11da177e4SLinus Torvalds /* 21da177e4SLinus Torvalds * include/linux/backing-dev.h 31da177e4SLinus Torvalds * 41da177e4SLinus Torvalds * low-level device information and state which is propagated up through 51da177e4SLinus Torvalds * to high-level code. 61da177e4SLinus Torvalds */ 71da177e4SLinus Torvalds 81da177e4SLinus Torvalds #ifndef _LINUX_BACKING_DEV_H 91da177e4SLinus Torvalds #define _LINUX_BACKING_DEV_H 101da177e4SLinus Torvalds 11b2e8fb6eSPeter Zijlstra #include <linux/percpu_counter.h> 12b2e8fb6eSPeter Zijlstra #include <linux/log2.h> 1304fbfdc1SPeter Zijlstra #include <linux/proportions.h> 14cf0ca9feSPeter Zijlstra #include <linux/kernel.h> 15e4ad08feSMiklos Szeredi #include <linux/fs.h> 1603ba3782SJens Axboe #include <linux/sched.h> 1731373d09SMatthew Garrett #include <linux/timer.h> 1803ba3782SJens Axboe #include <linux/writeback.h> 191da177e4SLinus Torvalds #include <asm/atomic.h> 201da177e4SLinus Torvalds 213fcfab16SAndrew Morton struct page; 22cf0ca9feSPeter Zijlstra struct device; 2376f1418bSMiklos Szeredi struct dentry; 243fcfab16SAndrew Morton 251da177e4SLinus Torvalds /* 261da177e4SLinus Torvalds * Bits in backing_dev_info.state 271da177e4SLinus Torvalds */ 281da177e4SLinus Torvalds enum bdi_state { 2903ba3782SJens Axboe BDI_pending, /* On its way to being activated */ 3003ba3782SJens Axboe BDI_wb_alloc, /* Default embedded wb allocated */ 311faa16d2SJens Axboe BDI_async_congested, /* The async (write) queue is getting full */ 321faa16d2SJens Axboe BDI_sync_congested, /* The sync queue is getting full */ 33500b067cSJens Axboe BDI_registered, /* bdi_register() was done */ 3481d73a32SJan Kara BDI_writeback_running, /* Writeback is in progress */ 351da177e4SLinus Torvalds BDI_unused, /* Available bits start here */ 361da177e4SLinus Torvalds }; 371da177e4SLinus Torvalds 381da177e4SLinus Torvalds typedef int (congested_fn)(void *, int); 391da177e4SLinus Torvalds 40b2e8fb6eSPeter Zijlstra enum bdi_stat_item { 41c9e51e41SPeter Zijlstra BDI_RECLAIMABLE, 4269cb51d1SPeter Zijlstra BDI_WRITEBACK, 43b2e8fb6eSPeter Zijlstra NR_BDI_STAT_ITEMS 44b2e8fb6eSPeter Zijlstra }; 45b2e8fb6eSPeter Zijlstra 46b2e8fb6eSPeter Zijlstra #define BDI_STAT_BATCH (8*(1+ilog2(nr_cpu_ids))) 47b2e8fb6eSPeter Zijlstra 4803ba3782SJens Axboe struct bdi_writeback { 4903ba3782SJens Axboe struct backing_dev_info *bdi; /* our parent bdi */ 5003ba3782SJens Axboe unsigned int nr; 5103ba3782SJens Axboe 5203ba3782SJens Axboe unsigned long last_old_flush; /* last old data flush */ 53ecd58403SArtem Bityutskiy unsigned long last_active; /* last time bdi thread was active */ 5403ba3782SJens Axboe 556f904ff0SArtem Bityutskiy struct task_struct *task; /* writeback thread */ 566467716aSArtem Bityutskiy struct timer_list wakeup_timer; /* used for delayed bdi thread wakeup */ 5703ba3782SJens Axboe struct list_head b_dirty; /* dirty inodes */ 5803ba3782SJens Axboe struct list_head b_io; /* parked for writeback */ 5903ba3782SJens Axboe struct list_head b_more_io; /* parked for more writeback */ 60*f758eeabSChristoph Hellwig spinlock_t list_lock; /* protects the b_* lists */ 6103ba3782SJens Axboe }; 6203ba3782SJens Axboe 631da177e4SLinus Torvalds struct backing_dev_info { 6466f3b8e2SJens Axboe struct list_head bdi_list; 651da177e4SLinus Torvalds unsigned long ra_pages; /* max readahead in PAGE_CACHE_SIZE units */ 661da177e4SLinus Torvalds unsigned long state; /* Always use atomic bitops on this */ 671da177e4SLinus Torvalds unsigned int capabilities; /* Device capabilities */ 681da177e4SLinus Torvalds congested_fn *congested_fn; /* Function pointer if device is md/dm */ 691da177e4SLinus Torvalds void *congested_data; /* Pointer to aux data for congested func */ 70b2e8fb6eSPeter Zijlstra 71d993831fSJens Axboe char *name; 72d993831fSJens Axboe 73b2e8fb6eSPeter Zijlstra struct percpu_counter bdi_stat[NR_BDI_STAT_ITEMS]; 7404fbfdc1SPeter Zijlstra 7504fbfdc1SPeter Zijlstra struct prop_local_percpu completions; 7604fbfdc1SPeter Zijlstra int dirty_exceeded; 77cf0ca9feSPeter Zijlstra 78189d3c4aSPeter Zijlstra unsigned int min_ratio; 79a42dde04SPeter Zijlstra unsigned int max_ratio, max_prop_frac; 80189d3c4aSPeter Zijlstra 8103ba3782SJens Axboe struct bdi_writeback wb; /* default writeback info for this bdi */ 82c1955ce3SChristoph Hellwig spinlock_t wb_lock; /* protects work_list */ 8376f1418bSMiklos Szeredi 8403ba3782SJens Axboe struct list_head work_list; 8503ba3782SJens Axboe 8603ba3782SJens Axboe struct device *dev; 8766f3b8e2SJens Axboe 8831373d09SMatthew Garrett struct timer_list laptop_mode_wb_timer; 8931373d09SMatthew Garrett 9076f1418bSMiklos Szeredi #ifdef CONFIG_DEBUG_FS 9176f1418bSMiklos Szeredi struct dentry *debug_dir; 9276f1418bSMiklos Szeredi struct dentry *debug_stats; 9376f1418bSMiklos Szeredi #endif 941da177e4SLinus Torvalds }; 951da177e4SLinus Torvalds 96b2e8fb6eSPeter Zijlstra int bdi_init(struct backing_dev_info *bdi); 97b2e8fb6eSPeter Zijlstra void bdi_destroy(struct backing_dev_info *bdi); 98b2e8fb6eSPeter Zijlstra 99cf0ca9feSPeter Zijlstra int bdi_register(struct backing_dev_info *bdi, struct device *parent, 100cf0ca9feSPeter Zijlstra const char *fmt, ...); 101cf0ca9feSPeter Zijlstra int bdi_register_dev(struct backing_dev_info *bdi, dev_t dev); 102cf0ca9feSPeter Zijlstra void bdi_unregister(struct backing_dev_info *bdi); 103c3c53206SJens Axboe int bdi_setup_and_register(struct backing_dev_info *, char *, unsigned int); 104c5444198SChristoph Hellwig void bdi_start_writeback(struct backing_dev_info *bdi, long nr_pages); 105c5444198SChristoph Hellwig void bdi_start_background_writeback(struct backing_dev_info *bdi); 10608243900SChristoph Hellwig int bdi_writeback_thread(void *data); 10703ba3782SJens Axboe int bdi_has_dirty_io(struct backing_dev_info *bdi); 1086423104bSJens Axboe void bdi_arm_supers_timer(void); 1096467716aSArtem Bityutskiy void bdi_wakeup_thread_delayed(struct backing_dev_info *bdi); 110*f758eeabSChristoph Hellwig void bdi_lock_two(struct bdi_writeback *wb1, struct bdi_writeback *wb2); 111cf0ca9feSPeter Zijlstra 11203ba3782SJens Axboe extern spinlock_t bdi_lock; 11366f3b8e2SJens Axboe extern struct list_head bdi_list; 11492c09c04SNamhyung Kim extern struct list_head bdi_pending_list; 11566f3b8e2SJens Axboe 11603ba3782SJens Axboe static inline int wb_has_dirty_io(struct bdi_writeback *wb) 11703ba3782SJens Axboe { 11803ba3782SJens Axboe return !list_empty(&wb->b_dirty) || 11903ba3782SJens Axboe !list_empty(&wb->b_io) || 12003ba3782SJens Axboe !list_empty(&wb->b_more_io); 12103ba3782SJens Axboe } 12203ba3782SJens Axboe 123b2e8fb6eSPeter Zijlstra static inline void __add_bdi_stat(struct backing_dev_info *bdi, 124b2e8fb6eSPeter Zijlstra enum bdi_stat_item item, s64 amount) 125e0bf68ddSPeter Zijlstra { 126b2e8fb6eSPeter Zijlstra __percpu_counter_add(&bdi->bdi_stat[item], amount, BDI_STAT_BATCH); 127e0bf68ddSPeter Zijlstra } 128e0bf68ddSPeter Zijlstra 129b2e8fb6eSPeter Zijlstra static inline void __inc_bdi_stat(struct backing_dev_info *bdi, 130b2e8fb6eSPeter Zijlstra enum bdi_stat_item item) 131e0bf68ddSPeter Zijlstra { 132b2e8fb6eSPeter Zijlstra __add_bdi_stat(bdi, item, 1); 133b2e8fb6eSPeter Zijlstra } 134b2e8fb6eSPeter Zijlstra 135b2e8fb6eSPeter Zijlstra static inline void inc_bdi_stat(struct backing_dev_info *bdi, 136b2e8fb6eSPeter Zijlstra enum bdi_stat_item item) 137b2e8fb6eSPeter Zijlstra { 138b2e8fb6eSPeter Zijlstra unsigned long flags; 139b2e8fb6eSPeter Zijlstra 140b2e8fb6eSPeter Zijlstra local_irq_save(flags); 141b2e8fb6eSPeter Zijlstra __inc_bdi_stat(bdi, item); 142b2e8fb6eSPeter Zijlstra local_irq_restore(flags); 143b2e8fb6eSPeter Zijlstra } 144b2e8fb6eSPeter Zijlstra 145b2e8fb6eSPeter Zijlstra static inline void __dec_bdi_stat(struct backing_dev_info *bdi, 146b2e8fb6eSPeter Zijlstra enum bdi_stat_item item) 147b2e8fb6eSPeter Zijlstra { 148b2e8fb6eSPeter Zijlstra __add_bdi_stat(bdi, item, -1); 149b2e8fb6eSPeter Zijlstra } 150b2e8fb6eSPeter Zijlstra 151b2e8fb6eSPeter Zijlstra static inline void dec_bdi_stat(struct backing_dev_info *bdi, 152b2e8fb6eSPeter Zijlstra enum bdi_stat_item item) 153b2e8fb6eSPeter Zijlstra { 154b2e8fb6eSPeter Zijlstra unsigned long flags; 155b2e8fb6eSPeter Zijlstra 156b2e8fb6eSPeter Zijlstra local_irq_save(flags); 157b2e8fb6eSPeter Zijlstra __dec_bdi_stat(bdi, item); 158b2e8fb6eSPeter Zijlstra local_irq_restore(flags); 159b2e8fb6eSPeter Zijlstra } 160b2e8fb6eSPeter Zijlstra 161b2e8fb6eSPeter Zijlstra static inline s64 bdi_stat(struct backing_dev_info *bdi, 162b2e8fb6eSPeter Zijlstra enum bdi_stat_item item) 163b2e8fb6eSPeter Zijlstra { 164b2e8fb6eSPeter Zijlstra return percpu_counter_read_positive(&bdi->bdi_stat[item]); 165b2e8fb6eSPeter Zijlstra } 166b2e8fb6eSPeter Zijlstra 167b2e8fb6eSPeter Zijlstra static inline s64 __bdi_stat_sum(struct backing_dev_info *bdi, 168b2e8fb6eSPeter Zijlstra enum bdi_stat_item item) 169b2e8fb6eSPeter Zijlstra { 170b2e8fb6eSPeter Zijlstra return percpu_counter_sum_positive(&bdi->bdi_stat[item]); 171b2e8fb6eSPeter Zijlstra } 172b2e8fb6eSPeter Zijlstra 173b2e8fb6eSPeter Zijlstra static inline s64 bdi_stat_sum(struct backing_dev_info *bdi, 174b2e8fb6eSPeter Zijlstra enum bdi_stat_item item) 175b2e8fb6eSPeter Zijlstra { 176b2e8fb6eSPeter Zijlstra s64 sum; 177b2e8fb6eSPeter Zijlstra unsigned long flags; 178b2e8fb6eSPeter Zijlstra 179b2e8fb6eSPeter Zijlstra local_irq_save(flags); 180b2e8fb6eSPeter Zijlstra sum = __bdi_stat_sum(bdi, item); 181b2e8fb6eSPeter Zijlstra local_irq_restore(flags); 182b2e8fb6eSPeter Zijlstra 183b2e8fb6eSPeter Zijlstra return sum; 184b2e8fb6eSPeter Zijlstra } 185b2e8fb6eSPeter Zijlstra 186dd5656e5SMiklos Szeredi extern void bdi_writeout_inc(struct backing_dev_info *bdi); 187dd5656e5SMiklos Szeredi 188b2e8fb6eSPeter Zijlstra /* 189b2e8fb6eSPeter Zijlstra * maximal error of a stat counter. 190b2e8fb6eSPeter Zijlstra */ 191b2e8fb6eSPeter Zijlstra static inline unsigned long bdi_stat_error(struct backing_dev_info *bdi) 192b2e8fb6eSPeter Zijlstra { 193b2e8fb6eSPeter Zijlstra #ifdef CONFIG_SMP 194b2e8fb6eSPeter Zijlstra return nr_cpu_ids * BDI_STAT_BATCH; 195b2e8fb6eSPeter Zijlstra #else 196b2e8fb6eSPeter Zijlstra return 1; 197b2e8fb6eSPeter Zijlstra #endif 198e0bf68ddSPeter Zijlstra } 1991da177e4SLinus Torvalds 200189d3c4aSPeter Zijlstra int bdi_set_min_ratio(struct backing_dev_info *bdi, unsigned int min_ratio); 201a42dde04SPeter Zijlstra int bdi_set_max_ratio(struct backing_dev_info *bdi, unsigned int max_ratio); 202189d3c4aSPeter Zijlstra 2031da177e4SLinus Torvalds /* 2041da177e4SLinus Torvalds * Flags in backing_dev_info::capability 205e4ad08feSMiklos Szeredi * 206e4ad08feSMiklos Szeredi * The first three flags control whether dirty pages will contribute to the 2071da177e4SLinus Torvalds * VM's accounting and whether writepages() should be called for dirty pages 2081da177e4SLinus Torvalds * (something that would not, for example, be appropriate for ramfs) 209e4ad08feSMiklos Szeredi * 210e4ad08feSMiklos Szeredi * WARNING: these flags are closely related and should not normally be 211e4ad08feSMiklos Szeredi * used separately. The BDI_CAP_NO_ACCT_AND_WRITEBACK combines these 212e4ad08feSMiklos Szeredi * three flags into a single convenience macro. 213e4ad08feSMiklos Szeredi * 214e4ad08feSMiklos Szeredi * BDI_CAP_NO_ACCT_DIRTY: Dirty pages shouldn't contribute to accounting 215e4ad08feSMiklos Szeredi * BDI_CAP_NO_WRITEBACK: Don't write pages back 216e4ad08feSMiklos Szeredi * BDI_CAP_NO_ACCT_WB: Don't automatically account writeback pages 217e4ad08feSMiklos Szeredi * 218e4ad08feSMiklos Szeredi * These flags let !MMU mmap() govern direct device mapping vs immediate 219e4ad08feSMiklos Szeredi * copying more easily for MAP_PRIVATE, especially for ROM filesystems. 220e4ad08feSMiklos Szeredi * 221e4ad08feSMiklos Szeredi * BDI_CAP_MAP_COPY: Copy can be mapped (MAP_PRIVATE) 222e4ad08feSMiklos Szeredi * BDI_CAP_MAP_DIRECT: Can be mapped directly (MAP_SHARED) 223e4ad08feSMiklos Szeredi * BDI_CAP_READ_MAP: Can be mapped for reading 224e4ad08feSMiklos Szeredi * BDI_CAP_WRITE_MAP: Can be mapped for writing 225e4ad08feSMiklos Szeredi * BDI_CAP_EXEC_MAP: Can be mapped for execution 2264f98a2feSRik van Riel * 2274f98a2feSRik van Riel * BDI_CAP_SWAP_BACKED: Count shmem/tmpfs objects as swap-backed. 2281da177e4SLinus Torvalds */ 229e4ad08feSMiklos Szeredi #define BDI_CAP_NO_ACCT_DIRTY 0x00000001 230e4ad08feSMiklos Szeredi #define BDI_CAP_NO_WRITEBACK 0x00000002 231e4ad08feSMiklos Szeredi #define BDI_CAP_MAP_COPY 0x00000004 232e4ad08feSMiklos Szeredi #define BDI_CAP_MAP_DIRECT 0x00000008 233e4ad08feSMiklos Szeredi #define BDI_CAP_READ_MAP 0x00000010 234e4ad08feSMiklos Szeredi #define BDI_CAP_WRITE_MAP 0x00000020 235e4ad08feSMiklos Szeredi #define BDI_CAP_EXEC_MAP 0x00000040 236e4ad08feSMiklos Szeredi #define BDI_CAP_NO_ACCT_WB 0x00000080 2374f98a2feSRik van Riel #define BDI_CAP_SWAP_BACKED 0x00000100 238e4ad08feSMiklos Szeredi 2391da177e4SLinus Torvalds #define BDI_CAP_VMFLAGS \ 2401da177e4SLinus Torvalds (BDI_CAP_READ_MAP | BDI_CAP_WRITE_MAP | BDI_CAP_EXEC_MAP) 2411da177e4SLinus Torvalds 242e4ad08feSMiklos Szeredi #define BDI_CAP_NO_ACCT_AND_WRITEBACK \ 243e4ad08feSMiklos Szeredi (BDI_CAP_NO_WRITEBACK | BDI_CAP_NO_ACCT_DIRTY | BDI_CAP_NO_ACCT_WB) 244e4ad08feSMiklos Szeredi 2451da177e4SLinus Torvalds #if defined(VM_MAYREAD) && \ 2461da177e4SLinus Torvalds (BDI_CAP_READ_MAP != VM_MAYREAD || \ 2471da177e4SLinus Torvalds BDI_CAP_WRITE_MAP != VM_MAYWRITE || \ 2481da177e4SLinus Torvalds BDI_CAP_EXEC_MAP != VM_MAYEXEC) 2491da177e4SLinus Torvalds #error please change backing_dev_info::capabilities flags 2501da177e4SLinus Torvalds #endif 2511da177e4SLinus Torvalds 2521da177e4SLinus Torvalds extern struct backing_dev_info default_backing_dev_info; 2535129a469SJörn Engel extern struct backing_dev_info noop_backing_dev_info; 2541da177e4SLinus Torvalds 2551da177e4SLinus Torvalds int writeback_in_progress(struct backing_dev_info *bdi); 2561da177e4SLinus Torvalds 2571da177e4SLinus Torvalds static inline int bdi_congested(struct backing_dev_info *bdi, int bdi_bits) 2581da177e4SLinus Torvalds { 2591da177e4SLinus Torvalds if (bdi->congested_fn) 2601da177e4SLinus Torvalds return bdi->congested_fn(bdi->congested_data, bdi_bits); 2611da177e4SLinus Torvalds return (bdi->state & bdi_bits); 2621da177e4SLinus Torvalds } 2631da177e4SLinus Torvalds 2641da177e4SLinus Torvalds static inline int bdi_read_congested(struct backing_dev_info *bdi) 2651da177e4SLinus Torvalds { 2661faa16d2SJens Axboe return bdi_congested(bdi, 1 << BDI_sync_congested); 2671da177e4SLinus Torvalds } 2681da177e4SLinus Torvalds 2691da177e4SLinus Torvalds static inline int bdi_write_congested(struct backing_dev_info *bdi) 2701da177e4SLinus Torvalds { 2711faa16d2SJens Axboe return bdi_congested(bdi, 1 << BDI_async_congested); 2721da177e4SLinus Torvalds } 2731da177e4SLinus Torvalds 2741da177e4SLinus Torvalds static inline int bdi_rw_congested(struct backing_dev_info *bdi) 2751da177e4SLinus Torvalds { 2761faa16d2SJens Axboe return bdi_congested(bdi, (1 << BDI_sync_congested) | 2771faa16d2SJens Axboe (1 << BDI_async_congested)); 2781da177e4SLinus Torvalds } 2791da177e4SLinus Torvalds 280373c0a7eSTrond Myklebust enum { 281373c0a7eSTrond Myklebust BLK_RW_ASYNC = 0, 282373c0a7eSTrond Myklebust BLK_RW_SYNC = 1, 283373c0a7eSTrond Myklebust }; 284373c0a7eSTrond Myklebust 2858aa7e847SJens Axboe void clear_bdi_congested(struct backing_dev_info *bdi, int sync); 2868aa7e847SJens Axboe void set_bdi_congested(struct backing_dev_info *bdi, int sync); 2878aa7e847SJens Axboe long congestion_wait(int sync, long timeout); 2880e093d99SMel Gorman long wait_iff_congested(struct zone *zone, int sync, long timeout); 2891da177e4SLinus Torvalds 290e4ad08feSMiklos Szeredi static inline bool bdi_cap_writeback_dirty(struct backing_dev_info *bdi) 291e4ad08feSMiklos Szeredi { 292e4ad08feSMiklos Szeredi return !(bdi->capabilities & BDI_CAP_NO_WRITEBACK); 293e4ad08feSMiklos Szeredi } 2941da177e4SLinus Torvalds 295e4ad08feSMiklos Szeredi static inline bool bdi_cap_account_dirty(struct backing_dev_info *bdi) 296e4ad08feSMiklos Szeredi { 297e4ad08feSMiklos Szeredi return !(bdi->capabilities & BDI_CAP_NO_ACCT_DIRTY); 298e4ad08feSMiklos Szeredi } 2991da177e4SLinus Torvalds 300e4ad08feSMiklos Szeredi static inline bool bdi_cap_account_writeback(struct backing_dev_info *bdi) 301e4ad08feSMiklos Szeredi { 302e4ad08feSMiklos Szeredi /* Paranoia: BDI_CAP_NO_WRITEBACK implies BDI_CAP_NO_ACCT_WB */ 303e4ad08feSMiklos Szeredi return !(bdi->capabilities & (BDI_CAP_NO_ACCT_WB | 304e4ad08feSMiklos Szeredi BDI_CAP_NO_WRITEBACK)); 305e4ad08feSMiklos Szeredi } 3061da177e4SLinus Torvalds 3074f98a2feSRik van Riel static inline bool bdi_cap_swap_backed(struct backing_dev_info *bdi) 3084f98a2feSRik van Riel { 3094f98a2feSRik van Riel return bdi->capabilities & BDI_CAP_SWAP_BACKED; 3104f98a2feSRik van Riel } 3114f98a2feSRik van Riel 31203ba3782SJens Axboe static inline bool bdi_cap_flush_forker(struct backing_dev_info *bdi) 31303ba3782SJens Axboe { 31403ba3782SJens Axboe return bdi == &default_backing_dev_info; 31503ba3782SJens Axboe } 31603ba3782SJens Axboe 317e4ad08feSMiklos Szeredi static inline bool mapping_cap_writeback_dirty(struct address_space *mapping) 318e4ad08feSMiklos Szeredi { 319e4ad08feSMiklos Szeredi return bdi_cap_writeback_dirty(mapping->backing_dev_info); 320e4ad08feSMiklos Szeredi } 321e4ad08feSMiklos Szeredi 322e4ad08feSMiklos Szeredi static inline bool mapping_cap_account_dirty(struct address_space *mapping) 323e4ad08feSMiklos Szeredi { 324e4ad08feSMiklos Szeredi return bdi_cap_account_dirty(mapping->backing_dev_info); 325e4ad08feSMiklos Szeredi } 3261da177e4SLinus Torvalds 3274f98a2feSRik van Riel static inline bool mapping_cap_swap_backed(struct address_space *mapping) 3284f98a2feSRik van Riel { 3294f98a2feSRik van Riel return bdi_cap_swap_backed(mapping->backing_dev_info); 3304f98a2feSRik van Riel } 3314f98a2feSRik van Riel 33203ba3782SJens Axboe static inline int bdi_sched_wait(void *word) 33303ba3782SJens Axboe { 33403ba3782SJens Axboe schedule(); 33503ba3782SJens Axboe return 0; 33603ba3782SJens Axboe } 33703ba3782SJens Axboe 3381da177e4SLinus Torvalds #endif /* _LINUX_BACKING_DEV_H */ 339