1 //===-- lib/Evaluate/tools.cpp --------------------------------------------===//
2 //
3 // Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
4 // See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
5 // SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
6 //
7 //===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
8 
9 #include "flang/Evaluate/tools.h"
10 #include "flang/Common/idioms.h"
11 #include "flang/Evaluate/characteristics.h"
12 #include "flang/Evaluate/traverse.h"
13 #include "flang/Parser/message.h"
14 #include "flang/Semantics/tools.h"
15 #include <algorithm>
16 #include <variant>
17 
18 using namespace Fortran::parser::literals;
19 
20 namespace Fortran::evaluate {
21 
22 std::optional<Expr<SomeType>> AsGenericExpr(DataRef &&ref) {
23   const Symbol &symbol{ref.GetLastSymbol()};
24   if (auto dyType{DynamicType::From(symbol)}) {
25     return TypedWrapper<Designator, DataRef>(*dyType, std::move(ref));
26   }
27   return std::nullopt;
28 }
29 
30 std::optional<Expr<SomeType>> AsGenericExpr(const Symbol &symbol) {
31   return AsGenericExpr(DataRef{symbol});
32 }
33 
34 Expr<SomeType> Parenthesize(Expr<SomeType> &&expr) {
35   return std::visit(
36       [&](auto &&x) {
37         using T = std::decay_t<decltype(x)>;
38         if constexpr (common::HasMember<T, TypelessExpression> ||
39             std::is_same_v<T, Expr<SomeDerived>>) {
40           return expr; // no parentheses around typeless or derived type
41         } else {
42           return std::visit(
43               [](auto &&y) {
44                 using T = ResultType<decltype(y)>;
45                 return AsGenericExpr(Parentheses<T>{std::move(y)});
46               },
47               std::move(x.u));
48         }
49       },
50       std::move(expr.u));
51 }
52 
53 std::optional<DataRef> ExtractSubstringBase(const Substring &substring) {
54   return std::visit(
55       common::visitors{
56           [&](const DataRef &x) -> std::optional<DataRef> { return x; },
57           [&](const StaticDataObject::Pointer &) -> std::optional<DataRef> {
58             return std::nullopt;
59           },
60       },
61       substring.parent());
62 }
63 
64 // IsVariable()
65 
66 auto IsVariableHelper::operator()(const Symbol &symbol) const -> Result {
67   const Symbol &root{GetAssociationRoot(symbol)};
68   return !IsNamedConstant(root) && root.has<semantics::ObjectEntityDetails>();
69 }
70 auto IsVariableHelper::operator()(const Component &x) const -> Result {
71   const Symbol &comp{x.GetLastSymbol()};
72   return (*this)(comp) && (IsPointer(comp) || (*this)(x.base()));
73 }
74 auto IsVariableHelper::operator()(const ArrayRef &x) const -> Result {
75   return (*this)(x.base());
76 }
77 auto IsVariableHelper::operator()(const Substring &x) const -> Result {
78   return (*this)(x.GetBaseObject());
79 }
80 auto IsVariableHelper::operator()(const ProcedureDesignator &x) const
81     -> Result {
82   if (const Symbol * symbol{x.GetSymbol()}) {
83     const Symbol *result{FindFunctionResult(*symbol)};
84     return result && IsPointer(*result) && !IsProcedurePointer(*result);
85   }
86   return false;
87 }
88 
89 // Conversions of COMPLEX component expressions to REAL.
90 ConvertRealOperandsResult ConvertRealOperands(
91     parser::ContextualMessages &messages, Expr<SomeType> &&x,
92     Expr<SomeType> &&y, int defaultRealKind) {
93   return std::visit(
94       common::visitors{
95           [&](Expr<SomeInteger> &&ix,
96               Expr<SomeInteger> &&iy) -> ConvertRealOperandsResult {
97             // Can happen in a CMPLX() constructor.  Per F'2018,
98             // both integer operands are converted to default REAL.
99             return {AsSameKindExprs<TypeCategory::Real>(
100                 ConvertToKind<TypeCategory::Real>(
101                     defaultRealKind, std::move(ix)),
102                 ConvertToKind<TypeCategory::Real>(
103                     defaultRealKind, std::move(iy)))};
104           },
105           [&](Expr<SomeInteger> &&ix,
106               Expr<SomeReal> &&ry) -> ConvertRealOperandsResult {
107             return {AsSameKindExprs<TypeCategory::Real>(
108                 ConvertTo(ry, std::move(ix)), std::move(ry))};
109           },
110           [&](Expr<SomeReal> &&rx,
111               Expr<SomeInteger> &&iy) -> ConvertRealOperandsResult {
112             return {AsSameKindExprs<TypeCategory::Real>(
113                 std::move(rx), ConvertTo(rx, std::move(iy)))};
114           },
115           [&](Expr<SomeReal> &&rx,
116               Expr<SomeReal> &&ry) -> ConvertRealOperandsResult {
117             return {AsSameKindExprs<TypeCategory::Real>(
118                 std::move(rx), std::move(ry))};
119           },
120           [&](Expr<SomeInteger> &&ix,
121               BOZLiteralConstant &&by) -> ConvertRealOperandsResult {
122             return {AsSameKindExprs<TypeCategory::Real>(
123                 ConvertToKind<TypeCategory::Real>(
124                     defaultRealKind, std::move(ix)),
125                 ConvertToKind<TypeCategory::Real>(
126                     defaultRealKind, std::move(by)))};
127           },
128           [&](BOZLiteralConstant &&bx,
129               Expr<SomeInteger> &&iy) -> ConvertRealOperandsResult {
130             return {AsSameKindExprs<TypeCategory::Real>(
131                 ConvertToKind<TypeCategory::Real>(
132                     defaultRealKind, std::move(bx)),
133                 ConvertToKind<TypeCategory::Real>(
134                     defaultRealKind, std::move(iy)))};
135           },
136           [&](Expr<SomeReal> &&rx,
137               BOZLiteralConstant &&by) -> ConvertRealOperandsResult {
138             return {AsSameKindExprs<TypeCategory::Real>(
139                 std::move(rx), ConvertTo(rx, std::move(by)))};
140           },
141           [&](BOZLiteralConstant &&bx,
142               Expr<SomeReal> &&ry) -> ConvertRealOperandsResult {
143             return {AsSameKindExprs<TypeCategory::Real>(
144                 ConvertTo(ry, std::move(bx)), std::move(ry))};
145           },
146           [&](auto &&, auto &&) -> ConvertRealOperandsResult { // C718
147             messages.Say("operands must be INTEGER or REAL"_err_en_US);
148             return std::nullopt;
149           },
150       },
151       std::move(x.u), std::move(y.u));
152 }
153 
154 // Helpers for NumericOperation and its subroutines below.
155 static std::optional<Expr<SomeType>> NoExpr() { return std::nullopt; }
156 
157 template <TypeCategory CAT>
158 std::optional<Expr<SomeType>> Package(Expr<SomeKind<CAT>> &&catExpr) {
159   return {AsGenericExpr(std::move(catExpr))};
160 }
161 template <TypeCategory CAT>
162 std::optional<Expr<SomeType>> Package(
163     std::optional<Expr<SomeKind<CAT>>> &&catExpr) {
164   if (catExpr) {
165     return {AsGenericExpr(std::move(*catExpr))};
166   }
167   return NoExpr();
168 }
169 
170 // Mixed REAL+INTEGER operations.  REAL**INTEGER is a special case that
171 // does not require conversion of the exponent expression.
172 template <template <typename> class OPR>
173 std::optional<Expr<SomeType>> MixedRealLeft(
174     Expr<SomeReal> &&rx, Expr<SomeInteger> &&iy) {
175   return Package(std::visit(
176       [&](auto &&rxk) -> Expr<SomeReal> {
177         using resultType = ResultType<decltype(rxk)>;
178         if constexpr (std::is_same_v<OPR<resultType>, Power<resultType>>) {
179           return AsCategoryExpr(
180               RealToIntPower<resultType>{std::move(rxk), std::move(iy)});
181         }
182         // G++ 8.1.0 emits bogus warnings about missing return statements if
183         // this statement is wrapped in an "else", as it should be.
184         return AsCategoryExpr(OPR<resultType>{
185             std::move(rxk), ConvertToType<resultType>(std::move(iy))});
186       },
187       std::move(rx.u)));
188 }
189 
190 std::optional<Expr<SomeComplex>> ConstructComplex(
191     parser::ContextualMessages &messages, Expr<SomeType> &&real,
192     Expr<SomeType> &&imaginary, int defaultRealKind) {
193   if (auto converted{ConvertRealOperands(
194           messages, std::move(real), std::move(imaginary), defaultRealKind)}) {
195     return {std::visit(
196         [](auto &&pair) {
197           return MakeComplex(std::move(pair[0]), std::move(pair[1]));
198         },
199         std::move(*converted))};
200   }
201   return std::nullopt;
202 }
203 
204 std::optional<Expr<SomeComplex>> ConstructComplex(
205     parser::ContextualMessages &messages, std::optional<Expr<SomeType>> &&real,
206     std::optional<Expr<SomeType>> &&imaginary, int defaultRealKind) {
207   if (auto parts{common::AllPresent(std::move(real), std::move(imaginary))}) {
208     return ConstructComplex(messages, std::get<0>(std::move(*parts)),
209         std::get<1>(std::move(*parts)), defaultRealKind);
210   }
211   return std::nullopt;
212 }
213 
214 Expr<SomeReal> GetComplexPart(const Expr<SomeComplex> &z, bool isImaginary) {
215   return std::visit(
216       [&](const auto &zk) {
217         static constexpr int kind{ResultType<decltype(zk)>::kind};
218         return AsCategoryExpr(ComplexComponent<kind>{isImaginary, zk});
219       },
220       z.u);
221 }
222 
223 // Convert REAL to COMPLEX of the same kind. Preserving the real operand kind
224 // and then applying complex operand promotion rules allows the result to have
225 // the highest precision of REAL and COMPLEX operands as required by Fortran
226 // 2018 10.9.1.3.
227 Expr<SomeComplex> PromoteRealToComplex(Expr<SomeReal> &&someX) {
228   return std::visit(
229       [](auto &&x) {
230         using RT = ResultType<decltype(x)>;
231         return AsCategoryExpr(ComplexConstructor<RT::kind>{
232             std::move(x), AsExpr(Constant<RT>{Scalar<RT>{}})});
233       },
234       std::move(someX.u));
235 }
236 
237 // Handle mixed COMPLEX+REAL (or INTEGER) operations in a better way
238 // than just converting the second operand to COMPLEX and performing the
239 // corresponding COMPLEX+COMPLEX operation.
240 template <template <typename> class OPR, TypeCategory RCAT>
241 std::optional<Expr<SomeType>> MixedComplexLeft(
242     parser::ContextualMessages &messages, Expr<SomeComplex> &&zx,
243     Expr<SomeKind<RCAT>> &&iry, int defaultRealKind) {
244   Expr<SomeReal> zr{GetComplexPart(zx, false)};
245   Expr<SomeReal> zi{GetComplexPart(zx, true)};
246   if constexpr (std::is_same_v<OPR<LargestReal>, Add<LargestReal>> ||
247       std::is_same_v<OPR<LargestReal>, Subtract<LargestReal>>) {
248     // (a,b) + x -> (a+x, b)
249     // (a,b) - x -> (a-x, b)
250     if (std::optional<Expr<SomeType>> rr{
251             NumericOperation<OPR>(messages, AsGenericExpr(std::move(zr)),
252                 AsGenericExpr(std::move(iry)), defaultRealKind)}) {
253       return Package(ConstructComplex(messages, std::move(*rr),
254           AsGenericExpr(std::move(zi)), defaultRealKind));
255     }
256   } else if constexpr (std::is_same_v<OPR<LargestReal>,
257                            Multiply<LargestReal>> ||
258       std::is_same_v<OPR<LargestReal>, Divide<LargestReal>>) {
259     // (a,b) * x -> (a*x, b*x)
260     // (a,b) / x -> (a/x, b/x)
261     auto copy{iry};
262     auto rr{NumericOperation<OPR>(messages, AsGenericExpr(std::move(zr)),
263         AsGenericExpr(std::move(iry)), defaultRealKind)};
264     auto ri{NumericOperation<OPR>(messages, AsGenericExpr(std::move(zi)),
265         AsGenericExpr(std::move(copy)), defaultRealKind)};
266     if (auto parts{common::AllPresent(std::move(rr), std::move(ri))}) {
267       return Package(ConstructComplex(messages, std::get<0>(std::move(*parts)),
268           std::get<1>(std::move(*parts)), defaultRealKind));
269     }
270   } else if constexpr (RCAT == TypeCategory::Integer &&
271       std::is_same_v<OPR<LargestReal>, Power<LargestReal>>) {
272     // COMPLEX**INTEGER is a special case that doesn't convert the exponent.
273     static_assert(RCAT == TypeCategory::Integer);
274     return Package(std::visit(
275         [&](auto &&zxk) {
276           using Ty = ResultType<decltype(zxk)>;
277           return AsCategoryExpr(
278               AsExpr(RealToIntPower<Ty>{std::move(zxk), std::move(iry)}));
279         },
280         std::move(zx.u)));
281   } else if (defaultRealKind != 666) { // dodge unused parameter warning
282     // (a,b) ** x -> (a,b) ** (x,0)
283     if constexpr (RCAT == TypeCategory::Integer) {
284       Expr<SomeComplex> zy{ConvertTo(zx, std::move(iry))};
285       return Package(PromoteAndCombine<OPR>(std::move(zx), std::move(zy)));
286     } else {
287       Expr<SomeComplex> zy{PromoteRealToComplex(std::move(iry))};
288       return Package(PromoteAndCombine<OPR>(std::move(zx), std::move(zy)));
289     }
290   }
291   return NoExpr();
292 }
293 
294 // Mixed COMPLEX operations with the COMPLEX operand on the right.
295 //  x + (a,b) -> (x+a, b)
296 //  x - (a,b) -> (x-a, -b)
297 //  x * (a,b) -> (x*a, x*b)
298 //  x / (a,b) -> (x,0) / (a,b)   (and **)
299 template <template <typename> class OPR, TypeCategory LCAT>
300 std::optional<Expr<SomeType>> MixedComplexRight(
301     parser::ContextualMessages &messages, Expr<SomeKind<LCAT>> &&irx,
302     Expr<SomeComplex> &&zy, int defaultRealKind) {
303   if constexpr (std::is_same_v<OPR<LargestReal>, Add<LargestReal>> ||
304       std::is_same_v<OPR<LargestReal>, Multiply<LargestReal>>) {
305     // x + (a,b) -> (a,b) + x -> (a+x, b)
306     // x * (a,b) -> (a,b) * x -> (a*x, b*x)
307     return MixedComplexLeft<OPR, LCAT>(
308         messages, std::move(zy), std::move(irx), defaultRealKind);
309   } else if constexpr (std::is_same_v<OPR<LargestReal>,
310                            Subtract<LargestReal>>) {
311     // x - (a,b) -> (x-a, -b)
312     Expr<SomeReal> zr{GetComplexPart(zy, false)};
313     Expr<SomeReal> zi{GetComplexPart(zy, true)};
314     if (std::optional<Expr<SomeType>> rr{
315             NumericOperation<Subtract>(messages, AsGenericExpr(std::move(irx)),
316                 AsGenericExpr(std::move(zr)), defaultRealKind)}) {
317       return Package(ConstructComplex(messages, std::move(*rr),
318           AsGenericExpr(-std::move(zi)), defaultRealKind));
319     }
320   } else if (defaultRealKind != 666) { // dodge unused parameter warning
321     // x / (a,b) -> (x,0) / (a,b)
322     if constexpr (LCAT == TypeCategory::Integer) {
323       Expr<SomeComplex> zx{ConvertTo(zy, std::move(irx))};
324       return Package(PromoteAndCombine<OPR>(std::move(zx), std::move(zy)));
325     } else {
326       Expr<SomeComplex> zx{PromoteRealToComplex(std::move(irx))};
327       return Package(PromoteAndCombine<OPR>(std::move(zx), std::move(zy)));
328     }
329   }
330   return NoExpr();
331 }
332 
333 // N.B. When a "typeless" BOZ literal constant appears as one (not both!) of
334 // the operands to a dyadic operation where one is permitted, it assumes the
335 // type and kind of the other operand.
336 template <template <typename> class OPR>
337 std::optional<Expr<SomeType>> NumericOperation(
338     parser::ContextualMessages &messages, Expr<SomeType> &&x,
339     Expr<SomeType> &&y, int defaultRealKind) {
340   return std::visit(
341       common::visitors{
342           [](Expr<SomeInteger> &&ix, Expr<SomeInteger> &&iy) {
343             return Package(PromoteAndCombine<OPR, TypeCategory::Integer>(
344                 std::move(ix), std::move(iy)));
345           },
346           [](Expr<SomeReal> &&rx, Expr<SomeReal> &&ry) {
347             return Package(PromoteAndCombine<OPR, TypeCategory::Real>(
348                 std::move(rx), std::move(ry)));
349           },
350           // Mixed REAL/INTEGER operations
351           [](Expr<SomeReal> &&rx, Expr<SomeInteger> &&iy) {
352             return MixedRealLeft<OPR>(std::move(rx), std::move(iy));
353           },
354           [](Expr<SomeInteger> &&ix, Expr<SomeReal> &&ry) {
355             return Package(std::visit(
356                 [&](auto &&ryk) -> Expr<SomeReal> {
357                   using resultType = ResultType<decltype(ryk)>;
358                   return AsCategoryExpr(
359                       OPR<resultType>{ConvertToType<resultType>(std::move(ix)),
360                           std::move(ryk)});
361                 },
362                 std::move(ry.u)));
363           },
364           // Homogeneous and mixed COMPLEX operations
365           [](Expr<SomeComplex> &&zx, Expr<SomeComplex> &&zy) {
366             return Package(PromoteAndCombine<OPR, TypeCategory::Complex>(
367                 std::move(zx), std::move(zy)));
368           },
369           [&](Expr<SomeComplex> &&zx, Expr<SomeInteger> &&iy) {
370             return MixedComplexLeft<OPR>(
371                 messages, std::move(zx), std::move(iy), defaultRealKind);
372           },
373           [&](Expr<SomeComplex> &&zx, Expr<SomeReal> &&ry) {
374             return MixedComplexLeft<OPR>(
375                 messages, std::move(zx), std::move(ry), defaultRealKind);
376           },
377           [&](Expr<SomeInteger> &&ix, Expr<SomeComplex> &&zy) {
378             return MixedComplexRight<OPR>(
379                 messages, std::move(ix), std::move(zy), defaultRealKind);
380           },
381           [&](Expr<SomeReal> &&rx, Expr<SomeComplex> &&zy) {
382             return MixedComplexRight<OPR>(
383                 messages, std::move(rx), std::move(zy), defaultRealKind);
384           },
385           // Operations with one typeless operand
386           [&](BOZLiteralConstant &&bx, Expr<SomeInteger> &&iy) {
387             return NumericOperation<OPR>(messages,
388                 AsGenericExpr(ConvertTo(iy, std::move(bx))), std::move(y),
389                 defaultRealKind);
390           },
391           [&](BOZLiteralConstant &&bx, Expr<SomeReal> &&ry) {
392             return NumericOperation<OPR>(messages,
393                 AsGenericExpr(ConvertTo(ry, std::move(bx))), std::move(y),
394                 defaultRealKind);
395           },
396           [&](Expr<SomeInteger> &&ix, BOZLiteralConstant &&by) {
397             return NumericOperation<OPR>(messages, std::move(x),
398                 AsGenericExpr(ConvertTo(ix, std::move(by))), defaultRealKind);
399           },
400           [&](Expr<SomeReal> &&rx, BOZLiteralConstant &&by) {
401             return NumericOperation<OPR>(messages, std::move(x),
402                 AsGenericExpr(ConvertTo(rx, std::move(by))), defaultRealKind);
403           },
404           // Default case
405           [&](auto &&, auto &&) {
406             // TODO: defined operator
407             messages.Say("non-numeric operands to numeric operation"_err_en_US);
408             return NoExpr();
409           },
410       },
411       std::move(x.u), std::move(y.u));
412 }
413 
414 template std::optional<Expr<SomeType>> NumericOperation<Power>(
415     parser::ContextualMessages &, Expr<SomeType> &&, Expr<SomeType> &&,
416     int defaultRealKind);
417 template std::optional<Expr<SomeType>> NumericOperation<Multiply>(
418     parser::ContextualMessages &, Expr<SomeType> &&, Expr<SomeType> &&,
419     int defaultRealKind);
420 template std::optional<Expr<SomeType>> NumericOperation<Divide>(
421     parser::ContextualMessages &, Expr<SomeType> &&, Expr<SomeType> &&,
422     int defaultRealKind);
423 template std::optional<Expr<SomeType>> NumericOperation<Add>(
424     parser::ContextualMessages &, Expr<SomeType> &&, Expr<SomeType> &&,
425     int defaultRealKind);
426 template std::optional<Expr<SomeType>> NumericOperation<Subtract>(
427     parser::ContextualMessages &, Expr<SomeType> &&, Expr<SomeType> &&,
428     int defaultRealKind);
429 
430 std::optional<Expr<SomeType>> Negation(
431     parser::ContextualMessages &messages, Expr<SomeType> &&x) {
432   return std::visit(
433       common::visitors{
434           [&](BOZLiteralConstant &&) {
435             messages.Say("BOZ literal cannot be negated"_err_en_US);
436             return NoExpr();
437           },
438           [&](NullPointer &&) {
439             messages.Say("NULL() cannot be negated"_err_en_US);
440             return NoExpr();
441           },
442           [&](ProcedureDesignator &&) {
443             messages.Say("Subroutine cannot be negated"_err_en_US);
444             return NoExpr();
445           },
446           [&](ProcedureRef &&) {
447             messages.Say("Pointer to subroutine cannot be negated"_err_en_US);
448             return NoExpr();
449           },
450           [&](Expr<SomeInteger> &&x) { return Package(-std::move(x)); },
451           [&](Expr<SomeReal> &&x) { return Package(-std::move(x)); },
452           [&](Expr<SomeComplex> &&x) { return Package(-std::move(x)); },
453           [&](Expr<SomeCharacter> &&) {
454             // TODO: defined operator
455             messages.Say("CHARACTER cannot be negated"_err_en_US);
456             return NoExpr();
457           },
458           [&](Expr<SomeLogical> &&) {
459             // TODO: defined operator
460             messages.Say("LOGICAL cannot be negated"_err_en_US);
461             return NoExpr();
462           },
463           [&](Expr<SomeDerived> &&) {
464             // TODO: defined operator
465             messages.Say("Operand cannot be negated"_err_en_US);
466             return NoExpr();
467           },
468       },
469       std::move(x.u));
470 }
471 
472 Expr<SomeLogical> LogicalNegation(Expr<SomeLogical> &&x) {
473   return std::visit(
474       [](auto &&xk) { return AsCategoryExpr(LogicalNegation(std::move(xk))); },
475       std::move(x.u));
476 }
477 
478 template <TypeCategory CAT>
479 Expr<LogicalResult> PromoteAndRelate(
480     RelationalOperator opr, Expr<SomeKind<CAT>> &&x, Expr<SomeKind<CAT>> &&y) {
481   return std::visit(
482       [=](auto &&xy) {
483         return PackageRelation(opr, std::move(xy[0]), std::move(xy[1]));
484       },
485       AsSameKindExprs(std::move(x), std::move(y)));
486 }
487 
488 std::optional<Expr<LogicalResult>> Relate(parser::ContextualMessages &messages,
489     RelationalOperator opr, Expr<SomeType> &&x, Expr<SomeType> &&y) {
490   return std::visit(
491       common::visitors{
492           [=](Expr<SomeInteger> &&ix,
493               Expr<SomeInteger> &&iy) -> std::optional<Expr<LogicalResult>> {
494             return PromoteAndRelate(opr, std::move(ix), std::move(iy));
495           },
496           [=](Expr<SomeReal> &&rx,
497               Expr<SomeReal> &&ry) -> std::optional<Expr<LogicalResult>> {
498             return PromoteAndRelate(opr, std::move(rx), std::move(ry));
499           },
500           [&](Expr<SomeReal> &&rx, Expr<SomeInteger> &&iy) {
501             return Relate(messages, opr, std::move(x),
502                 AsGenericExpr(ConvertTo(rx, std::move(iy))));
503           },
504           [&](Expr<SomeInteger> &&ix, Expr<SomeReal> &&ry) {
505             return Relate(messages, opr,
506                 AsGenericExpr(ConvertTo(ry, std::move(ix))), std::move(y));
507           },
508           [&](Expr<SomeComplex> &&zx,
509               Expr<SomeComplex> &&zy) -> std::optional<Expr<LogicalResult>> {
510             if (opr == RelationalOperator::EQ ||
511                 opr == RelationalOperator::NE) {
512               return PromoteAndRelate(opr, std::move(zx), std::move(zy));
513             } else {
514               messages.Say(
515                   "COMPLEX data may be compared only for equality"_err_en_US);
516               return std::nullopt;
517             }
518           },
519           [&](Expr<SomeComplex> &&zx, Expr<SomeInteger> &&iy) {
520             return Relate(messages, opr, std::move(x),
521                 AsGenericExpr(ConvertTo(zx, std::move(iy))));
522           },
523           [&](Expr<SomeComplex> &&zx, Expr<SomeReal> &&ry) {
524             return Relate(messages, opr, std::move(x),
525                 AsGenericExpr(ConvertTo(zx, std::move(ry))));
526           },
527           [&](Expr<SomeInteger> &&ix, Expr<SomeComplex> &&zy) {
528             return Relate(messages, opr,
529                 AsGenericExpr(ConvertTo(zy, std::move(ix))), std::move(y));
530           },
531           [&](Expr<SomeReal> &&rx, Expr<SomeComplex> &&zy) {
532             return Relate(messages, opr,
533                 AsGenericExpr(ConvertTo(zy, std::move(rx))), std::move(y));
534           },
535           [&](Expr<SomeCharacter> &&cx, Expr<SomeCharacter> &&cy) {
536             return std::visit(
537                 [&](auto &&cxk,
538                     auto &&cyk) -> std::optional<Expr<LogicalResult>> {
539                   using Ty = ResultType<decltype(cxk)>;
540                   if constexpr (std::is_same_v<Ty, ResultType<decltype(cyk)>>) {
541                     return PackageRelation(opr, std::move(cxk), std::move(cyk));
542                   } else {
543                     messages.Say(
544                         "CHARACTER operands do not have same KIND"_err_en_US);
545                     return std::nullopt;
546                   }
547                 },
548                 std::move(cx.u), std::move(cy.u));
549           },
550           // Default case
551           [&](auto &&, auto &&) {
552             DIE("invalid types for relational operator");
553             return std::optional<Expr<LogicalResult>>{};
554           },
555       },
556       std::move(x.u), std::move(y.u));
557 }
558 
559 Expr<SomeLogical> BinaryLogicalOperation(
560     LogicalOperator opr, Expr<SomeLogical> &&x, Expr<SomeLogical> &&y) {
561   CHECK(opr != LogicalOperator::Not);
562   return std::visit(
563       [=](auto &&xy) {
564         using Ty = ResultType<decltype(xy[0])>;
565         return Expr<SomeLogical>{BinaryLogicalOperation<Ty::kind>(
566             opr, std::move(xy[0]), std::move(xy[1]))};
567       },
568       AsSameKindExprs(std::move(x), std::move(y)));
569 }
570 
571 template <TypeCategory TO>
572 std::optional<Expr<SomeType>> ConvertToNumeric(int kind, Expr<SomeType> &&x) {
573   static_assert(common::IsNumericTypeCategory(TO));
574   return std::visit(
575       [=](auto &&cx) -> std::optional<Expr<SomeType>> {
576         using cxType = std::decay_t<decltype(cx)>;
577         if constexpr (!common::HasMember<cxType, TypelessExpression>) {
578           if constexpr (IsNumericTypeCategory(ResultType<cxType>::category)) {
579             return Expr<SomeType>{ConvertToKind<TO>(kind, std::move(cx))};
580           }
581         }
582         return std::nullopt;
583       },
584       std::move(x.u));
585 }
586 
587 std::optional<Expr<SomeType>> ConvertToType(
588     const DynamicType &type, Expr<SomeType> &&x) {
589   switch (type.category()) {
590   case TypeCategory::Integer:
591     if (auto *boz{std::get_if<BOZLiteralConstant>(&x.u)}) {
592       // Extension to C7109: allow BOZ literals to appear in integer contexts
593       // when the type is unambiguous.
594       return Expr<SomeType>{
595           ConvertToKind<TypeCategory::Integer>(type.kind(), std::move(*boz))};
596     }
597     return ConvertToNumeric<TypeCategory::Integer>(type.kind(), std::move(x));
598   case TypeCategory::Real:
599     if (auto *boz{std::get_if<BOZLiteralConstant>(&x.u)}) {
600       return Expr<SomeType>{
601           ConvertToKind<TypeCategory::Real>(type.kind(), std::move(*boz))};
602     }
603     return ConvertToNumeric<TypeCategory::Real>(type.kind(), std::move(x));
604   case TypeCategory::Complex:
605     return ConvertToNumeric<TypeCategory::Complex>(type.kind(), std::move(x));
606   case TypeCategory::Character:
607     if (auto *cx{UnwrapExpr<Expr<SomeCharacter>>(x)}) {
608       auto converted{
609           ConvertToKind<TypeCategory::Character>(type.kind(), std::move(*cx))};
610       if (auto length{type.GetCharLength()}) {
611         converted = std::visit(
612             [&](auto &&x) {
613               using Ty = std::decay_t<decltype(x)>;
614               using CharacterType = typename Ty::Result;
615               return Expr<SomeCharacter>{
616                   Expr<CharacterType>{SetLength<CharacterType::kind>{
617                       std::move(x), std::move(*length)}}};
618             },
619             std::move(converted.u));
620       }
621       return Expr<SomeType>{std::move(converted)};
622     }
623     break;
624   case TypeCategory::Logical:
625     if (auto *cx{UnwrapExpr<Expr<SomeLogical>>(x)}) {
626       return Expr<SomeType>{
627           ConvertToKind<TypeCategory::Logical>(type.kind(), std::move(*cx))};
628     }
629     break;
630   case TypeCategory::Derived:
631     if (auto fromType{x.GetType()}) {
632       if (type == *fromType) {
633         return std::move(x);
634       }
635     }
636     break;
637   }
638   return std::nullopt;
639 }
640 
641 std::optional<Expr<SomeType>> ConvertToType(
642     const DynamicType &to, std::optional<Expr<SomeType>> &&x) {
643   if (x) {
644     return ConvertToType(to, std::move(*x));
645   } else {
646     return std::nullopt;
647   }
648 }
649 
650 std::optional<Expr<SomeType>> ConvertToType(
651     const Symbol &symbol, Expr<SomeType> &&x) {
652   if (auto symType{DynamicType::From(symbol)}) {
653     return ConvertToType(*symType, std::move(x));
654   }
655   return std::nullopt;
656 }
657 
658 std::optional<Expr<SomeType>> ConvertToType(
659     const Symbol &to, std::optional<Expr<SomeType>> &&x) {
660   if (x) {
661     return ConvertToType(to, std::move(*x));
662   } else {
663     return std::nullopt;
664   }
665 }
666 
667 bool IsAssumedRank(const Symbol &original) {
668   const Symbol &symbol{semantics::ResolveAssociations(original)};
669   if (const auto *details{symbol.detailsIf<semantics::ObjectEntityDetails>()}) {
670     return details->IsAssumedRank();
671   } else {
672     return false;
673   }
674 }
675 
676 bool IsAssumedRank(const ActualArgument &arg) {
677   if (const auto *expr{arg.UnwrapExpr()}) {
678     return IsAssumedRank(*expr);
679   } else {
680     const Symbol *assumedTypeDummy{arg.GetAssumedTypeDummy()};
681     CHECK(assumedTypeDummy);
682     return IsAssumedRank(*assumedTypeDummy);
683   }
684 }
685 
686 bool IsProcedure(const Expr<SomeType> &expr) {
687   return std::holds_alternative<ProcedureDesignator>(expr.u);
688 }
689 bool IsFunction(const Expr<SomeType> &expr) {
690   const auto *designator{std::get_if<ProcedureDesignator>(&expr.u)};
691   return designator && designator->GetType().has_value();
692 }
693 
694 bool IsProcedurePointerTarget(const Expr<SomeType> &expr) {
695   return std::visit(common::visitors{
696                         [](const NullPointer &) { return true; },
697                         [](const ProcedureDesignator &) { return true; },
698                         [](const ProcedureRef &) { return true; },
699                         [&](const auto &) {
700                           const Symbol *last{GetLastSymbol(expr)};
701                           return last && IsProcedurePointer(*last);
702                         },
703                     },
704       expr.u);
705 }
706 
707 template <typename A> inline const ProcedureRef *UnwrapProcedureRef(const A &) {
708   return nullptr;
709 }
710 
711 template <typename T>
712 inline const ProcedureRef *UnwrapProcedureRef(const FunctionRef<T> &func) {
713   return &func;
714 }
715 
716 template <typename T>
717 inline const ProcedureRef *UnwrapProcedureRef(const Expr<T> &expr) {
718   return std::visit(
719       [](const auto &x) { return UnwrapProcedureRef(x); }, expr.u);
720 }
721 
722 // IsObjectPointer()
723 bool IsObjectPointer(const Expr<SomeType> &expr, FoldingContext &context) {
724   if (IsNullPointer(expr)) {
725     return true;
726   } else if (IsProcedurePointerTarget(expr)) {
727     return false;
728   } else if (const auto *funcRef{UnwrapProcedureRef(expr)}) {
729     return IsVariable(*funcRef);
730   } else if (const Symbol * symbol{GetLastSymbol(expr)}) {
731     return IsPointer(symbol->GetUltimate());
732   } else {
733     return false;
734   }
735 }
736 
737 // IsNullPointer()
738 struct IsNullPointerHelper : public AllTraverse<IsNullPointerHelper, false> {
739   using Base = AllTraverse<IsNullPointerHelper, false>;
740   IsNullPointerHelper() : Base(*this) {}
741   using Base::operator();
742   bool operator()(const ProcedureRef &call) const {
743     auto *intrinsic{call.proc().GetSpecificIntrinsic()};
744     return intrinsic &&
745         intrinsic->characteristics.value().attrs.test(
746             characteristics::Procedure::Attr::NullPointer);
747   }
748   bool operator()(const NullPointer &) const { return true; }
749 };
750 bool IsNullPointer(const Expr<SomeType> &expr) {
751   return IsNullPointerHelper{}(expr);
752 }
753 
754 // GetSymbolVector()
755 auto GetSymbolVectorHelper::operator()(const Symbol &x) const -> Result {
756   if (const auto *details{x.detailsIf<semantics::AssocEntityDetails>()}) {
757     return (*this)(details->expr());
758   } else {
759     return {x.GetUltimate()};
760   }
761 }
762 auto GetSymbolVectorHelper::operator()(const Component &x) const -> Result {
763   Result result{(*this)(x.base())};
764   result.emplace_back(x.GetLastSymbol());
765   return result;
766 }
767 auto GetSymbolVectorHelper::operator()(const ArrayRef &x) const -> Result {
768   return GetSymbolVector(x.base());
769 }
770 auto GetSymbolVectorHelper::operator()(const CoarrayRef &x) const -> Result {
771   return x.base();
772 }
773 
774 const Symbol *GetLastTarget(const SymbolVector &symbols) {
775   auto end{std::crend(symbols)};
776   // N.B. Neither clang nor g++ recognizes "symbols.crbegin()" here.
777   auto iter{std::find_if(std::crbegin(symbols), end, [](const Symbol &x) {
778     return x.attrs().HasAny(
779         {semantics::Attr::POINTER, semantics::Attr::TARGET});
780   })};
781   return iter == end ? nullptr : &**iter;
782 }
783 
784 struct CollectSymbolsHelper
785     : public SetTraverse<CollectSymbolsHelper, semantics::UnorderedSymbolSet> {
786   using Base = SetTraverse<CollectSymbolsHelper, semantics::UnorderedSymbolSet>;
787   CollectSymbolsHelper() : Base{*this} {}
788   using Base::operator();
789   semantics::UnorderedSymbolSet operator()(const Symbol &symbol) const {
790     return {symbol};
791   }
792 };
793 template <typename A> semantics::UnorderedSymbolSet CollectSymbols(const A &x) {
794   return CollectSymbolsHelper{}(x);
795 }
796 template semantics::UnorderedSymbolSet CollectSymbols(const Expr<SomeType> &);
797 template semantics::UnorderedSymbolSet CollectSymbols(
798     const Expr<SomeInteger> &);
799 template semantics::UnorderedSymbolSet CollectSymbols(
800     const Expr<SubscriptInteger> &);
801 
802 // HasVectorSubscript()
803 struct HasVectorSubscriptHelper : public AnyTraverse<HasVectorSubscriptHelper> {
804   using Base = AnyTraverse<HasVectorSubscriptHelper>;
805   HasVectorSubscriptHelper() : Base{*this} {}
806   using Base::operator();
807   bool operator()(const Subscript &ss) const {
808     return !std::holds_alternative<Triplet>(ss.u) && ss.Rank() > 0;
809   }
810   bool operator()(const ProcedureRef &) const {
811     return false; // don't descend into function call arguments
812   }
813 };
814 
815 bool HasVectorSubscript(const Expr<SomeType> &expr) {
816   return HasVectorSubscriptHelper{}(expr);
817 }
818 
819 parser::Message *AttachDeclaration(
820     parser::Message &message, const Symbol &symbol) {
821   const Symbol *unhosted{&symbol};
822   while (
823       const auto *assoc{unhosted->detailsIf<semantics::HostAssocDetails>()}) {
824     unhosted = &assoc->symbol();
825   }
826   if (const auto *binding{
827           unhosted->detailsIf<semantics::ProcBindingDetails>()}) {
828     if (binding->symbol().name() != symbol.name()) {
829       message.Attach(binding->symbol().name(),
830           "Procedure '%s' of type '%s' is bound to '%s'"_en_US, symbol.name(),
831           symbol.owner().GetName().value(), binding->symbol().name());
832       return &message;
833     }
834     unhosted = &binding->symbol();
835   }
836   if (const auto *use{symbol.detailsIf<semantics::UseDetails>()}) {
837     message.Attach(use->location(),
838         "'%s' is USE-associated with '%s' in module '%s'"_en_US, symbol.name(),
839         unhosted->name(), GetUsedModule(*use).name());
840   } else {
841     message.Attach(
842         unhosted->name(), "Declaration of '%s'"_en_US, unhosted->name());
843   }
844   return &message;
845 }
846 
847 parser::Message *AttachDeclaration(
848     parser::Message *message, const Symbol &symbol) {
849   return message ? AttachDeclaration(*message, symbol) : nullptr;
850 }
851 
852 class FindImpureCallHelper
853     : public AnyTraverse<FindImpureCallHelper, std::optional<std::string>> {
854   using Result = std::optional<std::string>;
855   using Base = AnyTraverse<FindImpureCallHelper, Result>;
856 
857 public:
858   explicit FindImpureCallHelper(FoldingContext &c) : Base{*this}, context_{c} {}
859   using Base::operator();
860   Result operator()(const ProcedureRef &call) const {
861     if (auto chars{
862             characteristics::Procedure::Characterize(call.proc(), context_)}) {
863       if (chars->attrs.test(characteristics::Procedure::Attr::Pure)) {
864         return (*this)(call.arguments());
865       }
866     }
867     return call.proc().GetName();
868   }
869 
870 private:
871   FoldingContext &context_;
872 };
873 
874 std::optional<std::string> FindImpureCall(
875     FoldingContext &context, const Expr<SomeType> &expr) {
876   return FindImpureCallHelper{context}(expr);
877 }
878 std::optional<std::string> FindImpureCall(
879     FoldingContext &context, const ProcedureRef &proc) {
880   return FindImpureCallHelper{context}(proc);
881 }
882 
883 // Compare procedure characteristics for equality except that lhs may be
884 // Pure or Elemental when rhs is not.
885 static bool CharacteristicsMatch(const characteristics::Procedure &lhs,
886     const characteristics::Procedure &rhs) {
887   using Attr = characteristics::Procedure::Attr;
888   auto lhsAttrs{rhs.attrs};
889   lhsAttrs.set(
890       Attr::Pure, lhs.attrs.test(Attr::Pure) | rhs.attrs.test(Attr::Pure));
891   lhsAttrs.set(Attr::Elemental,
892       lhs.attrs.test(Attr::Elemental) | rhs.attrs.test(Attr::Elemental));
893   return lhsAttrs == rhs.attrs && lhs.functionResult == rhs.functionResult &&
894       lhs.dummyArguments == rhs.dummyArguments;
895 }
896 
897 // Common handling for procedure pointer compatibility of left- and right-hand
898 // sides.  Returns nullopt if they're compatible.  Otherwise, it returns a
899 // message that needs to be augmented by the names of the left and right sides
900 std::optional<parser::MessageFixedText> CheckProcCompatibility(bool isCall,
901     const std::optional<characteristics::Procedure> &lhsProcedure,
902     const characteristics::Procedure *rhsProcedure) {
903   std::optional<parser::MessageFixedText> msg;
904   if (!lhsProcedure) {
905     msg = "In assignment to object %s, the target '%s' is a procedure"
906           " designator"_err_en_US;
907   } else if (!rhsProcedure) {
908     msg = "In assignment to procedure %s, the characteristics of the target"
909           " procedure '%s' could not be determined"_err_en_US;
910   } else if (CharacteristicsMatch(*lhsProcedure, *rhsProcedure)) {
911     // OK
912   } else if (isCall) {
913     msg = "Procedure %s associated with result of reference to function '%s'"
914           " that is an incompatible procedure pointer"_err_en_US;
915   } else if (lhsProcedure->IsPure() && !rhsProcedure->IsPure()) {
916     msg = "PURE procedure %s may not be associated with non-PURE"
917           " procedure designator '%s'"_err_en_US;
918   } else if (lhsProcedure->IsFunction() && !rhsProcedure->IsFunction()) {
919     msg = "Function %s may not be associated with subroutine"
920           " designator '%s'"_err_en_US;
921   } else if (!lhsProcedure->IsFunction() && rhsProcedure->IsFunction()) {
922     msg = "Subroutine %s may not be associated with function"
923           " designator '%s'"_err_en_US;
924   } else if (lhsProcedure->HasExplicitInterface() &&
925       !rhsProcedure->HasExplicitInterface()) {
926     msg = "Procedure %s with explicit interface may not be associated with"
927           " procedure designator '%s' with implicit interface"_err_en_US;
928   } else if (!lhsProcedure->HasExplicitInterface() &&
929       rhsProcedure->HasExplicitInterface()) {
930     msg = "Procedure %s with implicit interface may not be associated with"
931           " procedure designator '%s' with explicit interface"_err_en_US;
932   } else {
933     msg = "Procedure %s associated with incompatible procedure"
934           " designator '%s'"_err_en_US;
935   }
936   return msg;
937 }
938 
939 // GetLastPointerSymbol()
940 static const Symbol *GetLastPointerSymbol(const Symbol &symbol) {
941   return IsPointer(GetAssociationRoot(symbol)) ? &symbol : nullptr;
942 }
943 static const Symbol *GetLastPointerSymbol(const SymbolRef &symbol) {
944   return GetLastPointerSymbol(*symbol);
945 }
946 static const Symbol *GetLastPointerSymbol(const Component &x) {
947   const Symbol &c{x.GetLastSymbol()};
948   return IsPointer(c) ? &c : GetLastPointerSymbol(x.base());
949 }
950 static const Symbol *GetLastPointerSymbol(const NamedEntity &x) {
951   const auto *c{x.UnwrapComponent()};
952   return c ? GetLastPointerSymbol(*c) : GetLastPointerSymbol(x.GetLastSymbol());
953 }
954 static const Symbol *GetLastPointerSymbol(const ArrayRef &x) {
955   return GetLastPointerSymbol(x.base());
956 }
957 static const Symbol *GetLastPointerSymbol(const CoarrayRef &x) {
958   return nullptr;
959 }
960 const Symbol *GetLastPointerSymbol(const DataRef &x) {
961   return std::visit([](const auto &y) { return GetLastPointerSymbol(y); }, x.u);
962 }
963 
964 } // namespace Fortran::evaluate
965 
966 namespace Fortran::semantics {
967 
968 const Symbol &ResolveAssociations(const Symbol &original) {
969   const Symbol &symbol{original.GetUltimate()};
970   if (const auto *details{symbol.detailsIf<AssocEntityDetails>()}) {
971     if (const Symbol * nested{UnwrapWholeSymbolDataRef(details->expr())}) {
972       return ResolveAssociations(*nested);
973     }
974   }
975   return symbol;
976 }
977 
978 // When a construct association maps to a variable, and that variable
979 // is not an array with a vector-valued subscript, return the base
980 // Symbol of that variable, else nullptr.  Descends into other construct
981 // associations when one associations maps to another.
982 static const Symbol *GetAssociatedVariable(const AssocEntityDetails &details) {
983   if (const auto &expr{details.expr()}) {
984     if (IsVariable(*expr) && !HasVectorSubscript(*expr)) {
985       if (const Symbol * varSymbol{GetFirstSymbol(*expr)}) {
986         return &GetAssociationRoot(*varSymbol);
987       }
988     }
989   }
990   return nullptr;
991 }
992 
993 const Symbol &GetAssociationRoot(const Symbol &original) {
994   const Symbol &symbol{ResolveAssociations(original)};
995   if (const auto *details{symbol.detailsIf<AssocEntityDetails>()}) {
996     if (const Symbol * root{GetAssociatedVariable(*details)}) {
997       return *root;
998     }
999   }
1000   return symbol;
1001 }
1002 
1003 bool IsVariableName(const Symbol &original) {
1004   const Symbol &symbol{ResolveAssociations(original)};
1005   if (symbol.has<ObjectEntityDetails>()) {
1006     return !IsNamedConstant(symbol);
1007   } else if (const auto *assoc{symbol.detailsIf<AssocEntityDetails>()}) {
1008     const auto &expr{assoc->expr()};
1009     return expr && IsVariable(*expr) && !HasVectorSubscript(*expr);
1010   } else {
1011     return false;
1012   }
1013 }
1014 
1015 bool IsPureProcedure(const Symbol &original) {
1016   const Symbol &symbol{original.GetUltimate()};
1017   if (const auto *procDetails{symbol.detailsIf<ProcEntityDetails>()}) {
1018     if (const Symbol * procInterface{procDetails->interface().symbol()}) {
1019       // procedure component with a pure interface
1020       return IsPureProcedure(*procInterface);
1021     }
1022   } else if (const auto *details{symbol.detailsIf<ProcBindingDetails>()}) {
1023     return IsPureProcedure(details->symbol());
1024   } else if (!IsProcedure(symbol)) {
1025     return false;
1026   }
1027   if (IsStmtFunction(symbol)) {
1028     // Section 15.7(1) states that a statement function is PURE if it does not
1029     // reference an IMPURE procedure or a VOLATILE variable
1030     if (const auto &expr{symbol.get<SubprogramDetails>().stmtFunction()}) {
1031       for (const SymbolRef &ref : evaluate::CollectSymbols(*expr)) {
1032         if (IsFunction(*ref) && !IsPureProcedure(*ref)) {
1033           return false;
1034         }
1035         if (ref->GetUltimate().attrs().test(Attr::VOLATILE)) {
1036           return false;
1037         }
1038       }
1039     }
1040     return true; // statement function was not found to be impure
1041   }
1042   return symbol.attrs().test(Attr::PURE) ||
1043       (symbol.attrs().test(Attr::ELEMENTAL) &&
1044           !symbol.attrs().test(Attr::IMPURE));
1045 }
1046 
1047 bool IsPureProcedure(const Scope &scope) {
1048   const Symbol *symbol{scope.GetSymbol()};
1049   return symbol && IsPureProcedure(*symbol);
1050 }
1051 
1052 bool IsFunction(const Symbol &symbol) {
1053   return std::visit(
1054       common::visitors{
1055           [](const SubprogramDetails &x) { return x.isFunction(); },
1056           [&](const SubprogramNameDetails &) {
1057             return symbol.test(Symbol::Flag::Function);
1058           },
1059           [](const ProcEntityDetails &x) {
1060             const auto &ifc{x.interface()};
1061             return ifc.type() || (ifc.symbol() && IsFunction(*ifc.symbol()));
1062           },
1063           [](const ProcBindingDetails &x) { return IsFunction(x.symbol()); },
1064           [](const auto &) { return false; },
1065       },
1066       symbol.GetUltimate().details());
1067 }
1068 
1069 bool IsFunction(const Scope &scope) {
1070   const Symbol *symbol{scope.GetSymbol()};
1071   return symbol && IsFunction(*symbol);
1072 }
1073 
1074 bool IsProcedure(const Symbol &symbol) {
1075   return std::visit(common::visitors{
1076                         [](const SubprogramDetails &) { return true; },
1077                         [](const SubprogramNameDetails &) { return true; },
1078                         [](const ProcEntityDetails &) { return true; },
1079                         [](const GenericDetails &) { return true; },
1080                         [](const ProcBindingDetails &) { return true; },
1081                         [](const auto &) { return false; },
1082                     },
1083       symbol.GetUltimate().details());
1084 }
1085 
1086 bool IsProcedure(const Scope &scope) {
1087   const Symbol *symbol{scope.GetSymbol()};
1088   return symbol && IsProcedure(*symbol);
1089 }
1090 
1091 const Symbol *FindCommonBlockContaining(const Symbol &original) {
1092   const Symbol &root{GetAssociationRoot(original)};
1093   const auto *details{root.detailsIf<ObjectEntityDetails>()};
1094   return details ? details->commonBlock() : nullptr;
1095 }
1096 
1097 bool IsProcedurePointer(const Symbol &original) {
1098   const Symbol &symbol{GetAssociationRoot(original)};
1099   return symbol.has<ProcEntityDetails>() && IsPointer(symbol);
1100 }
1101 
1102 bool IsSaved(const Symbol &original) {
1103   const Symbol &symbol{GetAssociationRoot(original)};
1104   const Scope &scope{symbol.owner()};
1105   auto scopeKind{scope.kind()};
1106   if (symbol.has<AssocEntityDetails>()) {
1107     return false; // ASSOCIATE(non-variable)
1108   } else if (scopeKind == Scope::Kind::Module) {
1109     return true; // BLOCK DATA entities must all be in COMMON, handled below
1110   } else if (scopeKind == Scope::Kind::DerivedType) {
1111     return false; // this is a component
1112   } else if (symbol.attrs().test(Attr::SAVE)) {
1113     return true;
1114   } else if (symbol.test(Symbol::Flag::InDataStmt)) {
1115     return true;
1116   } else if (IsNamedConstant(symbol)) {
1117     return false;
1118   } else if (const auto *object{symbol.detailsIf<ObjectEntityDetails>()};
1119              object && object->init()) {
1120     return true;
1121   } else if (IsProcedurePointer(symbol) &&
1122       symbol.get<ProcEntityDetails>().init()) {
1123     return true;
1124   } else if (const Symbol * block{FindCommonBlockContaining(symbol)};
1125              block && block->attrs().test(Attr::SAVE)) {
1126     return true;
1127   } else if (IsDummy(symbol) || IsFunctionResult(symbol)) {
1128     return false;
1129   } else {
1130     return scope.hasSAVE();
1131   }
1132 }
1133 
1134 bool IsDummy(const Symbol &symbol) {
1135   return std::visit(
1136       common::visitors{[](const EntityDetails &x) { return x.isDummy(); },
1137           [](const ObjectEntityDetails &x) { return x.isDummy(); },
1138           [](const ProcEntityDetails &x) { return x.isDummy(); },
1139           [](const auto &) { return false; }},
1140       ResolveAssociations(symbol).details());
1141 }
1142 
1143 bool IsFunctionResult(const Symbol &original) {
1144   const Symbol &symbol{GetAssociationRoot(original)};
1145   return (symbol.has<ObjectEntityDetails>() &&
1146              symbol.get<ObjectEntityDetails>().isFuncResult()) ||
1147       (symbol.has<ProcEntityDetails>() &&
1148           symbol.get<ProcEntityDetails>().isFuncResult());
1149 }
1150 
1151 bool IsKindTypeParameter(const Symbol &symbol) {
1152   const auto *param{symbol.GetUltimate().detailsIf<TypeParamDetails>()};
1153   return param && param->attr() == common::TypeParamAttr::Kind;
1154 }
1155 
1156 bool IsLenTypeParameter(const Symbol &symbol) {
1157   const auto *param{symbol.GetUltimate().detailsIf<TypeParamDetails>()};
1158   return param && param->attr() == common::TypeParamAttr::Len;
1159 }
1160 
1161 int CountLenParameters(const DerivedTypeSpec &type) {
1162   return std::count_if(type.parameters().begin(), type.parameters().end(),
1163       [](const auto &pair) { return pair.second.isLen(); });
1164 }
1165 
1166 int CountNonConstantLenParameters(const DerivedTypeSpec &type) {
1167   return std::count_if(
1168       type.parameters().begin(), type.parameters().end(), [](const auto &pair) {
1169         if (!pair.second.isLen()) {
1170           return false;
1171         } else if (const auto &expr{pair.second.GetExplicit()}) {
1172           return !IsConstantExpr(*expr);
1173         } else {
1174           return true;
1175         }
1176       });
1177 }
1178 
1179 // Are the type parameters of type1 compile-time compatible with the
1180 // corresponding kind type parameters of type2?  Return true if all constant
1181 // valued parameters are equal.
1182 // Used to check assignment statements and argument passing.  See 15.5.2.4(4)
1183 bool AreTypeParamCompatible(const semantics::DerivedTypeSpec &type1,
1184     const semantics::DerivedTypeSpec &type2) {
1185   for (const auto &[name, param1] : type1.parameters()) {
1186     if (semantics::MaybeIntExpr paramExpr1{param1.GetExplicit()}) {
1187       if (IsConstantExpr(*paramExpr1)) {
1188         const semantics::ParamValue *param2{type2.FindParameter(name)};
1189         if (param2) {
1190           if (semantics::MaybeIntExpr paramExpr2{param2->GetExplicit()}) {
1191             if (IsConstantExpr(*paramExpr2)) {
1192               if (ToInt64(*paramExpr1) != ToInt64(*paramExpr2)) {
1193                 return false;
1194               }
1195             }
1196           }
1197         }
1198       }
1199     }
1200   }
1201   return true;
1202 }
1203 
1204 const Symbol &GetUsedModule(const UseDetails &details) {
1205   return DEREF(details.symbol().owner().symbol());
1206 }
1207 
1208 static const Symbol *FindFunctionResult(
1209     const Symbol &original, UnorderedSymbolSet &seen) {
1210   const Symbol &root{GetAssociationRoot(original)};
1211   ;
1212   if (!seen.insert(root).second) {
1213     return nullptr; // don't loop
1214   }
1215   return std::visit(
1216       common::visitors{[](const SubprogramDetails &subp) {
1217                          return subp.isFunction() ? &subp.result() : nullptr;
1218                        },
1219           [&](const ProcEntityDetails &proc) {
1220             const Symbol *iface{proc.interface().symbol()};
1221             return iface ? FindFunctionResult(*iface, seen) : nullptr;
1222           },
1223           [&](const ProcBindingDetails &binding) {
1224             return FindFunctionResult(binding.symbol(), seen);
1225           },
1226           [](const auto &) -> const Symbol * { return nullptr; }},
1227       root.details());
1228 }
1229 
1230 const Symbol *FindFunctionResult(const Symbol &symbol) {
1231   UnorderedSymbolSet seen;
1232   return FindFunctionResult(symbol, seen);
1233 }
1234 
1235 // These are here in Evaluate/tools.cpp so that Evaluate can use
1236 // them; they cannot be defined in symbol.h due to the dependence
1237 // on Scope.
1238 
1239 bool SymbolSourcePositionCompare::operator()(
1240     const SymbolRef &x, const SymbolRef &y) const {
1241   return x->GetSemanticsContext().allCookedSources().Precedes(
1242       x->name(), y->name());
1243 }
1244 bool SymbolSourcePositionCompare::operator()(
1245     const MutableSymbolRef &x, const MutableSymbolRef &y) const {
1246   return x->GetSemanticsContext().allCookedSources().Precedes(
1247       x->name(), y->name());
1248 }
1249 
1250 SemanticsContext &Symbol::GetSemanticsContext() const {
1251   return DEREF(owner_).context();
1252 }
1253 
1254 } // namespace Fortran::semantics
1255