that correspond to op arguments, i.e. to the
/// operands and attributes in the same order as they appear in the `arguments`
/// field.
static void
populateBuilderLinesAttr(const Operator &op,
                         llvm::ArrayRef<std::string> argNames,
                         llvm::SmallVectorImpl<std::string> &builderLines) {
  for (int i = 0, e = op.getNumArgs(); i < e; ++i) {
    Argument arg = op.getArg(i);
    auto *attribute = arg.dyn_cast<NamedAttribute *>();
    if (!attribute)
      continue;

    // Unit attributes are handled specially.
    if (attribute->attr.getStorageType().trim().equals("::mlir::UnitAttr")) {
      builderLines.push_back(llvm::formatv(initUnitAttributeTemplate,
                                           attribute->name, argNames[i]));
      continue;
    }

    builderLines.push_back(llvm::formatv(attribute->attr.isOptional()
                                             ? initOptionalAttributeTemplate
                                             : initAttributeTemplate,
                                         attribute->name, argNames[i]));
  }
}

/// Populates `builderLines` with additional lines that are required in the
/// builder to set up successors. successorArgNames is expected to correspond
/// to the Python argument name for each successor on the op.
static void populateBuilderLinesSuccessors(
    const Operator &op, llvm::ArrayRef<std::string> successorArgNames,
    llvm::SmallVectorImpl<std::string> &builderLines) {
  if (successorArgNames.empty()) {
    builderLines.push_back(llvm::formatv(initSuccessorsTemplate, "None"));
    return;
  }

  builderLines.push_back(llvm::formatv(initSuccessorsTemplate, "[]"));
  for (int i = 0, e = successorArgNames.size(); i < e; ++i) {
    auto &argName = successorArgNames[i];
    const NamedSuccessor &successor = op.getSuccessor(i);
    builderLines.push_back(
        llvm::formatv(addSuccessorTemplate,
                      successor.isVariadic() ? "extend" : "append", argName));
  }
}

/// Populates `builderLines` with additional lines that are required in the
/// builder to set up op operands.
static void
populateBuilderLinesOperand(const Operator &op,
                            llvm::ArrayRef<std::string> names,
                            llvm::SmallVectorImpl<std::string> &builderLines) {
  bool sizedSegments = op.getTrait(attrSizedTraitForKind("operand")) != nullptr;

  // For each element, find or generate a name.
  for (int i = 0, e = op.getNumOperands(); i < e; ++i) {
    const NamedTypeConstraint &element = op.getOperand(i);
    std::string name = names[i];

    // Choose the formatting string based on the element kind.
    llvm::StringRef formatString;
    if (!element.isVariableLength()) {
      formatString = singleOperandAppendTemplate;
    } else if (element.isOptional()) {
      if (sizedSegments) {
        formatString = optionalAppendAttrSizedOperandsTemplate;
      } else {
        formatString = optionalAppendOperandTemplate;
      }
    } else {
      assert(element.isVariadic() && "unhandled element group type");
      // If emitting with sizedSegments, then we add the actual list-typed
      // element. Otherwise, we extend the actual operands.
      if (sizedSegments) {
        formatString = multiOperandAppendPackTemplate;
      } else {
        formatString = multiOperandAppendTemplate;
      }
    }

    builderLines.push_back(llvm::formatv(formatString.data(), name));
  }
}

/// Python code template for deriving the operation result types from its
/// attribute:
///   - {0} is the name of the attribute from which to derive the types.
constexpr const char *deriveTypeFromAttrTemplate =
    R"PY(_ods_result_type_source_attr = attributes["{0}"]
_ods_derived_result_type = (
    _ods_ir.TypeAttr(_ods_result_type_source_attr).value
    if _ods_ir.TypeAttr.isinstance(_ods_result_type_source_attr) else
    _ods_result_type_source_attr.type))PY";

/// Python code template appending {0} type {1} times to the results list.
constexpr const char *appendSameResultsTemplate = "results.extend([{0}] * {1})";

/// Python code template for inferring the operation results using the
/// corresponding interface:
///   - {0} is the name of the class for which the types are inferred.
constexpr const char *inferTypeInterfaceTemplate =
    R"PY(_ods_context = _ods_get_default_loc_context(loc)
results = _ods_ir.InferTypeOpInterface({0}).inferReturnTypes(
    operands=operands,
    attributes=_ods_ir.DictAttr.get(attributes, context=_ods_context),
    context=_ods_context,
    loc=loc)
)PY";

/// Appends the given multiline string as individual strings into
/// `builderLines`.
static void appendLineByLine(StringRef string,
                             llvm::SmallVectorImpl<std::string> &builderLines) {

  std::pair<StringRef, StringRef> split = std::make_pair(string, string);
  do {
    split = split.second.split('\n');
    builderLines.push_back(split.first.str());
  } while (!split.second.empty());
}

/// Populates `builderLines` with additional lines that are required in the
/// builder to set up op results.
static void
populateBuilderLinesResult(const Operator &op,
                           llvm::ArrayRef<std::string> names,
                           llvm::SmallVectorImpl<std::string> &builderLines) {
  bool sizedSegments = op.getTrait(attrSizedTraitForKind("result")) != nullptr;

  if (hasSameArgumentAndResultTypes(op)) {
    builderLines.push_back(llvm::formatv(
        appendSameResultsTemplate, "operands[0].type", op.getNumResults()));
    return;
  }

  if (hasFirstAttrDerivedResultTypes(op)) {
    const NamedAttribute &firstAttr = op.getAttribute(0);
    assert(!firstAttr.name.empty() && "unexpected empty name for the attribute "
                                      "from which the type is derived");
    appendLineByLine(
        llvm::formatv(deriveTypeFromAttrTemplate, firstAttr.name).str(),
        builderLines);
    builderLines.push_back(llvm::formatv(appendSameResultsTemplate,
                                         "_ods_derived_result_type",
                                         op.getNumResults()));
    return;
  }

  if (hasInferTypeInterface(op)) {
    appendLineByLine(
        llvm::formatv(inferTypeInterfaceTemplate, op.getCppClassName()).str(),
        builderLines);
    return;
  }

  // For each element, find or generate a name.
  for (int i = 0, e = op.getNumResults(); i < e; ++i) {
    const NamedTypeConstraint &element = op.getResult(i);
    std::string name = names[i];

    // Choose the formatting string based on the element kind.
    llvm::StringRef formatString;
    if (!element.isVariableLength()) {
      formatString = singleResultAppendTemplate;
    } else if (element.isOptional()) {
      formatString = optionalAppendResultTemplate;
    } else {
      assert(element.isVariadic() && "unhandled element group type");
      // If emitting with sizedSegments, then we add the actual list-typed
      // element. Otherwise, we extend the actual operands.
      if (sizedSegments) {
        formatString = singleResultAppendTemplate;
      } else {
        formatString = multiResultAppendTemplate;
      }
    }

    builderLines.push_back(llvm::formatv(formatString.data(), name));
  }
}

/// If the operation has variadic regions, adds a builder argument to specify
/// the number of those regions and builder lines to forward it to the generic
/// constructor.
static void
populateBuilderRegions(const Operator &op,
                       llvm::SmallVectorImpl<std::string> &builderArgs,
                       llvm::SmallVectorImpl<std::string> &builderLines) {
  if (op.hasNoVariadicRegions())
    return;

  // This is currently enforced when Operator is constructed.
  assert(op.getNumVariadicRegions() == 1 &&
         op.getRegion(op.getNumRegions() - 1).isVariadic() &&
         "expected the last region to be varidic");

  const NamedRegion &region = op.getRegion(op.getNumRegions() - 1);
  std::string name =
      ("num_" + region.name.take_front().lower() + region.name.drop_front())
          .str();
  builderArgs.push_back(name);
  builderLines.push_back(
      llvm::formatv("regions = {0} + {1}", op.getNumRegions() - 1, name));
}

/// Emits a default builder constructing an operation from the list of its
/// result types, followed by a list of its operands.
static void emitDefaultOpBuilder(const Operator &op, raw_ostream &os) {
  // If we are asked to skip default builders, comply.
  if (op.skipDefaultBuilders())
    return;

  llvm::SmallVector<std::string> builderArgs;
  llvm::SmallVector<std::string> builderLines;
  llvm::SmallVector<std::string> operandArgNames;
  llvm::SmallVector<std::string> successorArgNames;
  builderArgs.reserve(op.getNumOperands() + op.getNumResults() +
                      op.getNumNativeAttributes() + op.getNumSuccessors());
  populateBuilderArgsResults(op, builderArgs);
  size_t numResultArgs = builderArgs.size();
  populateBuilderArgs(op, builderArgs, operandArgNames, successorArgNames);
  size_t numOperandAttrArgs = builderArgs.size() - numResultArgs;
  populateBuilderArgsSuccessors(op, builderArgs, successorArgNames);

  populateBuilderLinesOperand(op, operandArgNames, builderLines);
  populateBuilderLinesAttr(
      op, llvm::makeArrayRef(builderArgs).drop_front(numResultArgs),
      builderLines);
  populateBuilderLinesResult(
      op, llvm::makeArrayRef(builderArgs).take_front(numResultArgs),
      builderLines);
  populateBuilderLinesSuccessors(op, successorArgNames, builderLines);
  populateBuilderRegions(op, builderArgs, builderLines);

  // Layout of builderArgs vector elements:
  // [ result_args  operand_attr_args successor_args regions ]

  // Determine whether the argument corresponding to a given index into the
  // builderArgs vector is a python keyword argument or not.
  auto isKeywordArgFn = [&](size_t builderArgIndex) -> bool {
    // All result, successor, and region arguments are positional arguments.
    if ((builderArgIndex < numResultArgs) ||
        (builderArgIndex >= (numResultArgs + numOperandAttrArgs)))
      return false;
    // Keyword arguments:
    // - optional named attributes (including unit attributes)
    // - default-valued named attributes
    // - optional operands
    Argument a = op.getArg(builderArgIndex - numResultArgs);
    if (auto *nattr = a.dyn_cast<NamedAttribute *>())
      return (nattr->attr.isOptional() || nattr->attr.hasDefaultValue());
    if (auto *ntype = a.dyn_cast<NamedTypeConstraint *>())
      return ntype->isOptional();
    else
      return false;
  };

  // StringRefs in functionArgs refer to strings allocated by builderArgs.
  llvm::SmallVector<llvm::StringRef> functionArgs;

  // Add positional arguments.
  for (size_t i = 0, cnt = builderArgs.size(); i < cnt; ++i) {
    if (!isKeywordArgFn(i))
      functionArgs.push_back(builderArgs[i]);
  }

  // Add a bare '*' to indicate that all following arguments must be keyword
  // arguments.
  functionArgs.push_back("*");

  // Add a default 'None' value to each keyword arg string, and then add to the
  // function args list.
  for (size_t i = 0, cnt = builderArgs.size(); i < cnt; ++i) {
    if (isKeywordArgFn(i)) {
      builderArgs[i].append("=None");
      functionArgs.push_back(builderArgs[i]);
    }
  }
  functionArgs.push_back("loc=None");
  functionArgs.push_back("ip=None");
  os << llvm::formatv(initTemplate, llvm::join(functionArgs, ", "),
                      llvm::join(builderLines, "\n    "));
}

static void constructAttributeMapping(const llvm::RecordKeeper &records,
                                      AttributeClasses &attributeClasses) {
  for (const llvm::Record *rec :
       records.getAllDerivedDefinitions("PythonAttr")) {
    attributeClasses.try_emplace(rec->getValueAsString("cppStorageType").trim(),
                                 rec->getValueAsString("pythonType").trim());
  }
}

static void emitSegmentSpec(
    const Operator &op, const char *kind,
    llvm::function_ref<int(const Operator &)> getNumElements,
    llvm::function_ref<const NamedTypeConstraint &(const Operator &, int)>
        getElement,
    raw_ostream &os) {
  std::string segmentSpec("[");
  for (int i = 0, e = getNumElements(op); i < e; ++i) {
    const NamedTypeConstraint &element = getElement(op, i);
    if (element.isOptional()) {
      segmentSpec.append("0,");
    } else if (element.isVariadic()) {
      segmentSpec.append("-1,");
    } else {
      segmentSpec.append("1,");
    }
  }
  segmentSpec.append("]");

  os << llvm::formatv(opClassSizedSegmentsTemplate, kind, segmentSpec);
}

static void emitRegionAttributes(const Operator &op, raw_ostream &os) {
  // Emit _ODS_REGIONS = (min_region_count, has_no_variadic_regions).
  // Note that the base OpView class defines this as (0, True).
  unsigned minRegionCount = op.getNumRegions() - op.getNumVariadicRegions();
  os << llvm::formatv(opClassRegionSpecTemplate, minRegionCount,
                      op.hasNoVariadicRegions() ? "True" : "False");
}

/// Emits named accessors to regions.
static void emitRegionAccessors(const Operator &op, raw_ostream &os) {
  for (const auto &en : llvm::enumerate(op.getRegions())) {
    const NamedRegion &region = en.value();
    if (region.name.empty())
      continue;

    assert((!region.isVariadic() || en.index() == op.getNumRegions() - 1) &&
           "expected only the last region to be variadic");
    os << llvm::formatv(regionAccessorTemplate, sanitizeName(region.name),
                        std::to_string(en.index()) +
                            (region.isVariadic() ? ":" : ""));
  }
}

/// Emits bindings for a specific Op to the given output stream.
static void emitOpBindings(const Operator &op,
                           const AttributeClasses &attributeClasses,
                           raw_ostream &os) {
  os << llvm::formatv(opClassTemplate, op.getCppClassName(),
                      op.getOperationName());

  // Sized segments.
  if (op.getTrait(attrSizedTraitForKind("operand")) != nullptr) {
    emitSegmentSpec(op, "OPERAND", getNumOperands, getOperand, os);
  }
  if (op.getTrait(attrSizedTraitForKind("result")) != nullptr) {
    emitSegmentSpec(op, "RESULT", getNumResults, getResult, os);
  }

  emitRegionAttributes(op, os);
  emitDefaultOpBuilder(op, os);
  emitOperandAccessors(op, os);
  emitAttributeAccessors(op, attributeClasses, os);
  emitResultAccessors(op, os);
  emitRegionAccessors(op, os);
}

/// Emits bindings for the dialect specified in the command line, including file
/// headers and utilities. Returns `false` on success to comply with Tablegen
/// registration requirements.
static bool emitAllOps(const llvm::RecordKeeper &records, raw_ostream &os) {
  if (clDialectName.empty())
    llvm::PrintFatalError("dialect name not provided");

  AttributeClasses attributeClasses;
  constructAttributeMapping(records, attributeClasses);

  os << llvm::formatv(fileHeader, clDialectName.getValue());
  os << llvm::formatv(dialectClassTemplate, clDialectName.getValue());

  for (const llvm::Record *rec : records.getAllDerivedDefinitions("Op")) {
    Operator op(rec);
    if (op.getDialectName() == clDialectName.getValue())
      emitOpBindings(op, attributeClasses, os);
  }
  return false;
}

static GenRegistration
    genPythonBindings("gen-python-op-bindings",
                      "Generate Python bindings for MLIR Ops", &emitAllOps);