xref: /llvm-project-15.0.7/llvm/lib/Analysis/LazyValueInfo.cpp (revision 0bb3bcd0)

//===- LazyValueInfo.cpp - Value constraint analysis ------------*- C++ -*-===//
//
//                     The LLVM Compiler Infrastructure
//
// This file is distributed under the University of Illinois Open Source
// License. See LICENSE.TXT for details.
//
//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
//
// This file defines the interface for lazy computation of value constraint
// information.
//
//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//

#include "llvm/Analysis/LazyValueInfo.h"
#include "llvm/ADT/DenseSet.h"
#include "llvm/ADT/STLExtras.h"
#include "llvm/Analysis/AssumptionCache.h"
#include "llvm/Analysis/ConstantFolding.h"
#include "llvm/Analysis/TargetLibraryInfo.h"
#include "llvm/Analysis/ValueTracking.h"
#include "llvm/IR/AssemblyAnnotationWriter.h"
#include "llvm/IR/CFG.h"
#include "llvm/IR/ConstantRange.h"
#include "llvm/IR/Constants.h"
#include "llvm/IR/DataLayout.h"
#include "llvm/IR/Dominators.h"
#include "llvm/IR/Instructions.h"
#include "llvm/IR/IntrinsicInst.h"
#include "llvm/IR/Intrinsics.h"
#include "llvm/IR/LLVMContext.h"
#include "llvm/IR/PatternMatch.h"
#include "llvm/IR/ValueHandle.h"
#include "llvm/Support/Debug.h"
#include "llvm/Support/FormattedStream.h"
#include "llvm/Support/raw_ostream.h"
#include <map>
#include <stack>
using namespace llvm;
using namespace PatternMatch;

#define DEBUG_TYPE "lazy-value-info"

// This is the number of worklist items we will process to try to discover an
// answer for a given value.
static const unsigned MaxProcessedPerValue = 500;

char LazyValueInfoWrapperPass::ID = 0;
INITIALIZE_PASS_BEGIN(LazyValueInfoWrapperPass, "lazy-value-info",
                "Lazy Value Information Analysis", false, true)
INITIALIZE_PASS_DEPENDENCY(AssumptionCacheTracker)
INITIALIZE_PASS_DEPENDENCY(TargetLibraryInfoWrapperPass)
INITIALIZE_PASS_END(LazyValueInfoWrapperPass, "lazy-value-info",
                "Lazy Value Information Analysis", false, true)

namespace llvm {
  FunctionPass *createLazyValueInfoPass() { return new LazyValueInfoWrapperPass(); }
}

AnalysisKey LazyValueAnalysis::Key;

//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
//                               LVILatticeVal
//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//

/// This is the information tracked by LazyValueInfo for each value.
///
/// FIXME: This is basically just for bringup, this can be made a lot more rich
/// in the future.
///
namespace {
class LVILatticeVal {
  enum LatticeValueTy {
    /// This Value has no known value yet.  As a result, this implies the
    /// producing instruction is dead.  Caution: We use this as the starting
    /// state in our local meet rules.  In this usage, it's taken to mean
    /// "nothing known yet".
    undefined,

    /// This Value has a specific constant value.  (For constant integers,
    /// constantrange is used instead.  Integer typed constantexprs can appear
    /// as constant.)
    constant,

    /// This Value is known to not have the specified value.  (For constant
    /// integers, constantrange is used instead.  As above, integer typed
    /// constantexprs can appear here.)
    notconstant,

    /// The Value falls within this range. (Used only for integer typed values.)
    constantrange,

    /// We can not precisely model the dynamic values this value might take.
    overdefined
  };

  /// Val: This stores the current lattice value along with the Constant* for
  /// the constant if this is a 'constant' or 'notconstant' value.
  LatticeValueTy Tag;
  Constant *Val;
  ConstantRange Range;

public:
  LVILatticeVal() : Tag(undefined), Val(nullptr), Range(1, true) {}

  static LVILatticeVal get(Constant *C) {
    LVILatticeVal Res;
    if (!isa<UndefValue>(C))
      Res.markConstant(C);
    return Res;
  }
  static LVILatticeVal getNot(Constant *C) {
    LVILatticeVal Res;
    if (!isa<UndefValue>(C))
      Res.markNotConstant(C);
    return Res;
  }
  static LVILatticeVal getRange(ConstantRange CR) {
    LVILatticeVal Res;
    Res.markConstantRange(std::move(CR));
    return Res;
  }
  static LVILatticeVal getOverdefined() {
    LVILatticeVal Res;
    Res.markOverdefined();
    return Res;
  }

  bool isUndefined() const     { return Tag == undefined; }
  bool isConstant() const      { return Tag == constant; }
  bool isNotConstant() const   { return Tag == notconstant; }
  bool isConstantRange() const { return Tag == constantrange; }
  bool isOverdefined() const   { return Tag == overdefined; }

  Constant *getConstant() const {
    assert(isConstant() && "Cannot get the constant of a non-constant!");
    return Val;
  }

  Constant *getNotConstant() const {
    assert(isNotConstant() && "Cannot get the constant of a non-notconstant!");
    return Val;
  }

  const ConstantRange &getConstantRange() const {
    assert(isConstantRange() &&
           "Cannot get the constant-range of a non-constant-range!");
    return Range;
  }

private:
  void markOverdefined() {
    if (isOverdefined())
      return;
    Tag = overdefined;
  }

  void markConstant(Constant *V) {
    assert(V && "Marking constant with NULL");
    if (ConstantInt *CI = dyn_cast<ConstantInt>(V)) {
      markConstantRange(ConstantRange(CI->getValue()));
      return;
    }
    if (isa<UndefValue>(V))
      return;

    assert((!isConstant() || getConstant() == V) &&
           "Marking constant with different value");
    assert(isUndefined());
    Tag = constant;
    Val = V;
  }

  void markNotConstant(Constant *V) {
    assert(V && "Marking constant with NULL");
    if (ConstantInt *CI = dyn_cast<ConstantInt>(V)) {
      markConstantRange(ConstantRange(CI->getValue()+1, CI->getValue()));
      return;
    }
    if (isa<UndefValue>(V))
      return;

    assert((!isConstant() || getConstant() != V) &&
           "Marking constant !constant with same value");
    assert((!isNotConstant() || getNotConstant() == V) &&
           "Marking !constant with different value");
    assert(isUndefined() || isConstant());
    Tag = notconstant;
    Val = V;
  }

  void markConstantRange(ConstantRange NewR) {
    if (isConstantRange()) {
      if (NewR.isEmptySet())
        markOverdefined();
      else {
        Range = std::move(NewR);
      }
      return;
    }

    assert(isUndefined());
    if (NewR.isEmptySet())
      markOverdefined();
    else {
      Tag = constantrange;
      Range = std::move(NewR);
    }
  }

public:

  /// Merge the specified lattice value into this one, updating this
  /// one and returning true if anything changed.
  void mergeIn(const LVILatticeVal &RHS, const DataLayout &DL) {
    if (RHS.isUndefined() || isOverdefined())
      return;
    if (RHS.isOverdefined()) {
      markOverdefined();
      return;
    }

    if (isUndefined()) {
      *this = RHS;
      return;
    }

    if (isConstant()) {
      if (RHS.isConstant() && Val == RHS.Val)
          return;
      markOverdefined();
      return;
    }

    if (isNotConstant()) {
      if (RHS.isNotConstant() && Val == RHS.Val)
          return;
      markOverdefined();
      return;
    }

    assert(isConstantRange() && "New LVILattice type?");
    if (!RHS.isConstantRange()) {
      // We can get here if we've encountered a constantexpr of integer type
      // and merge it with a constantrange.
      markOverdefined();
      return;
    }
    ConstantRange NewR = Range.unionWith(RHS.getConstantRange());
    if (NewR.isFullSet())
      markOverdefined();
    else
      markConstantRange(std::move(NewR));
  }
};

} // end anonymous namespace.

namespace llvm {
raw_ostream &operator<<(raw_ostream &OS, const LVILatticeVal &Val)
    LLVM_ATTRIBUTE_USED;
raw_ostream &operator<<(raw_ostream &OS, const LVILatticeVal &Val) {
  if (Val.isUndefined())
    return OS << "undefined";
  if (Val.isOverdefined())
    return OS << "overdefined";

  if (Val.isNotConstant())
    return OS << "notconstant<" << *Val.getNotConstant() << '>';
  if (Val.isConstantRange())
    return OS << "constantrange<" << Val.getConstantRange().getLower() << ", "
              << Val.getConstantRange().getUpper() << '>';
  return OS << "constant<" << *Val.getConstant() << '>';
}
}

/// Returns true if this lattice value represents at most one possible value.
/// This is as precise as any lattice value can get while still representing
/// reachable code.
static bool hasSingleValue(const LVILatticeVal &Val) {
  if (Val.isConstantRange() &&
      Val.getConstantRange().isSingleElement())
    // Integer constants are single element ranges
    return true;
  if (Val.isConstant())
    // Non integer constants
    return true;
  return false;
}

/// Combine two sets of facts about the same value into a single set of
/// facts.  Note that this method is not suitable for merging facts along
/// different paths in a CFG; that's what the mergeIn function is for.  This
/// is for merging facts gathered about the same value at the same location
/// through two independent means.
/// Notes:
/// * This method does not promise to return the most precise possible lattice
///   value implied by A and B.  It is allowed to return any lattice element
///   which is at least as strong as *either* A or B (unless our facts
///   conflict, see below).
/// * Due to unreachable code, the intersection of two lattice values could be
///   contradictory.  If this happens, we return some valid lattice value so as
///   not confuse the rest of LVI.  Ideally, we'd always return Undefined, but
///   we do not make this guarantee.  TODO: This would be a useful enhancement.
static LVILatticeVal intersect(LVILatticeVal A, LVILatticeVal B) {
  // Undefined is the strongest state.  It means the value is known to be along
  // an unreachable path.
  if (A.isUndefined())
    return A;
  if (B.isUndefined())
    return B;

  // If we gave up for one, but got a useable fact from the other, use it.
  if (A.isOverdefined())
    return B;
  if (B.isOverdefined())
    return A;

  // Can't get any more precise than constants.
  if (hasSingleValue(A))
    return A;
  if (hasSingleValue(B))
    return B;

  // Could be either constant range or not constant here.
  if (!A.isConstantRange() || !B.isConstantRange()) {
    // TODO: Arbitrary choice, could be improved
    return A;
  }

  // Intersect two constant ranges
  ConstantRange Range =
    A.getConstantRange().intersectWith(B.getConstantRange());
  // Note: An empty range is implicitly converted to overdefined internally.
  // TODO: We could instead use Undefined here since we've proven a conflict
  // and thus know this path must be unreachable.
  return LVILatticeVal::getRange(std::move(Range));
}

//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
//                          LazyValueInfoCache Decl
//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//

namespace {
  /// A callback value handle updates the cache when values are erased.
  class LazyValueInfoCache;
  struct LVIValueHandle final : public CallbackVH {
    // Needs to access getValPtr(), which is protected.
    friend struct DenseMapInfo<LVIValueHandle>;

    LazyValueInfoCache *Parent;

    LVIValueHandle(Value *V, LazyValueInfoCache *P)
      : CallbackVH(V), Parent(P) { }

    void deleted() override;
    void allUsesReplacedWith(Value *V) override {
      deleted();
    }
  };
} // end anonymous namespace

namespace {
  /// This is the cache kept by LazyValueInfo which
  /// maintains information about queries across the clients' queries.
  class LazyValueInfoCache {
    friend class LazyValueInfoAnnotatedWriter;
    /// This is all of the cached block information for exactly one Value*.
    /// The entries are sorted by the BasicBlock* of the
    /// entries, allowing us to do a lookup with a binary search.
    /// Over-defined lattice values are recorded in OverDefinedCache to reduce
    /// memory overhead.
    struct ValueCacheEntryTy {
      ValueCacheEntryTy(Value *V, LazyValueInfoCache *P) : Handle(V, P) {}
      LVIValueHandle Handle;
      SmallDenseMap<PoisoningVH<BasicBlock>, LVILatticeVal, 4> BlockVals;
    };

    /// This tracks, on a per-block basis, the set of values that are
    /// over-defined at the end of that block.
    typedef DenseMap<PoisoningVH<BasicBlock>, SmallPtrSet<Value *, 4>>
        OverDefinedCacheTy;
    /// Keep track of all blocks that we have ever seen, so we
    /// don't spend time removing unused blocks from our caches.
    DenseSet<PoisoningVH<BasicBlock> > SeenBlocks;

  protected:
    /// This is all of the cached information for all values,
    /// mapped from Value* to key information.
    DenseMap<Value *, std::unique_ptr<ValueCacheEntryTy>> ValueCache;
    OverDefinedCacheTy OverDefinedCache;


  public:
    void insertResult(Value *Val, BasicBlock *BB, const LVILatticeVal &Result) {
      SeenBlocks.insert(BB);

      // Insert over-defined values into their own cache to reduce memory
      // overhead.
      if (Result.isOverdefined())
        OverDefinedCache[BB].insert(Val);
      else {
        auto It = ValueCache.find_as(Val);
        if (It == ValueCache.end()) {
          ValueCache[Val] = make_unique<ValueCacheEntryTy>(Val, this);
          It = ValueCache.find_as(Val);
          assert(It != ValueCache.end() && "Val was just added to the map!");
        }
        It->second->BlockVals[BB] = Result;
      }
    }

    bool isOverdefined(Value *V, BasicBlock *BB) const {
      auto ODI = OverDefinedCache.find(BB);

      if (ODI == OverDefinedCache.end())
        return false;

      return ODI->second.count(V);
    }

    bool hasCachedValueInfo(Value *V, BasicBlock *BB) const {
      if (isOverdefined(V, BB))
        return true;

      auto I = ValueCache.find_as(V);
      if (I == ValueCache.end())
        return false;

      return I->second->BlockVals.count(BB);
    }

    LVILatticeVal getCachedValueInfo(Value *V, BasicBlock *BB) const {
      if (isOverdefined(V, BB))
        return LVILatticeVal::getOverdefined();

      auto I = ValueCache.find_as(V);
      if (I == ValueCache.end())
        return LVILatticeVal();
      auto BBI = I->second->BlockVals.find(BB);
      if (BBI == I->second->BlockVals.end())
        return LVILatticeVal();
      return BBI->second;
    }

    void printCache(Function &F, raw_ostream &OS);
    /// clear - Empty the cache.
    void clear() {
      SeenBlocks.clear();
      ValueCache.clear();
      OverDefinedCache.clear();
    }

    /// Inform the cache that a given value has been deleted.
    void eraseValue(Value *V);

    /// This is part of the update interface to inform the cache
    /// that a block has been deleted.
    void eraseBlock(BasicBlock *BB);

    /// Updates the cache to remove any influence an overdefined value in
    /// OldSucc might have (unless also overdefined in NewSucc).  This just
    /// flushes elements from the cache and does not add any.
    void threadEdgeImpl(BasicBlock *OldSucc,BasicBlock *NewSucc);

    friend struct LVIValueHandle;
  };
}


namespace {

  /// An assembly annotator class to print LazyValueCache information in
  /// comments.
  class LazyValueInfoAnnotatedWriter : public AssemblyAnnotationWriter {
    const LazyValueInfoCache* LVICache;

  public:
    LazyValueInfoAnnotatedWriter(const LazyValueInfoCache *L) : LVICache(L) {}

    virtual void emitBasicBlockStartAnnot(const BasicBlock *BB,
                                          formatted_raw_ostream &OS) {
      auto ODI = LVICache->OverDefinedCache.find(const_cast<BasicBlock*>(BB));
      if (ODI == LVICache->OverDefinedCache.end())
        return;
      OS << "; OverDefined values for block are: \n";
      for (auto *V : ODI->second)
        OS << ";" << *V << "\n";

      // Find if there are latticevalues defined for arguments of the function.
      auto *F = const_cast<Function *>(BB->getParent());
      for (auto &Arg : F->args()) {
        auto VI = LVICache->ValueCache.find_as(&Arg);
        if (VI == LVICache->ValueCache.end())
          continue;
        auto BBI = VI->second->BlockVals.find(const_cast<BasicBlock *>(BB));
        if (BBI != VI->second->BlockVals.end())
          OS << "; CachedLatticeValue for: '" << *VI->first << "' is: '"
             << BBI->second << "'\n";
      }
    }

    virtual void emitInstructionAnnot(const Instruction *I,
                                      formatted_raw_ostream &OS) {

      auto VI = LVICache->ValueCache.find_as(const_cast<Instruction *>(I));
      if (VI == LVICache->ValueCache.end())
        return;
      OS << "; CachedLatticeValues for: '" << *VI->first << "'\n";
      for (auto &BV : VI->second->BlockVals) {
        OS << "; at beginning of BasicBlock: '";
        BV.first->printAsOperand(OS, false);
        OS << "' LatticeVal: '" << BV.second << "' \n";
      }
    }
};
}

void LazyValueInfoCache::printCache(Function &F, raw_ostream &OS) {
  LazyValueInfoAnnotatedWriter Writer(this);
  F.print(OS, &Writer);

}

void LazyValueInfoCache::eraseValue(Value *V) {
  for (auto I = OverDefinedCache.begin(), E = OverDefinedCache.end(); I != E;) {
    // Copy and increment the iterator immediately so we can erase behind
    // ourselves.
    auto Iter = I++;
    SmallPtrSetImpl<Value *> &ValueSet = Iter->second;
    ValueSet.erase(V);
    if (ValueSet.empty())
      OverDefinedCache.erase(Iter);
  }

  ValueCache.erase(V);
}

void LVIValueHandle::deleted() {
  // This erasure deallocates *this, so it MUST happen after we're done
  // using any and all members of *this.
  Parent->eraseValue(*this);
}

void LazyValueInfoCache::eraseBlock(BasicBlock *BB) {
  // Shortcut if we have never seen this block.
  DenseSet<PoisoningVH<BasicBlock> >::iterator I = SeenBlocks.find(BB);
  if (I == SeenBlocks.end())
    return;
  SeenBlocks.erase(I);

  auto ODI = OverDefinedCache.find(BB);
  if (ODI != OverDefinedCache.end())
    OverDefinedCache.erase(ODI);

  for (auto &I : ValueCache)
    I.second->BlockVals.erase(BB);
}

void LazyValueInfoCache::threadEdgeImpl(BasicBlock *OldSucc,
                                        BasicBlock *NewSucc) {
  // When an edge in the graph has been threaded, values that we could not
  // determine a value for before (i.e. were marked overdefined) may be
  // possible to solve now. We do NOT try to proactively update these values.
  // Instead, we clear their entries from the cache, and allow lazy updating to
  // recompute them when needed.

  // The updating process is fairly simple: we need to drop cached info
  // for all values that were marked overdefined in OldSucc, and for those same
  // values in any successor of OldSucc (except NewSucc) in which they were
  // also marked overdefined.
  std::vector<BasicBlock*> worklist;
  worklist.push_back(OldSucc);

  auto I = OverDefinedCache.find(OldSucc);
  if (I == OverDefinedCache.end())
    return; // Nothing to process here.
  SmallVector<Value *, 4> ValsToClear(I->second.begin(), I->second.end());

  // Use a worklist to perform a depth-first search of OldSucc's successors.
  // NOTE: We do not need a visited list since any blocks we have already
  // visited will have had their overdefined markers cleared already, and we
  // thus won't loop to their successors.
  while (!worklist.empty()) {
    BasicBlock *ToUpdate = worklist.back();
    worklist.pop_back();

    // Skip blocks only accessible through NewSucc.
    if (ToUpdate == NewSucc) continue;

    // If a value was marked overdefined in OldSucc, and is here too...
    auto OI = OverDefinedCache.find(ToUpdate);
    if (OI == OverDefinedCache.end())
      continue;
    SmallPtrSetImpl<Value *> &ValueSet = OI->second;

    bool changed = false;
    for (Value *V : ValsToClear) {
      if (!ValueSet.erase(V))
        continue;

      // If we removed anything, then we potentially need to update
      // blocks successors too.
      changed = true;

      if (ValueSet.empty()) {
        OverDefinedCache.erase(OI);
        break;
      }
    }

    if (!changed) continue;

    worklist.insert(worklist.end(), succ_begin(ToUpdate), succ_end(ToUpdate));
  }
}

namespace {
  // The actual implementation of the lazy analysis and update.  Note that the
  // inheritance from LazyValueInfoCache is intended to be temporary while
  // splitting the code and then transitioning to a has-a relationship.
  class LazyValueInfoImpl {

    /// Cached results from previous queries
    LazyValueInfoCache TheCache;

    /// This stack holds the state of the value solver during a query.
    /// It basically emulates the callstack of the naive
    /// recursive value lookup process.
    SmallVector<std::pair<BasicBlock*, Value*>, 8> BlockValueStack;

    /// Keeps track of which block-value pairs are in BlockValueStack.
    DenseSet<std::pair<BasicBlock*, Value*> > BlockValueSet;

    /// Push BV onto BlockValueStack unless it's already in there.
    /// Returns true on success.
    bool pushBlockValue(const std::pair<BasicBlock *, Value *> &BV) {
      if (!BlockValueSet.insert(BV).second)
        return false;  // It's already in the stack.

      DEBUG(dbgs() << "PUSH: " << *BV.second << " in " << BV.first->getName()
                   << "\n");
      BlockValueStack.push_back(BV);
      return true;
    }

    AssumptionCache *AC;  ///< A pointer to the cache of @llvm.assume calls.
    const DataLayout &DL; ///< A mandatory DataLayout
    DominatorTree *DT;    ///< An optional DT pointer.

  LVILatticeVal getBlockValue(Value *Val, BasicBlock *BB);
  bool getEdgeValue(Value *V, BasicBlock *F, BasicBlock *T,
                    LVILatticeVal &Result, Instruction *CxtI = nullptr);
  bool hasBlockValue(Value *Val, BasicBlock *BB);

  // These methods process one work item and may add more. A false value
  // returned means that the work item was not completely processed and must
  // be revisited after going through the new items.
  bool solveBlockValue(Value *Val, BasicBlock *BB);
  bool solveBlockValueImpl(LVILatticeVal &Res, Value *Val, BasicBlock *BB);
  bool solveBlockValueNonLocal(LVILatticeVal &BBLV, Value *Val, BasicBlock *BB);
  bool solveBlockValuePHINode(LVILatticeVal &BBLV, PHINode *PN, BasicBlock *BB);
  bool solveBlockValueSelect(LVILatticeVal &BBLV, SelectInst *S,
                             BasicBlock *BB);
  bool solveBlockValueBinaryOp(LVILatticeVal &BBLV, Instruction *BBI,
                               BasicBlock *BB);
  bool solveBlockValueCast(LVILatticeVal &BBLV, Instruction *BBI,
                           BasicBlock *BB);
  void intersectAssumeOrGuardBlockValueConstantRange(Value *Val,
                                                     LVILatticeVal &BBLV,
                                              Instruction *BBI);

  void solve();

  public:
    /// This is the query interface to determine the lattice
    /// value for the specified Value* at the end of the specified block.
    LVILatticeVal getValueInBlock(Value *V, BasicBlock *BB,
                                  Instruction *CxtI = nullptr);

    /// This is the query interface to determine the lattice
    /// value for the specified Value* at the specified instruction (generally
    /// from an assume intrinsic).
    LVILatticeVal getValueAt(Value *V, Instruction *CxtI);

    /// This is the query interface to determine the lattice
    /// value for the specified Value* that is true on the specified edge.
    LVILatticeVal getValueOnEdge(Value *V, BasicBlock *FromBB,BasicBlock *ToBB,
                                 Instruction *CxtI = nullptr);

    /// Complete flush all previously computed values
    void clear() {
      TheCache.clear();
    }

    /// Printing the LazyValueInfoCache.
    void printCache(Function &F, raw_ostream &OS) {
       TheCache.printCache(F, OS);
    }

    /// This is part of the update interface to inform the cache
    /// that a block has been deleted.
    void eraseBlock(BasicBlock *BB) {
      TheCache.eraseBlock(BB);
    }

    /// This is the update interface to inform the cache that an edge from
    /// PredBB to OldSucc has been threaded to be from PredBB to NewSucc.
    void threadEdge(BasicBlock *PredBB,BasicBlock *OldSucc,BasicBlock *NewSucc);

    LazyValueInfoImpl(AssumptionCache *AC, const DataLayout &DL,
                       DominatorTree *DT = nullptr)
        : AC(AC), DL(DL), DT(DT) {}
  };
} // end anonymous namespace

void LazyValueInfoImpl::solve() {
  SmallVector<std::pair<BasicBlock *, Value *>, 8> StartingStack(
      BlockValueStack.begin(), BlockValueStack.end());

  unsigned processedCount = 0;
  while (!BlockValueStack.empty()) {
    processedCount++;
    // Abort if we have to process too many values to get a result for this one.
    // Because of the design of the overdefined cache currently being per-block
    // to avoid naming-related issues (IE it wants to try to give different
    // results for the same name in different blocks), overdefined results don't
    // get cached globally, which in turn means we will often try to rediscover
    // the same overdefined result again and again.  Once something like
    // PredicateInfo is used in LVI or CVP, we should be able to make the
    // overdefined cache global, and remove this throttle.
    if (processedCount > MaxProcessedPerValue) {
      DEBUG(dbgs() << "Giving up on stack because we are getting too deep\n");
      // Fill in the original values
      while (!StartingStack.empty()) {
        std::pair<BasicBlock *, Value *> &e = StartingStack.back();
        TheCache.insertResult(e.second, e.first,
                              LVILatticeVal::getOverdefined());
        StartingStack.pop_back();
      }
      BlockValueSet.clear();
      BlockValueStack.clear();
      return;
    }
    std::pair<BasicBlock *, Value *> e = BlockValueStack.back();
    assert(BlockValueSet.count(e) && "Stack value should be in BlockValueSet!");

    if (solveBlockValue(e.second, e.first)) {
      // The work item was completely processed.
      assert(BlockValueStack.back() == e && "Nothing should have been pushed!");
      assert(TheCache.hasCachedValueInfo(e.second, e.first) &&
             "Result should be in cache!");

      DEBUG(dbgs() << "POP " << *e.second << " in " << e.first->getName()
                   << " = " << TheCache.getCachedValueInfo(e.second, e.first) << "\n");

      BlockValueStack.pop_back();
      BlockValueSet.erase(e);
    } else {
      // More work needs to be done before revisiting.
      assert(BlockValueStack.back() != e && "Stack should have been pushed!");
    }
  }
}

bool LazyValueInfoImpl::hasBlockValue(Value *Val, BasicBlock *BB) {
  // If already a constant, there is nothing to compute.
  if (isa<Constant>(Val))
    return true;

  return TheCache.hasCachedValueInfo(Val, BB);
}

LVILatticeVal LazyValueInfoImpl::getBlockValue(Value *Val, BasicBlock *BB) {
  // If already a constant, there is nothing to compute.
  if (Constant *VC = dyn_cast<Constant>(Val))
    return LVILatticeVal::get(VC);

  return TheCache.getCachedValueInfo(Val, BB);
}

static LVILatticeVal getFromRangeMetadata(Instruction *BBI) {
  switch (BBI->getOpcode()) {
  default: break;
  case Instruction::Load:
  case Instruction::Call:
  case Instruction::Invoke:
    if (MDNode *Ranges = BBI->getMetadata(LLVMContext::MD_range))
      if (isa<IntegerType>(BBI->getType())) {
        return LVILatticeVal::getRange(getConstantRangeFromMetadata(*Ranges));
      }
    break;
  };
  // Nothing known - will be intersected with other facts
  return LVILatticeVal::getOverdefined();
}

bool LazyValueInfoImpl::solveBlockValue(Value *Val, BasicBlock *BB) {
  if (isa<Constant>(Val))
    return true;

  if (TheCache.hasCachedValueInfo(Val, BB)) {
    // If we have a cached value, use that.
    DEBUG(dbgs() << "  reuse BB '" << BB->getName()
                 << "' val=" << TheCache.getCachedValueInfo(Val, BB) << '\n');

    // Since we're reusing a cached value, we don't need to update the
    // OverDefinedCache. The cache will have been properly updated whenever the
    // cached value was inserted.
    return true;
  }

  // Hold off inserting this value into the Cache in case we have to return
  // false and come back later.
  LVILatticeVal Res;
  if (!solveBlockValueImpl(Res, Val, BB))
    // Work pushed, will revisit
    return false;

  TheCache.insertResult(Val, BB, Res);
  return true;
}

bool LazyValueInfoImpl::solveBlockValueImpl(LVILatticeVal &Res,
                                            Value *Val, BasicBlock *BB) {

  Instruction *BBI = dyn_cast<Instruction>(Val);
  if (!BBI || BBI->getParent() != BB)
    return solveBlockValueNonLocal(Res, Val, BB);

  if (PHINode *PN = dyn_cast<PHINode>(BBI))
    return solveBlockValuePHINode(Res, PN, BB);

  if (auto *SI = dyn_cast<SelectInst>(BBI))
    return solveBlockValueSelect(Res, SI, BB);

  // If this value is a nonnull pointer, record it's range and bailout.  Note
  // that for all other pointer typed values, we terminate the search at the
  // definition.  We could easily extend this to look through geps, bitcasts,
  // and the like to prove non-nullness, but it's not clear that's worth it
  // compile time wise.  The context-insensative value walk done inside
  // isKnownNonNull gets most of the profitable cases at much less expense.
  // This does mean that we have a sensativity to where the defining
  // instruction is placed, even if it could legally be hoisted much higher.
  // That is unfortunate.
  PointerType *PT = dyn_cast<PointerType>(BBI->getType());
  if (PT && isKnownNonNull(BBI)) {
    Res = LVILatticeVal::getNot(ConstantPointerNull::get(PT));
    return true;
  }
  if (BBI->getType()->isIntegerTy()) {
    if (isa<CastInst>(BBI))
      return solveBlockValueCast(Res, BBI, BB);

    BinaryOperator *BO = dyn_cast<BinaryOperator>(BBI);
    if (BO && isa<ConstantInt>(BO->getOperand(1)))
      return solveBlockValueBinaryOp(Res, BBI, BB);
  }

  DEBUG(dbgs() << " compute BB '" << BB->getName()
                 << "' - unknown inst def found.\n");
  Res = getFromRangeMetadata(BBI);
  return true;
}

static bool InstructionDereferencesPointer(Instruction *I, Value *Ptr) {
  if (LoadInst *L = dyn_cast<LoadInst>(I)) {
    return L->getPointerAddressSpace() == 0 &&
           GetUnderlyingObject(L->getPointerOperand(),
                               L->getModule()->getDataLayout()) == Ptr;
  }
  if (StoreInst *S = dyn_cast<StoreInst>(I)) {
    return S->getPointerAddressSpace() == 0 &&
           GetUnderlyingObject(S->getPointerOperand(),
                               S->getModule()->getDataLayout()) == Ptr;
  }
  if (MemIntrinsic *MI = dyn_cast<MemIntrinsic>(I)) {
    if (MI->isVolatile()) return false;

    // FIXME: check whether it has a valuerange that excludes zero?
    ConstantInt *Len = dyn_cast<ConstantInt>(MI->getLength());
    if (!Len || Len->isZero()) return false;

    if (MI->getDestAddressSpace() == 0)
      if (GetUnderlyingObject(MI->getRawDest(),
                              MI->getModule()->getDataLayout()) == Ptr)
        return true;
    if (MemTransferInst *MTI = dyn_cast<MemTransferInst>(MI))
      if (MTI->getSourceAddressSpace() == 0)
        if (GetUnderlyingObject(MTI->getRawSource(),
                                MTI->getModule()->getDataLayout()) == Ptr)
          return true;
  }
  return false;
}

/// Return true if the allocation associated with Val is ever dereferenced
/// within the given basic block.  This establishes the fact Val is not null,
/// but does not imply that the memory at Val is dereferenceable.  (Val may
/// point off the end of the dereferenceable part of the object.)
static bool isObjectDereferencedInBlock(Value *Val, BasicBlock *BB) {
  assert(Val->getType()->isPointerTy());

  const DataLayout &DL = BB->getModule()->getDataLayout();
  Value *UnderlyingVal = GetUnderlyingObject(Val, DL);
  // If 'GetUnderlyingObject' didn't converge, skip it. It won't converge
  // inside InstructionDereferencesPointer either.
  if (UnderlyingVal == GetUnderlyingObject(UnderlyingVal, DL, 1))
    for (Instruction &I : *BB)
      if (InstructionDereferencesPointer(&I, UnderlyingVal))
        return true;
  return false;
}

bool LazyValueInfoImpl::solveBlockValueNonLocal(LVILatticeVal &BBLV,
                                                 Value *Val, BasicBlock *BB) {
  LVILatticeVal Result;  // Start Undefined.

  // If this is the entry block, we must be asking about an argument.  The
  // value is overdefined.
  if (BB == &BB->getParent()->getEntryBlock()) {
    assert(isa<Argument>(Val) && "Unknown live-in to the entry block");
    // Before giving up, see if we can prove the pointer non-null local to
    // this particular block.
    if (Val->getType()->isPointerTy() &&
        (isKnownNonNull(Val) || isObjectDereferencedInBlock(Val, BB))) {
      PointerType *PTy = cast<PointerType>(Val->getType());
      Result = LVILatticeVal::getNot(ConstantPointerNull::get(PTy));
    } else {
      Result = LVILatticeVal::getOverdefined();
    }
    BBLV = Result;
    return true;
  }

  // Loop over all of our predecessors, merging what we know from them into
  // result.  If we encounter an unexplored predecessor, we eagerly explore it
  // in a depth first manner.  In practice, this has the effect of discovering
  // paths we can't analyze eagerly without spending compile times analyzing
  // other paths.  This heuristic benefits from the fact that predecessors are
  // frequently arranged such that dominating ones come first and we quickly
  // find a path to function entry.  TODO: We should consider explicitly
  // canonicalizing to make this true rather than relying on this happy
  // accident.
  for (pred_iterator PI = pred_begin(BB), E = pred_end(BB); PI != E; ++PI) {
    LVILatticeVal EdgeResult;
    if (!getEdgeValue(Val, *PI, BB, EdgeResult))
      // Explore that input, then return here
      return false;

    Result.mergeIn(EdgeResult, DL);

    // If we hit overdefined, exit early.  The BlockVals entry is already set
    // to overdefined.
    if (Result.isOverdefined()) {
      DEBUG(dbgs() << " compute BB '" << BB->getName()
            << "' - overdefined because of pred (non local).\n");
      // Before giving up, see if we can prove the pointer non-null local to
      // this particular block.
      if (Val->getType()->isPointerTy() &&
          isObjectDereferencedInBlock(Val, BB)) {
        PointerType *PTy = cast<PointerType>(Val->getType());
        Result = LVILatticeVal::getNot(ConstantPointerNull::get(PTy));
      }

      BBLV = Result;
      return true;
    }
  }

  // Return the merged value, which is more precise than 'overdefined'.
  assert(!Result.isOverdefined());
  BBLV = Result;
  return true;
}

bool LazyValueInfoImpl::solveBlockValuePHINode(LVILatticeVal &BBLV,
                                                PHINode *PN, BasicBlock *BB) {
  LVILatticeVal Result;  // Start Undefined.

  // Loop over all of our predecessors, merging what we know from them into
  // result.  See the comment about the chosen traversal order in
  // solveBlockValueNonLocal; the same reasoning applies here.
  for (unsigned i = 0, e = PN->getNumIncomingValues(); i != e; ++i) {
    BasicBlock *PhiBB = PN->getIncomingBlock(i);
    Value *PhiVal = PN->getIncomingValue(i);
    LVILatticeVal EdgeResult;
    // Note that we can provide PN as the context value to getEdgeValue, even
    // though the results will be cached, because PN is the value being used as
    // the cache key in the caller.
    if (!getEdgeValue(PhiVal, PhiBB, BB, EdgeResult, PN))
      // Explore that input, then return here
      return false;

    Result.mergeIn(EdgeResult, DL);

    // If we hit overdefined, exit early.  The BlockVals entry is already set
    // to overdefined.
    if (Result.isOverdefined()) {
      DEBUG(dbgs() << " compute BB '" << BB->getName()
            << "' - overdefined because of pred (local).\n");

      BBLV = Result;
      return true;
    }
  }

  // Return the merged value, which is more precise than 'overdefined'.
  assert(!Result.isOverdefined() && "Possible PHI in entry block?");
  BBLV = Result;
  return true;
}

static LVILatticeVal getValueFromCondition(Value *Val, Value *Cond,
                                           bool isTrueDest = true);

// If we can determine a constraint on the value given conditions assumed by
// the program, intersect those constraints with BBLV
void LazyValueInfoImpl::intersectAssumeOrGuardBlockValueConstantRange(
        Value *Val, LVILatticeVal &BBLV, Instruction *BBI) {
  BBI = BBI ? BBI : dyn_cast<Instruction>(Val);
  if (!BBI)
    return;

  for (auto &AssumeVH : AC->assumptionsFor(Val)) {
    if (!AssumeVH)
      continue;
    auto *I = cast<CallInst>(AssumeVH);
    if (!isValidAssumeForContext(I, BBI, DT))
      continue;

    BBLV = intersect(BBLV, getValueFromCondition(Val, I->getArgOperand(0)));
  }

  // If guards are not used in the module, don't spend time looking for them
  auto *GuardDecl = BBI->getModule()->getFunction(
          Intrinsic::getName(Intrinsic::experimental_guard));
  if (!GuardDecl || GuardDecl->use_empty())
    return;

  for (Instruction &I : make_range(BBI->getIterator().getReverse(),
                                   BBI->getParent()->rend())) {
    Value *Cond = nullptr;
    if (match(&I, m_Intrinsic<Intrinsic::experimental_guard>(m_Value(Cond))))
      BBLV = intersect(BBLV, getValueFromCondition(Val, Cond));
  }
}

bool LazyValueInfoImpl::solveBlockValueSelect(LVILatticeVal &BBLV,
                                               SelectInst *SI, BasicBlock *BB) {

  // Recurse on our inputs if needed
  if (!hasBlockValue(SI->getTrueValue(), BB)) {
    if (pushBlockValue(std::make_pair(BB, SI->getTrueValue())))
      return false;
    BBLV = LVILatticeVal::getOverdefined();
    return true;
  }
  LVILatticeVal TrueVal = getBlockValue(SI->getTrueValue(), BB);
  // If we hit overdefined, don't ask more queries.  We want to avoid poisoning
  // extra slots in the table if we can.
  if (TrueVal.isOverdefined()) {
    BBLV = LVILatticeVal::getOverdefined();
    return true;
  }

  if (!hasBlockValue(SI->getFalseValue(), BB)) {
    if (pushBlockValue(std::make_pair(BB, SI->getFalseValue())))
      return false;
    BBLV = LVILatticeVal::getOverdefined();
    return true;
  }
  LVILatticeVal FalseVal = getBlockValue(SI->getFalseValue(), BB);
  // If we hit overdefined, don't ask more queries.  We want to avoid poisoning
  // extra slots in the table if we can.
  if (FalseVal.isOverdefined()) {
    BBLV = LVILatticeVal::getOverdefined();
    return true;
  }

  if (TrueVal.isConstantRange() && FalseVal.isConstantRange()) {
    const ConstantRange &TrueCR = TrueVal.getConstantRange();
    const ConstantRange &FalseCR = FalseVal.getConstantRange();
    Value *LHS = nullptr;
    Value *RHS = nullptr;
    SelectPatternResult SPR = matchSelectPattern(SI, LHS, RHS);
    // Is this a min specifically of our two inputs?  (Avoid the risk of
    // ValueTracking getting smarter looking back past our immediate inputs.)
    if (SelectPatternResult::isMinOrMax(SPR.Flavor) &&
        LHS == SI->getTrueValue() && RHS == SI->getFalseValue()) {
      ConstantRange ResultCR = [&]() {
        switch (SPR.Flavor) {
        default:
          llvm_unreachable("unexpected minmax type!");
        case SPF_SMIN:                   /// Signed minimum
          return TrueCR.smin(FalseCR);
        case SPF_UMIN:                   /// Unsigned minimum
          return TrueCR.umin(FalseCR);
        case SPF_SMAX:                   /// Signed maximum
          return TrueCR.smax(FalseCR);
        case SPF_UMAX:                   /// Unsigned maximum
          return TrueCR.umax(FalseCR);
        };
      }();
      BBLV = LVILatticeVal::getRange(ResultCR);
      return true;
    }

    // TODO: ABS, NABS from the SelectPatternResult
  }

  // Can we constrain the facts about the true and false values by using the
  // condition itself?  This shows up with idioms like e.g. select(a > 5, a, 5).
  // TODO: We could potentially refine an overdefined true value above.
  Value *Cond = SI->getCondition();
  TrueVal = intersect(TrueVal,
                      getValueFromCondition(SI->getTrueValue(), Cond, true));
  FalseVal = intersect(FalseVal,
                       getValueFromCondition(SI->getFalseValue(), Cond, false));

  // Handle clamp idioms such as:
  //   %24 = constantrange<0, 17>
  //   %39 = icmp eq i32 %24, 0
  //   %40 = add i32 %24, -1
  //   %siv.next = select i1 %39, i32 16, i32 %40
  //   %siv.next = constantrange<0, 17> not <-1, 17>
  // In general, this can handle any clamp idiom which tests the edge
  // condition via an equality or inequality.
  if (auto *ICI = dyn_cast<ICmpInst>(Cond)) {
    ICmpInst::Predicate Pred = ICI->getPredicate();
    Value *A = ICI->getOperand(0);
    if (ConstantInt *CIBase = dyn_cast<ConstantInt>(ICI->getOperand(1))) {
      auto addConstants = [](ConstantInt *A, ConstantInt *B) {
        assert(A->getType() == B->getType());
        return ConstantInt::get(A->getType(), A->getValue() + B->getValue());
      };
      // See if either input is A + C2, subject to the constraint from the
      // condition that A != C when that input is used.  We can assume that
      // that input doesn't include C + C2.
      ConstantInt *CIAdded;
      switch (Pred) {
      default: break;
      case ICmpInst::ICMP_EQ:
        if (match(SI->getFalseValue(), m_Add(m_Specific(A),
                                             m_ConstantInt(CIAdded)))) {
          auto ResNot = addConstants(CIBase, CIAdded);
          FalseVal = intersect(FalseVal,
                               LVILatticeVal::getNot(ResNot));
        }
        break;
      case ICmpInst::ICMP_NE:
        if (match(SI->getTrueValue(), m_Add(m_Specific(A),
                                            m_ConstantInt(CIAdded)))) {
          auto ResNot = addConstants(CIBase, CIAdded);
          TrueVal = intersect(TrueVal,
                              LVILatticeVal::getNot(ResNot));
        }
        break;
      };
    }
  }

  LVILatticeVal Result;  // Start Undefined.
  Result.mergeIn(TrueVal, DL);
  Result.mergeIn(FalseVal, DL);
  BBLV = Result;
  return true;
}

bool LazyValueInfoImpl::solveBlockValueCast(LVILatticeVal &BBLV,
                                             Instruction *BBI,
                                             BasicBlock *BB) {
  if (!BBI->getOperand(0)->getType()->isSized()) {
    // Without knowing how wide the input is, we can't analyze it in any useful
    // way.
    BBLV = LVILatticeVal::getOverdefined();
    return true;
  }

  // Filter out casts we don't know how to reason about before attempting to
  // recurse on our operand.  This can cut a long search short if we know we're
  // not going to be able to get any useful information anways.
  switch (BBI->getOpcode()) {
  case Instruction::Trunc:
  case Instruction::SExt:
  case Instruction::ZExt:
  case Instruction::BitCast:
    break;
  default:
    // Unhandled instructions are overdefined.
    DEBUG(dbgs() << " compute BB '" << BB->getName()
                 << "' - overdefined (unknown cast).\n");
    BBLV = LVILatticeVal::getOverdefined();
    return true;
  }

  // Figure out the range of the LHS.  If that fails, we still apply the
  // transfer rule on the full set since we may be able to locally infer
  // interesting facts.
  if (!hasBlockValue(BBI->getOperand(0), BB))
    if (pushBlockValue(std::make_pair(BB, BBI->getOperand(0))))
      // More work to do before applying this transfer rule.
      return false;

  const unsigned OperandBitWidth =
    DL.getTypeSizeInBits(BBI->getOperand(0)->getType());
  ConstantRange LHSRange = ConstantRange(OperandBitWidth);
  if (hasBlockValue(BBI->getOperand(0), BB)) {
    LVILatticeVal LHSVal = getBlockValue(BBI->getOperand(0), BB);
    intersectAssumeOrGuardBlockValueConstantRange(BBI->getOperand(0), LHSVal,
                                                  BBI);
    if (LHSVal.isConstantRange())
      LHSRange = LHSVal.getConstantRange();
  }

  const unsigned ResultBitWidth =
    cast<IntegerType>(BBI->getType())->getBitWidth();

  // NOTE: We're currently limited by the set of operations that ConstantRange
  // can evaluate symbolically.  Enhancing that set will allows us to analyze
  // more definitions.
  auto CastOp = (Instruction::CastOps) BBI->getOpcode();
  BBLV = LVILatticeVal::getRange(LHSRange.castOp(CastOp, ResultBitWidth));
  return true;
}

bool LazyValueInfoImpl::solveBlockValueBinaryOp(LVILatticeVal &BBLV,
                                                 Instruction *BBI,
                                                 BasicBlock *BB) {

  assert(BBI->getOperand(0)->getType()->isSized() &&
         "all operands to binary operators are sized");

  // Filter out operators we don't know how to reason about before attempting to
  // recurse on our operand(s).  This can cut a long search short if we know
  // we're not going to be able to get any useful information anways.
  switch (BBI->getOpcode()) {
  case Instruction::Add:
  case Instruction::Sub:
  case Instruction::Mul:
  case Instruction::UDiv:
  case Instruction::Shl:
  case Instruction::LShr:
  case Instruction::And:
  case Instruction::Or:
    // continue into the code below
    break;
  default:
    // Unhandled instructions are overdefined.
    DEBUG(dbgs() << " compute BB '" << BB->getName()
                 << "' - overdefined (unknown binary operator).\n");
    BBLV = LVILatticeVal::getOverdefined();
    return true;
  };

  // Figure out the range of the LHS.  If that fails, use a conservative range,
  // but apply the transfer rule anyways.  This lets us pick up facts from
  // expressions like "and i32 (call i32 @foo()), 32"
  if (!hasBlockValue(BBI->getOperand(0), BB))
    if (pushBlockValue(std::make_pair(BB, BBI->getOperand(0))))
      // More work to do before applying this transfer rule.
      return false;

  const unsigned OperandBitWidth =
    DL.getTypeSizeInBits(BBI->getOperand(0)->getType());
  ConstantRange LHSRange = ConstantRange(OperandBitWidth);
  if (hasBlockValue(BBI->getOperand(0), BB)) {
    LVILatticeVal LHSVal = getBlockValue(BBI->getOperand(0), BB);
    intersectAssumeOrGuardBlockValueConstantRange(BBI->getOperand(0), LHSVal,
                                                  BBI);
    if (LHSVal.isConstantRange())
      LHSRange = LHSVal.getConstantRange();
  }

  ConstantInt *RHS = cast<ConstantInt>(BBI->getOperand(1));
  ConstantRange RHSRange = ConstantRange(RHS->getValue());

  // NOTE: We're currently limited by the set of operations that ConstantRange
  // can evaluate symbolically.  Enhancing that set will allows us to analyze
  // more definitions.
  auto BinOp = (Instruction::BinaryOps) BBI->getOpcode();
  BBLV = LVILatticeVal::getRange(LHSRange.binaryOp(BinOp, RHSRange));
  return true;
}

static LVILatticeVal getValueFromICmpCondition(Value *Val, ICmpInst *ICI,
                                               bool isTrueDest) {
  Value *LHS = ICI->getOperand(0);
  Value *RHS = ICI->getOperand(1);
  CmpInst::Predicate Predicate = ICI->getPredicate();

  if (isa<Constant>(RHS)) {
    if (ICI->isEquality() && LHS == Val) {
      // We know that V has the RHS constant if this is a true SETEQ or
      // false SETNE.
      if (isTrueDest == (Predicate == ICmpInst::ICMP_EQ))
        return LVILatticeVal::get(cast<Constant>(RHS));
      else
        return LVILatticeVal::getNot(cast<Constant>(RHS));
    }
  }

  if (!Val->getType()->isIntegerTy())
    return LVILatticeVal::getOverdefined();

  // Use ConstantRange::makeAllowedICmpRegion in order to determine the possible
  // range of Val guaranteed by the condition. Recognize comparisons in the from
  // of:
  //  icmp <pred> Val, ...
  //  icmp <pred> (add Val, Offset), ...
  // The latter is the range checking idiom that InstCombine produces. Subtract
  // the offset from the allowed range for RHS in this case.

  // Val or (add Val, Offset) can be on either hand of the comparison
  if (LHS != Val && !match(LHS, m_Add(m_Specific(Val), m_ConstantInt()))) {
    std::swap(LHS, RHS);
    Predicate = CmpInst::getSwappedPredicate(Predicate);
  }

  ConstantInt *Offset = nullptr;
  if (LHS != Val)
    match(LHS, m_Add(m_Specific(Val), m_ConstantInt(Offset)));

  if (LHS == Val || Offset) {
    // Calculate the range of values that are allowed by the comparison
    ConstantRange RHSRange(RHS->getType()->getIntegerBitWidth(),
                           /*isFullSet=*/true);
    if (ConstantInt *CI = dyn_cast<ConstantInt>(RHS))
      RHSRange = ConstantRange(CI->getValue());
    else if (Instruction *I = dyn_cast<Instruction>(RHS))
      if (auto *Ranges = I->getMetadata(LLVMContext::MD_range))
        RHSRange = getConstantRangeFromMetadata(*Ranges);

    // If we're interested in the false dest, invert the condition
    CmpInst::Predicate Pred =
            isTrueDest ? Predicate : CmpInst::getInversePredicate(Predicate);
    ConstantRange TrueValues =
            ConstantRange::makeAllowedICmpRegion(Pred, RHSRange);

    if (Offset) // Apply the offset from above.
      TrueValues = TrueValues.subtract(Offset->getValue());

    return LVILatticeVal::getRange(std::move(TrueValues));
  }

  return LVILatticeVal::getOverdefined();
}

static LVILatticeVal
getValueFromCondition(Value *Val, Value *Cond, bool isTrueDest,
                      DenseMap<Value*, LVILatticeVal> &Visited);

static LVILatticeVal
getValueFromConditionImpl(Value *Val, Value *Cond, bool isTrueDest,
                          DenseMap<Value*, LVILatticeVal> &Visited) {
  if (ICmpInst *ICI = dyn_cast<ICmpInst>(Cond))
    return getValueFromICmpCondition(Val, ICI, isTrueDest);

  // Handle conditions in the form of (cond1 && cond2), we know that on the
  // true dest path both of the conditions hold.
  if (!isTrueDest)
    return LVILatticeVal::getOverdefined();

  BinaryOperator *BO = dyn_cast<BinaryOperator>(Cond);
  if (!BO || BO->getOpcode() != BinaryOperator::And)
    return LVILatticeVal::getOverdefined();

  auto RHS = getValueFromCondition(Val, BO->getOperand(0), isTrueDest, Visited);
  auto LHS = getValueFromCondition(Val, BO->getOperand(1), isTrueDest, Visited);
  return intersect(RHS, LHS);
}

static LVILatticeVal
getValueFromCondition(Value *Val, Value *Cond, bool isTrueDest,
                      DenseMap<Value*, LVILatticeVal> &Visited) {
  auto I = Visited.find(Cond);
  if (I != Visited.end())
    return I->second;

  auto Result = getValueFromConditionImpl(Val, Cond, isTrueDest, Visited);
  Visited[Cond] = Result;
  return Result;
}

LVILatticeVal getValueFromCondition(Value *Val, Value *Cond, bool isTrueDest) {
  assert(Cond && "precondition");
  DenseMap<Value*, LVILatticeVal> Visited;
  return getValueFromCondition(Val, Cond, isTrueDest, Visited);
}

/// \brief Compute the value of Val on the edge BBFrom -> BBTo. Returns false if
/// Val is not constrained on the edge.  Result is unspecified if return value
/// is false.
static bool getEdgeValueLocal(Value *Val, BasicBlock *BBFrom,
                              BasicBlock *BBTo, LVILatticeVal &Result) {
  // TODO: Handle more complex conditionals. If (v == 0 || v2 < 1) is false, we
  // know that v != 0.
  if (BranchInst *BI = dyn_cast<BranchInst>(BBFrom->getTerminator())) {
    // If this is a conditional branch and only one successor goes to BBTo, then
    // we may be able to infer something from the condition.
    if (BI->isConditional() &&
        BI->getSuccessor(0) != BI->getSuccessor(1)) {
      bool isTrueDest = BI->getSuccessor(0) == BBTo;
      assert(BI->getSuccessor(!isTrueDest) == BBTo &&
             "BBTo isn't a successor of BBFrom");

      // If V is the condition of the branch itself, then we know exactly what
      // it is.
      if (BI->getCondition() == Val) {
        Result = LVILatticeVal::get(ConstantInt::get(
                              Type::getInt1Ty(Val->getContext()), isTrueDest));
        return true;
      }

      // If the condition of the branch is an equality comparison, we may be
      // able to infer the value.
      Result = getValueFromCondition(Val, BI->getCondition(), isTrueDest);
      if (!Result.isOverdefined())
        return true;
    }
  }

  // If the edge was formed by a switch on the value, then we may know exactly
  // what it is.
  if (SwitchInst *SI = dyn_cast<SwitchInst>(BBFrom->getTerminator())) {
    if (SI->getCondition() != Val)
      return false;

    bool DefaultCase = SI->getDefaultDest() == BBTo;
    unsigned BitWidth = Val->getType()->getIntegerBitWidth();
    ConstantRange EdgesVals(BitWidth, DefaultCase/*isFullSet*/);

    for (auto Case : SI->cases()) {
      ConstantRange EdgeVal(Case.getCaseValue()->getValue());
      if (DefaultCase) {
        // It is possible that the default destination is the destination of
        // some cases. There is no need to perform difference for those cases.
        if (Case.getCaseSuccessor() != BBTo)
          EdgesVals = EdgesVals.difference(EdgeVal);
      } else if (Case.getCaseSuccessor() == BBTo)
        EdgesVals = EdgesVals.unionWith(EdgeVal);
    }
    Result = LVILatticeVal::getRange(std::move(EdgesVals));
    return true;
  }
  return false;
}

/// \brief Compute the value of Val on the edge BBFrom -> BBTo or the value at
/// the basic block if the edge does not constrain Val.
bool LazyValueInfoImpl::getEdgeValue(Value *Val, BasicBlock *BBFrom,
                                     BasicBlock *BBTo, LVILatticeVal &Result,
                                     Instruction *CxtI) {
  // If already a constant, there is nothing to compute.
  if (Constant *VC = dyn_cast<Constant>(Val)) {
    Result = LVILatticeVal::get(VC);
    return true;
  }

  LVILatticeVal LocalResult;
  if (!getEdgeValueLocal(Val, BBFrom, BBTo, LocalResult))
    // If we couldn't constrain the value on the edge, LocalResult doesn't
    // provide any information.
    LocalResult = LVILatticeVal::getOverdefined();

  if (hasSingleValue(LocalResult)) {
    // Can't get any more precise here
    Result = LocalResult;
    return true;
  }

  if (!hasBlockValue(Val, BBFrom)) {
    if (pushBlockValue(std::make_pair(BBFrom, Val)))
      return false;
    // No new information.
    Result = LocalResult;
    return true;
  }

  // Try to intersect ranges of the BB and the constraint on the edge.
  LVILatticeVal InBlock = getBlockValue(Val, BBFrom);
  intersectAssumeOrGuardBlockValueConstantRange(Val, InBlock,
                                                BBFrom->getTerminator());
  // We can use the context instruction (generically the ultimate instruction
  // the calling pass is trying to simplify) here, even though the result of
  // this function is generally cached when called from the solve* functions
  // (and that cached result might be used with queries using a different
  // context instruction), because when this function is called from the solve*
  // functions, the context instruction is not provided. When called from
  // LazyValueInfoImpl::getValueOnEdge, the context instruction is provided,
  // but then the result is not cached.
  intersectAssumeOrGuardBlockValueConstantRange(Val, InBlock, CxtI);

  Result = intersect(LocalResult, InBlock);
  return true;
}

LVILatticeVal LazyValueInfoImpl::getValueInBlock(Value *V, BasicBlock *BB,
                                                  Instruction *CxtI) {
  DEBUG(dbgs() << "LVI Getting block end value " << *V << " at '"
        << BB->getName() << "'\n");

  assert(BlockValueStack.empty() && BlockValueSet.empty());
  if (!hasBlockValue(V, BB)) {
    pushBlockValue(std::make_pair(BB, V));
    solve();
  }
  LVILatticeVal Result = getBlockValue(V, BB);
  intersectAssumeOrGuardBlockValueConstantRange(V, Result, CxtI);

  DEBUG(dbgs() << "  Result = " << Result << "\n");
  return Result;
}

LVILatticeVal LazyValueInfoImpl::getValueAt(Value *V, Instruction *CxtI) {
  DEBUG(dbgs() << "LVI Getting value " << *V << " at '"
        << CxtI->getName() << "'\n");

  if (auto *C = dyn_cast<Constant>(V))
    return LVILatticeVal::get(C);

  LVILatticeVal Result = LVILatticeVal::getOverdefined();
  if (auto *I = dyn_cast<Instruction>(V))
    Result = getFromRangeMetadata(I);
  intersectAssumeOrGuardBlockValueConstantRange(V, Result, CxtI);

  DEBUG(dbgs() << "  Result = " << Result << "\n");
  return Result;
}

LVILatticeVal LazyValueInfoImpl::
getValueOnEdge(Value *V, BasicBlock *FromBB, BasicBlock *ToBB,
               Instruction *CxtI) {
  DEBUG(dbgs() << "LVI Getting edge value " << *V << " from '"
        << FromBB->getName() << "' to '" << ToBB->getName() << "'\n");

  LVILatticeVal Result;
  if (!getEdgeValue(V, FromBB, ToBB, Result, CxtI)) {
    solve();
    bool WasFastQuery = getEdgeValue(V, FromBB, ToBB, Result, CxtI);
    (void)WasFastQuery;
    assert(WasFastQuery && "More work to do after problem solved?");
  }

  DEBUG(dbgs() << "  Result = " << Result << "\n");
  return Result;
}

void LazyValueInfoImpl::threadEdge(BasicBlock *PredBB, BasicBlock *OldSucc,
                                   BasicBlock *NewSucc) {
  TheCache.threadEdgeImpl(OldSucc, NewSucc);
}

//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
//                            LazyValueInfo Impl
//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//

/// This lazily constructs the LazyValueInfoImpl.
static LazyValueInfoImpl &getImpl(void *&PImpl, AssumptionCache *AC,
                                  const DataLayout *DL,
                                  DominatorTree *DT = nullptr) {
  if (!PImpl) {
    assert(DL && "getCache() called with a null DataLayout");
    PImpl = new LazyValueInfoImpl(AC, *DL, DT);
  }
  return *static_cast<LazyValueInfoImpl*>(PImpl);
}

bool LazyValueInfoWrapperPass::runOnFunction(Function &F) {
  Info.AC = &getAnalysis<AssumptionCacheTracker>().getAssumptionCache(F);
  const DataLayout &DL = F.getParent()->getDataLayout();

  DominatorTreeWrapperPass *DTWP =
      getAnalysisIfAvailable<DominatorTreeWrapperPass>();
  Info.DT = DTWP ? &DTWP->getDomTree() : nullptr;
  Info.TLI = &getAnalysis<TargetLibraryInfoWrapperPass>().getTLI();

  if (Info.PImpl)
    getImpl(Info.PImpl, Info.AC, &DL, Info.DT).clear();

  // Fully lazy.
  return false;
}

void LazyValueInfoWrapperPass::getAnalysisUsage(AnalysisUsage &AU) const {
  AU.setPreservesAll();
  AU.addRequired<AssumptionCacheTracker>();
  AU.addRequired<TargetLibraryInfoWrapperPass>();
}

LazyValueInfo &LazyValueInfoWrapperPass::getLVI() { return Info; }

LazyValueInfo::~LazyValueInfo() { releaseMemory(); }

void LazyValueInfo::releaseMemory() {
  // If the cache was allocated, free it.
  if (PImpl) {
    delete &getImpl(PImpl, AC, nullptr);
    PImpl = nullptr;
  }
}

bool LazyValueInfo::invalidate(Function &F, const PreservedAnalyses &PA,
                               FunctionAnalysisManager::Invalidator &Inv) {
  // We need to invalidate if we have either failed to preserve this analyses
  // result directly or if any of its dependencies have been invalidated.
  auto PAC = PA.getChecker<LazyValueAnalysis>();
  if (!(PAC.preserved() || PAC.preservedSet<AllAnalysesOn<Function>>()) ||
      (DT && Inv.invalidate<DominatorTreeAnalysis>(F, PA)))
    return true;

  return false;
}

void LazyValueInfoWrapperPass::releaseMemory() { Info.releaseMemory(); }

LazyValueInfo LazyValueAnalysis::run(Function &F, FunctionAnalysisManager &FAM) {
  auto &AC = FAM.getResult<AssumptionAnalysis>(F);
  auto &TLI = FAM.getResult<TargetLibraryAnalysis>(F);
  auto *DT = FAM.getCachedResult<DominatorTreeAnalysis>(F);

  return LazyValueInfo(&AC, &F.getParent()->getDataLayout(), &TLI, DT);
}

/// Returns true if we can statically tell that this value will never be a
/// "useful" constant.  In practice, this means we've got something like an
/// alloca or a malloc call for which a comparison against a constant can
/// only be guarding dead code.  Note that we are potentially giving up some
/// precision in dead code (a constant result) in favour of avoiding a
/// expensive search for a easily answered common query.
static bool isKnownNonConstant(Value *V) {
  V = V->stripPointerCasts();
  // The return val of alloc cannot be a Constant.
  if (isa<AllocaInst>(V))
    return true;
  return false;
}

Constant *LazyValueInfo::getConstant(Value *V, BasicBlock *BB,
                                     Instruction *CxtI) {
  // Bail out early if V is known not to be a Constant.
  if (isKnownNonConstant(V))
    return nullptr;

  const DataLayout &DL = BB->getModule()->getDataLayout();
  LVILatticeVal Result =
      getImpl(PImpl, AC, &DL, DT).getValueInBlock(V, BB, CxtI);

  if (Result.isConstant())
    return Result.getConstant();
  if (Result.isConstantRange()) {
    const ConstantRange &CR = Result.getConstantRange();
    if (const APInt *SingleVal = CR.getSingleElement())
      return ConstantInt::get(V->getContext(), *SingleVal);
  }
  return nullptr;
}

ConstantRange LazyValueInfo::getConstantRange(Value *V, BasicBlock *BB,
                                              Instruction *CxtI) {
  assert(V->getType()->isIntegerTy());
  unsigned Width = V->getType()->getIntegerBitWidth();
  const DataLayout &DL = BB->getModule()->getDataLayout();
  LVILatticeVal Result =
      getImpl(PImpl, AC, &DL, DT).getValueInBlock(V, BB, CxtI);
  if (Result.isUndefined())
    return ConstantRange(Width, /*isFullSet=*/false);
  if (Result.isConstantRange())
    return Result.getConstantRange();
  // We represent ConstantInt constants as constant ranges but other kinds
  // of integer constants, i.e. ConstantExpr will be tagged as constants
  assert(!(Result.isConstant() && isa<ConstantInt>(Result.getConstant())) &&
         "ConstantInt value must be represented as constantrange");
  return ConstantRange(Width, /*isFullSet=*/true);
}

/// Determine whether the specified value is known to be a
/// constant on the specified edge. Return null if not.
Constant *LazyValueInfo::getConstantOnEdge(Value *V, BasicBlock *FromBB,
                                           BasicBlock *ToBB,
                                           Instruction *CxtI) {
  const DataLayout &DL = FromBB->getModule()->getDataLayout();
  LVILatticeVal Result =
      getImpl(PImpl, AC, &DL, DT).getValueOnEdge(V, FromBB, ToBB, CxtI);

  if (Result.isConstant())
    return Result.getConstant();
  if (Result.isConstantRange()) {
    const ConstantRange &CR = Result.getConstantRange();
    if (const APInt *SingleVal = CR.getSingleElement())
      return ConstantInt::get(V->getContext(), *SingleVal);
  }
  return nullptr;
}

static LazyValueInfo::Tristate getPredicateResult(unsigned Pred, Constant *C,
                                                  LVILatticeVal &Result,
                                                  const DataLayout &DL,
                                                  TargetLibraryInfo *TLI) {

  // If we know the value is a constant, evaluate the conditional.
  Constant *Res = nullptr;
  if (Result.isConstant()) {
    Res = ConstantFoldCompareInstOperands(Pred, Result.getConstant(), C, DL,
                                          TLI);
    if (ConstantInt *ResCI = dyn_cast<ConstantInt>(Res))
      return ResCI->isZero() ? LazyValueInfo::False : LazyValueInfo::True;
    return LazyValueInfo::Unknown;
  }

  if (Result.isConstantRange()) {
    ConstantInt *CI = dyn_cast<ConstantInt>(C);
    if (!CI) return LazyValueInfo::Unknown;

    const ConstantRange &CR = Result.getConstantRange();
    if (Pred == ICmpInst::ICMP_EQ) {
      if (!CR.contains(CI->getValue()))
        return LazyValueInfo::False;

      if (CR.isSingleElement() && CR.contains(CI->getValue()))
        return LazyValueInfo::True;
    } else if (Pred == ICmpInst::ICMP_NE) {
      if (!CR.contains(CI->getValue()))
        return LazyValueInfo::True;

      if (CR.isSingleElement() && CR.contains(CI->getValue()))
        return LazyValueInfo::False;
    }

    // Handle more complex predicates.
    ConstantRange TrueValues = ConstantRange::makeExactICmpRegion(
        (ICmpInst::Predicate)Pred, CI->getValue());
    if (TrueValues.contains(CR))
      return LazyValueInfo::True;
    if (TrueValues.inverse().contains(CR))
      return LazyValueInfo::False;
    return LazyValueInfo::Unknown;
  }

  if (Result.isNotConstant()) {
    // If this is an equality comparison, we can try to fold it knowing that
    // "V != C1".
    if (Pred == ICmpInst::ICMP_EQ) {
      // !C1 == C -> false iff C1 == C.
      Res = ConstantFoldCompareInstOperands(ICmpInst::ICMP_NE,
                                            Result.getNotConstant(), C, DL,
                                            TLI);
      if (Res->isNullValue())
        return LazyValueInfo::False;
    } else if (Pred == ICmpInst::ICMP_NE) {
      // !C1 != C -> true iff C1 == C.
      Res = ConstantFoldCompareInstOperands(ICmpInst::ICMP_NE,
                                            Result.getNotConstant(), C, DL,
                                            TLI);
      if (Res->isNullValue())
        return LazyValueInfo::True;
    }
    return LazyValueInfo::Unknown;
  }

  return LazyValueInfo::Unknown;
}

/// Determine whether the specified value comparison with a constant is known to
/// be true or false on the specified CFG edge. Pred is a CmpInst predicate.
LazyValueInfo::Tristate
LazyValueInfo::getPredicateOnEdge(unsigned Pred, Value *V, Constant *C,
                                  BasicBlock *FromBB, BasicBlock *ToBB,
                                  Instruction *CxtI) {
  const DataLayout &DL = FromBB->getModule()->getDataLayout();
  LVILatticeVal Result =
      getImpl(PImpl, AC, &DL, DT).getValueOnEdge(V, FromBB, ToBB, CxtI);

  return getPredicateResult(Pred, C, Result, DL, TLI);
}

LazyValueInfo::Tristate
LazyValueInfo::getPredicateAt(unsigned Pred, Value *V, Constant *C,
                              Instruction *CxtI) {
  // Is or is not NonNull are common predicates being queried. If
  // isKnownNonNull can tell us the result of the predicate, we can
  // return it quickly. But this is only a fastpath, and falling
  // through would still be correct.
  if (V->getType()->isPointerTy() && C->isNullValue() &&
      isKnownNonNull(V->stripPointerCasts())) {
    if (Pred == ICmpInst::ICMP_EQ)
      return LazyValueInfo::False;
    else if (Pred == ICmpInst::ICMP_NE)
      return LazyValueInfo::True;
  }
  const DataLayout &DL = CxtI->getModule()->getDataLayout();
  LVILatticeVal Result = getImpl(PImpl, AC, &DL, DT).getValueAt(V, CxtI);
  Tristate Ret = getPredicateResult(Pred, C, Result, DL, TLI);
  if (Ret != Unknown)
    return Ret;

  // Note: The following bit of code is somewhat distinct from the rest of LVI;
  // LVI as a whole tries to compute a lattice value which is conservatively
  // correct at a given location.  In this case, we have a predicate which we
  // weren't able to prove about the merged result, and we're pushing that
  // predicate back along each incoming edge to see if we can prove it
  // separately for each input.  As a motivating example, consider:
  // bb1:
  //   %v1 = ... ; constantrange<1, 5>
  //   br label %merge
  // bb2:
  //   %v2 = ... ; constantrange<10, 20>
  //   br label %merge
  // merge:
  //   %phi = phi [%v1, %v2] ; constantrange<1,20>
  //   %pred = icmp eq i32 %phi, 8
  // We can't tell from the lattice value for '%phi' that '%pred' is false
  // along each path, but by checking the predicate over each input separately,
  // we can.
  // We limit the search to one step backwards from the current BB and value.
  // We could consider extending this to search further backwards through the
  // CFG and/or value graph, but there are non-obvious compile time vs quality
  // tradeoffs.
  if (CxtI) {
    BasicBlock *BB = CxtI->getParent();

    // Function entry or an unreachable block.  Bail to avoid confusing
    // analysis below.
    pred_iterator PI = pred_begin(BB), PE = pred_end(BB);
    if (PI == PE)
      return Unknown;

    // If V is a PHI node in the same block as the context, we need to ask
    // questions about the predicate as applied to the incoming value along
    // each edge. This is useful for eliminating cases where the predicate is
    // known along all incoming edges.
    if (auto *PHI = dyn_cast<PHINode>(V))
      if (PHI->getParent() == BB) {
        Tristate Baseline = Unknown;
        for (unsigned i = 0, e = PHI->getNumIncomingValues(); i < e; i++) {
          Value *Incoming = PHI->getIncomingValue(i);
          BasicBlock *PredBB = PHI->getIncomingBlock(i);
          // Note that PredBB may be BB itself.
          Tristate Result = getPredicateOnEdge(Pred, Incoming, C, PredBB, BB,
                                               CxtI);

          // Keep going as long as we've seen a consistent known result for
          // all inputs.
          Baseline = (i == 0) ? Result /* First iteration */
            : (Baseline == Result ? Baseline : Unknown); /* All others */
          if (Baseline == Unknown)
            break;
        }
        if (Baseline != Unknown)
          return Baseline;
      }

    // For a comparison where the V is outside this block, it's possible
    // that we've branched on it before. Look to see if the value is known
    // on all incoming edges.
    if (!isa<Instruction>(V) ||
        cast<Instruction>(V)->getParent() != BB) {
      // For predecessor edge, determine if the comparison is true or false
      // on that edge. If they're all true or all false, we can conclude
      // the value of the comparison in this block.
      Tristate Baseline = getPredicateOnEdge(Pred, V, C, *PI, BB, CxtI);
      if (Baseline != Unknown) {
        // Check that all remaining incoming values match the first one.
        while (++PI != PE) {
          Tristate Ret = getPredicateOnEdge(Pred, V, C, *PI, BB, CxtI);
          if (Ret != Baseline) break;
        }
        // If we terminated early, then one of the values didn't match.
        if (PI == PE) {
          return Baseline;
        }
      }
    }
  }
  return Unknown;
}

void LazyValueInfo::threadEdge(BasicBlock *PredBB, BasicBlock *OldSucc,
                               BasicBlock *NewSucc) {
  if (PImpl) {
    const DataLayout &DL = PredBB->getModule()->getDataLayout();
    getImpl(PImpl, AC, &DL, DT).threadEdge(PredBB, OldSucc, NewSucc);
  }
}

void LazyValueInfo::eraseBlock(BasicBlock *BB) {
  if (PImpl) {
    const DataLayout &DL = BB->getModule()->getDataLayout();
    getImpl(PImpl, AC, &DL, DT).eraseBlock(BB);
  }
}


void LazyValueInfo::printCache(Function &F, raw_ostream &OS) {
  if (PImpl) {
    getImpl(PImpl, AC, DL, DT).printCache(F, OS);
  }
}

namespace {
// Printer class for LazyValueInfo results.
class LazyValueInfoPrinter : public FunctionPass {
public:
  static char ID; // Pass identification, replacement for typeid
  LazyValueInfoPrinter() : FunctionPass(ID) {
    initializeLazyValueInfoPrinterPass(*PassRegistry::getPassRegistry());
  }

  void getAnalysisUsage(AnalysisUsage &AU) const override {
    AU.setPreservesAll();
    AU.addRequired<LazyValueInfoWrapperPass>();
  }

  bool runOnFunction(Function &F) override {
    dbgs() << "LVI for function '" << F.getName() << "':\n";
    auto &LVI = getAnalysis<LazyValueInfoWrapperPass>().getLVI();
    LVI.printCache(F, dbgs());
    return false;
  }
};
}

char LazyValueInfoPrinter::ID = 0;
INITIALIZE_PASS_BEGIN(LazyValueInfoPrinter, "print-lazy-value-info",
                "Lazy Value Info Printer Pass", false, false)
INITIALIZE_PASS_DEPENDENCY(LazyValueInfoWrapperPass)
INITIALIZE_PASS_END(LazyValueInfoPrinter, "print-lazy-value-info",
                "Lazy Value Info Printer Pass", false, false)