xref: /linux-6.15/Documentation/networking/devlink/devlink-flash.rst (revision 5d5b4128)

.. SPDX-License-Identifier: (GPL-2.0-only OR BSD-2-Clause)

.. _devlink_flash:

=============
Devlink Flash
=============

The ``devlink-flash`` API allows updating device firmware. It replaces the
older ``ethtool-flash`` mechanism, and doesn't require taking any
networking locks in the kernel to perform the flash update. Example use::

  $ devlink dev flash pci/0000:05:00.0 file flash-boot.bin

Note that the file name is a path relative to the firmware loading path
(usually ``/lib/firmware/``). Drivers may send status updates to inform
user space about the progress of the update operation.

Overwrite Mask
==============

The ``devlink-flash`` command allows optionally specifying a mask indicating
how the device should handle subsections of flash components when updating.
This mask indicates the set of sections which are allowed to be overwritten.

.. list-table:: List of overwrite mask bits
   :widths: 5 95

   * - Name
     - Description
   * - ``DEVLINK_FLASH_OVERWRITE_SETTINGS``
     - Indicates that the device should overwrite settings in the components
       being updated with the settings found in the provided image.
   * - ``DEVLINK_FLASH_OVERWRITE_IDENTIFIERS``
     - Indicates that the device should overwrite identifiers in the
       components being updated with the identifiers found in the provided
       image. This includes MAC addresses, serial IDs, and similar device
       identifiers.

Multiple overwrite bits may be combined and requested together. If no bits
are provided, it is expected that the device only update firmware binaries
in the components being updated. Settings and identifiers are expected to be
preserved across the update. A device may not support every combination and
the driver for such a device must reject any combination which cannot be
faithfully implemented.

Firmware Loading
================

Devices which require firmware to operate usually store it in non-volatile
memory on the board, e.g. flash. Some devices store only basic firmware on
the board, and the driver loads the rest from disk during probing.
``devlink-info`` allows users to query firmware information (loaded
components and versions).

In other cases the device can both store the image on the board, load from
disk, or automatically flash a new image from disk. The ``fw_load_policy``
devlink parameter can be used to control this behavior
(:ref:`Documentation/networking/devlink/devlink-params.rst <devlink_params_generic>`).

On-disk firmware files are usually stored in ``/lib/firmware/``.

Firmware Version Management
===========================

Drivers are expected to implement ``devlink-flash`` and ``devlink-info``
functionality, which together allow for implementing vendor-independent
automated firmware update facilities.

``devlink-info`` exposes the ``driver`` name and three version groups
(``fixed``, ``running``, ``stored``).

The ``driver`` attribute and ``fixed`` group identify the specific device
design, e.g. for looking up applicable firmware updates. This is why
``serial_number`` is not part of the ``fixed`` versions (even though it
is fixed) - ``fixed`` versions should identify the design, not a single
device.

``running`` and ``stored`` firmware versions identify the firmware running
on the device, and firmware which will be activated after reboot or device
reset.

The firmware update agent is supposed to be able to follow this simple
algorithm to update firmware contents, regardless of the device vendor:

.. code-block:: sh

  # Get unique HW design identifier
  $hw_id = devlink-dev-info['fixed']

  # Find out which FW flash we want to use for this NIC
  $want_flash_vers = some-db-backed.lookup($hw_id, 'flash')

  # Update flash if necessary
  if $want_flash_vers != devlink-dev-info['stored']:
      $file = some-db-backed.download($hw_id, 'flash')
      devlink-dev-flash($file)

  # Find out the expected overall firmware versions
  $want_fw_vers = some-db-backed.lookup($hw_id, 'all')

  # Update on-disk file if necessary
  if $want_fw_vers != devlink-dev-info['running']:
      $file = some-db-backed.download($hw_id, 'disk')
      write($file, '/lib/firmware/')

  # Try device reset, if available
  if $want_fw_vers != devlink-dev-info['running']:
     devlink-reset()

  # Reboot, if reset wasn't enough
  if $want_fw_vers != devlink-dev-info['running']:
     reboot()

Note that each reference to ``devlink-dev-info`` in this pseudo-code
is expected to fetch up-to-date information from the kernel.

For the convenience of identifying firmware files some vendors add
``bundle_id`` information to the firmware versions. This meta-version covers
multiple per-component versions and can be used e.g. in firmware file names
(all component versions could get rather long.)