xref: /llvm-project-15.0.7/clang/lib/CodeGen/CodeGenPGO.cpp (revision d86a206f)

//===--- CodeGenPGO.cpp - PGO Instrumentation for LLVM CodeGen --*- C++ -*-===//
//
// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
//
//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
//
// Instrumentation-based profile-guided optimization
//
//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//

#include "CodeGenPGO.h"
#include "CodeGenFunction.h"
#include "CoverageMappingGen.h"
#include "clang/AST/RecursiveASTVisitor.h"
#include "clang/AST/StmtVisitor.h"
#include "llvm/IR/Intrinsics.h"
#include "llvm/IR/MDBuilder.h"
#include "llvm/Support/CommandLine.h"
#include "llvm/Support/Endian.h"
#include "llvm/Support/FileSystem.h"
#include "llvm/Support/MD5.h"

static llvm::cl::opt<bool>
    EnableValueProfiling("enable-value-profiling",
                         llvm::cl::desc("Enable value profiling"),
                         llvm::cl::Hidden, llvm::cl::init(false));

using namespace clang;
using namespace CodeGen;

void CodeGenPGO::setFuncName(StringRef Name,
                             llvm::GlobalValue::LinkageTypes Linkage) {
  llvm::IndexedInstrProfReader *PGOReader = CGM.getPGOReader();
  FuncName = llvm::getPGOFuncName(
      Name, Linkage, CGM.getCodeGenOpts().MainFileName,
      PGOReader ? PGOReader->getVersion() : llvm::IndexedInstrProf::Version);

  // If we're generating a profile, create a variable for the name.
  if (CGM.getCodeGenOpts().hasProfileClangInstr())
    FuncNameVar = llvm::createPGOFuncNameVar(CGM.getModule(), Linkage, FuncName);
}

void CodeGenPGO::setFuncName(llvm::Function *Fn) {
  setFuncName(Fn->getName(), Fn->getLinkage());
  // Create PGOFuncName meta data.
  llvm::createPGOFuncNameMetadata(*Fn, FuncName);
}

/// The version of the PGO hash algorithm.
enum PGOHashVersion : unsigned {
  PGO_HASH_V1,
  PGO_HASH_V2,
  PGO_HASH_V3,

  // Keep this set to the latest hash version.
  PGO_HASH_LATEST = PGO_HASH_V3
};

namespace {
/// Stable hasher for PGO region counters.
///
/// PGOHash produces a stable hash of a given function's control flow.
///
/// Changing the output of this hash will invalidate all previously generated
/// profiles -- i.e., don't do it.
///
/// \note  When this hash does eventually change (years?), we still need to
/// support old hashes.  We'll need to pull in the version number from the
/// profile data format and use the matching hash function.
class PGOHash {
  uint64_t Working;
  unsigned Count;
  PGOHashVersion HashVersion;
  llvm::MD5 MD5;

  static const int NumBitsPerType = 6;
  static const unsigned NumTypesPerWord = sizeof(uint64_t) * 8 / NumBitsPerType;
  static const unsigned TooBig = 1u << NumBitsPerType;

public:
  /// Hash values for AST nodes.
  ///
  /// Distinct values for AST nodes that have region counters attached.
  ///
  /// These values must be stable.  All new members must be added at the end,
  /// and no members should be removed.  Changing the enumeration value for an
  /// AST node will affect the hash of every function that contains that node.
  enum HashType : unsigned char {
    None = 0,
    LabelStmt = 1,
    WhileStmt,
    DoStmt,
    ForStmt,
    CXXForRangeStmt,
    ObjCForCollectionStmt,
    SwitchStmt,
    CaseStmt,
    DefaultStmt,
    IfStmt,
    CXXTryStmt,
    CXXCatchStmt,
    ConditionalOperator,
    BinaryOperatorLAnd,
    BinaryOperatorLOr,
    BinaryConditionalOperator,
    // The preceding values are available with PGO_HASH_V1.

    EndOfScope,
    IfThenBranch,
    IfElseBranch,
    GotoStmt,
    IndirectGotoStmt,
    BreakStmt,
    ContinueStmt,
    ReturnStmt,
    ThrowExpr,
    UnaryOperatorLNot,
    BinaryOperatorLT,
    BinaryOperatorGT,
    BinaryOperatorLE,
    BinaryOperatorGE,
    BinaryOperatorEQ,
    BinaryOperatorNE,
    // The preceding values are available since PGO_HASH_V2.

    // Keep this last.  It's for the static assert that follows.
    LastHashType
  };
  static_assert(LastHashType <= TooBig, "Too many types in HashType");

  PGOHash(PGOHashVersion HashVersion)
      : Working(0), Count(0), HashVersion(HashVersion) {}
  void combine(HashType Type);
  uint64_t finalize();
  PGOHashVersion getHashVersion() const { return HashVersion; }
};
const int PGOHash::NumBitsPerType;
const unsigned PGOHash::NumTypesPerWord;
const unsigned PGOHash::TooBig;

/// Get the PGO hash version used in the given indexed profile.
static PGOHashVersion getPGOHashVersion(llvm::IndexedInstrProfReader *PGOReader,
                                        CodeGenModule &CGM) {
  if (PGOReader->getVersion() <= 4)
    return PGO_HASH_V1;
  if (PGOReader->getVersion() <= 5)
    return PGO_HASH_V2;
  return PGO_HASH_V3;
}

/// A RecursiveASTVisitor that fills a map of statements to PGO counters.
struct MapRegionCounters : public RecursiveASTVisitor<MapRegionCounters> {
  using Base = RecursiveASTVisitor<MapRegionCounters>;

  /// The next counter value to assign.
  unsigned NextCounter;
  /// The function hash.
  PGOHash Hash;
  /// The map of statements to counters.
  llvm::DenseMap<const Stmt *, unsigned> &CounterMap;
  /// The profile version.
  uint64_t ProfileVersion;

  MapRegionCounters(PGOHashVersion HashVersion, uint64_t ProfileVersion,
                    llvm::DenseMap<const Stmt *, unsigned> &CounterMap)
      : NextCounter(0), Hash(HashVersion), CounterMap(CounterMap),
        ProfileVersion(ProfileVersion) {}

  // Blocks and lambdas are handled as separate functions, so we need not
  // traverse them in the parent context.
  bool TraverseBlockExpr(BlockExpr *BE) { return true; }
  bool TraverseLambdaExpr(LambdaExpr *LE) {
    // Traverse the captures, but not the body.
    for (auto C : zip(LE->captures(), LE->capture_inits()))
      TraverseLambdaCapture(LE, &std::get<0>(C), std::get<1>(C));
    return true;
  }
  bool TraverseCapturedStmt(CapturedStmt *CS) { return true; }

  bool VisitDecl(const Decl *D) {
    switch (D->getKind()) {
    default:
      break;
    case Decl::Function:
    case Decl::CXXMethod:
    case Decl::CXXConstructor:
    case Decl::CXXDestructor:
    case Decl::CXXConversion:
    case Decl::ObjCMethod:
    case Decl::Block:
    case Decl::Captured:
      CounterMap[D->getBody()] = NextCounter++;
      break;
    }
    return true;
  }

  /// If \p S gets a fresh counter, update the counter mappings. Return the
  /// V1 hash of \p S.
  PGOHash::HashType updateCounterMappings(Stmt *S) {
    auto Type = getHashType(PGO_HASH_V1, S);
    if (Type != PGOHash::None)
      CounterMap[S] = NextCounter++;
    return Type;
  }

  /// The RHS of all logical operators gets a fresh counter in order to count
  /// how many times the RHS evaluates to true or false, depending on the
  /// semantics of the operator. This is only valid for ">= v7" of the profile
  /// version so that we facilitate backward compatibility.
  bool VisitBinaryOperator(BinaryOperator *S) {
    if (ProfileVersion >= llvm::IndexedInstrProf::Version7)
      if (S->isLogicalOp() &&
          CodeGenFunction::isInstrumentedCondition(S->getRHS()))
        CounterMap[S->getRHS()] = NextCounter++;
    return Base::VisitBinaryOperator(S);
  }

  /// Include \p S in the function hash.
  bool VisitStmt(Stmt *S) {
    auto Type = updateCounterMappings(S);
    if (Hash.getHashVersion() != PGO_HASH_V1)
      Type = getHashType(Hash.getHashVersion(), S);
    if (Type != PGOHash::None)
      Hash.combine(Type);
    return true;
  }

  bool TraverseIfStmt(IfStmt *If) {
    // If we used the V1 hash, use the default traversal.
    if (Hash.getHashVersion() == PGO_HASH_V1)
      return Base::TraverseIfStmt(If);

    // Otherwise, keep track of which branch we're in while traversing.
    VisitStmt(If);
    for (Stmt *CS : If->children()) {
      if (!CS)
        continue;
      if (CS == If->getThen())
        Hash.combine(PGOHash::IfThenBranch);
      else if (CS == If->getElse())
        Hash.combine(PGOHash::IfElseBranch);
      TraverseStmt(CS);
    }
    Hash.combine(PGOHash::EndOfScope);
    return true;
  }

// If the statement type \p N is nestable, and its nesting impacts profile
// stability, define a custom traversal which tracks the end of the statement
// in the hash (provided we're not using the V1 hash).
#define DEFINE_NESTABLE_TRAVERSAL(N)                                           \
  bool Traverse##N(N *S) {                                                     \
    Base::Traverse##N(S);                                                      \
    if (Hash.getHashVersion() != PGO_HASH_V1)                                  \
      Hash.combine(PGOHash::EndOfScope);                                       \
    return true;                                                               \
  }

  DEFINE_NESTABLE_TRAVERSAL(WhileStmt)
  DEFINE_NESTABLE_TRAVERSAL(DoStmt)
  DEFINE_NESTABLE_TRAVERSAL(ForStmt)
  DEFINE_NESTABLE_TRAVERSAL(CXXForRangeStmt)
  DEFINE_NESTABLE_TRAVERSAL(ObjCForCollectionStmt)
  DEFINE_NESTABLE_TRAVERSAL(CXXTryStmt)
  DEFINE_NESTABLE_TRAVERSAL(CXXCatchStmt)

  /// Get version \p HashVersion of the PGO hash for \p S.
  PGOHash::HashType getHashType(PGOHashVersion HashVersion, const Stmt *S) {
    switch (S->getStmtClass()) {
    default:
      break;
    case Stmt::LabelStmtClass:
      return PGOHash::LabelStmt;
    case Stmt::WhileStmtClass:
      return PGOHash::WhileStmt;
    case Stmt::DoStmtClass:
      return PGOHash::DoStmt;
    case Stmt::ForStmtClass:
      return PGOHash::ForStmt;
    case Stmt::CXXForRangeStmtClass:
      return PGOHash::CXXForRangeStmt;
    case Stmt::ObjCForCollectionStmtClass:
      return PGOHash::ObjCForCollectionStmt;
    case Stmt::SwitchStmtClass:
      return PGOHash::SwitchStmt;
    case Stmt::CaseStmtClass:
      return PGOHash::CaseStmt;
    case Stmt::DefaultStmtClass:
      return PGOHash::DefaultStmt;
    case Stmt::IfStmtClass:
      return PGOHash::IfStmt;
    case Stmt::CXXTryStmtClass:
      return PGOHash::CXXTryStmt;
    case Stmt::CXXCatchStmtClass:
      return PGOHash::CXXCatchStmt;
    case Stmt::ConditionalOperatorClass:
      return PGOHash::ConditionalOperator;
    case Stmt::BinaryConditionalOperatorClass:
      return PGOHash::BinaryConditionalOperator;
    case Stmt::BinaryOperatorClass: {
      const BinaryOperator *BO = cast<BinaryOperator>(S);
      if (BO->getOpcode() == BO_LAnd)
        return PGOHash::BinaryOperatorLAnd;
      if (BO->getOpcode() == BO_LOr)
        return PGOHash::BinaryOperatorLOr;
      if (HashVersion >= PGO_HASH_V2) {
        switch (BO->getOpcode()) {
        default:
          break;
        case BO_LT:
          return PGOHash::BinaryOperatorLT;
        case BO_GT:
          return PGOHash::BinaryOperatorGT;
        case BO_LE:
          return PGOHash::BinaryOperatorLE;
        case BO_GE:
          return PGOHash::BinaryOperatorGE;
        case BO_EQ:
          return PGOHash::BinaryOperatorEQ;
        case BO_NE:
          return PGOHash::BinaryOperatorNE;
        }
      }
      break;
    }
    }

    if (HashVersion >= PGO_HASH_V2) {
      switch (S->getStmtClass()) {
      default:
        break;
      case Stmt::GotoStmtClass:
        return PGOHash::GotoStmt;
      case Stmt::IndirectGotoStmtClass:
        return PGOHash::IndirectGotoStmt;
      case Stmt::BreakStmtClass:
        return PGOHash::BreakStmt;
      case Stmt::ContinueStmtClass:
        return PGOHash::ContinueStmt;
      case Stmt::ReturnStmtClass:
        return PGOHash::ReturnStmt;
      case Stmt::CXXThrowExprClass:
        return PGOHash::ThrowExpr;
      case Stmt::UnaryOperatorClass: {
        const UnaryOperator *UO = cast<UnaryOperator>(S);
        if (UO->getOpcode() == UO_LNot)
          return PGOHash::UnaryOperatorLNot;
        break;
      }
      }
    }

    return PGOHash::None;
  }
};

/// A StmtVisitor that propagates the raw counts through the AST and
/// records the count at statements where the value may change.
struct ComputeRegionCounts : public ConstStmtVisitor<ComputeRegionCounts> {
  /// PGO state.
  CodeGenPGO &PGO;

  /// A flag that is set when the current count should be recorded on the
  /// next statement, such as at the exit of a loop.
  bool RecordNextStmtCount;

  /// The count at the current location in the traversal.
  uint64_t CurrentCount;

  /// The map of statements to count values.
  llvm::DenseMap<const Stmt *, uint64_t> &CountMap;

  /// BreakContinueStack - Keep counts of breaks and continues inside loops.
  struct BreakContinue {
    uint64_t BreakCount;
    uint64_t ContinueCount;
    BreakContinue() : BreakCount(0), ContinueCount(0) {}
  };
  SmallVector<BreakContinue, 8> BreakContinueStack;

  ComputeRegionCounts(llvm::DenseMap<const Stmt *, uint64_t> &CountMap,
                      CodeGenPGO &PGO)
      : PGO(PGO), RecordNextStmtCount(false), CountMap(CountMap) {}

  void RecordStmtCount(const Stmt *S) {
    if (RecordNextStmtCount) {
      CountMap[S] = CurrentCount;
      RecordNextStmtCount = false;
    }
  }

  /// Set and return the current count.
  uint64_t setCount(uint64_t Count) {
    CurrentCount = Count;
    return Count;
  }

  void VisitStmt(const Stmt *S) {
    RecordStmtCount(S);
    for (const Stmt *Child : S->children())
      if (Child)
        this->Visit(Child);
  }

  void VisitFunctionDecl(const FunctionDecl *D) {
    // Counter tracks entry to the function body.
    uint64_t BodyCount = setCount(PGO.getRegionCount(D->getBody()));
    CountMap[D->getBody()] = BodyCount;
    Visit(D->getBody());
  }

  // Skip lambda expressions. We visit these as FunctionDecls when we're
  // generating them and aren't interested in the body when generating a
  // parent context.
  void VisitLambdaExpr(const LambdaExpr *LE) {}

  void VisitCapturedDecl(const CapturedDecl *D) {
    // Counter tracks entry to the capture body.
    uint64_t BodyCount = setCount(PGO.getRegionCount(D->getBody()));
    CountMap[D->getBody()] = BodyCount;
    Visit(D->getBody());
  }

  void VisitObjCMethodDecl(const ObjCMethodDecl *D) {
    // Counter tracks entry to the method body.
    uint64_t BodyCount = setCount(PGO.getRegionCount(D->getBody()));
    CountMap[D->getBody()] = BodyCount;
    Visit(D->getBody());
  }

  void VisitBlockDecl(const BlockDecl *D) {
    // Counter tracks entry to the block body.
    uint64_t BodyCount = setCount(PGO.getRegionCount(D->getBody()));
    CountMap[D->getBody()] = BodyCount;
    Visit(D->getBody());
  }

  void VisitReturnStmt(const ReturnStmt *S) {
    RecordStmtCount(S);
    if (S->getRetValue())
      Visit(S->getRetValue());
    CurrentCount = 0;
    RecordNextStmtCount = true;
  }

  void VisitCXXThrowExpr(const CXXThrowExpr *E) {
    RecordStmtCount(E);
    if (E->getSubExpr())
      Visit(E->getSubExpr());
    CurrentCount = 0;
    RecordNextStmtCount = true;
  }

  void VisitGotoStmt(const GotoStmt *S) {
    RecordStmtCount(S);
    CurrentCount = 0;
    RecordNextStmtCount = true;
  }

  void VisitLabelStmt(const LabelStmt *S) {
    RecordNextStmtCount = false;
    // Counter tracks the block following the label.
    uint64_t BlockCount = setCount(PGO.getRegionCount(S));
    CountMap[S] = BlockCount;
    Visit(S->getSubStmt());
  }

  void VisitBreakStmt(const BreakStmt *S) {
    RecordStmtCount(S);
    assert(!BreakContinueStack.empty() && "break not in a loop or switch!");
    BreakContinueStack.back().BreakCount += CurrentCount;
    CurrentCount = 0;
    RecordNextStmtCount = true;
  }

  void VisitContinueStmt(const ContinueStmt *S) {
    RecordStmtCount(S);
    assert(!BreakContinueStack.empty() && "continue stmt not in a loop!");
    BreakContinueStack.back().ContinueCount += CurrentCount;
    CurrentCount = 0;
    RecordNextStmtCount = true;
  }

  void VisitWhileStmt(const WhileStmt *S) {
    RecordStmtCount(S);
    uint64_t ParentCount = CurrentCount;

    BreakContinueStack.push_back(BreakContinue());
    // Visit the body region first so the break/continue adjustments can be
    // included when visiting the condition.
    uint64_t BodyCount = setCount(PGO.getRegionCount(S));
    CountMap[S->getBody()] = CurrentCount;
    Visit(S->getBody());
    uint64_t BackedgeCount = CurrentCount;

    // ...then go back and propagate counts through the condition. The count
    // at the start of the condition is the sum of the incoming edges,
    // the backedge from the end of the loop body, and the edges from
    // continue statements.
    BreakContinue BC = BreakContinueStack.pop_back_val();
    uint64_t CondCount =
        setCount(ParentCount + BackedgeCount + BC.ContinueCount);
    CountMap[S->getCond()] = CondCount;
    Visit(S->getCond());
    setCount(BC.BreakCount + CondCount - BodyCount);
    RecordNextStmtCount = true;
  }

  void VisitDoStmt(const DoStmt *S) {
    RecordStmtCount(S);
    uint64_t LoopCount = PGO.getRegionCount(S);

    BreakContinueStack.push_back(BreakContinue());
    // The count doesn't include the fallthrough from the parent scope. Add it.
    uint64_t BodyCount = setCount(LoopCount + CurrentCount);
    CountMap[S->getBody()] = BodyCount;
    Visit(S->getBody());
    uint64_t BackedgeCount = CurrentCount;

    BreakContinue BC = BreakContinueStack.pop_back_val();
    // The count at the start of the condition is equal to the count at the
    // end of the body, plus any continues.
    uint64_t CondCount = setCount(BackedgeCount + BC.ContinueCount);
    CountMap[S->getCond()] = CondCount;
    Visit(S->getCond());
    setCount(BC.BreakCount + CondCount - LoopCount);
    RecordNextStmtCount = true;
  }

  void VisitForStmt(const ForStmt *S) {
    RecordStmtCount(S);
    if (S->getInit())
      Visit(S->getInit());

    uint64_t ParentCount = CurrentCount;

    BreakContinueStack.push_back(BreakContinue());
    // Visit the body region first. (This is basically the same as a while
    // loop; see further comments in VisitWhileStmt.)
    uint64_t BodyCount = setCount(PGO.getRegionCount(S));
    CountMap[S->getBody()] = BodyCount;
    Visit(S->getBody());
    uint64_t BackedgeCount = CurrentCount;
    BreakContinue BC = BreakContinueStack.pop_back_val();

    // The increment is essentially part of the body but it needs to include
    // the count for all the continue statements.
    if (S->getInc()) {
      uint64_t IncCount = setCount(BackedgeCount + BC.ContinueCount);
      CountMap[S->getInc()] = IncCount;
      Visit(S->getInc());
    }

    // ...then go back and propagate counts through the condition.
    uint64_t CondCount =
        setCount(ParentCount + BackedgeCount + BC.ContinueCount);
    if (S->getCond()) {
      CountMap[S->getCond()] = CondCount;
      Visit(S->getCond());
    }
    setCount(BC.BreakCount + CondCount - BodyCount);
    RecordNextStmtCount = true;
  }

  void VisitCXXForRangeStmt(const CXXForRangeStmt *S) {
    RecordStmtCount(S);
    if (S->getInit())
      Visit(S->getInit());
    Visit(S->getLoopVarStmt());
    Visit(S->getRangeStmt());
    Visit(S->getBeginStmt());
    Visit(S->getEndStmt());

    uint64_t ParentCount = CurrentCount;
    BreakContinueStack.push_back(BreakContinue());
    // Visit the body region first. (This is basically the same as a while
    // loop; see further comments in VisitWhileStmt.)
    uint64_t BodyCount = setCount(PGO.getRegionCount(S));
    CountMap[S->getBody()] = BodyCount;
    Visit(S->getBody());
    uint64_t BackedgeCount = CurrentCount;
    BreakContinue BC = BreakContinueStack.pop_back_val();

    // The increment is essentially part of the body but it needs to include
    // the count for all the continue statements.
    uint64_t IncCount = setCount(BackedgeCount + BC.ContinueCount);
    CountMap[S->getInc()] = IncCount;
    Visit(S->getInc());

    // ...then go back and propagate counts through the condition.
    uint64_t CondCount =
        setCount(ParentCount + BackedgeCount + BC.ContinueCount);
    CountMap[S->getCond()] = CondCount;
    Visit(S->getCond());
    setCount(BC.BreakCount + CondCount - BodyCount);
    RecordNextStmtCount = true;
  }

  void VisitObjCForCollectionStmt(const ObjCForCollectionStmt *S) {
    RecordStmtCount(S);
    Visit(S->getElement());
    uint64_t ParentCount = CurrentCount;
    BreakContinueStack.push_back(BreakContinue());
    // Counter tracks the body of the loop.
    uint64_t BodyCount = setCount(PGO.getRegionCount(S));
    CountMap[S->getBody()] = BodyCount;
    Visit(S->getBody());
    uint64_t BackedgeCount = CurrentCount;
    BreakContinue BC = BreakContinueStack.pop_back_val();

    setCount(BC.BreakCount + ParentCount + BackedgeCount + BC.ContinueCount -
             BodyCount);
    RecordNextStmtCount = true;
  }

  void VisitSwitchStmt(const SwitchStmt *S) {
    RecordStmtCount(S);
    if (S->getInit())
      Visit(S->getInit());
    Visit(S->getCond());
    CurrentCount = 0;
    BreakContinueStack.push_back(BreakContinue());
    Visit(S->getBody());
    // If the switch is inside a loop, add the continue counts.
    BreakContinue BC = BreakContinueStack.pop_back_val();
    if (!BreakContinueStack.empty())
      BreakContinueStack.back().ContinueCount += BC.ContinueCount;
    // Counter tracks the exit block of the switch.
    setCount(PGO.getRegionCount(S));
    RecordNextStmtCount = true;
  }

  void VisitSwitchCase(const SwitchCase *S) {
    RecordNextStmtCount = false;
    // Counter for this particular case. This counts only jumps from the
    // switch header and does not include fallthrough from the case before
    // this one.
    uint64_t CaseCount = PGO.getRegionCount(S);
    setCount(CurrentCount + CaseCount);
    // We need the count without fallthrough in the mapping, so it's more useful
    // for branch probabilities.
    CountMap[S] = CaseCount;
    RecordNextStmtCount = true;
    Visit(S->getSubStmt());
  }

  void VisitIfStmt(const IfStmt *S) {
    RecordStmtCount(S);

    if (S->isConsteval()) {
      const Stmt *Stm = S->isNegatedConsteval() ? S->getThen() : S->getElse();
      if (Stm)
        Visit(Stm);
      return;
    }

    uint64_t ParentCount = CurrentCount;
    if (S->getInit())
      Visit(S->getInit());
    Visit(S->getCond());

    // Counter tracks the "then" part of an if statement. The count for
    // the "else" part, if it exists, will be calculated from this counter.
    uint64_t ThenCount = setCount(PGO.getRegionCount(S));
    CountMap[S->getThen()] = ThenCount;
    Visit(S->getThen());
    uint64_t OutCount = CurrentCount;

    uint64_t ElseCount = ParentCount - ThenCount;
    if (S->getElse()) {
      setCount(ElseCount);
      CountMap[S->getElse()] = ElseCount;
      Visit(S->getElse());
      OutCount += CurrentCount;
    } else
      OutCount += ElseCount;
    setCount(OutCount);
    RecordNextStmtCount = true;
  }

  void VisitCXXTryStmt(const CXXTryStmt *S) {
    RecordStmtCount(S);
    Visit(S->getTryBlock());
    for (unsigned I = 0, E = S->getNumHandlers(); I < E; ++I)
      Visit(S->getHandler(I));
    // Counter tracks the continuation block of the try statement.
    setCount(PGO.getRegionCount(S));
    RecordNextStmtCount = true;
  }

  void VisitCXXCatchStmt(const CXXCatchStmt *S) {
    RecordNextStmtCount = false;
    // Counter tracks the catch statement's handler block.
    uint64_t CatchCount = setCount(PGO.getRegionCount(S));
    CountMap[S] = CatchCount;
    Visit(S->getHandlerBlock());
  }

  void VisitAbstractConditionalOperator(const AbstractConditionalOperator *E) {
    RecordStmtCount(E);
    uint64_t ParentCount = CurrentCount;
    Visit(E->getCond());

    // Counter tracks the "true" part of a conditional operator. The
    // count in the "false" part will be calculated from this counter.
    uint64_t TrueCount = setCount(PGO.getRegionCount(E));
    CountMap[E->getTrueExpr()] = TrueCount;
    Visit(E->getTrueExpr());
    uint64_t OutCount = CurrentCount;

    uint64_t FalseCount = setCount(ParentCount - TrueCount);
    CountMap[E->getFalseExpr()] = FalseCount;
    Visit(E->getFalseExpr());
    OutCount += CurrentCount;

    setCount(OutCount);
    RecordNextStmtCount = true;
  }

  void VisitBinLAnd(const BinaryOperator *E) {
    RecordStmtCount(E);
    uint64_t ParentCount = CurrentCount;
    Visit(E->getLHS());
    // Counter tracks the right hand side of a logical and operator.
    uint64_t RHSCount = setCount(PGO.getRegionCount(E));
    CountMap[E->getRHS()] = RHSCount;
    Visit(E->getRHS());
    setCount(ParentCount + RHSCount - CurrentCount);
    RecordNextStmtCount = true;
  }

  void VisitBinLOr(const BinaryOperator *E) {
    RecordStmtCount(E);
    uint64_t ParentCount = CurrentCount;
    Visit(E->getLHS());
    // Counter tracks the right hand side of a logical or operator.
    uint64_t RHSCount = setCount(PGO.getRegionCount(E));
    CountMap[E->getRHS()] = RHSCount;
    Visit(E->getRHS());
    setCount(ParentCount + RHSCount - CurrentCount);
    RecordNextStmtCount = true;
  }
};
} // end anonymous namespace

void PGOHash::combine(HashType Type) {
  // Check that we never combine 0 and only have six bits.
  assert(Type && "Hash is invalid: unexpected type 0");
  assert(unsigned(Type) < TooBig && "Hash is invalid: too many types");

  // Pass through MD5 if enough work has built up.
  if (Count && Count % NumTypesPerWord == 0) {
    using namespace llvm::support;
    uint64_t Swapped = endian::byte_swap<uint64_t, little>(Working);
    MD5.update(llvm::makeArrayRef((uint8_t *)&Swapped, sizeof(Swapped)));
    Working = 0;
  }

  // Accumulate the current type.
  ++Count;
  Working = Working << NumBitsPerType | Type;
}

uint64_t PGOHash::finalize() {
  // Use Working as the hash directly if we never used MD5.
  if (Count <= NumTypesPerWord)
    // No need to byte swap here, since none of the math was endian-dependent.
    // This number will be byte-swapped as required on endianness transitions,
    // so we will see the same value on the other side.
    return Working;

  // Check for remaining work in Working.
  if (Working) {
    // Keep the buggy behavior from v1 and v2 for backward-compatibility. This
    // is buggy because it converts a uint64_t into an array of uint8_t.
    if (HashVersion < PGO_HASH_V3) {
      MD5.update({(uint8_t)Working});
    } else {
      using namespace llvm::support;
      uint64_t Swapped = endian::byte_swap<uint64_t, little>(Working);
      MD5.update(llvm::makeArrayRef((uint8_t *)&Swapped, sizeof(Swapped)));
    }
  }

  // Finalize the MD5 and return the hash.
  llvm::MD5::MD5Result Result;
  MD5.final(Result);
  return Result.low();
}

void CodeGenPGO::assignRegionCounters(GlobalDecl GD, llvm::Function *Fn) {
  const Decl *D = GD.getDecl();
  if (!D->hasBody())
    return;

  // Skip CUDA/HIP kernel launch stub functions.
  if (CGM.getLangOpts().CUDA && !CGM.getLangOpts().CUDAIsDevice &&
      D->hasAttr<CUDAGlobalAttr>())
    return;

  bool InstrumentRegions = CGM.getCodeGenOpts().hasProfileClangInstr();
  llvm::IndexedInstrProfReader *PGOReader = CGM.getPGOReader();
  if (!InstrumentRegions && !PGOReader)
    return;
  if (D->isImplicit())
    return;
  // Constructors and destructors may be represented by several functions in IR.
  // If so, instrument only base variant, others are implemented by delegation
  // to the base one, it would be counted twice otherwise.
  if (CGM.getTarget().getCXXABI().hasConstructorVariants()) {
    if (const auto *CCD = dyn_cast<CXXConstructorDecl>(D))
      if (GD.getCtorType() != Ctor_Base &&
          CodeGenFunction::IsConstructorDelegationValid(CCD))
        return;
  }
  if (isa<CXXDestructorDecl>(D) && GD.getDtorType() != Dtor_Base)
    return;

  CGM.ClearUnusedCoverageMapping(D);
  if (Fn->hasFnAttribute(llvm::Attribute::NoProfile))
    return;

  setFuncName(Fn);

  mapRegionCounters(D);
  if (CGM.getCodeGenOpts().CoverageMapping)
    emitCounterRegionMapping(D);
  if (PGOReader) {
    SourceManager &SM = CGM.getContext().getSourceManager();
    loadRegionCounts(PGOReader, SM.isInMainFile(D->getLocation()));
    computeRegionCounts(D);
    applyFunctionAttributes(PGOReader, Fn);
  }
}

void CodeGenPGO::mapRegionCounters(const Decl *D) {
  // Use the latest hash version when inserting instrumentation, but use the
  // version in the indexed profile if we're reading PGO data.
  PGOHashVersion HashVersion = PGO_HASH_LATEST;
  uint64_t ProfileVersion = llvm::IndexedInstrProf::Version;
  if (auto *PGOReader = CGM.getPGOReader()) {
    HashVersion = getPGOHashVersion(PGOReader, CGM);
    ProfileVersion = PGOReader->getVersion();
  }

  RegionCounterMap.reset(new llvm::DenseMap<const Stmt *, unsigned>);
  MapRegionCounters Walker(HashVersion, ProfileVersion, *RegionCounterMap);
  if (const FunctionDecl *FD = dyn_cast_or_null<FunctionDecl>(D))
    Walker.TraverseDecl(const_cast<FunctionDecl *>(FD));
  else if (const ObjCMethodDecl *MD = dyn_cast_or_null<ObjCMethodDecl>(D))
    Walker.TraverseDecl(const_cast<ObjCMethodDecl *>(MD));
  else if (const BlockDecl *BD = dyn_cast_or_null<BlockDecl>(D))
    Walker.TraverseDecl(const_cast<BlockDecl *>(BD));
  else if (const CapturedDecl *CD = dyn_cast_or_null<CapturedDecl>(D))
    Walker.TraverseDecl(const_cast<CapturedDecl *>(CD));
  assert(Walker.NextCounter > 0 && "no entry counter mapped for decl");
  NumRegionCounters = Walker.NextCounter;
  FunctionHash = Walker.Hash.finalize();
}

bool CodeGenPGO::skipRegionMappingForDecl(const Decl *D) {
  if (!D->getBody())
    return true;

  // Skip host-only functions in the CUDA device compilation and device-only
  // functions in the host compilation. Just roughly filter them out based on
  // the function attributes. If there are effectively host-only or device-only
  // ones, their coverage mapping may still be generated.
  if (CGM.getLangOpts().CUDA &&
      ((CGM.getLangOpts().CUDAIsDevice && !D->hasAttr<CUDADeviceAttr>() &&
        !D->hasAttr<CUDAGlobalAttr>()) ||
       (!CGM.getLangOpts().CUDAIsDevice &&
        (D->hasAttr<CUDAGlobalAttr>() ||
         (!D->hasAttr<CUDAHostAttr>() && D->hasAttr<CUDADeviceAttr>())))))
    return true;

  // Don't map the functions in system headers.
  const auto &SM = CGM.getContext().getSourceManager();
  auto Loc = D->getBody()->getBeginLoc();
  return SM.isInSystemHeader(Loc);
}

void CodeGenPGO::emitCounterRegionMapping(const Decl *D) {
  if (skipRegionMappingForDecl(D))
    return;

  std::string CoverageMapping;
  llvm::raw_string_ostream OS(CoverageMapping);
  CoverageMappingGen MappingGen(*CGM.getCoverageMapping(),
                                CGM.getContext().getSourceManager(),
                                CGM.getLangOpts(), RegionCounterMap.get());
  MappingGen.emitCounterMapping(D, OS);
  OS.flush();

  if (CoverageMapping.empty())
    return;

  CGM.getCoverageMapping()->addFunctionMappingRecord(
      FuncNameVar, FuncName, FunctionHash, CoverageMapping);
}

void
CodeGenPGO::emitEmptyCounterMapping(const Decl *D, StringRef Name,
                                    llvm::GlobalValue::LinkageTypes Linkage) {
  if (skipRegionMappingForDecl(D))
    return;

  std::string CoverageMapping;
  llvm::raw_string_ostream OS(CoverageMapping);
  CoverageMappingGen MappingGen(*CGM.getCoverageMapping(),
                                CGM.getContext().getSourceManager(),
                                CGM.getLangOpts());
  MappingGen.emitEmptyMapping(D, OS);
  OS.flush();

  if (CoverageMapping.empty())
    return;

  setFuncName(Name, Linkage);
  CGM.getCoverageMapping()->addFunctionMappingRecord(
      FuncNameVar, FuncName, FunctionHash, CoverageMapping, false);
}

void CodeGenPGO::computeRegionCounts(const Decl *D) {
  StmtCountMap.reset(new llvm::DenseMap<const Stmt *, uint64_t>);
  ComputeRegionCounts Walker(*StmtCountMap, *this);
  if (const FunctionDecl *FD = dyn_cast_or_null<FunctionDecl>(D))
    Walker.VisitFunctionDecl(FD);
  else if (const ObjCMethodDecl *MD = dyn_cast_or_null<ObjCMethodDecl>(D))
    Walker.VisitObjCMethodDecl(MD);
  else if (const BlockDecl *BD = dyn_cast_or_null<BlockDecl>(D))
    Walker.VisitBlockDecl(BD);
  else if (const CapturedDecl *CD = dyn_cast_or_null<CapturedDecl>(D))
    Walker.VisitCapturedDecl(const_cast<CapturedDecl *>(CD));
}

void
CodeGenPGO::applyFunctionAttributes(llvm::IndexedInstrProfReader *PGOReader,
                                    llvm::Function *Fn) {
  if (!haveRegionCounts())
    return;

  uint64_t FunctionCount = getRegionCount(nullptr);
  Fn->setEntryCount(FunctionCount);
}

void CodeGenPGO::emitCounterIncrement(CGBuilderTy &Builder, const Stmt *S,
                                      llvm::Value *StepV) {
  if (!CGM.getCodeGenOpts().hasProfileClangInstr() || !RegionCounterMap)
    return;
  if (!Builder.GetInsertBlock())
    return;

  unsigned Counter = (*RegionCounterMap)[S];
  auto *I8PtrTy = llvm::Type::getInt8PtrTy(CGM.getLLVMContext());

  llvm::Value *Args[] = {llvm::ConstantExpr::getBitCast(FuncNameVar, I8PtrTy),
                         Builder.getInt64(FunctionHash),
                         Builder.getInt32(NumRegionCounters),
                         Builder.getInt32(Counter), StepV};
  if (!StepV)
    Builder.CreateCall(CGM.getIntrinsic(llvm::Intrinsic::instrprof_increment),
                       makeArrayRef(Args, 4));
  else
    Builder.CreateCall(
        CGM.getIntrinsic(llvm::Intrinsic::instrprof_increment_step),
        makeArrayRef(Args));
}

void CodeGenPGO::setValueProfilingFlag(llvm::Module &M) {
  if (CGM.getCodeGenOpts().hasProfileClangInstr())
    M.addModuleFlag(llvm::Module::Warning, "EnableValueProfiling",
                    uint32_t(EnableValueProfiling));
}

// This method either inserts a call to the profile run-time during
// instrumentation or puts profile data into metadata for PGO use.
void CodeGenPGO::valueProfile(CGBuilderTy &Builder, uint32_t ValueKind,
    llvm::Instruction *ValueSite, llvm::Value *ValuePtr) {

  if (!EnableValueProfiling)
    return;

  if (!ValuePtr || !ValueSite || !Builder.GetInsertBlock())
    return;

  if (isa<llvm::Constant>(ValuePtr))
    return;

  bool InstrumentValueSites = CGM.getCodeGenOpts().hasProfileClangInstr();
  if (InstrumentValueSites && RegionCounterMap) {
    auto BuilderInsertPoint = Builder.saveIP();
    Builder.SetInsertPoint(ValueSite);
    llvm::Value *Args[5] = {
        llvm::ConstantExpr::getBitCast(FuncNameVar, Builder.getInt8PtrTy()),
        Builder.getInt64(FunctionHash),
        Builder.CreatePtrToInt(ValuePtr, Builder.getInt64Ty()),
        Builder.getInt32(ValueKind),
        Builder.getInt32(NumValueSites[ValueKind]++)
    };
    Builder.CreateCall(
        CGM.getIntrinsic(llvm::Intrinsic::instrprof_value_profile), Args);
    Builder.restoreIP(BuilderInsertPoint);
    return;
  }

  llvm::IndexedInstrProfReader *PGOReader = CGM.getPGOReader();
  if (PGOReader && haveRegionCounts()) {
    // We record the top most called three functions at each call site.
    // Profile metadata contains "VP" string identifying this metadata
    // as value profiling data, then a uint32_t value for the value profiling
    // kind, a uint64_t value for the total number of times the call is
    // executed, followed by the function hash and execution count (uint64_t)
    // pairs for each function.
    if (NumValueSites[ValueKind] >= ProfRecord->getNumValueSites(ValueKind))
      return;

    llvm::annotateValueSite(CGM.getModule(), *ValueSite, *ProfRecord,
                            (llvm::InstrProfValueKind)ValueKind,
                            NumValueSites[ValueKind]);

    NumValueSites[ValueKind]++;
  }
}

void CodeGenPGO::loadRegionCounts(llvm::IndexedInstrProfReader *PGOReader,
                                  bool IsInMainFile) {
  CGM.getPGOStats().addVisited(IsInMainFile);
  RegionCounts.clear();
  llvm::Expected<llvm::InstrProfRecord> RecordExpected =
      PGOReader->getInstrProfRecord(FuncName, FunctionHash);
  if (auto E = RecordExpected.takeError()) {
    auto IPE = llvm::InstrProfError::take(std::move(E));
    if (IPE == llvm::instrprof_error::unknown_function)
      CGM.getPGOStats().addMissing(IsInMainFile);
    else if (IPE == llvm::instrprof_error::hash_mismatch)
      CGM.getPGOStats().addMismatched(IsInMainFile);
    else if (IPE == llvm::instrprof_error::malformed)
      // TODO: Consider a more specific warning for this case.
      CGM.getPGOStats().addMismatched(IsInMainFile);
    return;
  }
  ProfRecord =
      std::make_unique<llvm::InstrProfRecord>(std::move(RecordExpected.get()));
  RegionCounts = ProfRecord->Counts;
}

/// Calculate what to divide by to scale weights.
///
/// Given the maximum weight, calculate a divisor that will scale all the
/// weights to strictly less than UINT32_MAX.
static uint64_t calculateWeightScale(uint64_t MaxWeight) {
  return MaxWeight < UINT32_MAX ? 1 : MaxWeight / UINT32_MAX + 1;
}

/// Scale an individual branch weight (and add 1).
///
/// Scale a 64-bit weight down to 32-bits using \c Scale.
///
/// According to Laplace's Rule of Succession, it is better to compute the
/// weight based on the count plus 1, so universally add 1 to the value.
///
/// \pre \c Scale was calculated by \a calculateWeightScale() with a weight no
/// greater than \c Weight.
static uint32_t scaleBranchWeight(uint64_t Weight, uint64_t Scale) {
  assert(Scale && "scale by 0?");
  uint64_t Scaled = Weight / Scale + 1;
  assert(Scaled <= UINT32_MAX && "overflow 32-bits");
  return Scaled;
}

llvm::MDNode *CodeGenFunction::createProfileWeights(uint64_t TrueCount,
                                                    uint64_t FalseCount) const {
  // Check for empty weights.
  if (!TrueCount && !FalseCount)
    return nullptr;

  // Calculate how to scale down to 32-bits.
  uint64_t Scale = calculateWeightScale(std::max(TrueCount, FalseCount));

  llvm::MDBuilder MDHelper(CGM.getLLVMContext());
  return MDHelper.createBranchWeights(scaleBranchWeight(TrueCount, Scale),
                                      scaleBranchWeight(FalseCount, Scale));
}

llvm::MDNode *
CodeGenFunction::createProfileWeights(ArrayRef<uint64_t> Weights) const {
  // We need at least two elements to create meaningful weights.
  if (Weights.size() < 2)
    return nullptr;

  // Check for empty weights.
  uint64_t MaxWeight = *std::max_element(Weights.begin(), Weights.end());
  if (MaxWeight == 0)
    return nullptr;

  // Calculate how to scale down to 32-bits.
  uint64_t Scale = calculateWeightScale(MaxWeight);

  SmallVector<uint32_t, 16> ScaledWeights;
  ScaledWeights.reserve(Weights.size());
  for (uint64_t W : Weights)
    ScaledWeights.push_back(scaleBranchWeight(W, Scale));

  llvm::MDBuilder MDHelper(CGM.getLLVMContext());
  return MDHelper.createBranchWeights(ScaledWeights);
}

llvm::MDNode *
CodeGenFunction::createProfileWeightsForLoop(const Stmt *Cond,
                                             uint64_t LoopCount) const {
  if (!PGO.haveRegionCounts())
    return nullptr;
  Optional<uint64_t> CondCount = PGO.getStmtCount(Cond);
  if (!CondCount || *CondCount == 0)
    return nullptr;
  return createProfileWeights(LoopCount,
                              std::max(*CondCount, LoopCount) - LoopCount);
}