xref: /llvm-project-15.0.7/libcxx/include/span (revision d2baefae)
1// -*- C++ -*-
2//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
3//
4// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
5// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
6// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
7//
8//===---------------------------------------------------------------------===//
9
10#ifndef _LIBCPP_SPAN
11#define _LIBCPP_SPAN
12
13/*
14    span synopsis
15
16namespace std {
17
18// constants
19inline constexpr size_t dynamic_extent = numeric_limits<size_t>::max();
20
21// [views.span], class template span
22template <class ElementType, size_t Extent = dynamic_extent>
23    class span;
24
25template<class ElementType, size_t Extent>
26  inline constexpr bool ranges::enable_view<span<ElementType, Extent>> = true;
27
28template<class ElementType, size_t Extent>
29    inline constexpr bool ranges::enable_borrowed_range<span<ElementType, Extent>> = true;
30
31// [span.objectrep], views of object representation
32template <class ElementType, size_t Extent>
33    span<const byte, ((Extent == dynamic_extent) ? dynamic_extent :
34        (sizeof(ElementType) * Extent))> as_bytes(span<ElementType, Extent> s) noexcept;
35
36template <class ElementType, size_t Extent>
37    span<      byte, ((Extent == dynamic_extent) ? dynamic_extent :
38        (sizeof(ElementType) * Extent))> as_writable_bytes(span<ElementType, Extent> s) noexcept;
39
40
41template <class ElementType, size_t Extent = dynamic_extent>
42class span {
43public:
44    // constants and types
45    using element_type = ElementType;
46    using value_type = remove_cv_t<ElementType>;
47    using size_type = size_t;
48    using difference_type = ptrdiff_t;
49    using pointer = element_type*;
50    using const_pointer = const element_type*;
51    using reference = element_type&;
52    using const_reference = const element_type&;
53    using iterator = implementation-defined;
54    using reverse_iterator = std::reverse_iterator<iterator>;
55    static constexpr size_type extent = Extent;
56
57    // [span.cons], span constructors, copy, assignment, and destructor
58    constexpr span() noexcept;
59    template <class It>
60    constexpr explicit(Extent != dynamic_extent) span(It first, size_type count);
61    template <class It, class End>
62    constexpr explicit(Extent != dynamic_extent) span(It first, End last);
63    template <size_t N>
64        constexpr span(type_identity_t<element_type> (&arr)[N]) noexcept;
65    template <size_t N>
66        constexpr span(array<value_type, N>& arr) noexcept;
67    template <size_t N>
68        constexpr span(const array<value_type, N>& arr) noexcept;
69    template<class R>
70      constexpr explicit(Extent != dynamic_extent) span(R&& r);
71    constexpr span(const span& other) noexcept = default;
72    template <class OtherElementType, size_t OtherExtent>
73        constexpr explicit(Extent != dynamic_extent) span(const span<OtherElementType, OtherExtent>& s) noexcept;
74    ~span() noexcept = default;
75    constexpr span& operator=(const span& other) noexcept = default;
76
77    // [span.sub], span subviews
78    template <size_t Count>
79        constexpr span<element_type, Count> first() const;
80    template <size_t Count>
81        constexpr span<element_type, Count> last() const;
82    template <size_t Offset, size_t Count = dynamic_extent>
83        constexpr span<element_type, see below> subspan() const;
84
85    constexpr span<element_type, dynamic_extent> first(size_type count) const;
86    constexpr span<element_type, dynamic_extent> last(size_type count) const;
87    constexpr span<element_type, dynamic_extent> subspan(size_type offset, size_type count = dynamic_extent) const;
88
89    // [span.obs], span observers
90    constexpr size_type size() const noexcept;
91    constexpr size_type size_bytes() const noexcept;
92    [[nodiscard]] constexpr bool empty() const noexcept;
93
94    // [span.elem], span element access
95    constexpr reference operator[](size_type idx) const;
96    constexpr reference front() const;
97    constexpr reference back() const;
98    constexpr pointer data() const noexcept;
99
100    // [span.iterators], span iterator support
101    constexpr iterator begin() const noexcept;
102    constexpr iterator end() const noexcept;
103    constexpr reverse_iterator rbegin() const noexcept;
104    constexpr reverse_iterator rend() const noexcept;
105
106private:
107    pointer data_;    // exposition only
108    size_type size_;  // exposition only
109};
110
111template<class It, class EndOrSize>
112    span(It, EndOrSize) -> span<remove_reference_t<iter_reference_t<_It>>>;
113
114template<class T, size_t N>
115    span(T (&)[N]) -> span<T, N>;
116
117template<class T, size_t N>
118    span(array<T, N>&) -> span<T, N>;
119
120template<class T, size_t N>
121    span(const array<T, N>&) -> span<const T, N>;
122
123template<class R>
124    span(R&&) -> span<remove_reference_t<ranges::range_reference_t<R>>>;
125
126} // namespace std
127
128*/
129
130#include <__assert>
131#include <__config>
132#include <__debug>
133#include <__iterator/concepts.h>
134#include <__iterator/wrap_iter.h>
135#include <__ranges/concepts.h>
136#include <__ranges/data.h>
137#include <__ranges/enable_borrowed_range.h>
138#include <__ranges/enable_view.h>
139#include <__ranges/size.h>
140#include <array>        // for array
141#include <cstddef>      // for byte
142#include <iterator>     // for iterators
143#include <limits>
144#include <type_traits>  // for remove_cv, etc
145#include <version>
146
147#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
148#  pragma GCC system_header
149#endif
150
151_LIBCPP_PUSH_MACROS
152#include <__undef_macros>
153
154_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
155
156#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER > 17
157
158inline constexpr size_t dynamic_extent = numeric_limits<size_t>::max();
159template <typename _Tp, size_t _Extent = dynamic_extent> class span;
160
161
162template <class _Tp>
163struct __is_std_array : false_type {};
164
165template <class _Tp, size_t _Sz>
166struct __is_std_array<array<_Tp, _Sz>> : true_type {};
167
168template <class _Tp>
169struct __is_std_span : false_type {};
170
171template <class _Tp, size_t _Sz>
172struct __is_std_span<span<_Tp, _Sz>> : true_type {};
173
174#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER > 17 && !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_INCOMPLETE_RANGES)
175template <class _Range, class _ElementType>
176concept __span_compatible_range =
177  ranges::contiguous_range<_Range> &&
178  ranges::sized_range<_Range> &&
179  (ranges::borrowed_range<_Range> || is_const_v<_ElementType>) &&
180  !__is_std_span<remove_cvref_t<_Range>>::value  &&
181  !__is_std_array<remove_cvref_t<_Range>>::value &&
182  !is_array_v<remove_cvref_t<_Range>> &&
183  is_convertible_v<remove_reference_t<ranges::range_reference_t<_Range>>(*)[], _ElementType(*)[]>;
184#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER > 17 && !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_INCOMPLETE_RANGES)
185
186template <typename _Tp, size_t _Extent>
187class _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS span {
188public:
189//  constants and types
190    using element_type           = _Tp;
191    using value_type             = remove_cv_t<_Tp>;
192    using size_type              = size_t;
193    using difference_type        = ptrdiff_t;
194    using pointer                = _Tp *;
195    using const_pointer          = const _Tp *;
196    using reference              = _Tp &;
197    using const_reference        = const _Tp &;
198#if (_LIBCPP_DEBUG_LEVEL == 2) || defined(_LIBCPP_ABI_SPAN_POINTER_ITERATORS)
199    using iterator               = pointer;
200#else
201    using iterator               = __wrap_iter<pointer>;
202#endif
203    using reverse_iterator       = _VSTD::reverse_iterator<iterator>;
204
205    static constexpr size_type extent = _Extent;
206
207// [span.cons], span constructors, copy, assignment, and destructor
208    template <size_t _Sz = _Extent, enable_if_t<_Sz == 0, nullptr_t> = nullptr>
209    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY constexpr span() noexcept : __data{nullptr} {}
210
211    constexpr span           (const span&) noexcept = default;
212    constexpr span& operator=(const span&) noexcept = default;
213
214#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER > 17
215    template <class _It,
216              enable_if_t<contiguous_iterator<_It> &&
217                              is_convertible_v<remove_reference_t<iter_reference_t<_It>>(*)[], element_type (*)[]>,
218                          nullptr_t> = nullptr>
219    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
220    constexpr explicit span(_It __first, size_type __count)
221        : __data{_VSTD::to_address(__first)} {
222      (void)__count;
223      _LIBCPP_ASSERT(_Extent == __count, "size mismatch in span's constructor (iterator, len)");
224    }
225
226    template <
227        class _It, class _End,
228        enable_if_t<is_convertible_v<remove_reference_t<iter_reference_t<_It> > (*)[], element_type (*)[]> &&
229                        contiguous_iterator<_It> && sized_sentinel_for<_End, _It> && !is_convertible_v<_End, size_t>,
230                    nullptr_t> = nullptr>
231    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
232    constexpr explicit span(_It __first, _End __last) : __data{_VSTD::to_address(__first)} {
233      (void)__last;
234      _LIBCPP_ASSERT((__last - __first >= 0), "invalid range in span's constructor (iterator, sentinel)");
235      _LIBCPP_ASSERT(__last - __first == _Extent,
236                     "invalid range in span's constructor (iterator, sentinel): last - first != extent");
237    }
238#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER > 17
239
240    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY constexpr span(type_identity_t<element_type> (&__arr)[_Extent]) noexcept : __data{__arr} {}
241
242    template <class _OtherElementType,
243              enable_if_t<is_convertible_v<_OtherElementType(*)[], element_type (*)[]>, nullptr_t> = nullptr>
244    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
245    constexpr span(array<_OtherElementType, _Extent>& __arr) noexcept : __data{__arr.data()} {}
246
247    template <class _OtherElementType,
248              enable_if_t<is_convertible_v<const _OtherElementType(*)[], element_type (*)[]>, nullptr_t> = nullptr>
249    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
250    constexpr span(const array<_OtherElementType, _Extent>& __arr) noexcept : __data{__arr.data()} {}
251
252#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER > 17 && !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_INCOMPLETE_RANGES)
253    template <__span_compatible_range<element_type> _Range>
254    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
255    constexpr explicit span(_Range&& __r) : __data{ranges::data(__r)} {
256      _LIBCPP_ASSERT(ranges::size(__r) == _Extent, "size mismatch in span's constructor (range)");
257    }
258#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER > 17 && !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_INCOMPLETE_RANGES)
259
260    template <class _OtherElementType>
261    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
262        constexpr span(const span<_OtherElementType, _Extent>& __other,
263                       enable_if_t<
264                          is_convertible_v<_OtherElementType(*)[], element_type (*)[]>,
265                          nullptr_t> = nullptr)
266        : __data{__other.data()} {}
267
268    template <class _OtherElementType>
269    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
270        constexpr explicit span(const span<_OtherElementType, dynamic_extent>& __other,
271                       enable_if_t<
272                          is_convertible_v<_OtherElementType(*)[], element_type (*)[]>,
273                          nullptr_t> = nullptr) noexcept
274        : __data{__other.data()} { _LIBCPP_ASSERT(_Extent == __other.size(), "size mismatch in span's constructor (other span)"); }
275
276
277//  ~span() noexcept = default;
278
279    template <size_t _Count>
280    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
281    constexpr span<element_type, _Count> first() const noexcept
282    {
283        static_assert(_Count <= _Extent, "Count out of range in span::first()");
284        return span<element_type, _Count>{data(), _Count};
285    }
286
287    template <size_t _Count>
288    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
289    constexpr span<element_type, _Count> last() const noexcept
290    {
291        static_assert(_Count <= _Extent, "Count out of range in span::last()");
292        return span<element_type, _Count>{data() + size() - _Count, _Count};
293    }
294
295    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
296    constexpr span<element_type, dynamic_extent> first(size_type __count) const noexcept
297    {
298        _LIBCPP_ASSERT(__count <= size(), "Count out of range in span::first(count)");
299        return {data(), __count};
300    }
301
302    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
303    constexpr span<element_type, dynamic_extent> last(size_type __count) const noexcept
304    {
305        _LIBCPP_ASSERT(__count <= size(), "Count out of range in span::last(count)");
306        return {data() + size() - __count, __count};
307    }
308
309    template <size_t _Offset, size_t _Count = dynamic_extent>
310    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
311    constexpr auto subspan() const noexcept
312        -> span<element_type, _Count != dynamic_extent ? _Count : _Extent - _Offset>
313    {
314        static_assert(_Offset <= _Extent, "Offset out of range in span::subspan()");
315        static_assert(_Count == dynamic_extent || _Count <= _Extent - _Offset, "Offset + count out of range in span::subspan()");
316
317        using _ReturnType = span<element_type, _Count != dynamic_extent ? _Count : _Extent - _Offset>;
318        return _ReturnType{data() + _Offset, _Count == dynamic_extent ? size() - _Offset : _Count};
319    }
320
321
322    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
323    constexpr span<element_type, dynamic_extent>
324       subspan(size_type __offset, size_type __count = dynamic_extent) const noexcept
325    {
326        _LIBCPP_ASSERT(__offset <= size(), "Offset out of range in span::subspan(offset, count)");
327        _LIBCPP_ASSERT(__count  <= size() || __count == dynamic_extent, "Count out of range in span::subspan(offset, count)");
328        if (__count == dynamic_extent)
329            return {data() + __offset, size() - __offset};
330        _LIBCPP_ASSERT(__count <= size() - __offset, "Offset + count out of range in span::subspan(offset, count)");
331        return {data() + __offset, __count};
332    }
333
334    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY constexpr size_type size()           const noexcept { return _Extent; }
335    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY constexpr size_type size_bytes()     const noexcept { return _Extent * sizeof(element_type); }
336    [[nodiscard]] _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY constexpr bool empty() const noexcept { return _Extent == 0; }
337
338    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY constexpr reference operator[](size_type __idx) const noexcept
339    {
340        _LIBCPP_ASSERT(__idx < size(), "span<T,N>[] index out of bounds");
341        return __data[__idx];
342    }
343
344    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY constexpr reference front() const noexcept
345    {
346        _LIBCPP_ASSERT(!empty(), "span<T, N>::front() on empty span");
347        return __data[0];
348    }
349
350    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY constexpr reference back() const noexcept
351    {
352        _LIBCPP_ASSERT(!empty(), "span<T, N>::back() on empty span");
353        return __data[size()-1];
354    }
355
356    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY constexpr pointer data()                         const noexcept { return __data; }
357
358// [span.iter], span iterator support
359    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY constexpr iterator                 begin() const noexcept { return iterator(data()); }
360    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY constexpr iterator                   end() const noexcept { return iterator(data() + size()); }
361    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY constexpr reverse_iterator        rbegin() const noexcept { return reverse_iterator(end()); }
362    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY constexpr reverse_iterator          rend() const noexcept { return reverse_iterator(begin()); }
363
364    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY span<const byte, _Extent * sizeof(element_type)> __as_bytes() const noexcept
365    { return span<const byte, _Extent * sizeof(element_type)>{reinterpret_cast<const byte *>(data()), size_bytes()}; }
366
367    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY span<byte, _Extent * sizeof(element_type)> __as_writable_bytes() const noexcept
368    { return span<byte, _Extent * sizeof(element_type)>{reinterpret_cast<byte *>(data()), size_bytes()}; }
369
370private:
371    pointer    __data;
372
373};
374
375
376template <typename _Tp>
377class _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS span<_Tp, dynamic_extent> {
378private:
379
380public:
381//  constants and types
382    using element_type           = _Tp;
383    using value_type             = remove_cv_t<_Tp>;
384    using size_type              = size_t;
385    using difference_type        = ptrdiff_t;
386    using pointer                = _Tp *;
387    using const_pointer          = const _Tp *;
388    using reference              = _Tp &;
389    using const_reference        = const _Tp &;
390#if (_LIBCPP_DEBUG_LEVEL == 2) || defined(_LIBCPP_ABI_SPAN_POINTER_ITERATORS)
391    using iterator               = pointer;
392#else
393    using iterator               = __wrap_iter<pointer>;
394#endif
395    using reverse_iterator       = _VSTD::reverse_iterator<iterator>;
396
397    static constexpr size_type extent = dynamic_extent;
398
399// [span.cons], span constructors, copy, assignment, and destructor
400    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY constexpr span() noexcept : __data{nullptr}, __size{0} {}
401
402    constexpr span           (const span&) noexcept = default;
403    constexpr span& operator=(const span&) noexcept = default;
404
405#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER > 17
406    template <class _It,
407              enable_if_t<contiguous_iterator<_It> &&
408                              is_convertible_v<remove_reference_t<iter_reference_t<_It> > (*)[], element_type (*)[]>,
409                          nullptr_t> = nullptr>
410    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
411    constexpr span(_It __first, size_type __count)
412        : __data{_VSTD::to_address(__first)}, __size{__count} {}
413
414    template <
415        class _It, class _End,
416        enable_if_t<is_convertible_v<remove_reference_t<iter_reference_t<_It> > (*)[], element_type (*)[]> &&
417                        contiguous_iterator<_It> && sized_sentinel_for<_End, _It> && !is_convertible_v<_End, size_t>,
418                    nullptr_t> = nullptr>
419    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
420    constexpr span(_It __first, _End __last)
421        : __data(_VSTD::to_address(__first)), __size(__last - __first) {}
422#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER > 17
423
424    template <size_t _Sz>
425    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
426    constexpr span(type_identity_t<element_type> (&__arr)[_Sz]) noexcept : __data{__arr}, __size{_Sz} {}
427
428    template <class _OtherElementType, size_t _Sz,
429              enable_if_t<is_convertible_v<_OtherElementType(*)[], element_type (*)[]>, nullptr_t> = nullptr>
430    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
431    constexpr span(array<_OtherElementType, _Sz>& __arr) noexcept : __data{__arr.data()}, __size{_Sz} {}
432
433    template <class _OtherElementType, size_t _Sz,
434              enable_if_t<is_convertible_v<const _OtherElementType(*)[], element_type (*)[]>, nullptr_t> = nullptr>
435    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
436    constexpr span(const array<_OtherElementType, _Sz>& __arr) noexcept : __data{__arr.data()}, __size{_Sz} {}
437
438#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER > 17 && !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_INCOMPLETE_RANGES)
439    template <__span_compatible_range<element_type> _Range>
440    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
441    constexpr span(_Range&& __r) : __data(ranges::data(__r)), __size{ranges::size(__r)} {}
442#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER > 17 && !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_INCOMPLETE_RANGES)
443
444    template <class _OtherElementType, size_t _OtherExtent>
445    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
446        constexpr span(const span<_OtherElementType, _OtherExtent>& __other,
447                       enable_if_t<
448                          is_convertible_v<_OtherElementType(*)[], element_type (*)[]>,
449                          nullptr_t> = nullptr) noexcept
450        : __data{__other.data()}, __size{__other.size()} {}
451
452//    ~span() noexcept = default;
453
454    template <size_t _Count>
455    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
456    constexpr span<element_type, _Count> first() const noexcept
457    {
458        _LIBCPP_ASSERT(_Count <= size(), "Count out of range in span::first()");
459        return span<element_type, _Count>{data(), _Count};
460    }
461
462    template <size_t _Count>
463    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
464    constexpr span<element_type, _Count> last() const noexcept
465    {
466        _LIBCPP_ASSERT(_Count <= size(), "Count out of range in span::last()");
467        return span<element_type, _Count>{data() + size() - _Count, _Count};
468    }
469
470    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
471    constexpr span<element_type, dynamic_extent> first(size_type __count) const noexcept
472    {
473        _LIBCPP_ASSERT(__count <= size(), "Count out of range in span::first(count)");
474        return {data(), __count};
475    }
476
477    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
478    constexpr span<element_type, dynamic_extent> last (size_type __count) const noexcept
479    {
480        _LIBCPP_ASSERT(__count <= size(), "Count out of range in span::last(count)");
481        return {data() + size() - __count, __count};
482    }
483
484    template <size_t _Offset, size_t _Count = dynamic_extent>
485    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
486    constexpr span<element_type, _Count> subspan() const noexcept
487    {
488        _LIBCPP_ASSERT(_Offset <= size(), "Offset out of range in span::subspan()");
489        _LIBCPP_ASSERT(_Count == dynamic_extent || _Count <= size() - _Offset, "Offset + count out of range in span::subspan()");
490        return span<element_type, _Count>{data() + _Offset, _Count == dynamic_extent ? size() - _Offset : _Count};
491    }
492
493    constexpr span<element_type, dynamic_extent>
494    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
495    subspan(size_type __offset, size_type __count = dynamic_extent) const noexcept
496    {
497        _LIBCPP_ASSERT(__offset <= size(), "Offset out of range in span::subspan(offset, count)");
498        _LIBCPP_ASSERT(__count  <= size() || __count == dynamic_extent, "count out of range in span::subspan(offset, count)");
499        if (__count == dynamic_extent)
500            return {data() + __offset, size() - __offset};
501        _LIBCPP_ASSERT(__count <= size() - __offset, "Offset + count out of range in span::subspan(offset, count)");
502        return {data() + __offset, __count};
503    }
504
505    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY constexpr size_type size()           const noexcept { return __size; }
506    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY constexpr size_type size_bytes()     const noexcept { return __size * sizeof(element_type); }
507    [[nodiscard]] _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY constexpr bool empty() const noexcept { return __size == 0; }
508
509    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY constexpr reference operator[](size_type __idx) const noexcept
510    {
511        _LIBCPP_ASSERT(__idx < size(), "span<T>[] index out of bounds");
512        return __data[__idx];
513    }
514
515    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY constexpr reference front() const noexcept
516    {
517        _LIBCPP_ASSERT(!empty(), "span<T>[].front() on empty span");
518        return __data[0];
519    }
520
521    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY constexpr reference back() const noexcept
522    {
523        _LIBCPP_ASSERT(!empty(), "span<T>[].back() on empty span");
524        return __data[size()-1];
525    }
526
527
528    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY constexpr pointer data()                         const noexcept { return __data; }
529
530// [span.iter], span iterator support
531    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY constexpr iterator                 begin() const noexcept { return iterator(data()); }
532    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY constexpr iterator                   end() const noexcept { return iterator(data() + size()); }
533    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY constexpr reverse_iterator        rbegin() const noexcept { return reverse_iterator(end()); }
534    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY constexpr reverse_iterator          rend() const noexcept { return reverse_iterator(begin()); }
535
536    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY span<const byte, dynamic_extent> __as_bytes() const noexcept
537    { return {reinterpret_cast<const byte *>(data()), size_bytes()}; }
538
539    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY span<byte, dynamic_extent> __as_writable_bytes() const noexcept
540    { return {reinterpret_cast<byte *>(data()), size_bytes()}; }
541
542private:
543    pointer   __data;
544    size_type __size;
545};
546
547#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER > 17
548template <class _Tp, size_t _Extent>
549inline constexpr bool ranges::enable_borrowed_range<span<_Tp, _Extent> > = true;
550
551template <class _ElementType, size_t _Extent>
552inline constexpr bool ranges::enable_view<span<_ElementType, _Extent>> = true;
553#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER > 17
554
555//  as_bytes & as_writable_bytes
556template <class _Tp, size_t _Extent>
557_LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
558auto as_bytes(span<_Tp, _Extent> __s) noexcept
559-> decltype(__s.__as_bytes())
560{ return    __s.__as_bytes(); }
561
562template <class _Tp, size_t _Extent>
563_LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
564auto as_writable_bytes(span<_Tp, _Extent> __s) noexcept
565-> enable_if_t<!is_const_v<_Tp>, decltype(__s.__as_writable_bytes())>
566{ return __s.__as_writable_bytes(); }
567
568#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER > 17
569template<contiguous_iterator _It, class _EndOrSize>
570    span(_It, _EndOrSize) -> span<remove_reference_t<iter_reference_t<_It>>>;
571#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER > 17
572
573template<class _Tp, size_t _Sz>
574    span(_Tp (&)[_Sz]) -> span<_Tp, _Sz>;
575
576template<class _Tp, size_t _Sz>
577    span(array<_Tp, _Sz>&) -> span<_Tp, _Sz>;
578
579template<class _Tp, size_t _Sz>
580    span(const array<_Tp, _Sz>&) -> span<const _Tp, _Sz>;
581
582#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER > 17 && !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_INCOMPLETE_RANGES)
583template<ranges::contiguous_range _Range>
584    span(_Range&&) -> span<remove_reference_t<ranges::range_reference_t<_Range>>>;
585#endif
586
587#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER > 17
588
589_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
590
591_LIBCPP_POP_MACROS
592
593#endif // _LIBCPP_SPAN
594