1*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN""http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/loose.dtd"> 2*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan<HTML 3*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><HEAD 4*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><TITLE 5*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan> NCURSES Programming HOWTO </TITLE 6*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><META 7*4a1a9510SRong-En FanNAME="GENERATOR" 8*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCONTENT="Modular DocBook HTML Stylesheet Version 1.79"></HEAD 9*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><BODY 10*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="ARTICLE" 11*4a1a9510SRong-En FanBGCOLOR="#FFFFFF" 12*4a1a9510SRong-En FanTEXT="#000000" 13*4a1a9510SRong-En FanLINK="#0000FF" 14*4a1a9510SRong-En FanVLINK="#840084" 15*4a1a9510SRong-En FanALINK="#0000FF" 16*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><DIV 17*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="ARTICLE" 18*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><DIV 19*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="TITLEPAGE" 20*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><H1 21*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="TITLE" 22*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><A 23*4a1a9510SRong-En FanNAME="AEN2" 24*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>NCURSES Programming HOWTO</A 25*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></H1 26*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><H3 27*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="AUTHOR" 28*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><A 29*4a1a9510SRong-En FanNAME="AEN4" 30*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan> Pradeep Padala </A 31*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></H3 32*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><DIV 33*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="AFFILIATION" 34*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><DIV 35*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="ADDRESS" 36*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><P 37*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="ADDRESS" 38*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><CODE 39*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="EMAIL" 40*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><<A 41*4a1a9510SRong-En FanHREF="mailto:[email protected]" 42*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>[email protected]</A 43*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>></CODE 44*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></P 45*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></DIV 46*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></DIV 47*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><P 48*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="PUBDATE" 49*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>v1.9, 2005-06-20<BR></P 50*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><DIV 51*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="REVHISTORY" 52*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><TABLE 53*4a1a9510SRong-En FanWIDTH="100%" 54*4a1a9510SRong-En FanBORDER="0" 55*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><TR 56*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><TH 57*4a1a9510SRong-En FanALIGN="LEFT" 58*4a1a9510SRong-En FanVALIGN="TOP" 59*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCOLSPAN="3" 60*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><B 61*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>Revision History</B 62*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></TH 63*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></TR 64*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><TR 65*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><TD 66*4a1a9510SRong-En FanALIGN="LEFT" 67*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>Revision 1.9</TD 68*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><TD 69*4a1a9510SRong-En FanALIGN="LEFT" 70*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>2005-06-20</TD 71*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><TD 72*4a1a9510SRong-En FanALIGN="LEFT" 73*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>Revised by: ppadala</TD 74*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></TR 75*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><TR 76*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><TD 77*4a1a9510SRong-En FanALIGN="LEFT" 78*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCOLSPAN="3" 79*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>The license has been changed to the MIT-style license used 80*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan by NCURSES. Note that the programs are also re-licensed under this.</TD 81*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></TR 82*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><TR 83*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><TD 84*4a1a9510SRong-En FanALIGN="LEFT" 85*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>Revision 1.8</TD 86*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><TD 87*4a1a9510SRong-En FanALIGN="LEFT" 88*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>2005-06-17</TD 89*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><TD 90*4a1a9510SRong-En FanALIGN="LEFT" 91*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>Revised by: ppadala</TD 92*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></TR 93*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><TR 94*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><TD 95*4a1a9510SRong-En FanALIGN="LEFT" 96*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCOLSPAN="3" 97*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>Lots of updates. Added references and perl examples. 98*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan Changes to examples. Many grammatical and stylistic changes to the 99*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan content. Changes to NCURSES history.</TD 100*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></TR 101*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><TR 102*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><TD 103*4a1a9510SRong-En FanALIGN="LEFT" 104*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>Revision 1.7.1</TD 105*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><TD 106*4a1a9510SRong-En FanALIGN="LEFT" 107*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>2002-06-25</TD 108*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><TD 109*4a1a9510SRong-En FanALIGN="LEFT" 110*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>Revised by: ppadala</TD 111*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></TR 112*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><TR 113*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><TD 114*4a1a9510SRong-En FanALIGN="LEFT" 115*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCOLSPAN="3" 116*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>Added a README file for building and instructions 117*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan for building from source.</TD 118*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></TR 119*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><TR 120*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><TD 121*4a1a9510SRong-En FanALIGN="LEFT" 122*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>Revision 1.7</TD 123*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><TD 124*4a1a9510SRong-En FanALIGN="LEFT" 125*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>2002-06-25</TD 126*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><TD 127*4a1a9510SRong-En FanALIGN="LEFT" 128*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>Revised by: ppadala</TD 129*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></TR 130*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><TR 131*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><TD 132*4a1a9510SRong-En FanALIGN="LEFT" 133*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCOLSPAN="3" 134*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>Added "Other formats" section and made a lot of fancy 135*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan changes to the programs. Inlining of programs is gone.</TD 136*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></TR 137*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><TR 138*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><TD 139*4a1a9510SRong-En FanALIGN="LEFT" 140*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>Revision 1.6.1</TD 141*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><TD 142*4a1a9510SRong-En FanALIGN="LEFT" 143*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>2002-02-24</TD 144*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><TD 145*4a1a9510SRong-En FanALIGN="LEFT" 146*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>Revised by: ppadala</TD 147*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></TR 148*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><TR 149*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><TD 150*4a1a9510SRong-En FanALIGN="LEFT" 151*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCOLSPAN="3" 152*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>Removed the old Changelog section, cleaned the makefiles</TD 153*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></TR 154*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><TR 155*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><TD 156*4a1a9510SRong-En FanALIGN="LEFT" 157*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>Revision 1.6</TD 158*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><TD 159*4a1a9510SRong-En FanALIGN="LEFT" 160*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>2002-02-16</TD 161*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><TD 162*4a1a9510SRong-En FanALIGN="LEFT" 163*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>Revised by: ppadala</TD 164*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></TR 165*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><TR 166*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><TD 167*4a1a9510SRong-En FanALIGN="LEFT" 168*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCOLSPAN="3" 169*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>Corrected a lot of spelling mistakes, added ACS variables 170*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan section</TD 171*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></TR 172*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><TR 173*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><TD 174*4a1a9510SRong-En FanALIGN="LEFT" 175*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>Revision 1.5</TD 176*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><TD 177*4a1a9510SRong-En FanALIGN="LEFT" 178*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>2002-01-05</TD 179*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><TD 180*4a1a9510SRong-En FanALIGN="LEFT" 181*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>Revised by: ppadala</TD 182*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></TR 183*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><TR 184*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><TD 185*4a1a9510SRong-En FanALIGN="LEFT" 186*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCOLSPAN="3" 187*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>Changed structure to present proper TOC</TD 188*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></TR 189*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><TR 190*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><TD 191*4a1a9510SRong-En FanALIGN="LEFT" 192*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>Revision 1.3.1</TD 193*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><TD 194*4a1a9510SRong-En FanALIGN="LEFT" 195*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>2001-07-26</TD 196*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><TD 197*4a1a9510SRong-En FanALIGN="LEFT" 198*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>Revised by: ppadala</TD 199*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></TR 200*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><TR 201*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><TD 202*4a1a9510SRong-En FanALIGN="LEFT" 203*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCOLSPAN="3" 204*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>Corrected maintainers paragraph, Corrected stable release number</TD 205*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></TR 206*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><TR 207*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><TD 208*4a1a9510SRong-En FanALIGN="LEFT" 209*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>Revision 1.3</TD 210*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><TD 211*4a1a9510SRong-En FanALIGN="LEFT" 212*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>2001-07-24</TD 213*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><TD 214*4a1a9510SRong-En FanALIGN="LEFT" 215*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>Revised by: ppadala</TD 216*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></TR 217*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><TR 218*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><TD 219*4a1a9510SRong-En FanALIGN="LEFT" 220*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCOLSPAN="3" 221*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>Added copyright notices to main document (LDP license) 222*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan and programs (GPL), Corrected 223*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan printw_example.</TD 224*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></TR 225*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><TR 226*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><TD 227*4a1a9510SRong-En FanALIGN="LEFT" 228*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>Revision 1.2</TD 229*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><TD 230*4a1a9510SRong-En FanALIGN="LEFT" 231*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>2001-06-05</TD 232*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><TD 233*4a1a9510SRong-En FanALIGN="LEFT" 234*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>Revised by: ppadala</TD 235*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></TR 236*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><TR 237*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><TD 238*4a1a9510SRong-En FanALIGN="LEFT" 239*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCOLSPAN="3" 240*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>Incorporated ravi's changes. Mainly to introduction, menu, 241*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan form, justforfun sections</TD 242*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></TR 243*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><TR 244*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><TD 245*4a1a9510SRong-En FanALIGN="LEFT" 246*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>Revision 1.1</TD 247*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><TD 248*4a1a9510SRong-En FanALIGN="LEFT" 249*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>2001-05-22</TD 250*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><TD 251*4a1a9510SRong-En FanALIGN="LEFT" 252*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>Revised by: ppadala</TD 253*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></TR 254*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><TR 255*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><TD 256*4a1a9510SRong-En FanALIGN="LEFT" 257*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCOLSPAN="3" 258*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>Added "a word about window" section, Added scanw_example.</TD 259*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></TR 260*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></TABLE 261*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></DIV 262*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><DIV 263*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><DIV 264*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="ABSTRACT" 265*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><P 266*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></P 267*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><A 268*4a1a9510SRong-En FanNAME="AEN67" 269*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></A 270*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><P 271*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan> <SPAN 272*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="emphasis" 273*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><I 274*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="EMPHASIS" 275*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>This document is intended to be an "All in One" guide for programming with 276*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanncurses and its sister libraries. We graduate from a simple "Hello World" 277*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanprogram to more complex form manipulation. No prior experience in ncurses is 278*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanassumed. Send comments to <A 279*4a1a9510SRong-En FanHREF="mailto:[email protected]" 280*4a1a9510SRong-En FanTARGET="_top" 281*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>this address</A 282*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan> 283*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan </I 284*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></SPAN 285*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan> 286*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan </P 287*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><P 288*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></P 289*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></DIV 290*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></DIV 291*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><HR></DIV 292*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><DIV 293*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="TOC" 294*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><DL 295*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><DT 296*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><B 297*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>Table of Contents</B 298*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></DT 299*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><DT 300*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>1. <A 301*4a1a9510SRong-En FanHREF="#INTRO" 302*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>Introduction</A 303*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></DT 304*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><DD 305*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><DL 306*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><DT 307*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>1.1. <A 308*4a1a9510SRong-En FanHREF="#WHATIS" 309*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>What is NCURSES?</A 310*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></DT 311*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><DT 312*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>1.2. <A 313*4a1a9510SRong-En FanHREF="#WHATCANWEDO" 314*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>What we can do with NCURSES</A 315*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></DT 316*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><DT 317*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>1.3. <A 318*4a1a9510SRong-En FanHREF="#WHERETOGETIT" 319*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>Where to get it</A 320*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></DT 321*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><DT 322*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>1.4. <A 323*4a1a9510SRong-En FanHREF="#PURPOSE" 324*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>Purpose/Scope of the document</A 325*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></DT 326*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><DT 327*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>1.5. <A 328*4a1a9510SRong-En FanHREF="#ABOUTPROGRAMS" 329*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>About the Programs</A 330*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></DT 331*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><DT 332*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>1.6. <A 333*4a1a9510SRong-En FanHREF="#OTHERFORMATS" 334*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>Other Formats of the document</A 335*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></DT 336*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><DD 337*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><DL 338*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><DT 339*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>1.6.1. <A 340*4a1a9510SRong-En FanHREF="#LISTFORMATS" 341*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>Readily available formats from tldp.org</A 342*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></DT 343*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><DT 344*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>1.6.2. <A 345*4a1a9510SRong-En FanHREF="#BUILDSOURCE" 346*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>Building from source</A 347*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></DT 348*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></DL 349*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></DD 350*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><DT 351*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>1.7. <A 352*4a1a9510SRong-En FanHREF="#CREDITS" 353*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>Credits</A 354*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></DT 355*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><DT 356*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>1.8. <A 357*4a1a9510SRong-En FanHREF="#WISHLIST" 358*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>Wish List</A 359*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></DT 360*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><DT 361*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>1.9. <A 362*4a1a9510SRong-En FanHREF="#COPYRIGHT" 363*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>Copyright</A 364*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></DT 365*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></DL 366*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></DD 367*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><DT 368*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>2. <A 369*4a1a9510SRong-En FanHREF="#HELLOWORLD" 370*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>Hello World !!!</A 371*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></DT 372*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><DD 373*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><DL 374*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><DT 375*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>2.1. <A 376*4a1a9510SRong-En FanHREF="#COMPILECURSES" 377*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>Compiling With the NCURSES Library</A 378*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></DT 379*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><DT 380*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>2.2. <A 381*4a1a9510SRong-En FanHREF="#DISSECTION" 382*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>Dissection</A 383*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></DT 384*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><DD 385*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><DL 386*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><DT 387*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>2.2.1. <A 388*4a1a9510SRong-En FanHREF="#ABOUT-INITSCR" 389*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>About initscr()</A 390*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></DT 391*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><DT 392*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>2.2.2. <A 393*4a1a9510SRong-En FanHREF="#MYST-REFRESH" 394*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>The mysterious refresh()</A 395*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></DT 396*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><DT 397*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>2.2.3. <A 398*4a1a9510SRong-En FanHREF="#ABOUT-ENDWIN" 399*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>About endwin()</A 400*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></DT 401*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></DL 402*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></DD 403*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></DL 404*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></DD 405*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><DT 406*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>3. <A 407*4a1a9510SRong-En FanHREF="#GORY" 408*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>The Gory Details</A 409*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></DT 410*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><DT 411*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>4. <A 412*4a1a9510SRong-En FanHREF="#INIT" 413*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>Initialization</A 414*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></DT 415*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><DD 416*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><DL 417*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><DT 418*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>4.1. <A 419*4a1a9510SRong-En FanHREF="#ABOUTINIT" 420*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>Initialization functions</A 421*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></DT 422*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><DT 423*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>4.2. <A 424*4a1a9510SRong-En FanHREF="#RAWCBREAK" 425*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>raw() and cbreak()</A 426*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></DT 427*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><DT 428*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>4.3. <A 429*4a1a9510SRong-En FanHREF="#ECHONOECHO" 430*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>echo() and noecho()</A 431*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></DT 432*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><DT 433*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>4.4. <A 434*4a1a9510SRong-En FanHREF="#KEYPAD" 435*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>keypad()</A 436*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></DT 437*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><DT 438*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>4.5. <A 439*4a1a9510SRong-En FanHREF="#HALFDELAY" 440*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>halfdelay()</A 441*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></DT 442*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><DT 443*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>4.6. <A 444*4a1a9510SRong-En FanHREF="#MISCINIT" 445*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>Miscellaneous Initialization functions</A 446*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></DT 447*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><DT 448*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>4.7. <A 449*4a1a9510SRong-En FanHREF="#INITEX" 450*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>An Example</A 451*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></DT 452*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></DL 453*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></DD 454*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><DT 455*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>5. <A 456*4a1a9510SRong-En FanHREF="#AWORDWINDOWS" 457*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>A Word about Windows</A 458*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></DT 459*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><DT 460*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>6. <A 461*4a1a9510SRong-En FanHREF="#PRINTW" 462*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>Output functions</A 463*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></DT 464*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><DD 465*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><DL 466*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><DT 467*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>6.1. <A 468*4a1a9510SRong-En FanHREF="#ADDCHCLASS" 469*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>addch() class of functions</A 470*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></DT 471*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><DT 472*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>6.2. <A 473*4a1a9510SRong-En FanHREF="#AEN298" 474*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>mvaddch(), waddch() and mvwaddch()</A 475*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></DT 476*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><DT 477*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>6.3. <A 478*4a1a9510SRong-En FanHREF="#PRINTWCLASS" 479*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>printw() class of functions</A 480*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></DT 481*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><DD 482*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><DL 483*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><DT 484*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>6.3.1. <A 485*4a1a9510SRong-En FanHREF="#PRINTWMVPRINTW" 486*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>printw() and mvprintw</A 487*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></DT 488*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><DT 489*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>6.3.2. <A 490*4a1a9510SRong-En FanHREF="#WPRINTWMVWPRINTW" 491*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>wprintw() and mvwprintw</A 492*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></DT 493*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><DT 494*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>6.3.3. <A 495*4a1a9510SRong-En FanHREF="#VWPRINTW" 496*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>vwprintw()</A 497*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></DT 498*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><DT 499*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>6.3.4. <A 500*4a1a9510SRong-En FanHREF="#SIMPLEPRINTWEX" 501*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>A Simple printw example</A 502*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></DT 503*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></DL 504*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></DD 505*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><DT 506*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>6.4. <A 507*4a1a9510SRong-En FanHREF="#ADDSTRCLASS" 508*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>addstr() class of functions</A 509*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></DT 510*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><DT 511*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>6.5. <A 512*4a1a9510SRong-En FanHREF="#ACAUTION" 513*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>A word of caution</A 514*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></DT 515*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></DL 516*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></DD 517*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><DT 518*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>7. <A 519*4a1a9510SRong-En FanHREF="#SCANW" 520*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>Input functions</A 521*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></DT 522*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><DD 523*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><DL 524*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><DT 525*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>7.1. <A 526*4a1a9510SRong-En FanHREF="#GETCHCLASS" 527*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>getch() class of functions</A 528*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></DT 529*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><DT 530*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>7.2. <A 531*4a1a9510SRong-En FanHREF="#SCANWCLASS" 532*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>scanw() class of functions</A 533*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></DT 534*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><DD 535*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><DL 536*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><DT 537*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>7.2.1. <A 538*4a1a9510SRong-En FanHREF="#SCANWMVSCANW" 539*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>scanw() and mvscanw</A 540*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></DT 541*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><DT 542*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>7.2.2. <A 543*4a1a9510SRong-En FanHREF="#WSCANWMVWSCANW" 544*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>wscanw() and mvwscanw()</A 545*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></DT 546*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><DT 547*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>7.2.3. <A 548*4a1a9510SRong-En FanHREF="#VWSCANW" 549*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>vwscanw()</A 550*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></DT 551*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></DL 552*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></DD 553*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><DT 554*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>7.3. <A 555*4a1a9510SRong-En FanHREF="#GETSTRCLASS" 556*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>getstr() class of functions</A 557*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></DT 558*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><DT 559*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>7.4. <A 560*4a1a9510SRong-En FanHREF="#GETSTREX" 561*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>Some examples</A 562*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></DT 563*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></DL 564*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></DD 565*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><DT 566*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>8. <A 567*4a1a9510SRong-En FanHREF="#ATTRIB" 568*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>Attributes</A 569*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></DT 570*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><DD 571*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><DL 572*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><DT 573*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>8.1. <A 574*4a1a9510SRong-En FanHREF="#ATTRIBDETAILS" 575*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>The details</A 576*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></DT 577*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><DT 578*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>8.2. <A 579*4a1a9510SRong-En FanHREF="#ATTRONVSATTRSET" 580*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>attron() vs attrset()</A 581*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></DT 582*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><DT 583*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>8.3. <A 584*4a1a9510SRong-En FanHREF="#ATTR_GET" 585*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>attr_get()</A 586*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></DT 587*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><DT 588*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>8.4. <A 589*4a1a9510SRong-En FanHREF="#ATTR_FUNCS" 590*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>attr_ functions</A 591*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></DT 592*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><DT 593*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>8.5. <A 594*4a1a9510SRong-En FanHREF="#WATTRFUNCS" 595*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>wattr functions</A 596*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></DT 597*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><DT 598*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>8.6. <A 599*4a1a9510SRong-En FanHREF="#CHGAT" 600*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>chgat() functions</A 601*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></DT 602*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></DL 603*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></DD 604*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><DT 605*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>9. <A 606*4a1a9510SRong-En FanHREF="#WINDOWS" 607*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>Windows</A 608*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></DT 609*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><DD 610*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><DL 611*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><DT 612*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>9.1. <A 613*4a1a9510SRong-En FanHREF="#WINDOWBASICS" 614*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>The basics</A 615*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></DT 616*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><DT 617*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>9.2. <A 618*4a1a9510SRong-En FanHREF="#LETBEWINDOW" 619*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>Let there be a Window !!!</A 620*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></DT 621*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><DT 622*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>9.3. <A 623*4a1a9510SRong-En FanHREF="#BORDEREXEXPL" 624*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>Explanation</A 625*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></DT 626*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><DT 627*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>9.4. <A 628*4a1a9510SRong-En FanHREF="#OTHERSTUFF" 629*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>The other stuff in the example</A 630*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></DT 631*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><DT 632*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>9.5. <A 633*4a1a9510SRong-En FanHREF="#OTHERBORDERFUNCS" 634*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>Other Border functions</A 635*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></DT 636*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></DL 637*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></DD 638*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><DT 639*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>10. <A 640*4a1a9510SRong-En FanHREF="#COLOR" 641*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>Colors</A 642*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></DT 643*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><DD 644*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><DL 645*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><DT 646*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>10.1. <A 647*4a1a9510SRong-En FanHREF="#COLORBASICS" 648*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>The basics</A 649*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></DT 650*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><DT 651*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>10.2. <A 652*4a1a9510SRong-En FanHREF="#CHANGECOLORDEFS" 653*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>Changing Color Definitions</A 654*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></DT 655*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><DT 656*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>10.3. <A 657*4a1a9510SRong-En FanHREF="#COLORCONTENT" 658*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>Color Content</A 659*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></DT 660*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></DL 661*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></DD 662*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><DT 663*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>11. <A 664*4a1a9510SRong-En FanHREF="#KEYS" 665*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>Interfacing with the key board</A 666*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></DT 667*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><DD 668*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><DL 669*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><DT 670*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>11.1. <A 671*4a1a9510SRong-En FanHREF="#KEYSBASICS" 672*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>The Basics</A 673*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></DT 674*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><DT 675*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>11.2. <A 676*4a1a9510SRong-En FanHREF="#SIMPLEKEYEX" 677*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>A Simple Key Usage example</A 678*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></DT 679*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></DL 680*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></DD 681*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><DT 682*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>12. <A 683*4a1a9510SRong-En FanHREF="#MOUSE" 684*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>Interfacing with the mouse</A 685*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></DT 686*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><DD 687*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><DL 688*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><DT 689*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>12.1. <A 690*4a1a9510SRong-En FanHREF="#MOUSEBASICS" 691*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>The Basics</A 692*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></DT 693*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><DT 694*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>12.2. <A 695*4a1a9510SRong-En FanHREF="#GETTINGEVENTS" 696*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>Getting the events</A 697*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></DT 698*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><DT 699*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>12.3. <A 700*4a1a9510SRong-En FanHREF="#MOUSETOGETHER" 701*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>Putting it all Together</A 702*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></DT 703*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><DT 704*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>12.4. <A 705*4a1a9510SRong-En FanHREF="#MISCMOUSEFUNCS" 706*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>Miscellaneous Functions</A 707*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></DT 708*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></DL 709*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></DD 710*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><DT 711*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>13. <A 712*4a1a9510SRong-En FanHREF="#SCREEN" 713*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>Screen Manipulation</A 714*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></DT 715*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><DD 716*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><DL 717*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><DT 718*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>13.1. <A 719*4a1a9510SRong-En FanHREF="#GETYX" 720*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>getyx() functions</A 721*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></DT 722*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><DT 723*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>13.2. <A 724*4a1a9510SRong-En FanHREF="#SCREENDUMP" 725*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>Screen Dumping</A 726*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></DT 727*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><DT 728*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>13.3. <A 729*4a1a9510SRong-En FanHREF="#WINDOWDUMP" 730*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>Window Dumping</A 731*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></DT 732*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></DL 733*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></DD 734*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><DT 735*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>14. <A 736*4a1a9510SRong-En FanHREF="#MISC" 737*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>Miscellaneous features</A 738*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></DT 739*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><DD 740*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><DL 741*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><DT 742*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>14.1. <A 743*4a1a9510SRong-En FanHREF="#CURSSET" 744*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>curs_set()</A 745*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></DT 746*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><DT 747*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>14.2. <A 748*4a1a9510SRong-En FanHREF="#TEMPLEAVE" 749*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>Temporarily Leaving Curses mode</A 750*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></DT 751*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><DT 752*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>14.3. <A 753*4a1a9510SRong-En FanHREF="#ACSVARS" 754*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>ACS_ variables</A 755*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></DT 756*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></DL 757*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></DD 758*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><DT 759*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>15. <A 760*4a1a9510SRong-En FanHREF="#OTHERLIB" 761*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>Other libraries</A 762*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></DT 763*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><DT 764*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>16. <A 765*4a1a9510SRong-En FanHREF="#PANELS" 766*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>Panel Library</A 767*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></DT 768*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><DD 769*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><DL 770*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><DT 771*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>16.1. <A 772*4a1a9510SRong-En FanHREF="#PANELBASICS" 773*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>The Basics</A 774*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></DT 775*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><DT 776*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>16.2. <A 777*4a1a9510SRong-En FanHREF="#COMPILEPANELS" 778*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>Compiling With the Panels Library</A 779*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></DT 780*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><DT 781*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>16.3. <A 782*4a1a9510SRong-En FanHREF="#PANELBROWSING" 783*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>Panel Window Browsing</A 784*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></DT 785*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><DT 786*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>16.4. <A 787*4a1a9510SRong-En FanHREF="#USERPTRUSING" 788*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>Using User Pointers</A 789*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></DT 790*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><DT 791*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>16.5. <A 792*4a1a9510SRong-En FanHREF="#PANELMOVERESIZE" 793*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>Moving and Resizing Panels</A 794*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></DT 795*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><DT 796*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>16.6. <A 797*4a1a9510SRong-En FanHREF="#PANELSHOWHIDE" 798*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>Hiding and Showing Panels</A 799*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></DT 800*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><DT 801*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>16.7. <A 802*4a1a9510SRong-En FanHREF="#PANELABOVE" 803*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>panel_above() and panel_below() Functions</A 804*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></DT 805*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></DL 806*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></DD 807*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><DT 808*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>17. <A 809*4a1a9510SRong-En FanHREF="#MENUS" 810*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>Menus Library</A 811*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></DT 812*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><DD 813*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><DL 814*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><DT 815*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>17.1. <A 816*4a1a9510SRong-En FanHREF="#MENUBASICS" 817*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>The Basics</A 818*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></DT 819*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><DT 820*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>17.2. <A 821*4a1a9510SRong-En FanHREF="#COMPILEMENUS" 822*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>Compiling With the Menu Library</A 823*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></DT 824*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><DT 825*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>17.3. <A 826*4a1a9510SRong-En FanHREF="#MENUDRIVER" 827*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>Menu Driver: The work horse of the menu system</A 828*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></DT 829*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><DT 830*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>17.4. <A 831*4a1a9510SRong-En FanHREF="#MENUWINDOWS" 832*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>Menu Windows</A 833*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></DT 834*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><DT 835*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>17.5. <A 836*4a1a9510SRong-En FanHREF="#SCROLLMENUS" 837*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>Scrolling Menus</A 838*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></DT 839*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><DT 840*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>17.6. <A 841*4a1a9510SRong-En FanHREF="#MULTICOLUMN" 842*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>Multi Columnar Menus</A 843*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></DT 844*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><DT 845*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>17.7. <A 846*4a1a9510SRong-En FanHREF="#MULTIVALUEMENUS" 847*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>Multi Valued Menus</A 848*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></DT 849*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><DT 850*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>17.8. <A 851*4a1a9510SRong-En FanHREF="#MENUOPT" 852*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>Menu Options</A 853*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></DT 854*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><DT 855*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>17.9. <A 856*4a1a9510SRong-En FanHREF="#MENUUSERPTR" 857*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>The useful User Pointer</A 858*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></DT 859*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></DL 860*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></DD 861*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><DT 862*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>18. <A 863*4a1a9510SRong-En FanHREF="#FORMS" 864*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>Forms Library</A 865*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></DT 866*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><DD 867*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><DL 868*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><DT 869*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>18.1. <A 870*4a1a9510SRong-En FanHREF="#FORMBASICS" 871*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>The Basics</A 872*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></DT 873*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><DT 874*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>18.2. <A 875*4a1a9510SRong-En FanHREF="#COMPILEFORMS" 876*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>Compiling With the Forms Library</A 877*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></DT 878*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><DT 879*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>18.3. <A 880*4a1a9510SRong-En FanHREF="#PLAYFIELDS" 881*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>Playing with Fields</A 882*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></DT 883*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><DD 884*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><DL 885*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><DT 886*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>18.3.1. <A 887*4a1a9510SRong-En FanHREF="#FETCHINFO" 888*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>Fetching Size and Location of Field</A 889*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></DT 890*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><DT 891*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>18.3.2. <A 892*4a1a9510SRong-En FanHREF="#MOVEFIELD" 893*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>Moving the field</A 894*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></DT 895*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><DT 896*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>18.3.3. <A 897*4a1a9510SRong-En FanHREF="#JUSTIFYFIELD" 898*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>Field Justification</A 899*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></DT 900*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><DT 901*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>18.3.4. <A 902*4a1a9510SRong-En FanHREF="#FIELDDISPATTRIB" 903*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>Field Display Attributes</A 904*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></DT 905*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><DT 906*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>18.3.5. <A 907*4a1a9510SRong-En FanHREF="#FIELDOPTIONBITS" 908*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>Field Option Bits</A 909*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></DT 910*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><DT 911*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>18.3.6. <A 912*4a1a9510SRong-En FanHREF="#FIELDSTATUS" 913*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>Field Status</A 914*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></DT 915*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><DT 916*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>18.3.7. <A 917*4a1a9510SRong-En FanHREF="#FIELDUSERPTR" 918*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>Field User Pointer</A 919*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></DT 920*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><DT 921*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>18.3.8. <A 922*4a1a9510SRong-En FanHREF="#VARIABLESIZEFIELDS" 923*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>Variable-Sized Fields</A 924*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></DT 925*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></DL 926*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></DD 927*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><DT 928*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>18.4. <A 929*4a1a9510SRong-En FanHREF="#FORMWINDOWS" 930*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>Form Windows</A 931*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></DT 932*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><DT 933*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>18.5. <A 934*4a1a9510SRong-En FanHREF="#FILEDVALIDATE" 935*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>Field Validation</A 936*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></DT 937*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><DT 938*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>18.6. <A 939*4a1a9510SRong-En FanHREF="#FORMDRIVER" 940*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>Form Driver: The work horse of the forms system</A 941*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></DT 942*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><DD 943*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><DL 944*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><DT 945*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>18.6.1. <A 946*4a1a9510SRong-En FanHREF="#PAGENAVREQ" 947*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>Page Navigation Requests</A 948*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></DT 949*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><DT 950*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>18.6.2. <A 951*4a1a9510SRong-En FanHREF="#INTERFIELDNAVREQ" 952*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>Inter-Field Navigation Requests</A 953*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></DT 954*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><DT 955*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>18.6.3. <A 956*4a1a9510SRong-En FanHREF="#INTRAFIELDNAVREQ" 957*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>Intra-Field Navigation Requests</A 958*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></DT 959*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><DT 960*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>18.6.4. <A 961*4a1a9510SRong-En FanHREF="#SCROLLREQ" 962*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>Scrolling Requests</A 963*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></DT 964*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><DT 965*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>18.6.5. <A 966*4a1a9510SRong-En FanHREF="#EDITREQ" 967*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>Editing Requests</A 968*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></DT 969*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><DT 970*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>18.6.6. <A 971*4a1a9510SRong-En FanHREF="#ORDERREQ" 972*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>Order Requests</A 973*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></DT 974*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><DT 975*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>18.6.7. <A 976*4a1a9510SRong-En FanHREF="#APPLICCOMMANDS" 977*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>Application Commands</A 978*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></DT 979*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></DL 980*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></DD 981*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></DL 982*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></DD 983*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><DT 984*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>19. <A 985*4a1a9510SRong-En FanHREF="#TOOLS" 986*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>Tools and Widget Libraries</A 987*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></DT 988*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><DD 989*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><DL 990*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><DT 991*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>19.1. <A 992*4a1a9510SRong-En FanHREF="#CDK" 993*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>CDK (Curses Development Kit)</A 994*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></DT 995*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><DD 996*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><DL 997*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><DT 998*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>19.1.1. <A 999*4a1a9510SRong-En FanHREF="#WIDGETLIST" 1000*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>Widget List</A 1001*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></DT 1002*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><DT 1003*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>19.1.2. <A 1004*4a1a9510SRong-En FanHREF="#CDKATTRACT" 1005*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>Some Attractive Features</A 1006*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></DT 1007*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><DT 1008*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>19.1.3. <A 1009*4a1a9510SRong-En FanHREF="#CDKCONCLUSION" 1010*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>Conclusion</A 1011*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></DT 1012*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></DL 1013*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></DD 1014*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><DT 1015*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>19.2. <A 1016*4a1a9510SRong-En FanHREF="#DIALOG" 1017*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>The dialog</A 1018*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></DT 1019*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><DT 1020*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>19.3. <A 1021*4a1a9510SRong-En FanHREF="#PERLCURSES" 1022*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>Perl Curses Modules CURSES::FORM and CURSES::WIDGETS</A 1023*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></DT 1024*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></DL 1025*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></DD 1026*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><DT 1027*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>20. <A 1028*4a1a9510SRong-En FanHREF="#JUSTFORFUN" 1029*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>Just For Fun !!!</A 1030*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></DT 1031*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><DD 1032*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><DL 1033*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><DT 1034*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>20.1. <A 1035*4a1a9510SRong-En FanHREF="#GAMEOFLIFE" 1036*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>The Game of Life</A 1037*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></DT 1038*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><DT 1039*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>20.2. <A 1040*4a1a9510SRong-En FanHREF="#MAGIC" 1041*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>Magic Square</A 1042*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></DT 1043*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><DT 1044*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>20.3. <A 1045*4a1a9510SRong-En FanHREF="#HANOI" 1046*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>Towers of Hanoi</A 1047*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></DT 1048*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><DT 1049*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>20.4. <A 1050*4a1a9510SRong-En FanHREF="#QUEENS" 1051*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>Queens Puzzle</A 1052*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></DT 1053*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><DT 1054*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>20.5. <A 1055*4a1a9510SRong-En FanHREF="#SHUFFLE" 1056*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>Shuffle</A 1057*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></DT 1058*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><DT 1059*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>20.6. <A 1060*4a1a9510SRong-En FanHREF="#TT" 1061*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>Typing Tutor</A 1062*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></DT 1063*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></DL 1064*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></DD 1065*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><DT 1066*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>21. <A 1067*4a1a9510SRong-En FanHREF="#REF" 1068*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>References</A 1069*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></DT 1070*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></DL 1071*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></DIV 1072*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><DIV 1073*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="SECT1" 1074*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><H2 1075*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="SECT1" 1076*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><A 1077*4a1a9510SRong-En FanNAME="INTRO" 1078*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>1. Introduction</A 1079*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></H2 1080*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><P 1081*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>In the olden days of teletype terminals, terminals were away from computers and 1082*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanwere connected to them through serial cables. The terminals could be configured 1083*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanby sending a series of bytes. All the capabilities (such as 1084*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanmoving the cursor to a new location, erasing part of the screen, scrolling the 1085*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanscreen, changing modes etc.) of terminals could be accessed through these 1086*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanseries of bytes. These control seeuqnces are usually called escape sequences, 1087*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanbecause they start 1088*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanwith an escape(0x1B) character. Even today, with proper emulation, we can send 1089*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanescape sequences to the emulator and achieve the same effect on a terminal 1090*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanwindow.</P 1091*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><P 1092*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>Suppose you wanted to print a line in color. Try typing this on your console.</P 1093*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><PRE 1094*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="PROGRAMLISTING" 1095*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>echo "^[[0;31;40mIn Color"</PRE 1096*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><P 1097*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>The first character is an escape character, which looks like two characters ^ 1098*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanand [. To be able to print it, you have to press CTRL+V and then the ESC key. 1099*4a1a9510SRong-En FanAll the others are normal printable characters. You should be able to see the 1100*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanstring "In Color" in red. It stays that way and to revert back to the original 1101*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanmode type this.</P 1102*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><PRE 1103*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="PROGRAMLISTING" 1104*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>echo "^[[0;37;40m"</PRE 1105*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><P 1106*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>Now, what do these magic characters mean? Difficult to comprehend? They might 1107*4a1a9510SRong-En Faneven be different for different terminals. So the designers of UNIX invented a 1108*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanmechanism named <TT 1109*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="LITERAL" 1110*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>termcap</TT 1111*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>. It is a file that 1112*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanlists all the capabilities of a particular terminal, along with the escape 1113*4a1a9510SRong-En Fansequences needed to achieve a particular effect. In the later years, this was 1114*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanreplaced by <TT 1115*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="LITERAL" 1116*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>terminfo</TT 1117*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>. Without delving too 1118*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanmuch into details, this mechanism allows application 1119*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanprograms to query the terminfo database and obtain the control characters to be 1120*4a1a9510SRong-En Fansent to a terminal or terminal emulator.</P 1121*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><DIV 1122*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="SECT2" 1123*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><HR><H3 1124*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="SECT2" 1125*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><A 1126*4a1a9510SRong-En FanNAME="WHATIS" 1127*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>1.1. What is NCURSES?</A 1128*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></H3 1129*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><P 1130*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan> 1131*4a1a9510SRong-En FanYou might be wondering, what the import of all this technical gibberish is. In 1132*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanthe above scenario, every application program is supposed to query the terminfo 1133*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanand perform the necessary stuff (sending control characters etc.). It soon became 1134*4a1a9510SRong-En Fandifficult to manage this complexity and this gave birth to 'CURSES'. Curses is 1135*4a1a9510SRong-En Fana pun on the name "cursor optimization". The Curses library forms a wrapper 1136*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanover working with raw terminal codes, and provides highly flexible and 1137*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanefficient API (Application Programming Interface). It provides functions to 1138*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanmove the cursor, create windows, produce colors, play with mouse etc. The 1139*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanapplication programs need not worry about the underlying terminal capabilities.</P 1140*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><P 1141*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>So what is NCURSES? NCURSES is a clone of the original System V Release 4.0 1142*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan(SVr4) curses. It is a freely distributable library, fully compatible with 1143*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanolder version of curses. In short, it is a library of functions that manages 1144*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanan application's display on character-cell terminals. In the remainder of the 1145*4a1a9510SRong-En Fandocument, the terms curses and ncurses are used interchangeably. </P 1146*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><P 1147*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>A detailed history of NCURSES can be found in the NEWS file from the source 1148*4a1a9510SRong-En Fandistribution. The current package is maintained by 1149*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan<A 1150*4a1a9510SRong-En FanHREF="mailto:[email protected]" 1151*4a1a9510SRong-En FanTARGET="_top" 1152*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>Thomas Dickey</A 1153*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>. 1154*4a1a9510SRong-En FanYou can contact the maintainers at <A 1155*4a1a9510SRong-En FanHREF="mailto:[email protected]" 1156*4a1a9510SRong-En FanTARGET="_top" 1157*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>[email protected]</A 1158*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>.</P 1159*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></DIV 1160*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><DIV 1161*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="SECT2" 1162*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><HR><H3 1163*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="SECT2" 1164*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><A 1165*4a1a9510SRong-En FanNAME="WHATCANWEDO" 1166*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>1.2. What we can do with NCURSES</A 1167*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></H3 1168*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><P 1169*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>NCURSES not only creates a wrapper over terminal capabilities, but also gives a 1170*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanrobust framework to create nice looking UI (User Interface)s in text mode. It 1171*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanprovides functions to create windows etc. Its sister libraries panel, menu and 1172*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanform provide an extension to the basic curses library. These libraries usually 1173*4a1a9510SRong-En Fancome along with curses. One can create applications that contain multiple 1174*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanwindows, menus, panels and forms. Windows can be managed independently, can 1175*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanprovide 'scrollability' and even can be hidden.</P 1176*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><P 1177*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan> 1178*4a1a9510SRong-En FanMenus provide the user with an easy command selection option. Forms allow the 1179*4a1a9510SRong-En Fancreation of easy-to-use data entry and display windows. Panels extend the 1180*4a1a9510SRong-En Fancapabilities of ncurses to deal with overlapping and stacked windows.</P 1181*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><P 1182*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>These are just some of the basic things we can do with ncurses. As we move 1183*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanalong, We will see all the capabilities of these libraries. </P 1184*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></DIV 1185*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><DIV 1186*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="SECT2" 1187*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><HR><H3 1188*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="SECT2" 1189*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><A 1190*4a1a9510SRong-En FanNAME="WHERETOGETIT" 1191*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>1.3. Where to get it</A 1192*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></H3 1193*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><P 1194*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>All right, now that you know what you can do with ncurses, you must be rearing 1195*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanto get started. NCURSES is usually shipped with your installation. In case 1196*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanyou don't have the library or want to compile it on your own, read on.</P 1197*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><P 1198*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><SPAN 1199*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="emphasis" 1200*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><I 1201*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="EMPHASIS" 1202*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>Compiling the package</I 1203*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></SPAN 1204*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan> </P 1205*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><P 1206*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>NCURSES can be obtained from <A 1207*4a1a9510SRong-En FanHREF="ftp://ftp.gnu.org/pub/gnu/ncurses/ncurses.tar.gz" 1208*4a1a9510SRong-En FanTARGET="_top" 1209*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>ftp://ftp.gnu.org/pub/gnu/ncurses/ncurses.tar.gz</A 1210*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan> or any of the ftp 1211*4a1a9510SRong-En Fansites mentioned in <A 1212*4a1a9510SRong-En FanHREF="http://www.gnu.org/order/ftp.html" 1213*4a1a9510SRong-En FanTARGET="_top" 1214*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>http://www.gnu.org/order/ftp.html</A 1215*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>. </P 1216*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><P 1217*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>Read the README and INSTALL files for details on to how to install it. It 1218*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanusually involves the following operations.</P 1219*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><PRE 1220*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="PROGRAMLISTING" 1221*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan> tar zxvf ncurses<version>.tar.gz # unzip and untar the archive 1222*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan cd ncurses<version> # cd to the directory 1223*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan ./configure # configure the build according to your 1224*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan # environment 1225*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan make # make it 1226*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan su root # become root 1227*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan make install # install it</PRE 1228*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><P 1229*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><SPAN 1230*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="emphasis" 1231*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><I 1232*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="EMPHASIS" 1233*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>Using the RPM </I 1234*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></SPAN 1235*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></P 1236*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><P 1237*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>NCURSES RPM can be found and downloaded from <A 1238*4a1a9510SRong-En FanHREF="http://rpmfind.net" 1239*4a1a9510SRong-En FanTARGET="_top" 1240*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>http://rpmfind.net </A 1241*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>. The RPM can be installed with the following 1242*4a1a9510SRong-En Fancommand after becoming root.</P 1243*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><PRE 1244*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="PROGRAMLISTING" 1245*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan> rpm -i <downloaded rpm></PRE 1246*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></DIV 1247*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><DIV 1248*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="SECT2" 1249*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><HR><H3 1250*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="SECT2" 1251*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><A 1252*4a1a9510SRong-En FanNAME="PURPOSE" 1253*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>1.4. Purpose/Scope of the document</A 1254*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></H3 1255*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><P 1256*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>This document is intended to be a "All in One" guide for programming with 1257*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanncurses and its sister libraries. We graduate from a simple "Hello World" 1258*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanprogram to more complex form manipulation. No prior experience in ncurses is 1259*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanassumed. The writing is informal, but a lot of detail is provided for 1260*4a1a9510SRong-En Faneach of the examples.</P 1261*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></DIV 1262*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><DIV 1263*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="SECT2" 1264*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><HR><H3 1265*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="SECT2" 1266*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><A 1267*4a1a9510SRong-En FanNAME="ABOUTPROGRAMS" 1268*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>1.5. About the Programs</A 1269*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></H3 1270*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><P 1271*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>All the programs in the document are available in zipped form 1272*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan<A 1273*4a1a9510SRong-En FanHREF="http://www.tldp.org/HOWTO/NCURSES-Programming-HOWTO/ncurses_programs.tar.gz" 1274*4a1a9510SRong-En FanTARGET="_top" 1275*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>here</A 1276*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>. Unzip and untar it. The directory structure looks like this.</P 1277*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><PRE 1278*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="PROGRAMLISTING" 1279*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>ncurses 1280*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan | 1281*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan |----> JustForFun -- just for fun programs 1282*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan |----> basics -- basic programs 1283*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan |----> demo -- output files go into this directory after make 1284*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan | | 1285*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan | |----> exe -- exe files of all example programs 1286*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan |----> forms -- programs related to form library 1287*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan |----> menus -- programs related to menus library 1288*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan |----> panels -- programs related to panels library 1289*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan |----> perl -- perl equivalents of the examples (contributed 1290*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan | by Anuradha Ratnaweera) 1291*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan |----> Makefile -- the top level Makefile 1292*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan |----> README -- the top level README file. contains instructions 1293*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan |----> COPYING -- copyright notice</PRE 1294*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><P 1295*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>The individual directories contain the following files.</P 1296*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><PRE 1297*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="PROGRAMLISTING" 1298*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>Description of files in each directory 1299*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan-------------------------------------- 1300*4a1a9510SRong-En FanJustForFun 1301*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan | 1302*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan |----> hanoi.c -- The Towers of Hanoi Solver 1303*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan |----> life.c -- The Game of Life demo 1304*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan |----> magic.c -- An Odd Order Magic Square builder 1305*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan |----> queens.c -- The famous N-Queens Solver 1306*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan |----> shuffle.c -- A fun game, if you have time to kill 1307*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan |----> tt.c -- A very trivial typing tutor 1308*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan 1309*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan basics 1310*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan | 1311*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan |----> acs_vars.c -- ACS_ variables example 1312*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan |----> hello_world.c -- Simple "Hello World" Program 1313*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan |----> init_func_example.c -- Initialization functions example 1314*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan |----> key_code.c -- Shows the scan code of the key pressed 1315*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan |----> mouse_menu.c -- A menu accessible by mouse 1316*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan |----> other_border.c -- Shows usage of other border functions apa 1317*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan | -- rt from box() 1318*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan |----> printw_example.c -- A very simple printw() example 1319*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan |----> scanw_example.c -- A very simple getstr() example 1320*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan |----> simple_attr.c -- A program that can print a c file with 1321*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan | -- comments in attribute 1322*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan |----> simple_color.c -- A simple example demonstrating colors 1323*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan |----> simple_key.c -- A menu accessible with keyboard UP, DOWN 1324*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan | -- arrows 1325*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan |----> temp_leave.c -- Demonstrates temporarily leaving curses mode 1326*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan |----> win_border.c -- Shows Creation of windows and borders 1327*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan |----> with_chgat.c -- chgat() usage example 1328*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan 1329*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan forms 1330*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan | 1331*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan |----> form_attrib.c -- Usage of field attributes 1332*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan |----> form_options.c -- Usage of field options 1333*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan |----> form_simple.c -- A simple form example 1334*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan |----> form_win.c -- Demo of windows associated with forms 1335*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan 1336*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan menus 1337*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan | 1338*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan |----> menu_attrib.c -- Usage of menu attributes 1339*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan |----> menu_item_data.c -- Usage of item_name() etc.. functions 1340*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan |----> menu_multi_column.c -- Creates multi columnar menus 1341*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan |----> menu_scroll.c -- Demonstrates scrolling capability of menus 1342*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan |----> menu_simple.c -- A simple menu accessed by arrow keys 1343*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan |----> menu_toggle.c -- Creates multi valued menus and explains 1344*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan | -- REQ_TOGGLE_ITEM 1345*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan |----> menu_userptr.c -- Usage of user pointer 1346*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan |----> menu_win.c -- Demo of windows associated with menus 1347*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan 1348*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan panels 1349*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan | 1350*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan |----> panel_browse.c -- Panel browsing through tab. Usage of user 1351*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan | -- pointer 1352*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan |----> panel_hide.c -- Hiding and Un hiding of panels 1353*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan |----> panel_resize.c -- Moving and resizing of panels 1354*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan |----> panel_simple.c -- A simple panel example 1355*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan 1356*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan perl 1357*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan |----> 01-10.pl -- Perl equivalents of first ten example programs</PRE 1358*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><P 1359*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>There is a top level Makefile included in the main directory. It builds all the 1360*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanfiles and puts the ready-to-use exes in demo/exe directory. You can also 1361*4a1a9510SRong-En Fando selective make by going into the corresponding directory. Each directory 1362*4a1a9510SRong-En Fancontains a README file explaining the purpose of each c file in the directory.</P 1363*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><P 1364*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>For every example, I have included path name for the file relative to the 1365*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanexamples directory. </P 1366*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><P 1367*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan> If you prefer browsing individual programs, point your browser to 1368*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan<A 1369*4a1a9510SRong-En FanHREF="http://tldp.org/HOWTO/NCURSES-Programming-HOWTO/ncurses_programs/" 1370*4a1a9510SRong-En FanTARGET="_top" 1371*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>http://tldp.org/HOWTO/NCURSES-Programming-HOWTO/ncurses_programs/</A 1372*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></P 1373*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><P 1374*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>All the programs are released under the same license that is used by ncurses 1375*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan(MIT-style). This gives you the ability to do pretty much anything other than 1376*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanclaiming them as yours. Feel free to use them in your programs as appropriate.</P 1377*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></DIV 1378*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><DIV 1379*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="SECT2" 1380*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><HR><H3 1381*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="SECT2" 1382*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><A 1383*4a1a9510SRong-En FanNAME="OTHERFORMATS" 1384*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>1.6. Other Formats of the document</A 1385*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></H3 1386*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><P 1387*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>This howto is also availabe in various other formats on the tldp.org site. 1388*4a1a9510SRong-En FanHere are the links to other formats of this document.</P 1389*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><DIV 1390*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="SECT3" 1391*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><HR><H4 1392*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="SECT3" 1393*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><A 1394*4a1a9510SRong-En FanNAME="LISTFORMATS" 1395*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>1.6.1. Readily available formats from tldp.org</A 1396*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></H4 1397*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><P 1398*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></P 1399*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><UL 1400*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><LI 1401*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><P 1402*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><A 1403*4a1a9510SRong-En FanHREF="http://www.ibiblio.org/pub/Linux/docs/HOWTO/other-formats/pdf/NCURSES-Programming-HOWTO.pdf" 1404*4a1a9510SRong-En FanTARGET="_top" 1405*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>Acrobat PDF Format</A 1406*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></P 1407*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></LI 1408*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><LI 1409*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><P 1410*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><A 1411*4a1a9510SRong-En FanHREF="http://www.ibiblio.org/pub/Linux/docs/HOWTO/other-formats/ps/NCURSES-Programming-HOWTO.ps.gz" 1412*4a1a9510SRong-En FanTARGET="_top" 1413*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>PostScript Format</A 1414*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></P 1415*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></LI 1416*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><LI 1417*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><P 1418*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><A 1419*4a1a9510SRong-En FanHREF="http://www.ibiblio.org/pub/Linux/docs/HOWTO/other-formats/html/NCURSES-Programming-HOWTO-html.tar.gz" 1420*4a1a9510SRong-En FanTARGET="_top" 1421*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>In Multiple HTML pages</A 1422*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></P 1423*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></LI 1424*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><LI 1425*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><P 1426*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><A 1427*4a1a9510SRong-En FanHREF="http://www.ibiblio.org/pub/Linux/docs/HOWTO/other-formats/html_single/NCURSES-Programming-HOWTO.html" 1428*4a1a9510SRong-En FanTARGET="_top" 1429*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>In One big HTML format</A 1430*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></P 1431*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></LI 1432*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></UL 1433*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></DIV 1434*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><DIV 1435*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="SECT3" 1436*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><HR><H4 1437*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="SECT3" 1438*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><A 1439*4a1a9510SRong-En FanNAME="BUILDSOURCE" 1440*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>1.6.2. Building from source</A 1441*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></H4 1442*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><P 1443*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>If above links are broken or if you want to experiment with sgml read on. 1444*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan<PRE 1445*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="PROGRAMLISTING" 1446*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan> Get both the source and the tar,gzipped programs, available at 1447*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan http://cvsview.tldp.org/index.cgi/LDP/howto/docbook/ 1448*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan NCURSES-HOWTO/NCURSES-Programming-HOWTO.sgml 1449*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan http://cvsview.tldp.org/index.cgi/LDP/howto/docbook/ 1450*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan NCURSES-HOWTO/ncurses_programs.tar.gz 1451*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan 1452*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan Unzip ncurses_programs.tar.gz with 1453*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan tar zxvf ncurses_programs.tar.gz 1454*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan 1455*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan Use jade to create various formats. For example if you just want to create 1456*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan the multiple html files, you would use 1457*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan jade -t sgml -i html -d <path to docbook html stylesheet> 1458*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan NCURSES-Programming-HOWTO.sgml 1459*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan to get pdf, first create a single html file of the HOWTO with 1460*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan jade -t sgml -i html -d <path to docbook html stylesheet> -V nochunks 1461*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan NCURSES-Programming-HOWTO.sgml > NCURSES-ONE-BIG-FILE.html 1462*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan then use htmldoc to get pdf file with 1463*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan htmldoc --size universal -t pdf --firstpage p1 -f <output file name.pdf> 1464*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan NCURSES-ONE-BIG-FILE.html 1465*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan for ps, you would use 1466*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan htmldoc --size universal -t ps --firstpage p1 -f <output file name.ps> 1467*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan NCURSES-ONE-BIG-FILE.html</PRE 1468*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></P 1469*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><P 1470*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>See <A 1471*4a1a9510SRong-En FanHREF="http://www.tldp.org/LDP/LDP-Author-Guide/" 1472*4a1a9510SRong-En FanTARGET="_top" 1473*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>LDP Author guide</A 1474*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan> for more details. If all else failes, mail me at 1475*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan<A 1476*4a1a9510SRong-En FanHREF="[email protected]" 1477*4a1a9510SRong-En FanTARGET="_top" 1478*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>[email protected]</A 1479*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></P 1480*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></DIV 1481*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></DIV 1482*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><DIV 1483*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="SECT2" 1484*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><HR><H3 1485*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="SECT2" 1486*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><A 1487*4a1a9510SRong-En FanNAME="CREDITS" 1488*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>1.7. Credits</A 1489*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></H3 1490*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><P 1491*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>I thank <A 1492*4a1a9510SRong-En FanHREF="mailto:[email protected]" 1493*4a1a9510SRong-En FanTARGET="_top" 1494*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>Sharath</A 1495*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan> and Emre Akbas for 1496*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanhelping me with few sections. The introduction was initially written by sharath. 1497*4a1a9510SRong-En FanI rewrote it with few excerpts taken from his initial work. Emre helped in 1498*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanwriting printw and scanw sections.</P 1499*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><P 1500*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>Perl equivalents of the example programs are contributed by <A 1501*4a1a9510SRong-En FanHREF="mailto:[email protected]" 1502*4a1a9510SRong-En FanTARGET="_top" 1503*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>Anuradha Ratnaweera</A 1504*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>. </P 1505*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><P 1506*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>Then comes <A 1507*4a1a9510SRong-En FanHREF="mailto:[email protected]" 1508*4a1a9510SRong-En FanTARGET="_top" 1509*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>Ravi Parimi</A 1510*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>, my 1511*4a1a9510SRong-En Fandearest friend, who has been on this project before even one line was written. 1512*4a1a9510SRong-En FanHe constantly bombarded me with suggestions and patiently reviewed the whole 1513*4a1a9510SRong-En Fantext. He also checked each program on Linux and Solaris. </P 1514*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></DIV 1515*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><DIV 1516*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="SECT2" 1517*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><HR><H3 1518*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="SECT2" 1519*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><A 1520*4a1a9510SRong-En FanNAME="WISHLIST" 1521*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>1.8. Wish List</A 1522*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></H3 1523*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><P 1524*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>This is the wish list, in the order of priority. If you have a wish or you want 1525*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanto work on completing the wish, mail <A 1526*4a1a9510SRong-En FanHREF="mailto:[email protected]" 1527*4a1a9510SRong-En FanTARGET="_top" 1528*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>me</A 1529*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>. </P 1530*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><P 1531*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></P 1532*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><UL 1533*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><LI 1534*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><P 1535*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>Add examples to last parts of forms section.</P 1536*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></LI 1537*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><LI 1538*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><P 1539*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>Prepare a Demo showing all the programs and allow the user to browse through 1540*4a1a9510SRong-En Fandescription of each program. Let the user compile and see the program in action. 1541*4a1a9510SRong-En FanA dialog based interface is preferred.</P 1542*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></LI 1543*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><LI 1544*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><P 1545*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>Add debug info. _tracef, _tracemouse stuff.</P 1546*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></LI 1547*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><LI 1548*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><P 1549*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>Accessing termcap, terminfo using functions provided by ncurses 1550*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanpackage.</P 1551*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></LI 1552*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><LI 1553*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><P 1554*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>Working on two terminals simultaneously.</P 1555*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></LI 1556*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><LI 1557*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><P 1558*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>Add more stuff to miscellaneous section.</P 1559*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></LI 1560*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></UL 1561*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></DIV 1562*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><DIV 1563*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="SECT2" 1564*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><HR><H3 1565*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="SECT2" 1566*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><A 1567*4a1a9510SRong-En FanNAME="COPYRIGHT" 1568*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>1.9. Copyright</A 1569*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></H3 1570*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><P 1571*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>Copyright © 2001 by Pradeep Padala. </P 1572*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><P 1573*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy 1574*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanof this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal 1575*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanin the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights 1576*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanto use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, distribute with 1577*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanmodifications, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit 1578*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanpersons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following 1579*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanconditions:</P 1580*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><P 1581*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all 1582*4a1a9510SRong-En Fancopies or substantial portions of the Software.</P 1583*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><P 1584*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR 1585*4a1a9510SRong-En FanIMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, 1586*4a1a9510SRong-En FanFITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE 1587*4a1a9510SRong-En FanABOVE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, 1588*4a1a9510SRong-En FanWHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR 1589*4a1a9510SRong-En FanIN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.</P 1590*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><P 1591*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>Except as contained in this notice, the name(s) of the above copyright holders 1592*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanshall not be used in advertising or otherwise to promote the sale, use or 1593*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanother dealings in this Software without prior written authorization. </P 1594*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></DIV 1595*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></DIV 1596*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><DIV 1597*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="SECT1" 1598*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><HR><H2 1599*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="SECT1" 1600*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><A 1601*4a1a9510SRong-En FanNAME="HELLOWORLD" 1602*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>2. Hello World !!!</A 1603*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></H2 1604*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><P 1605*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>Welcome to the world of curses. Before we plunge into the library and look into 1606*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanits various features, let's write a simple program and say 1607*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanhello to the world. </P 1608*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><DIV 1609*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="SECT2" 1610*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><HR><H3 1611*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="SECT2" 1612*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><A 1613*4a1a9510SRong-En FanNAME="COMPILECURSES" 1614*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>2.1. Compiling With the NCURSES Library</A 1615*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></H3 1616*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><P 1617*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>To use ncurses library functions, you have to include ncurses.h in your 1618*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanprograms. To link the 1619*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanprogram with ncurses the flag -lncurses should be added.</P 1620*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><PRE 1621*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="PROGRAMLISTING" 1622*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan> #include <ncurses.h> 1623*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan . 1624*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan . 1625*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan . 1626*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan 1627*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan compile and link: gcc <program file> -lncurses</PRE 1628*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><DIV 1629*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="EXAMPLE" 1630*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><A 1631*4a1a9510SRong-En FanNAME="BHW" 1632*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></A 1633*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><P 1634*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><B 1635*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>Example 1. The Hello World !!! Program </B 1636*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></P 1637*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><PRE 1638*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="PROGRAMLISTING" 1639*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><SPAN 1640*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="INLINEMEDIAOBJECT" 1641*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>#include <ncurses.h> 1642*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan 1643*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanint main() 1644*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan{ 1645*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan initscr(); /* Start curses mode */ 1646*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan printw("Hello World !!!"); /* Print Hello World */ 1647*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan refresh(); /* Print it on to the real screen */ 1648*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan getch(); /* Wait for user input */ 1649*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan endwin(); /* End curses mode */ 1650*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan 1651*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan return 0; 1652*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan}</SPAN 1653*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></PRE 1654*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></DIV 1655*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></DIV 1656*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><DIV 1657*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="SECT2" 1658*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><HR><H3 1659*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="SECT2" 1660*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><A 1661*4a1a9510SRong-En FanNAME="DISSECTION" 1662*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>2.2. Dissection</A 1663*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></H3 1664*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><P 1665*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan> 1666*4a1a9510SRong-En FanThe above program prints "Hello World !!!" to the screen and exits. This 1667*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanprogram shows how to initialize curses and do screen manipulation and 1668*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanend curses mode. Let's dissect it line by line. </P 1669*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><DIV 1670*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="SECT3" 1671*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><HR><H4 1672*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="SECT3" 1673*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><A 1674*4a1a9510SRong-En FanNAME="ABOUT-INITSCR" 1675*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>2.2.1. About initscr()</A 1676*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></H4 1677*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><P 1678*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>The function initscr() initializes the terminal in curses mode. In some 1679*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanimplementations, it clears the screen and presents a blank screen. To do any 1680*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanscreen manipulation using curses package this has to be called first. This 1681*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanfunction initializes the curses system and allocates memory for our present 1682*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanwindow (called <TT 1683*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="LITERAL" 1684*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>stdscr</TT 1685*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>) and some other data-structures. Under extreme 1686*4a1a9510SRong-En Fancases this function might fail due to insufficient memory to allocate memory 1687*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanfor curses library's data structures. </P 1688*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><P 1689*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan> 1690*4a1a9510SRong-En FanAfter this is done, we can do a variety of initializations to customize 1691*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanour curses settings. These details will be explained <A 1692*4a1a9510SRong-En FanHREF="#INIT" 1693*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>later </A 1694*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>.</P 1695*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></DIV 1696*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><DIV 1697*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="SECT3" 1698*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><HR><H4 1699*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="SECT3" 1700*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><A 1701*4a1a9510SRong-En FanNAME="MYST-REFRESH" 1702*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>2.2.2. The mysterious refresh()</A 1703*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></H4 1704*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><P 1705*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>The next line printw prints the string "Hello World !!!" on to the screen. This 1706*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanfunction is analogous to normal printf in all respects except that it prints 1707*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanthe data on a window called stdscr at the current (y,x) co-ordinates. Since our 1708*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanpresent co-ordinates are at 0,0 the string is printed at the left hand corner 1709*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanof the window.</P 1710*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><P 1711*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>This brings us to that mysterious refresh(). Well, when we called printw 1712*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanthe data is actually written to an imaginary window, which is not updated 1713*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanon the screen yet. The job of printw is to update a few flags 1714*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanand data structures and write the data to a buffer corresponding to stdscr. 1715*4a1a9510SRong-En FanIn order to show it on the screen, we need to call refresh() and tell the 1716*4a1a9510SRong-En Fancurses system to dump the contents on the screen.</P 1717*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><P 1718*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>The philosophy behind all this is to allow the programmer to do multiple updates 1719*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanon the imaginary screen or windows and do a refresh once all his screen update 1720*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanis done. refresh() checks the window and updates only the portion which has been 1721*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanchanged. This improves performance and offers greater flexibility too. But, it is 1722*4a1a9510SRong-En Fansometimes frustrating to beginners. A common mistake committed by beginners is 1723*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanto forget to call refresh() after they did some update through printw() class of 1724*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanfunctions. I still forget to add it sometimes :-) </P 1725*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></DIV 1726*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><DIV 1727*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="SECT3" 1728*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><HR><H4 1729*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="SECT3" 1730*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><A 1731*4a1a9510SRong-En FanNAME="ABOUT-ENDWIN" 1732*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>2.2.3. About endwin()</A 1733*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></H4 1734*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><P 1735*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>And finally don't forget to end the curses mode. Otherwise your terminal might 1736*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanbehave strangely after the program quits. endwin() frees the memory taken by 1737*4a1a9510SRong-En Fancurses sub-system and its data structures and puts the terminal in normal 1738*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanmode. This function must be called after you are done with the curses mode. </P 1739*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></DIV 1740*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></DIV 1741*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></DIV 1742*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><DIV 1743*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="SECT1" 1744*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><HR><H2 1745*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="SECT1" 1746*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><A 1747*4a1a9510SRong-En FanNAME="GORY" 1748*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>3. The Gory Details</A 1749*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></H2 1750*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><P 1751*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>Now that we have seen how to write a simple curses program let's get into the 1752*4a1a9510SRong-En Fandetails. There are many functions that help customize what you see on screen and 1753*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanmany features which can be put to full use. </P 1754*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><P 1755*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>Here we go...</P 1756*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></DIV 1757*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><DIV 1758*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="SECT1" 1759*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><HR><H2 1760*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="SECT1" 1761*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><A 1762*4a1a9510SRong-En FanNAME="INIT" 1763*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>4. Initialization</A 1764*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></H2 1765*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><P 1766*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>We now know that to initialize curses system the function initscr() has to be 1767*4a1a9510SRong-En Fancalled. There are functions which can be called after this initialization to 1768*4a1a9510SRong-En Fancustomize our curses session. We may ask the curses system to set the terminal 1769*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanin raw mode or initialize color or initialize the mouse etc.. Let's discuss some 1770*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanof the functions that are normally called immediately after initscr();</P 1771*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><DIV 1772*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="SECT2" 1773*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><HR><H3 1774*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="SECT2" 1775*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><A 1776*4a1a9510SRong-En FanNAME="ABOUTINIT" 1777*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>4.1. Initialization functions</A 1778*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></H3 1779*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><P 1780*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan> </P 1781*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></DIV 1782*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><DIV 1783*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="SECT2" 1784*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><HR><H3 1785*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="SECT2" 1786*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><A 1787*4a1a9510SRong-En FanNAME="RAWCBREAK" 1788*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>4.2. raw() and cbreak()</A 1789*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></H3 1790*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><P 1791*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>Normally the terminal driver buffers the characters a user types until a new 1792*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanline or carriage return is encountered. But most programs require that the 1793*4a1a9510SRong-En Fancharacters be available as soon as the user types them. The above two functions 1794*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanare used to disable line buffering. The difference between these two functions 1795*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanis in the way control characters like suspend (CTRL-Z), interrupt and quit 1796*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan(CTRL-C) are passed to the program. In the raw() mode these characters are 1797*4a1a9510SRong-En Fandirectly passed to the program without generating a signal. In the 1798*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan<TT 1799*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="LITERAL" 1800*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>cbreak()</TT 1801*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan> mode these control characters are 1802*4a1a9510SRong-En Faninterpreted as any other character by the terminal driver. I personally prefer 1803*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanto use raw() as I can exercise greater control over what the user does.</P 1804*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></DIV 1805*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><DIV 1806*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="SECT2" 1807*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><HR><H3 1808*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="SECT2" 1809*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><A 1810*4a1a9510SRong-En FanNAME="ECHONOECHO" 1811*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>4.3. echo() and noecho()</A 1812*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></H3 1813*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><P 1814*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan> 1815*4a1a9510SRong-En FanThese functions control the echoing of characters typed by the user to the 1816*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanterminal. <TT 1817*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="LITERAL" 1818*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>noecho()</TT 1819*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan> switches off echoing. The 1820*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanreason you might want to do this is to gain more control over echoing or to 1821*4a1a9510SRong-En Fansuppress unnecessary echoing while taking input from the user through the 1822*4a1a9510SRong-En Fangetch() etc. functions. Most of the interactive programs call 1823*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan<TT 1824*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="LITERAL" 1825*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>noecho()</TT 1826*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan> at initialization and do the echoing 1827*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanof characters in a controlled manner. It gives the programmer the flexibility 1828*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanof echoing characters at any place in the window without updating current (y,x) 1829*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanco-ordinates. </P 1830*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></DIV 1831*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><DIV 1832*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="SECT2" 1833*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><HR><H3 1834*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="SECT2" 1835*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><A 1836*4a1a9510SRong-En FanNAME="KEYPAD" 1837*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>4.4. keypad()</A 1838*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></H3 1839*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><P 1840*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>This is my favorite initialization function. It enables the reading of function 1841*4a1a9510SRong-En Fankeys like F1, F2, arrow keys etc. Almost every interactive program enables this, 1842*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanas arrow keys are a major part of any User Interface. Do 1843*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan<TT 1844*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="LITERAL" 1845*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>keypad(stdscr, TRUE) </TT 1846*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan> to enable this feature 1847*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanfor the regular screen (stdscr). You will learn more about key management in 1848*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanlater sections of this document.</P 1849*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></DIV 1850*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><DIV 1851*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="SECT2" 1852*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><HR><H3 1853*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="SECT2" 1854*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><A 1855*4a1a9510SRong-En FanNAME="HALFDELAY" 1856*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>4.5. halfdelay()</A 1857*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></H3 1858*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><P 1859*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>This function, though not used very often, is a useful one at times. 1860*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanhalfdelay()is called to enable the half-delay mode, which is similar to the 1861*4a1a9510SRong-En Fancbreak() mode in that characters typed are immediately available to program. 1862*4a1a9510SRong-En FanHowever, it waits for 'X' tenths of a second for input and then returns ERR, if 1863*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanno input is available. 'X' is the timeout value passed to the function 1864*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanhalfdelay(). This function is useful when you want to ask the user for input, 1865*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanand if he doesn't respond with in certain time, we can do some thing else. One 1866*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanpossible example is a timeout at the password prompt. </P 1867*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></DIV 1868*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><DIV 1869*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="SECT2" 1870*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><HR><H3 1871*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="SECT2" 1872*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><A 1873*4a1a9510SRong-En FanNAME="MISCINIT" 1874*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>4.6. Miscellaneous Initialization functions</A 1875*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></H3 1876*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><P 1877*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>There are few more functions which are called at initialization to 1878*4a1a9510SRong-En Fancustomize curses behavior. They are not used as extensively as those mentioned 1879*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanabove. Some of them are explained where appropriate.</P 1880*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></DIV 1881*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><DIV 1882*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="SECT2" 1883*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><HR><H3 1884*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="SECT2" 1885*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><A 1886*4a1a9510SRong-En FanNAME="INITEX" 1887*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>4.7. An Example</A 1888*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></H3 1889*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><P 1890*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>Let's write a program which will clarify the usage of these functions.</P 1891*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><DIV 1892*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="EXAMPLE" 1893*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><A 1894*4a1a9510SRong-En FanNAME="BINFU" 1895*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></A 1896*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><P 1897*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><B 1898*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>Example 2. Initialization Function Usage example </B 1899*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></P 1900*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><PRE 1901*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="PROGRAMLISTING" 1902*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><SPAN 1903*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="INLINEMEDIAOBJECT" 1904*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>#include <ncurses.h> 1905*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan 1906*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanint main() 1907*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan{ int ch; 1908*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan 1909*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan initscr(); /* Start curses mode */ 1910*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan raw(); /* Line buffering disabled */ 1911*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan keypad(stdscr, TRUE); /* We get F1, F2 etc.. */ 1912*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan noecho(); /* Don't echo() while we do getch */ 1913*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan 1914*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan printw("Type any character to see it in bold\n"); 1915*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan ch = getch(); /* If raw() hadn't been called 1916*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan * we have to press enter before it 1917*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan * gets to the program */ 1918*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan if(ch == KEY_F(1)) /* Without keypad enabled this will */ 1919*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan printw("F1 Key pressed");/* not get to us either */ 1920*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan /* Without noecho() some ugly escape 1921*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan * charachters might have been printed 1922*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan * on screen */ 1923*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan else 1924*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan { printw("The pressed key is "); 1925*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan attron(A_BOLD); 1926*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan printw("%c", ch); 1927*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan attroff(A_BOLD); 1928*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan } 1929*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan refresh(); /* Print it on to the real screen */ 1930*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan getch(); /* Wait for user input */ 1931*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan endwin(); /* End curses mode */ 1932*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan 1933*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan return 0; 1934*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan}</SPAN 1935*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></PRE 1936*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></DIV 1937*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><P 1938*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>This program is self-explanatory. But I used functions which aren't explained 1939*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanyet. The function <TT 1940*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="LITERAL" 1941*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>getch()</TT 1942*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan> is used to get a 1943*4a1a9510SRong-En Fancharacter from user. It is equivalent to normal 1944*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan<TT 1945*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="LITERAL" 1946*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>getchar()</TT 1947*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan> except that we can disable the line 1948*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanbuffering to avoid <enter> after input. Look for more about 1949*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan<TT 1950*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="LITERAL" 1951*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>getch()</TT 1952*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>and reading keys in the <A 1953*4a1a9510SRong-En FanHREF="#KEYS" 1954*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan> key management section </A 1955*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>. The functions attron and attroff 1956*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanare used to switch some attributes on and off respectively. In the example I 1957*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanused them to print the character in bold. These functions are explained in detail 1958*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanlater.</P 1959*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></DIV 1960*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></DIV 1961*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><DIV 1962*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="SECT1" 1963*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><HR><H2 1964*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="SECT1" 1965*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><A 1966*4a1a9510SRong-En FanNAME="AWORDWINDOWS" 1967*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>5. A Word about Windows</A 1968*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></H2 1969*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><P 1970*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan> 1971*4a1a9510SRong-En FanBefore we plunge into the myriad ncurses functions, let me clear few things 1972*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanabout windows. Windows are explained in detail in following <A 1973*4a1a9510SRong-En FanHREF="#WINDOWS" 1974*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan> sections </A 1975*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></P 1976*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><P 1977*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>A Window is an imaginary screen defined by curses system. A window does not mean 1978*4a1a9510SRong-En Fana bordered window which you usually see on Win9X platforms. When curses is 1979*4a1a9510SRong-En Faninitialized, it creates a default window named 1980*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan<TT 1981*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="LITERAL" 1982*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>stdscr</TT 1983*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan> which represents your 80x25 (or the size 1984*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanof window in which you are running) screen. If you are doing simple tasks like 1985*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanprinting few strings, reading input etc., you can safely use this single window 1986*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanfor all of your purposes. You can also create windows and call functions which 1987*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanexplicitly work on the specified window.</P 1988*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><P 1989*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>For example, if you call</P 1990*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><PRE 1991*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="PROGRAMLISTING" 1992*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan> printw("Hi There !!!"); 1993*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan refresh();</PRE 1994*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><P 1995*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>It prints the string on stdscr at the present cursor position. Similarly the 1996*4a1a9510SRong-En Fancall to refresh(), works on stdscr only. </P 1997*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><P 1998*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>Say you have created <A 1999*4a1a9510SRong-En FanHREF="#WINDOWS" 2000*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>windows</A 2001*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan> then you have to 2002*4a1a9510SRong-En Fancall a function with a 'w' added to the usual function.</P 2003*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><PRE 2004*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="PROGRAMLISTING" 2005*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan> wprintw(win, "Hi There !!!"); 2006*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan wrefresh(win);</PRE 2007*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><P 2008*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>As you will see in the rest of the document, naming of functions follow the 2009*4a1a9510SRong-En Fansame convention. For each function there usually are three more functions.</P 2010*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><PRE 2011*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="PROGRAMLISTING" 2012*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan> printw(string); /* Print on stdscr at present cursor position */ 2013*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan mvprintw(y, x, string);/* Move to (y, x) then print string */ 2014*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan wprintw(win, string); /* Print on window win at present cursor position */ 2015*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan /* in the window */ 2016*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan mvwprintw(win, y, x, string); /* Move to (y, x) relative to window */ 2017*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan /* co-ordinates and then print */</PRE 2018*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><P 2019*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>Usually the w-less functions are macros which expand to corresponding w-function 2020*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanwith stdscr as the window parameter.</P 2021*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></DIV 2022*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><DIV 2023*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="SECT1" 2024*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><HR><H2 2025*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="SECT1" 2026*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><A 2027*4a1a9510SRong-En FanNAME="PRINTW" 2028*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>6. Output functions</A 2029*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></H2 2030*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><P 2031*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>I guess you can't wait any more to see some action. Back to our odyssey of 2032*4a1a9510SRong-En Fancurses functions. Now that curses is initialized, let's interact with 2033*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanworld.</P 2034*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><P 2035*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>There are three classes of functions which you can use to do output on screen. 2036*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan<P 2037*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></P 2038*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><OL 2039*4a1a9510SRong-En FanTYPE="1" 2040*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><LI 2041*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><P 2042*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>addch() class: Print single character with attributes </P 2043*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></LI 2044*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><LI 2045*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><P 2046*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>printw() class: Print formatted output similar to printf()</P 2047*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></LI 2048*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><LI 2049*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><P 2050*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>addstr() class: Print strings</P 2051*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></LI 2052*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></OL 2053*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></P 2054*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><P 2055*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>These functions can be used interchangeably and it's a matter of style as to 2056*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanwhich class is used. Let's see each one in detail.</P 2057*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><DIV 2058*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="SECT2" 2059*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><HR><H3 2060*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="SECT2" 2061*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><A 2062*4a1a9510SRong-En FanNAME="ADDCHCLASS" 2063*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>6.1. addch() class of functions</A 2064*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></H3 2065*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><P 2066*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>These functions put a single character into the current cursor location and 2067*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanadvance the position of the cursor. You can give the character to be printed but 2068*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanthey usually are used to print a character with some attributes. Attributes are 2069*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanexplained in detail in later <A 2070*4a1a9510SRong-En FanHREF="#ATTRIB" 2071*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan> sections </A 2072*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan> of the 2073*4a1a9510SRong-En Fandocument. If a character is associated with an attribute(bold, reverse video 2074*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanetc.), when curses prints the character, it is printed in that attribute.</P 2075*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><P 2076*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>In order to combine a character with some attributes, you have two options:</P 2077*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><P 2078*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></P 2079*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><UL 2080*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><LI 2081*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><P 2082*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>By OR'ing a single character with the desired attribute macros. These attribute 2083*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanmacros could be found in the header file 2084*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan<TT 2085*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="LITERAL" 2086*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>ncurses.h</TT 2087*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>. For example, you want to print a 2088*4a1a9510SRong-En Fancharacter ch(of type char) bold and underlined, you would call addch() as below. 2089*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan<PRE 2090*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="PROGRAMLISTING" 2091*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan> addch(ch | A_BOLD | A_UNDERLINE);</PRE 2092*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></P 2093*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></LI 2094*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><LI 2095*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><P 2096*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>By using functions like <TT 2097*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="LITERAL" 2098*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>attrset(),attron(),attroff()</TT 2099*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>. These functions are explained in the <A 2100*4a1a9510SRong-En FanHREF="#ATTRIB" 2101*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>Attributes</A 2102*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan> section. Briefly, they manipulate the current attributes of 2103*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanthe given window. Once set, the character printed in the window are associated 2104*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanwith the attributes until it is turned off.</P 2105*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></LI 2106*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></UL 2107*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><P 2108*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>Additionally, <TT 2109*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="LITERAL" 2110*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>curses</TT 2111*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan> provides some special 2112*4a1a9510SRong-En Fancharacters for character-based graphics. You can draw tables, horizontal or 2113*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanvertical lines, etc. You can find all avaliable characters in the header file 2114*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan<TT 2115*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="LITERAL" 2116*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>ncurses.h</TT 2117*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>. Try looking for macros beginning 2118*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanwith <TT 2119*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="LITERAL" 2120*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>ACS_</TT 2121*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan> in this file. </P 2122*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></DIV 2123*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><DIV 2124*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="SECT2" 2125*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><HR><H3 2126*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="SECT2" 2127*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><A 2128*4a1a9510SRong-En FanNAME="AEN298" 2129*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>6.2. mvaddch(), waddch() and mvwaddch()</A 2130*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></H3 2131*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><P 2132*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><TT 2133*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="LITERAL" 2134*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>mvaddch()</TT 2135*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan> is used to move the cursor to a 2136*4a1a9510SRong-En Fangiven point, and then print. Thus, the calls: 2137*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan<PRE 2138*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="PROGRAMLISTING" 2139*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan> move(row,col); /* moves the cursor to row<SPAN 2140*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="emphasis" 2141*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><I 2142*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="EMPHASIS" 2143*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>th</I 2144*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></SPAN 2145*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan> row and col<SPAN 2146*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="emphasis" 2147*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><I 2148*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="EMPHASIS" 2149*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>th</I 2150*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></SPAN 2151*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan> column */ 2152*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan addch(ch);</PRE 2153*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan> 2154*4a1a9510SRong-En Fancan be replaced by 2155*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan<PRE 2156*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="PROGRAMLISTING" 2157*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan> mvaddch(row,col,ch);</PRE 2158*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></P 2159*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><P 2160*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><TT 2161*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="LITERAL" 2162*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>waddch()</TT 2163*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan> is similar to 2164*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan<TT 2165*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="LITERAL" 2166*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>addch()</TT 2167*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>, except that it adds a character into 2168*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanthe given window. (Note that <TT 2169*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="LITERAL" 2170*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>addch()</TT 2171*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan> adds a 2172*4a1a9510SRong-En Fancharacter into the window <TT 2173*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="LITERAL" 2174*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>stdscr</TT 2175*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>.)</P 2176*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><P 2177*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>In a similar fashion <TT 2178*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="LITERAL" 2179*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>mvwaddch()</TT 2180*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan> function is 2181*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanused to add a character into the given window at the given coordinates.</P 2182*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><P 2183*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>Now, we are familiar with the basic output function 2184*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan<TT 2185*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="LITERAL" 2186*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>addch()</TT 2187*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>. But, if we want to print a string, it 2188*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanwould be very annoying to print it character by character. Fortunately, 2189*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan<TT 2190*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="LITERAL" 2191*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>ncurses</TT 2192*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan> provides <TT 2193*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="LITERAL" 2194*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>printf</TT 2195*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><SPAN 2196*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="emphasis" 2197*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><I 2198*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="EMPHASIS" 2199*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>-like</I 2200*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></SPAN 2201*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan> or 2202*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan<TT 2203*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="LITERAL" 2204*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>puts</TT 2205*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><SPAN 2206*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="emphasis" 2207*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><I 2208*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="EMPHASIS" 2209*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>-like</I 2210*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></SPAN 2211*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan> functions.</P 2212*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></DIV 2213*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><DIV 2214*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="SECT2" 2215*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><HR><H3 2216*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="SECT2" 2217*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><A 2218*4a1a9510SRong-En FanNAME="PRINTWCLASS" 2219*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>6.3. printw() class of functions</A 2220*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></H3 2221*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><P 2222*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>These functions are similar to <TT 2223*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="LITERAL" 2224*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>printf()</TT 2225*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan> with 2226*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanthe added capability of printing at any position on the screen. </P 2227*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><DIV 2228*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="SECT3" 2229*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><HR><H4 2230*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="SECT3" 2231*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><A 2232*4a1a9510SRong-En FanNAME="PRINTWMVPRINTW" 2233*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>6.3.1. printw() and mvprintw</A 2234*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></H4 2235*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><P 2236*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>These two functions work much like <TT 2237*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="LITERAL" 2238*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>printf()</TT 2239*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>. 2240*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan<TT 2241*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="LITERAL" 2242*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>mvprintw()</TT 2243*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan> can be used to move the cursor to a 2244*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanposition and then print. If you want to move the cursor first and then print 2245*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanusing <TT 2246*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="LITERAL" 2247*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>printw()</TT 2248*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan> function, use 2249*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan<TT 2250*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="LITERAL" 2251*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>move() </TT 2252*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan> first and then use 2253*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan<TT 2254*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="LITERAL" 2255*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>printw()</TT 2256*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan> though I see no point why one should 2257*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanavoid using <TT 2258*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="LITERAL" 2259*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>mvprintw()</TT 2260*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>, you have the 2261*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanflexibility to manipulate. </P 2262*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></DIV 2263*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><DIV 2264*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="SECT3" 2265*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><HR><H4 2266*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="SECT3" 2267*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><A 2268*4a1a9510SRong-En FanNAME="WPRINTWMVWPRINTW" 2269*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>6.3.2. wprintw() and mvwprintw</A 2270*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></H4 2271*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><P 2272*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>These two functions are similar to above two except that they print in the 2273*4a1a9510SRong-En Fancorresponding window given as argument. </P 2274*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></DIV 2275*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><DIV 2276*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="SECT3" 2277*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><HR><H4 2278*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="SECT3" 2279*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><A 2280*4a1a9510SRong-En FanNAME="VWPRINTW" 2281*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>6.3.3. vwprintw()</A 2282*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></H4 2283*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><P 2284*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>This function is similar to <TT 2285*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="LITERAL" 2286*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>vprintf()</TT 2287*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>. This can 2288*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanbe used when variable number of arguments are to be printed.</P 2289*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></DIV 2290*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><DIV 2291*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="SECT3" 2292*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><HR><H4 2293*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="SECT3" 2294*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><A 2295*4a1a9510SRong-En FanNAME="SIMPLEPRINTWEX" 2296*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>6.3.4. A Simple printw example</A 2297*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></H4 2298*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><DIV 2299*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="EXAMPLE" 2300*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><A 2301*4a1a9510SRong-En FanNAME="BPREX" 2302*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></A 2303*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><P 2304*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><B 2305*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>Example 3. A Simple printw example </B 2306*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></P 2307*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><PRE 2308*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="PROGRAMLISTING" 2309*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><SPAN 2310*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="INLINEMEDIAOBJECT" 2311*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>#include <ncurses.h> /* ncurses.h includes stdio.h */ 2312*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan#include <string.h> 2313*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan 2314*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanint main() 2315*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan{ 2316*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan char mesg[]="Just a string"; /* message to be appeared on the screen */ 2317*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan int row,col; /* to store the number of rows and * 2318*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan * the number of colums of the screen */ 2319*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan initscr(); /* start the curses mode */ 2320*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan getmaxyx(stdscr,row,col); /* get the number of rows and columns */ 2321*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan mvprintw(row/2,(col-strlen(mesg))/2,"%s",mesg); 2322*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan /* print the message at the center of the screen */ 2323*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan mvprintw(row-2,0,"This screen has %d rows and %d columns\n",row,col); 2324*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan printw("Try resizing your window(if possible) and then run this program again"); 2325*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan refresh(); 2326*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan getch(); 2327*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan endwin(); 2328*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan 2329*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan return 0; 2330*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan}</SPAN 2331*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></PRE 2332*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></DIV 2333*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><P 2334*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>Above program demonstrates how easy it is to use <TT 2335*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="LITERAL" 2336*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>printw</TT 2337*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>. You just feed the coordinates and the message to be appeared 2338*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanon the screen, then it does what you want.</P 2339*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><P 2340*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>The above program introduces us to a new function 2341*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan<TT 2342*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="LITERAL" 2343*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>getmaxyx()</TT 2344*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>, a macro defined in 2345*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan<TT 2346*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="LITERAL" 2347*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>ncurses.h</TT 2348*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>. It gives the number of columns and 2349*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanthe number of rows in a given window. 2350*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan<TT 2351*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="LITERAL" 2352*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>getmaxyx()</TT 2353*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan> does this by updating the variables 2354*4a1a9510SRong-En Fangiven to it. Since <TT 2355*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="LITERAL" 2356*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>getmaxyx()</TT 2357*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan> is not a function 2358*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanwe don't pass pointers to it, we just give two integer variables. </P 2359*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></DIV 2360*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></DIV 2361*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><DIV 2362*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="SECT2" 2363*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><HR><H3 2364*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="SECT2" 2365*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><A 2366*4a1a9510SRong-En FanNAME="ADDSTRCLASS" 2367*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>6.4. addstr() class of functions</A 2368*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></H3 2369*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><P 2370*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><TT 2371*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="LITERAL" 2372*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>addstr()</TT 2373*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan> is used to put a character string into 2374*4a1a9510SRong-En Fana given window. This function is similar to calling 2375*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan<TT 2376*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="LITERAL" 2377*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>addch()</TT 2378*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan> once for each character in a given 2379*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanstring. This is true for all output functions. There are other functions from 2380*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanthis family such as <TT 2381*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="LITERAL" 2382*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>mvaddstr(),mvwaddstr()</TT 2383*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan> and 2384*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan<TT 2385*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="LITERAL" 2386*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>waddstr()</TT 2387*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>, which obey the naming convention of 2388*4a1a9510SRong-En Fancurses.(e.g. mvaddstr() is similar to the respective calls move() and then 2389*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanaddstr().) Another function of this family is addnstr(), which takes an integer 2390*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanparameter(say n) additionally. This function puts at most n characters into the 2391*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanscreen. If n is negative, then the entire string will be added. </P 2392*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></DIV 2393*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><DIV 2394*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="SECT2" 2395*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><HR><H3 2396*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="SECT2" 2397*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><A 2398*4a1a9510SRong-En FanNAME="ACAUTION" 2399*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>6.5. A word of caution</A 2400*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></H3 2401*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><P 2402*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>All these functions take y co-ordinate first and then x in their arguments. 2403*4a1a9510SRong-En FanA common mistake by beginners is to pass x,y in that order. If you are 2404*4a1a9510SRong-En Fandoing too many manipulations of (y,x) co-ordinates, think of dividing the 2405*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanscreen into windows and manipulate each one separately. Windows are explained 2406*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanin the <A 2407*4a1a9510SRong-En FanHREF="#WINDOWS" 2408*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan> windows </A 2409*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan> section.</P 2410*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></DIV 2411*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></DIV 2412*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><DIV 2413*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="SECT1" 2414*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><HR><H2 2415*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="SECT1" 2416*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><A 2417*4a1a9510SRong-En FanNAME="SCANW" 2418*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>7. Input functions</A 2419*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></H2 2420*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><P 2421*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>Well, printing without taking input, is boring. Let's see functions which 2422*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanallow us to get input from user. These functions also can be divided into 2423*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanthree categories.</P 2424*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><P 2425*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></P 2426*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><OL 2427*4a1a9510SRong-En FanTYPE="1" 2428*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><LI 2429*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><P 2430*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>getch() class: Get a character</P 2431*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></LI 2432*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><LI 2433*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><P 2434*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>scanw() class: Get formatted input</P 2435*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></LI 2436*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><LI 2437*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><P 2438*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>getstr() class: Get strings</P 2439*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></LI 2440*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></OL 2441*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><DIV 2442*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="SECT2" 2443*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><HR><H3 2444*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="SECT2" 2445*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><A 2446*4a1a9510SRong-En FanNAME="GETCHCLASS" 2447*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>7.1. getch() class of functions</A 2448*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></H3 2449*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><P 2450*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>These functions read a single character from the terminal. But there are several 2451*4a1a9510SRong-En Fansubtle facts to consider. For example if you don't use the function cbreak(), 2452*4a1a9510SRong-En Fancurses will not read your input characters contiguously but will begin read them 2453*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanonly after a new line or an EOF is encountered. In order to avoid this, the 2454*4a1a9510SRong-En Fancbreak() function must used so that characters are immediately available to your 2455*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanprogram. Another widely used function is noecho(). As the name suggests, when 2456*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanthis function is set (used), the characters that are keyed in by the user will 2457*4a1a9510SRong-En Fannot show up on the screen. The two functions cbreak() and noecho() are typical 2458*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanexamples of key management. Functions of this genre are explained in the 2459*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan<A 2460*4a1a9510SRong-En FanHREF="#KEYS" 2461*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>key management section </A 2462*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>.</P 2463*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></DIV 2464*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><DIV 2465*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="SECT2" 2466*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><HR><H3 2467*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="SECT2" 2468*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><A 2469*4a1a9510SRong-En FanNAME="SCANWCLASS" 2470*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>7.2. scanw() class of functions</A 2471*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></H3 2472*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><P 2473*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>These functions are similar to <TT 2474*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="LITERAL" 2475*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>scanf()</TT 2476*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan> with the 2477*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanadded capability of getting the input from any location on the screen.</P 2478*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><DIV 2479*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="SECT3" 2480*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><HR><H4 2481*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="SECT3" 2482*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><A 2483*4a1a9510SRong-En FanNAME="SCANWMVSCANW" 2484*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>7.2.1. scanw() and mvscanw</A 2485*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></H4 2486*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><P 2487*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>The usage of these functions is similar to that of 2488*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan<TT 2489*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="LITERAL" 2490*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>sscanf()</TT 2491*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>, where the line to be scanned is 2492*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanprovided by <TT 2493*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="LITERAL" 2494*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>wgetstr()</TT 2495*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan> function. That is, these 2496*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanfunctions call to <TT 2497*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="LITERAL" 2498*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>wgetstr()</TT 2499*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan> function(explained 2500*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanbelow) and uses the resulting line for a scan. </P 2501*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></DIV 2502*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><DIV 2503*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="SECT3" 2504*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><HR><H4 2505*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="SECT3" 2506*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><A 2507*4a1a9510SRong-En FanNAME="WSCANWMVWSCANW" 2508*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>7.2.2. wscanw() and mvwscanw()</A 2509*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></H4 2510*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><P 2511*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>These are similar to above two functions except that they read from a window, 2512*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanwhich is supplied as one of the arguments to these functions. </P 2513*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></DIV 2514*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><DIV 2515*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="SECT3" 2516*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><HR><H4 2517*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="SECT3" 2518*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><A 2519*4a1a9510SRong-En FanNAME="VWSCANW" 2520*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>7.2.3. vwscanw()</A 2521*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></H4 2522*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><P 2523*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>This function is similar to <TT 2524*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="LITERAL" 2525*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>vscanf()</TT 2526*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>. This can 2527*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanbe used when a variable number of arguments are to be scanned.</P 2528*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></DIV 2529*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></DIV 2530*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><DIV 2531*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="SECT2" 2532*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><HR><H3 2533*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="SECT2" 2534*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><A 2535*4a1a9510SRong-En FanNAME="GETSTRCLASS" 2536*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>7.3. getstr() class of functions</A 2537*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></H3 2538*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><P 2539*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>These functions are used to get strings from the terminal. In essence, this 2540*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanfunction performs the same task as would be achieved by a series of calls to 2541*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan<TT 2542*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="LITERAL" 2543*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>getch()</TT 2544*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan> until a newline, carriage return, or 2545*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanend-of-file is received. The resulting string of characters are pointed to by 2546*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan<TT 2547*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="LITERAL" 2548*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>str</TT 2549*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>, which is a character pointer provided by 2550*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanthe user.</P 2551*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></DIV 2552*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><DIV 2553*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="SECT2" 2554*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><HR><H3 2555*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="SECT2" 2556*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><A 2557*4a1a9510SRong-En FanNAME="GETSTREX" 2558*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>7.4. Some examples</A 2559*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></H3 2560*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><DIV 2561*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="EXAMPLE" 2562*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><A 2563*4a1a9510SRong-En FanNAME="BSCEX" 2564*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></A 2565*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><P 2566*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><B 2567*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>Example 4. A Simple scanw example </B 2568*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></P 2569*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><PRE 2570*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="PROGRAMLISTING" 2571*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><SPAN 2572*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="INLINEMEDIAOBJECT" 2573*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>#include <ncurses.h> /* ncurses.h includes stdio.h */ 2574*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan#include <string.h> 2575*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan 2576*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanint main() 2577*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan{ 2578*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan char mesg[]="Enter a string: "; /* message to be appeared on the screen */ 2579*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan char str[80]; 2580*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan int row,col; /* to store the number of rows and * 2581*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan * the number of colums of the screen */ 2582*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan initscr(); /* start the curses mode */ 2583*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan getmaxyx(stdscr,row,col); /* get the number of rows and columns */ 2584*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan mvprintw(row/2,(col-strlen(mesg))/2,"%s",mesg); 2585*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan /* print the message at the center of the screen */ 2586*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan getstr(str); 2587*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan mvprintw(LINES - 2, 0, "You Entered: %s", str); 2588*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan getch(); 2589*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan endwin(); 2590*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan 2591*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan return 0; 2592*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan}</SPAN 2593*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></PRE 2594*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></DIV 2595*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></DIV 2596*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></DIV 2597*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><DIV 2598*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="SECT1" 2599*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><HR><H2 2600*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="SECT1" 2601*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><A 2602*4a1a9510SRong-En FanNAME="ATTRIB" 2603*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>8. Attributes</A 2604*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></H2 2605*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><P 2606*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>We have seen an example of how attributes can be used to print characters with 2607*4a1a9510SRong-En Fansome special effects. Attributes, when set prudently, can present information in 2608*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanan easy, understandable manner. The following program takes a C file as input 2609*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanand prints the file with comments in bold. Scan through the code. </P 2610*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><DIV 2611*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="EXAMPLE" 2612*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><A 2613*4a1a9510SRong-En FanNAME="BSIAT" 2614*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></A 2615*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><P 2616*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><B 2617*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>Example 5. A Simple Attributes example </B 2618*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></P 2619*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><PRE 2620*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="PROGRAMLISTING" 2621*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><SPAN 2622*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="INLINEMEDIAOBJECT" 2623*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>/* pager functionality by Joseph Spainhour" <[email protected]> */ 2624*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan#include <ncurses.h> 2625*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan#include <stdlib.h> 2626*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan 2627*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanint main(int argc, char *argv[]) 2628*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan{ 2629*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan int ch, prev, row, col; 2630*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan prev = EOF; 2631*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan FILE *fp; 2632*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan int y, x; 2633*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan 2634*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan if(argc != 2) 2635*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan { 2636*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan printf("Usage: %s <a c file name>\n", argv[0]); 2637*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan exit(1); 2638*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan } 2639*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan fp = fopen(argv[1], "r"); 2640*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan if(fp == NULL) 2641*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan { 2642*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan perror("Cannot open input file"); 2643*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan exit(1); 2644*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan } 2645*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan initscr(); /* Start curses mode */ 2646*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan getmaxyx(stdscr, row, col); /* find the boundaries of the screeen */ 2647*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan while((ch = fgetc(fp)) != EOF) /* read the file till we reach the end */ 2648*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan { 2649*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan getyx(stdscr, y, x); /* get the current curser position */ 2650*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan if(y == (row - 1)) /* are we are at the end of the screen */ 2651*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan { 2652*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan printw("<-Press Any Key->"); /* tell the user to press a key */ 2653*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan getch(); 2654*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan clear(); /* clear the screen */ 2655*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan move(0, 0); /* start at the beginning of the screen */ 2656*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan } 2657*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan if(prev == '/' && ch == '*') /* If it is / and * then only 2658*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan * switch bold on */ 2659*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan { 2660*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan attron(A_BOLD); /* cut bold on */ 2661*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan getyx(stdscr, y, x); /* get the current curser position */ 2662*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan move(y, x - 1); /* back up one space */ 2663*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan printw("%c%c", '/', ch); /* The actual printing is done here */ 2664*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan } 2665*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan else 2666*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan printw("%c", ch); 2667*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan refresh(); 2668*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan if(prev == '*' && ch == '/') 2669*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan attroff(A_BOLD); /* Switch it off once we got * 2670*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan * and then / */ 2671*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan prev = ch; 2672*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan } 2673*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan endwin(); /* End curses mode */ 2674*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan fclose(fp); 2675*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan return 0; 2676*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan}</SPAN 2677*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></PRE 2678*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></DIV 2679*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><P 2680*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan> 2681*4a1a9510SRong-En FanDon't worry about all those initialization and other crap. Concentrate on 2682*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanthe while loop. It reads each character in the file and searches for the 2683*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanpattern /*. Once it spots the pattern, it switches the BOLD attribute on with 2684*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan<TT 2685*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="LITERAL" 2686*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan> attron()</TT 2687*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan> . When we get the pattern */ it is 2688*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanswitched off by <TT 2689*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="LITERAL" 2690*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan> attroff()</TT 2691*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan> .</P 2692*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><P 2693*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan> 2694*4a1a9510SRong-En FanThe above program also introduces us to two useful functions 2695*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan<TT 2696*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="LITERAL" 2697*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>getyx() </TT 2698*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan> and 2699*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan<TT 2700*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="LITERAL" 2701*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>move()</TT 2702*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>. The first function gets the 2703*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanco-ordinates of the present cursor into the variables y, x. Since getyx() is a 2704*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanmacro we don't have to pass pointers to variables. The function 2705*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan<TT 2706*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="LITERAL" 2707*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>move()</TT 2708*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan> moves the cursor to the co-ordinates 2709*4a1a9510SRong-En Fangiven to it. </P 2710*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><P 2711*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan> 2712*4a1a9510SRong-En FanThe above program is really a simple one which doesn't do much. On these lines 2713*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanone could write a more useful program which reads a C file, parses it and prints 2714*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanit in different colors. One could even extend it to other languages as well.</P 2715*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><DIV 2716*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="SECT2" 2717*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><HR><H3 2718*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="SECT2" 2719*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><A 2720*4a1a9510SRong-En FanNAME="ATTRIBDETAILS" 2721*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>8.1. The details</A 2722*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></H3 2723*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><P 2724*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>Let's get into more details of attributes. The functions <TT 2725*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="LITERAL" 2726*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>attron(), attroff(), attrset() </TT 2727*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>, and their sister functions 2728*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan<TT 2729*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="LITERAL" 2730*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan> attr_get()</TT 2731*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan> etc.. can be used to switch 2732*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanattributes on/off , get attributes and produce a colorful display.</P 2733*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><P 2734*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>The functions attron and attroff take a bit-mask of attributes and switch them 2735*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanon or off, respectively. The following video attributes, which are defined in 2736*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan<curses.h> can be passed to these functions. </P 2737*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><PRE 2738*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="PROGRAMLISTING" 2739*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan> 2740*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan A_NORMAL Normal display (no highlight) 2741*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan A_STANDOUT Best highlighting mode of the terminal. 2742*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan A_UNDERLINE Underlining 2743*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan A_REVERSE Reverse video 2744*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan A_BLINK Blinking 2745*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan A_DIM Half bright 2746*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan A_BOLD Extra bright or bold 2747*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan A_PROTECT Protected mode 2748*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan A_INVIS Invisible or blank mode 2749*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan A_ALTCHARSET Alternate character set 2750*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan A_CHARTEXT Bit-mask to extract a character 2751*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan COLOR_PAIR(n) Color-pair number n 2752*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan </PRE 2753*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><P 2754*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan> 2755*4a1a9510SRong-En FanThe last one is the most colorful one :-) Colors are explained in the 2756*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan<A 2757*4a1a9510SRong-En FanHREF="#color" 2758*4a1a9510SRong-En FanTARGET="_top" 2759*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>next sections</A 2760*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>.</P 2761*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><P 2762*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>We can OR(|) any number of above attributes to get a combined effect. If you 2763*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanwanted reverse video with blinking characters you can use</P 2764*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><PRE 2765*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="PROGRAMLISTING" 2766*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan> attron(A_REVERSE | A_BLINK);</PRE 2767*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></DIV 2768*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><DIV 2769*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="SECT2" 2770*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><HR><H3 2771*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="SECT2" 2772*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><A 2773*4a1a9510SRong-En FanNAME="ATTRONVSATTRSET" 2774*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>8.2. attron() vs attrset()</A 2775*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></H3 2776*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><P 2777*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>Then what is the difference between attron() and attrset()? attrset sets the 2778*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanattributes of window whereas attron just switches on the attribute given to it. 2779*4a1a9510SRong-En FanSo attrset() fully overrides whatever attributes the window previously had and 2780*4a1a9510SRong-En Fansets it to the new attribute(s). Similarly attroff() just switches off the 2781*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanattribute(s) given to it as an argument. This gives us the flexibility of 2782*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanmanaging attributes easily.But if you use them carelessly you may loose track of 2783*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanwhat attributes the window has and garble the display. This is especially true 2784*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanwhile managing menus with colors and highlighting. So decide on a consistent 2785*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanpolicy and stick to it. You can always use <TT 2786*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="LITERAL" 2787*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan> standend()</TT 2788*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan> which is equivalent to <TT 2789*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="LITERAL" 2790*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan> attrset(A_NORMAL)</TT 2791*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan> which turns off all attributes and brings you to normal mode.</P 2792*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></DIV 2793*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><DIV 2794*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="SECT2" 2795*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><HR><H3 2796*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="SECT2" 2797*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><A 2798*4a1a9510SRong-En FanNAME="ATTR_GET" 2799*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>8.3. attr_get()</A 2800*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></H3 2801*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><P 2802*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan> The function attr_get() gets the current attributes and color pair of the 2803*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanwindow. Though we might not use this as often as the above functions, this is 2804*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanuseful in scanning areas of screen. Say we wanted to do some complex update on 2805*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanscreen and we are not sure what attribute each character is associated with. 2806*4a1a9510SRong-En FanThen this function can be used with either attrset or attron to produce the 2807*4a1a9510SRong-En Fandesired effect. </P 2808*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></DIV 2809*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><DIV 2810*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="SECT2" 2811*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><HR><H3 2812*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="SECT2" 2813*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><A 2814*4a1a9510SRong-En FanNAME="ATTR_FUNCS" 2815*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>8.4. attr_ functions</A 2816*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></H3 2817*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><P 2818*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>There are series of functions like attr_set(), attr_on etc.. These are similar 2819*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanto above functions except that they take parameters of type 2820*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan<TT 2821*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="LITERAL" 2822*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>attr_t</TT 2823*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>.</P 2824*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></DIV 2825*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><DIV 2826*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="SECT2" 2827*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><HR><H3 2828*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="SECT2" 2829*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><A 2830*4a1a9510SRong-En FanNAME="WATTRFUNCS" 2831*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>8.5. wattr functions</A 2832*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></H3 2833*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><P 2834*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>For each of the above functions we have a corresponding function with 'w' which 2835*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanoperates on a particular window. The above functions operate on stdscr. </P 2836*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></DIV 2837*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><DIV 2838*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="SECT2" 2839*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><HR><H3 2840*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="SECT2" 2841*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><A 2842*4a1a9510SRong-En FanNAME="CHGAT" 2843*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>8.6. chgat() functions</A 2844*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></H3 2845*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><P 2846*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>The function chgat() is listed in the end of the man page curs_attr. It actually 2847*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanis a useful one. This function can be used to set attributes for a group of 2848*4a1a9510SRong-En Fancharacters without moving. I mean it !!! without moving the cursor :-) It 2849*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanchanges the attributes of a given number of characters starting at the current 2850*4a1a9510SRong-En Fancursor location.</P 2851*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><P 2852*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>We can give -1 as the character count to update till end of line. If you want to 2853*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanchange attributes of characters from current position to end of line, just use 2854*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanthis.</P 2855*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><PRE 2856*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="PROGRAMLISTING" 2857*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan> chgat(-1, A_REVERSE, 0, NULL);</PRE 2858*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><P 2859*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan> 2860*4a1a9510SRong-En FanThis function is useful when changing attributes for characters that are 2861*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanalready on the screen. Move to the character from which you want to change and 2862*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanchange the attribute. </P 2863*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><P 2864*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>Other functions wchgat(), mvchgat(), wchgat() behave similarly except that the w 2865*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanfunctions operate on the particular window. The mv functions first move the 2866*4a1a9510SRong-En Fancursor then perform the work given to them. Actually chgat is a macro which is 2867*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanreplaced by a wchgat() with stdscr as the window. Most of the "w-less" functions 2868*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanare macros.</P 2869*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><DIV 2870*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="EXAMPLE" 2871*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><A 2872*4a1a9510SRong-En FanNAME="BWICH" 2873*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></A 2874*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><P 2875*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><B 2876*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>Example 6. Chgat() Usage example </B 2877*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></P 2878*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><PRE 2879*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="PROGRAMLISTING" 2880*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><SPAN 2881*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="INLINEMEDIAOBJECT" 2882*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>#include <ncurses.h> 2883*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan 2884*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanint main(int argc, char *argv[]) 2885*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan{ initscr(); /* Start curses mode */ 2886*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan start_color(); /* Start color functionality */ 2887*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan 2888*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan init_pair(1, COLOR_CYAN, COLOR_BLACK); 2889*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan printw("A Big string which i didn't care to type fully "); 2890*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan mvchgat(0, 0, -1, A_BLINK, 1, NULL); 2891*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan /* 2892*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan * First two parameters specify the position at which to start 2893*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan * Third parameter number of characters to update. -1 means till 2894*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan * end of line 2895*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan * Forth parameter is the normal attribute you wanted to give 2896*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan * to the charcter 2897*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan * Fifth is the color index. It is the index given during init_pair() 2898*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan * use 0 if you didn't want color 2899*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan * Sixth one is always NULL 2900*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan */ 2901*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan refresh(); 2902*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan getch(); 2903*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan endwin(); /* End curses mode */ 2904*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan return 0; 2905*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan}</SPAN 2906*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></PRE 2907*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></DIV 2908*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><P 2909*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>This example also introduces us to the color world of curses. Colors will be 2910*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanexplained in detail later. Use 0 for no color.</P 2911*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></DIV 2912*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></DIV 2913*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><DIV 2914*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="SECT1" 2915*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><HR><H2 2916*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="SECT1" 2917*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><A 2918*4a1a9510SRong-En FanNAME="WINDOWS" 2919*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>9. Windows</A 2920*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></H2 2921*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><P 2922*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>Windows form the most important concept in curses. You have seen the standard 2923*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanwindow stdscr above where all the functions implicitly operated on this window. 2924*4a1a9510SRong-En FanNow to make design even a simplest GUI, you need to resort to windows. The main 2925*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanreason you may want to use windows is to manipulate parts of the screen 2926*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanseparately, for better efficiency, by updating only the windows that need to be 2927*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanchanged and for a better design. I would say the last reason is the most 2928*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanimportant in going for windows. You should always strive for a better and 2929*4a1a9510SRong-En Faneasy-to-manage design in your programs. If you are writing big, complex GUIs 2930*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanthis is of pivotal importance before you start doing anything.</P 2931*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><DIV 2932*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="SECT2" 2933*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><HR><H3 2934*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="SECT2" 2935*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><A 2936*4a1a9510SRong-En FanNAME="WINDOWBASICS" 2937*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>9.1. The basics</A 2938*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></H3 2939*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><P 2940*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>A Window can be created by calling the function 2941*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan<TT 2942*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="LITERAL" 2943*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>newwin()</TT 2944*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>. It doesn't create any thing on the 2945*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanscreen actually. It allocates memory for a structure to manipulate the window 2946*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanand updates the structure with data regarding the window like it's size, beginy, 2947*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanbeginx etc.. Hence in curses, a window is just an abstraction of an imaginary 2948*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanwindow, which can be manipulated independent of other parts of screen. The 2949*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanfunction newwin() returns a pointer to structure WINDOW, which can be passed to 2950*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanwindow related functions like wprintw() etc.. Finally the window can be 2951*4a1a9510SRong-En Fandestroyed with delwin(). It will deallocate the memory associated with the 2952*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanwindow structure.</P 2953*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></DIV 2954*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><DIV 2955*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="SECT2" 2956*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><HR><H3 2957*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="SECT2" 2958*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><A 2959*4a1a9510SRong-En FanNAME="LETBEWINDOW" 2960*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>9.2. Let there be a Window !!!</A 2961*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></H3 2962*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><P 2963*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>What fun is it, if a window is created and we can't see it. So the fun part 2964*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanbegins by displaying the window. The function 2965*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan<TT 2966*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="LITERAL" 2967*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>box()</TT 2968*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan> can be used to draw a border around the 2969*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanwindow. Let's explore these functions in more detail in this example.</P 2970*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><DIV 2971*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="EXAMPLE" 2972*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><A 2973*4a1a9510SRong-En FanNAME="BWIBO" 2974*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></A 2975*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><P 2976*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><B 2977*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>Example 7. Window Border example </B 2978*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></P 2979*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><PRE 2980*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="PROGRAMLISTING" 2981*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><SPAN 2982*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="INLINEMEDIAOBJECT" 2983*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>#include <ncurses.h> 2984*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan 2985*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan 2986*4a1a9510SRong-En FanWINDOW *create_newwin(int height, int width, int starty, int startx); 2987*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanvoid destroy_win(WINDOW *local_win); 2988*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan 2989*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanint main(int argc, char *argv[]) 2990*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan{ WINDOW *my_win; 2991*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan int startx, starty, width, height; 2992*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan int ch; 2993*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan 2994*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan initscr(); /* Start curses mode */ 2995*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan cbreak(); /* Line buffering disabled, Pass on 2996*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan * everty thing to me */ 2997*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan keypad(stdscr, TRUE); /* I need that nifty F1 */ 2998*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan 2999*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan height = 3; 3000*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan width = 10; 3001*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan starty = (LINES - height) / 2; /* Calculating for a center placement */ 3002*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan startx = (COLS - width) / 2; /* of the window */ 3003*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan printw("Press F1 to exit"); 3004*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan refresh(); 3005*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan my_win = create_newwin(height, width, starty, startx); 3006*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan 3007*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan while((ch = getch()) != KEY_F(1)) 3008*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan { switch(ch) 3009*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan { case KEY_LEFT: 3010*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan destroy_win(my_win); 3011*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan my_win = create_newwin(height, width, starty,--startx); 3012*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan break; 3013*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan case KEY_RIGHT: 3014*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan destroy_win(my_win); 3015*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan my_win = create_newwin(height, width, starty,++startx); 3016*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan break; 3017*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan case KEY_UP: 3018*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan destroy_win(my_win); 3019*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan my_win = create_newwin(height, width, --starty,startx); 3020*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan break; 3021*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan case KEY_DOWN: 3022*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan destroy_win(my_win); 3023*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan my_win = create_newwin(height, width, ++starty,startx); 3024*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan break; 3025*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan } 3026*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan } 3027*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan 3028*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan endwin(); /* End curses mode */ 3029*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan return 0; 3030*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan} 3031*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan 3032*4a1a9510SRong-En FanWINDOW *create_newwin(int height, int width, int starty, int startx) 3033*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan{ WINDOW *local_win; 3034*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan 3035*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan local_win = newwin(height, width, starty, startx); 3036*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan box(local_win, 0 , 0); /* 0, 0 gives default characters 3037*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan * for the vertical and horizontal 3038*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan * lines */ 3039*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan wrefresh(local_win); /* Show that box */ 3040*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan 3041*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan return local_win; 3042*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan} 3043*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan 3044*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanvoid destroy_win(WINDOW *local_win) 3045*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan{ 3046*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan /* box(local_win, ' ', ' '); : This won't produce the desired 3047*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan * result of erasing the window. It will leave it's four corners 3048*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan * and so an ugly remnant of window. 3049*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan */ 3050*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan wborder(local_win, ' ', ' ', ' ',' ',' ',' ',' ',' '); 3051*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan /* The parameters taken are 3052*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan * 1. win: the window on which to operate 3053*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan * 2. ls: character to be used for the left side of the window 3054*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan * 3. rs: character to be used for the right side of the window 3055*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan * 4. ts: character to be used for the top side of the window 3056*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan * 5. bs: character to be used for the bottom side of the window 3057*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan * 6. tl: character to be used for the top left corner of the window 3058*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan * 7. tr: character to be used for the top right corner of the window 3059*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan * 8. bl: character to be used for the bottom left corner of the window 3060*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan * 9. br: character to be used for the bottom right corner of the window 3061*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan */ 3062*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan wrefresh(local_win); 3063*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan delwin(local_win); 3064*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan}</SPAN 3065*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></PRE 3066*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></DIV 3067*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></DIV 3068*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><DIV 3069*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="SECT2" 3070*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><HR><H3 3071*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="SECT2" 3072*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><A 3073*4a1a9510SRong-En FanNAME="BORDEREXEXPL" 3074*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>9.3. Explanation</A 3075*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></H3 3076*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><P 3077*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>Don't scream. I know it's a big example. But I have to explain some important 3078*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanthings here :-). This program creates a rectangular window that can be moved 3079*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanwith left, right, up, down arrow keys. It repeatedly creates and destroys 3080*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanwindows as user press a key. Don't go beyond the screen limits. Checking for 3081*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanthose limits is left as an exercise for the reader. Let's dissect it by line by line.</P 3082*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><P 3083*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>The <TT 3084*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="LITERAL" 3085*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>create_newwin()</TT 3086*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan> function creates a window 3087*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanwith <TT 3088*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="LITERAL" 3089*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>newwin() </TT 3090*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan> and displays a border around it 3091*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanwith box. The function <TT 3092*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="LITERAL" 3093*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan> destroy_win()</TT 3094*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan> first 3095*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanerases the window from screen by painting a border with ' ' character and then 3096*4a1a9510SRong-En Fancalling <TT 3097*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="LITERAL" 3098*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>delwin()</TT 3099*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan> to deallocate memory related 3100*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanto it. Depending on the key the user presses, starty or startx is changed and a 3101*4a1a9510SRong-En Fannew window is created.</P 3102*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><P 3103*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>In the destroy_win, as you can see, I used wborder instead of box. The reason is 3104*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanwritten in the comments (You missed it. I know. Read the code :-)). wborder 3105*4a1a9510SRong-En Fandraws a border around the window with the characters given to it as the 4 corner 3106*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanpoints and the 4 lines. To put it clearly, if you have called wborder as below: 3107*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan<PRE 3108*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="PROGRAMLISTING" 3109*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan> wborder(win, '|', '|', '-', '-', '+', '+', '+', '+');</PRE 3110*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></P 3111*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><P 3112*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>it produces some thing like </P 3113*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><PRE 3114*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="PROGRAMLISTING" 3115*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan> +------------+ 3116*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan | | 3117*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan | | 3118*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan | | 3119*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan | | 3120*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan | | 3121*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan | | 3122*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan +------------+</PRE 3123*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></DIV 3124*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><DIV 3125*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="SECT2" 3126*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><HR><H3 3127*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="SECT2" 3128*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><A 3129*4a1a9510SRong-En FanNAME="OTHERSTUFF" 3130*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>9.4. The other stuff in the example</A 3131*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></H3 3132*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><P 3133*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>You can also see in the above examples, that I have used the variables COLS, 3134*4a1a9510SRong-En FanLINES which are initialized to the screen sizes after initscr(). They can be 3135*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanuseful in finding screen dimensions and finding the center co-ordinate of the 3136*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanscreen as above. The function <TT 3137*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="LITERAL" 3138*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>getch()</TT 3139*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan> as usual 3140*4a1a9510SRong-En Fangets the key from keyboard and according to the key it does the corresponding 3141*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanwork. This type of switch- case is very common in any GUI based programs.</P 3142*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></DIV 3143*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><DIV 3144*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="SECT2" 3145*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><HR><H3 3146*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="SECT2" 3147*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><A 3148*4a1a9510SRong-En FanNAME="OTHERBORDERFUNCS" 3149*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>9.5. Other Border functions</A 3150*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></H3 3151*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><P 3152*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>Above program is grossly inefficient in that with each press of a key, a window 3153*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanis destroyed and another is created. So let's write a more efficient program 3154*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanwhich uses other border related functions.</P 3155*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><P 3156*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>The following program uses <TT 3157*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="LITERAL" 3158*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>mvhline()</TT 3159*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan> and 3160*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan<TT 3161*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="LITERAL" 3162*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>mvvline()</TT 3163*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan> to achieve similar effect. These two 3164*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanfunctions are simple. They create a horizontal or vertical line of the specified 3165*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanlength at the specified position.</P 3166*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><DIV 3167*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="EXAMPLE" 3168*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><A 3169*4a1a9510SRong-En FanNAME="BOTBO" 3170*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></A 3171*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><P 3172*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><B 3173*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>Example 8. More border functions</B 3174*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></P 3175*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><PRE 3176*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="PROGRAMLISTING" 3177*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><SPAN 3178*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="INLINEMEDIAOBJECT" 3179*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>#include <ncurses.h> 3180*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan 3181*4a1a9510SRong-En Fantypedef struct _win_border_struct { 3182*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan chtype ls, rs, ts, bs, 3183*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan tl, tr, bl, br; 3184*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan}WIN_BORDER; 3185*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan 3186*4a1a9510SRong-En Fantypedef struct _WIN_struct { 3187*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan 3188*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan int startx, starty; 3189*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan int height, width; 3190*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan WIN_BORDER border; 3191*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan}WIN; 3192*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan 3193*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanvoid init_win_params(WIN *p_win); 3194*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanvoid print_win_params(WIN *p_win); 3195*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanvoid create_box(WIN *win, bool flag); 3196*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan 3197*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanint main(int argc, char *argv[]) 3198*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan{ WIN win; 3199*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan int ch; 3200*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan 3201*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan initscr(); /* Start curses mode */ 3202*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan start_color(); /* Start the color functionality */ 3203*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan cbreak(); /* Line buffering disabled, Pass on 3204*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan * everty thing to me */ 3205*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan keypad(stdscr, TRUE); /* I need that nifty F1 */ 3206*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan noecho(); 3207*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan init_pair(1, COLOR_CYAN, COLOR_BLACK); 3208*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan 3209*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan /* Initialize the window parameters */ 3210*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan init_win_params(&win); 3211*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan print_win_params(&win); 3212*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan 3213*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan attron(COLOR_PAIR(1)); 3214*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan printw("Press F1 to exit"); 3215*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan refresh(); 3216*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan attroff(COLOR_PAIR(1)); 3217*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan 3218*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan create_box(&win, TRUE); 3219*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan while((ch = getch()) != KEY_F(1)) 3220*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan { switch(ch) 3221*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan { case KEY_LEFT: 3222*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan create_box(&win, FALSE); 3223*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan --win.startx; 3224*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan create_box(&win, TRUE); 3225*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan break; 3226*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan case KEY_RIGHT: 3227*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan create_box(&win, FALSE); 3228*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan ++win.startx; 3229*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan create_box(&win, TRUE); 3230*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan break; 3231*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan case KEY_UP: 3232*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan create_box(&win, FALSE); 3233*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan --win.starty; 3234*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan create_box(&win, TRUE); 3235*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan break; 3236*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan case KEY_DOWN: 3237*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan create_box(&win, FALSE); 3238*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan ++win.starty; 3239*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan create_box(&win, TRUE); 3240*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan break; 3241*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan } 3242*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan } 3243*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan endwin(); /* End curses mode */ 3244*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan return 0; 3245*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan} 3246*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanvoid init_win_params(WIN *p_win) 3247*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan{ 3248*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan p_win->height = 3; 3249*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan p_win->width = 10; 3250*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan p_win->starty = (LINES - p_win->height)/2; 3251*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan p_win->startx = (COLS - p_win->width)/2; 3252*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan 3253*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan p_win->border.ls = '|'; 3254*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan p_win->border.rs = '|'; 3255*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan p_win->border.ts = '-'; 3256*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan p_win->border.bs = '-'; 3257*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan p_win->border.tl = '+'; 3258*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan p_win->border.tr = '+'; 3259*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan p_win->border.bl = '+'; 3260*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan p_win->border.br = '+'; 3261*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan 3262*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan} 3263*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanvoid print_win_params(WIN *p_win) 3264*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan{ 3265*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan#ifdef _DEBUG 3266*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan mvprintw(25, 0, "%d %d %d %d", p_win->startx, p_win->starty, 3267*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan p_win->width, p_win->height); 3268*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan refresh(); 3269*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan#endif 3270*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan} 3271*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanvoid create_box(WIN *p_win, bool flag) 3272*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan{ int i, j; 3273*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan int x, y, w, h; 3274*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan 3275*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan x = p_win->startx; 3276*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan y = p_win->starty; 3277*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan w = p_win->width; 3278*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan h = p_win->height; 3279*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan 3280*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan if(flag == TRUE) 3281*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan { mvaddch(y, x, p_win->border.tl); 3282*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan mvaddch(y, x + w, p_win->border.tr); 3283*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan mvaddch(y + h, x, p_win->border.bl); 3284*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan mvaddch(y + h, x + w, p_win->border.br); 3285*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan mvhline(y, x + 1, p_win->border.ts, w - 1); 3286*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan mvhline(y + h, x + 1, p_win->border.bs, w - 1); 3287*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan mvvline(y + 1, x, p_win->border.ls, h - 1); 3288*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan mvvline(y + 1, x + w, p_win->border.rs, h - 1); 3289*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan 3290*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan } 3291*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan else 3292*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan for(j = y; j <= y + h; ++j) 3293*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan for(i = x; i <= x + w; ++i) 3294*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan mvaddch(j, i, ' '); 3295*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan 3296*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan refresh(); 3297*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan 3298*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan}</SPAN 3299*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></PRE 3300*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></DIV 3301*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></DIV 3302*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></DIV 3303*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><DIV 3304*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="SECT1" 3305*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><HR><H2 3306*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="SECT1" 3307*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><A 3308*4a1a9510SRong-En FanNAME="COLOR" 3309*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>10. Colors</A 3310*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></H2 3311*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><DIV 3312*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="SECT2" 3313*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><H3 3314*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="SECT2" 3315*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><A 3316*4a1a9510SRong-En FanNAME="COLORBASICS" 3317*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>10.1. The basics</A 3318*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></H3 3319*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><P 3320*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>Life seems dull with no colors. Curses has a nice mechanism to handle colors. 3321*4a1a9510SRong-En FanLet's get into the thick of the things with a small program.</P 3322*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><DIV 3323*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="EXAMPLE" 3324*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><A 3325*4a1a9510SRong-En FanNAME="BSICO" 3326*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></A 3327*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><P 3328*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><B 3329*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>Example 9. A Simple Color example </B 3330*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></P 3331*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><PRE 3332*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="PROGRAMLISTING" 3333*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><SPAN 3334*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="INLINEMEDIAOBJECT" 3335*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>#include <ncurses.h> 3336*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan 3337*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanvoid print_in_middle(WINDOW *win, int starty, int startx, int width, char *string); 3338*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanint main(int argc, char *argv[]) 3339*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan{ initscr(); /* Start curses mode */ 3340*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan if(has_colors() == FALSE) 3341*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan { endwin(); 3342*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan printf("Your terminal does not support color\n"); 3343*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan exit(1); 3344*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan } 3345*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan start_color(); /* Start color */ 3346*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan init_pair(1, COLOR_RED, COLOR_BLACK); 3347*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan 3348*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan attron(COLOR_PAIR(1)); 3349*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan print_in_middle(stdscr, LINES / 2, 0, 0, "Viola !!! In color ..."); 3350*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan attroff(COLOR_PAIR(1)); 3351*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan getch(); 3352*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan endwin(); 3353*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan} 3354*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanvoid print_in_middle(WINDOW *win, int starty, int startx, int width, char *string) 3355*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan{ int length, x, y; 3356*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan float temp; 3357*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan 3358*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan if(win == NULL) 3359*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan win = stdscr; 3360*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan getyx(win, y, x); 3361*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan if(startx != 0) 3362*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan x = startx; 3363*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan if(starty != 0) 3364*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan y = starty; 3365*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan if(width == 0) 3366*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan width = 80; 3367*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan 3368*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan length = strlen(string); 3369*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan temp = (width - length)/ 2; 3370*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan x = startx + (int)temp; 3371*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan mvwprintw(win, y, x, "%s", string); 3372*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan refresh(); 3373*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan} 3374*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan</SPAN 3375*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></PRE 3376*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></DIV 3377*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><P 3378*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>As you can see, to start using color, you should first call the function 3379*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan<TT 3380*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="LITERAL" 3381*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan> start_color()</TT 3382*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>. After that, you can use color 3383*4a1a9510SRong-En Fancapabilities of your terminals using various functions. To find out whether a 3384*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanterminal has color capabilities or not, you can use 3385*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan<TT 3386*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="LITERAL" 3387*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>has_colors()</TT 3388*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan> function, which returns FALSE if 3389*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanthe terminal does not support color. </P 3390*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><P 3391*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>Curses initializes all the colors supported by terminal when start_color() is 3392*4a1a9510SRong-En Fancalled. These can be accessed by the define constants like 3393*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan<TT 3394*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="LITERAL" 3395*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>COLOR_BLACK </TT 3396*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan> etc. Now to actually start using 3397*4a1a9510SRong-En Fancolors, you have to define pairs. Colors are always used in pairs. That means 3398*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanyou have to use the function <TT 3399*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="LITERAL" 3400*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>init_pair() </TT 3401*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan> to 3402*4a1a9510SRong-En Fandefine the foreground and background for the pair number you give. After that 3403*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanthat pair number can be used as a normal attribute with <TT 3404*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="LITERAL" 3405*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>COLOR_PAIR()</TT 3406*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>function. This may seem to be cumbersome at first. 3407*4a1a9510SRong-En FanBut this elegant solution allows us to manage color pairs very easily. To 3408*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanappreciate it, you have to look into the the source code of "dialog", a utility 3409*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanfor displaying dialog boxes from shell scripts. The developers have defined 3410*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanforeground and background combinations for all the colors they might need and 3411*4a1a9510SRong-En Faninitialized at the beginning. This makes it very easy to set attributes just by 3412*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanaccessing a pair which we already have defined as a constant.</P 3413*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><P 3414*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>The following colors are defined in <TT 3415*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="LITERAL" 3416*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>curses.h</TT 3417*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>. 3418*4a1a9510SRong-En FanYou can use these as parameters for various color functions. 3419*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan<PRE 3420*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="PROGRAMLISTING" 3421*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan> COLOR_BLACK 0 3422*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan COLOR_RED 1 3423*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan COLOR_GREEN 2 3424*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan COLOR_YELLOW 3 3425*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan COLOR_BLUE 4 3426*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan COLOR_MAGENTA 5 3427*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan COLOR_CYAN 6 3428*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan COLOR_WHITE 7</PRE 3429*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></P 3430*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></DIV 3431*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><DIV 3432*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="SECT2" 3433*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><HR><H3 3434*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="SECT2" 3435*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><A 3436*4a1a9510SRong-En FanNAME="CHANGECOLORDEFS" 3437*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>10.2. Changing Color Definitions</A 3438*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></H3 3439*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><P 3440*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>The function <TT 3441*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="LITERAL" 3442*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>init_color()</TT 3443*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>can be used to change 3444*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanthe rgb values for the colors defined by curses initially. Say you wanted to 3445*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanlighten the intensity of red color by a minuscule. Then you can use this 3446*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanfunction as</P 3447*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><PRE 3448*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="PROGRAMLISTING" 3449*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan> init_color(COLOR_RED, 700, 0, 0); 3450*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan /* param 1 : color name 3451*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan * param 2, 3, 4 : rgb content min = 0, max = 1000 */</PRE 3452*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><P 3453*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>If your terminal cannot change the color definitions, the function returns ERR. 3454*4a1a9510SRong-En FanThe function <TT 3455*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="LITERAL" 3456*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>can_change_color()</TT 3457*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan> can be used to 3458*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanfind out whether the terminal has the capability of changing color content or 3459*4a1a9510SRong-En Fannot. The rgb content is scaled from 0 to 1000. Initially RED color is defined 3460*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanwith content 1000(r), 0(g), 0(b). </P 3461*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></DIV 3462*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><DIV 3463*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="SECT2" 3464*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><HR><H3 3465*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="SECT2" 3466*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><A 3467*4a1a9510SRong-En FanNAME="COLORCONTENT" 3468*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>10.3. Color Content</A 3469*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></H3 3470*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><P 3471*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>The functions <TT 3472*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="LITERAL" 3473*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>color_content()</TT 3474*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan> and 3475*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan<TT 3476*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="LITERAL" 3477*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>pair_content()</TT 3478*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan> can be used to find the color 3479*4a1a9510SRong-En Fancontent and foreground, background combination for the pair. </P 3480*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></DIV 3481*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></DIV 3482*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><DIV 3483*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="SECT1" 3484*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><HR><H2 3485*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="SECT1" 3486*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><A 3487*4a1a9510SRong-En FanNAME="KEYS" 3488*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>11. Interfacing with the key board</A 3489*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></H2 3490*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><DIV 3491*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="SECT2" 3492*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><H3 3493*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="SECT2" 3494*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><A 3495*4a1a9510SRong-En FanNAME="KEYSBASICS" 3496*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>11.1. The Basics</A 3497*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></H3 3498*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><P 3499*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>No GUI is complete without a strong user interface and to interact with the 3500*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanuser, a curses program should be sensitive to key presses or the mouse actions 3501*4a1a9510SRong-En Fandone by the user. Let's deal with the keys first.</P 3502*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><P 3503*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>As you have seen in almost all of the above examples, it's very easy to get key 3504*4a1a9510SRong-En Faninput from the user. A simple way of getting key presses is to use 3505*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan<TT 3506*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="LITERAL" 3507*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>getch()</TT 3508*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan> function. The cbreak mode should be 3509*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanenabled to read keys when you are interested in reading individual key hits 3510*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanrather than complete lines of text (which usually end with a carriage return). 3511*4a1a9510SRong-En Fankeypad should be enabled to get the Functions keys, arrow keys etc. See the 3512*4a1a9510SRong-En Faninitialization section for details.</P 3513*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><P 3514*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><TT 3515*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="LITERAL" 3516*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>getch()</TT 3517*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan> returns an integer corresponding to the 3518*4a1a9510SRong-En Fankey pressed. If it is a normal character, the integer value will be equivalent 3519*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanto the character. Otherwise it returns a number which can be matched with the 3520*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanconstants defined in <TT 3521*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="LITERAL" 3522*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>curses.h</TT 3523*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>. For example if 3524*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanthe user presses F1, the integer returned is 265. This can be checked using the 3525*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanmacro KEY_F() defined in curses.h. This makes reading keys portable and easy to 3526*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanmanage.</P 3527*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><P 3528*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>For example, if you call getch() like this</P 3529*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><PRE 3530*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="PROGRAMLISTING" 3531*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan> int ch; 3532*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan 3533*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan ch = getch();</PRE 3534*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><P 3535*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>getch() will wait for the user to press a key, (unless you specified a timeout) 3536*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanand when user presses a key, the corresponding integer is returned. Then you can 3537*4a1a9510SRong-En Fancheck the value returned with the constants defined in curses.h to match against 3538*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanthe keys you want.</P 3539*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><P 3540*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>The following code piece will do that job.</P 3541*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><PRE 3542*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="PROGRAMLISTING" 3543*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan> if(ch == KEY_LEFT) 3544*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan printw("Left arrow is pressed\n");</PRE 3545*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><P 3546*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>Let's write a small program which creates a menu which can be navigated by up 3547*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanand down arrows.</P 3548*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></DIV 3549*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><DIV 3550*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="SECT2" 3551*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><HR><H3 3552*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="SECT2" 3553*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><A 3554*4a1a9510SRong-En FanNAME="SIMPLEKEYEX" 3555*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>11.2. A Simple Key Usage example</A 3556*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></H3 3557*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><DIV 3558*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="EXAMPLE" 3559*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><A 3560*4a1a9510SRong-En FanNAME="BSIKE" 3561*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></A 3562*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><P 3563*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><B 3564*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>Example 10. A Simple Key Usage example </B 3565*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></P 3566*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><PRE 3567*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="PROGRAMLISTING" 3568*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><SPAN 3569*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="INLINEMEDIAOBJECT" 3570*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>#include <stdio.h> 3571*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan#include <ncurses.h> 3572*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan 3573*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan#define WIDTH 30 3574*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan#define HEIGHT 10 3575*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan 3576*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanint startx = 0; 3577*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanint starty = 0; 3578*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan 3579*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanchar *choices[] = { 3580*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan "Choice 1", 3581*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan "Choice 2", 3582*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan "Choice 3", 3583*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan "Choice 4", 3584*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan "Exit", 3585*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan }; 3586*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanint n_choices = sizeof(choices) / sizeof(char *); 3587*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanvoid print_menu(WINDOW *menu_win, int highlight); 3588*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan 3589*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanint main() 3590*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan{ WINDOW *menu_win; 3591*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan int highlight = 1; 3592*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan int choice = 0; 3593*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan int c; 3594*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan 3595*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan initscr(); 3596*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan clear(); 3597*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan noecho(); 3598*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan cbreak(); /* Line buffering disabled. pass on everything */ 3599*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan startx = (80 - WIDTH) / 2; 3600*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan starty = (24 - HEIGHT) / 2; 3601*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan 3602*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan menu_win = newwin(HEIGHT, WIDTH, starty, startx); 3603*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan keypad(menu_win, TRUE); 3604*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan mvprintw(0, 0, "Use arrow keys to go up and down, Press enter to select a choice"); 3605*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan refresh(); 3606*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan print_menu(menu_win, highlight); 3607*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan while(1) 3608*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan { c = wgetch(menu_win); 3609*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan switch(c) 3610*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan { case KEY_UP: 3611*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan if(highlight == 1) 3612*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan highlight = n_choices; 3613*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan else 3614*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan --highlight; 3615*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan break; 3616*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan case KEY_DOWN: 3617*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan if(highlight == n_choices) 3618*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan highlight = 1; 3619*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan else 3620*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan ++highlight; 3621*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan break; 3622*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan case 10: 3623*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan choice = highlight; 3624*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan break; 3625*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan default: 3626*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan mvprintw(24, 0, "Charcter pressed is = %3d Hopefully it can be printed as '%c'", c, c); 3627*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan refresh(); 3628*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan break; 3629*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan } 3630*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan print_menu(menu_win, highlight); 3631*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan if(choice != 0) /* User did a choice come out of the infinite loop */ 3632*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan break; 3633*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan } 3634*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan mvprintw(23, 0, "You chose choice %d with choice string %s\n", choice, choices[choice - 1]); 3635*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan clrtoeol(); 3636*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan refresh(); 3637*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan endwin(); 3638*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan return 0; 3639*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan} 3640*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan 3641*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan 3642*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanvoid print_menu(WINDOW *menu_win, int highlight) 3643*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan{ 3644*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan int x, y, i; 3645*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan 3646*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan x = 2; 3647*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan y = 2; 3648*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan box(menu_win, 0, 0); 3649*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan for(i = 0; i < n_choices; ++i) 3650*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan { if(highlight == i + 1) /* High light the present choice */ 3651*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan { wattron(menu_win, A_REVERSE); 3652*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan mvwprintw(menu_win, y, x, "%s", choices[i]); 3653*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan wattroff(menu_win, A_REVERSE); 3654*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan } 3655*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan else 3656*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan mvwprintw(menu_win, y, x, "%s", choices[i]); 3657*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan ++y; 3658*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan } 3659*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan wrefresh(menu_win); 3660*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan} 3661*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan</SPAN 3662*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></PRE 3663*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></DIV 3664*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></DIV 3665*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></DIV 3666*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><DIV 3667*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="SECT1" 3668*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><HR><H2 3669*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="SECT1" 3670*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><A 3671*4a1a9510SRong-En FanNAME="MOUSE" 3672*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>12. Interfacing with the mouse</A 3673*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></H2 3674*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><P 3675*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>Now that you have seen how to get keys, lets do the same thing from mouse. 3676*4a1a9510SRong-En FanUsually each UI allows the user to interact with both keyboard and mouse. </P 3677*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><DIV 3678*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="SECT2" 3679*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><HR><H3 3680*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="SECT2" 3681*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><A 3682*4a1a9510SRong-En FanNAME="MOUSEBASICS" 3683*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>12.1. The Basics</A 3684*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></H3 3685*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><P 3686*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>Before you do any thing else, the events you want to receive have to be enabled 3687*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanwith <TT 3688*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="LITERAL" 3689*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>mousemask()</TT 3690*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>.</P 3691*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><PRE 3692*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="PROGRAMLISTING" 3693*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan> mousemask( mmask_t newmask, /* The events you want to listen to */ 3694*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan mmask_t *oldmask) /* The old events mask */</PRE 3695*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><P 3696*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>The first parameter to above function is a bit mask of events you would like to 3697*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanlisten. By default, all the events are turned off. The bit mask <TT 3698*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="LITERAL" 3699*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan> ALL_MOUSE_EVENTS</TT 3700*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan> can be used to get all the events.</P 3701*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><P 3702*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>The following are all the event masks:</P 3703*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><PRE 3704*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="PROGRAMLISTING" 3705*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan> Name Description 3706*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan --------------------------------------------------------------------- 3707*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan BUTTON1_PRESSED mouse button 1 down 3708*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan BUTTON1_RELEASED mouse button 1 up 3709*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan BUTTON1_CLICKED mouse button 1 clicked 3710*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan BUTTON1_DOUBLE_CLICKED mouse button 1 double clicked 3711*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan BUTTON1_TRIPLE_CLICKED mouse button 1 triple clicked 3712*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan BUTTON2_PRESSED mouse button 2 down 3713*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan BUTTON2_RELEASED mouse button 2 up 3714*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan BUTTON2_CLICKED mouse button 2 clicked 3715*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan BUTTON2_DOUBLE_CLICKED mouse button 2 double clicked 3716*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan BUTTON2_TRIPLE_CLICKED mouse button 2 triple clicked 3717*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan BUTTON3_PRESSED mouse button 3 down 3718*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan BUTTON3_RELEASED mouse button 3 up 3719*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan BUTTON3_CLICKED mouse button 3 clicked 3720*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan BUTTON3_DOUBLE_CLICKED mouse button 3 double clicked 3721*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan BUTTON3_TRIPLE_CLICKED mouse button 3 triple clicked 3722*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan BUTTON4_PRESSED mouse button 4 down 3723*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan BUTTON4_RELEASED mouse button 4 up 3724*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan BUTTON4_CLICKED mouse button 4 clicked 3725*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan BUTTON4_DOUBLE_CLICKED mouse button 4 double clicked 3726*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan BUTTON4_TRIPLE_CLICKED mouse button 4 triple clicked 3727*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan BUTTON_SHIFT shift was down during button state change 3728*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan BUTTON_CTRL control was down during button state change 3729*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan BUTTON_ALT alt was down during button state change 3730*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan ALL_MOUSE_EVENTS report all button state changes 3731*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan REPORT_MOUSE_POSITION report mouse movement</PRE 3732*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></DIV 3733*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><DIV 3734*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="SECT2" 3735*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><HR><H3 3736*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="SECT2" 3737*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><A 3738*4a1a9510SRong-En FanNAME="GETTINGEVENTS" 3739*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>12.2. Getting the events</A 3740*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></H3 3741*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><P 3742*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>Once a class of mouse events have been enabled, getch() class of functions 3743*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanreturn KEY_MOUSE every time some mouse event happens. Then the mouse event can 3744*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanbe retrieved with <TT 3745*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="LITERAL" 3746*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>getmouse()</TT 3747*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>.</P 3748*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><P 3749*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>The code approximately looks like this:</P 3750*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><PRE 3751*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="PROGRAMLISTING" 3752*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan> MEVENT event; 3753*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan 3754*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan ch = getch(); 3755*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan if(ch == KEY_MOUSE) 3756*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan if(getmouse(&event) == OK) 3757*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan . /* Do some thing with the event */ 3758*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan . 3759*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan .</PRE 3760*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><P 3761*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan> 3762*4a1a9510SRong-En Fangetmouse() returns the event into the pointer given to it. It's a structure 3763*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanwhich contains</P 3764*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><PRE 3765*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="PROGRAMLISTING" 3766*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan> typedef struct 3767*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan { 3768*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan short id; /* ID to distinguish multiple devices */ 3769*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan int x, y, z; /* event coordinates */ 3770*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan mmask_t bstate; /* button state bits */ 3771*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan } </PRE 3772*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><P 3773*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>The <TT 3774*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="LITERAL" 3775*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>bstate</TT 3776*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan> is the main variable we are 3777*4a1a9510SRong-En Faninterested in. It tells the button state of the mouse.</P 3778*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><P 3779*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>Then with a code snippet like the following, we can find out what happened.</P 3780*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><PRE 3781*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="PROGRAMLISTING" 3782*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan> if(event.bstate & BUTTON1_PRESSED) 3783*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan printw("Left Button Pressed");</PRE 3784*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></DIV 3785*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><DIV 3786*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="SECT2" 3787*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><HR><H3 3788*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="SECT2" 3789*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><A 3790*4a1a9510SRong-En FanNAME="MOUSETOGETHER" 3791*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>12.3. Putting it all Together</A 3792*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></H3 3793*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><P 3794*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>That's pretty much interfacing with mouse. Let's create the same menu and enable 3795*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanmouse interaction. To make things simpler, key handling is removed.</P 3796*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><DIV 3797*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="EXAMPLE" 3798*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><A 3799*4a1a9510SRong-En FanNAME="BMOME" 3800*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></A 3801*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><P 3802*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><B 3803*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>Example 11. Access the menu with mouse !!! </B 3804*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></P 3805*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><PRE 3806*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="PROGRAMLISTING" 3807*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><SPAN 3808*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="INLINEMEDIAOBJECT" 3809*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>#include <ncurses.h> 3810*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan 3811*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan#define WIDTH 30 3812*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan#define HEIGHT 10 3813*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan 3814*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanint startx = 0; 3815*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanint starty = 0; 3816*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan 3817*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanchar *choices[] = { "Choice 1", 3818*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan "Choice 2", 3819*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan "Choice 3", 3820*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan "Choice 4", 3821*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan "Exit", 3822*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan }; 3823*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan 3824*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanint n_choices = sizeof(choices) / sizeof(char *); 3825*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan 3826*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanvoid print_menu(WINDOW *menu_win, int highlight); 3827*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanvoid report_choice(int mouse_x, int mouse_y, int *p_choice); 3828*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan 3829*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanint main() 3830*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan{ int c, choice = 0; 3831*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan WINDOW *menu_win; 3832*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan MEVENT event; 3833*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan 3834*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan /* Initialize curses */ 3835*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan initscr(); 3836*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan clear(); 3837*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan noecho(); 3838*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan cbreak(); //Line buffering disabled. pass on everything 3839*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan 3840*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan /* Try to put the window in the middle of screen */ 3841*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan startx = (80 - WIDTH) / 2; 3842*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan starty = (24 - HEIGHT) / 2; 3843*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan 3844*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan attron(A_REVERSE); 3845*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan mvprintw(23, 1, "Click on Exit to quit (Works best in a virtual console)"); 3846*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan refresh(); 3847*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan attroff(A_REVERSE); 3848*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan 3849*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan /* Print the menu for the first time */ 3850*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan menu_win = newwin(HEIGHT, WIDTH, starty, startx); 3851*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan print_menu(menu_win, 1); 3852*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan /* Get all the mouse events */ 3853*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan mousemask(ALL_MOUSE_EVENTS, NULL); 3854*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan 3855*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan while(1) 3856*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan { c = wgetch(menu_win); 3857*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan switch(c) 3858*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan { case KEY_MOUSE: 3859*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan if(getmouse(&event) == OK) 3860*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan { /* When the user clicks left mouse button */ 3861*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan if(event.bstate & BUTTON1_PRESSED) 3862*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan { report_choice(event.x + 1, event.y + 1, &choice); 3863*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan if(choice == -1) //Exit chosen 3864*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan goto end; 3865*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan mvprintw(22, 1, "Choice made is : %d String Chosen is \"%10s\"", choice, choices[choice - 1]); 3866*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan refresh(); 3867*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan } 3868*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan } 3869*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan print_menu(menu_win, choice); 3870*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan break; 3871*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan } 3872*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan } 3873*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanend: 3874*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan endwin(); 3875*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan return 0; 3876*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan} 3877*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan 3878*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan 3879*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanvoid print_menu(WINDOW *menu_win, int highlight) 3880*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan{ 3881*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan int x, y, i; 3882*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan 3883*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan x = 2; 3884*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan y = 2; 3885*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan box(menu_win, 0, 0); 3886*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan for(i = 0; i < n_choices; ++i) 3887*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan { if(highlight == i + 1) 3888*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan { wattron(menu_win, A_REVERSE); 3889*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan mvwprintw(menu_win, y, x, "%s", choices[i]); 3890*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan wattroff(menu_win, A_REVERSE); 3891*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan } 3892*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan else 3893*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan mvwprintw(menu_win, y, x, "%s", choices[i]); 3894*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan ++y; 3895*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan } 3896*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan wrefresh(menu_win); 3897*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan} 3898*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan 3899*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan/* Report the choice according to mouse position */ 3900*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanvoid report_choice(int mouse_x, int mouse_y, int *p_choice) 3901*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan{ int i,j, choice; 3902*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan 3903*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan i = startx + 2; 3904*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan j = starty + 3; 3905*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan 3906*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan for(choice = 0; choice < n_choices; ++choice) 3907*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan if(mouse_y == j + choice && mouse_x >= i && mouse_x <= i + strlen(choices[choice])) 3908*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan { if(choice == n_choices - 1) 3909*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan *p_choice = -1; 3910*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan else 3911*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan *p_choice = choice + 1; 3912*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan break; 3913*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan } 3914*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan}</SPAN 3915*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></PRE 3916*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></DIV 3917*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></DIV 3918*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><DIV 3919*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="SECT2" 3920*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><HR><H3 3921*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="SECT2" 3922*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><A 3923*4a1a9510SRong-En FanNAME="MISCMOUSEFUNCS" 3924*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>12.4. Miscellaneous Functions</A 3925*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></H3 3926*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><P 3927*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>The functions mouse_trafo() and wmouse_trafo() can be used to convert to mouse 3928*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanco-ordinates to screen relative co-ordinates. See curs_mouse(3X) man page for details.</P 3929*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><P 3930*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>The mouseinterval function sets the maximum time (in thousands of a 3931*4a1a9510SRong-En Fansecond) that can elapse between press and release events in order for 3932*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanthem to be recognized as a click. This function returns the previous 3933*4a1a9510SRong-En Faninterval value. The default is one fifth of a second.</P 3934*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></DIV 3935*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></DIV 3936*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><DIV 3937*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="SECT1" 3938*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><HR><H2 3939*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="SECT1" 3940*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><A 3941*4a1a9510SRong-En FanNAME="SCREEN" 3942*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>13. Screen Manipulation</A 3943*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></H2 3944*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><P 3945*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>In this section, we will look into some functions, which allow us to manage the 3946*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanscreen efficiently and to write some fancy programs. This is especially 3947*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanimportant in writing games. </P 3948*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><DIV 3949*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="SECT2" 3950*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><HR><H3 3951*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="SECT2" 3952*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><A 3953*4a1a9510SRong-En FanNAME="GETYX" 3954*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>13.1. getyx() functions</A 3955*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></H3 3956*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><P 3957*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan> The function <TT 3958*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="LITERAL" 3959*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>getyx()</TT 3960*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan> can be used to find out 3961*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanthe present cursor co-ordinates. It will fill the values of x and y co-ordinates 3962*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanin the arguments given to it. Since getyx() is a macro you don't have to pass 3963*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanthe address of the variables. It can be called as</P 3964*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><PRE 3965*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="PROGRAMLISTING" 3966*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan> getyx(win, y, x); 3967*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan /* win: window pointer 3968*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan * y, x: y, x co-ordinates will be put into this variables 3969*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan */</PRE 3970*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><P 3971*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>The function getparyx() gets the beginning co-ordinates of the sub window 3972*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanrelative to the main window. This is some times useful to update a sub window. 3973*4a1a9510SRong-En FanWhen designing fancy stuff like writing multiple menus, it becomes difficult to 3974*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanstore the menu positions, their first option co-ordinates etc. A simple solution 3975*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanto this problem, is to create menus in sub windows and later find the starting 3976*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanco-ordinates of the menus by using getparyx().</P 3977*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><P 3978*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>The functions getbegyx() and getmaxyx() store current window's beginning and 3979*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanmaximum co-ordinates. These functions are useful in the same way as above in 3980*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanmanaging the windows and sub windows effectively.</P 3981*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></DIV 3982*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><DIV 3983*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="SECT2" 3984*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><HR><H3 3985*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="SECT2" 3986*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><A 3987*4a1a9510SRong-En FanNAME="SCREENDUMP" 3988*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>13.2. Screen Dumping</A 3989*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></H3 3990*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><P 3991*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>While writing games, some times it becomes necessary to store the state of the 3992*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanscreen and restore it back to the same state. The function scr_dump() can be 3993*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanused to dump the screen contents to a file given as an argument. Later it can be 3994*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanrestored by scr_restore function. These two simple functions can be used 3995*4a1a9510SRong-En Faneffectively to maintain a fast moving game with changing scenarios. </P 3996*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></DIV 3997*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><DIV 3998*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="SECT2" 3999*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><HR><H3 4000*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="SECT2" 4001*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><A 4002*4a1a9510SRong-En FanNAME="WINDOWDUMP" 4003*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>13.3. Window Dumping</A 4004*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></H3 4005*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><P 4006*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>To store and restore windows, the functions 4007*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan<TT 4008*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="LITERAL" 4009*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>putwin()</TT 4010*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan> and <TT 4011*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="LITERAL" 4012*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>getwin()</TT 4013*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan> can be used. <TT 4014*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="LITERAL" 4015*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>putwin()</TT 4016*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan> puts 4017*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanthe present window state into a file, which can be later restored by 4018*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan<TT 4019*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="LITERAL" 4020*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>getwin()</TT 4021*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>.</P 4022*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><P 4023*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan> 4024*4a1a9510SRong-En FanThe function <TT 4025*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="LITERAL" 4026*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>copywin()</TT 4027*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan> can be used to copy a 4028*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanwindow completely onto another window. It takes the source and destination 4029*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanwindows as parameters and according to the rectangle specified, it copies the 4030*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanrectangular region from source to destination window. It's last parameter 4031*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanspecifies whether to overwrite or just overlay the contents on to the 4032*4a1a9510SRong-En Fandestination window. If this argument is true, then the copying is 4033*4a1a9510SRong-En Fannon-destructive.</P 4034*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></DIV 4035*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></DIV 4036*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><DIV 4037*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="SECT1" 4038*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><HR><H2 4039*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="SECT1" 4040*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><A 4041*4a1a9510SRong-En FanNAME="MISC" 4042*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>14. Miscellaneous features</A 4043*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></H2 4044*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><P 4045*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>Now you know enough features to write a good curses program, with all bells and 4046*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanwhistles. There are some miscellaneous functions which are useful in various 4047*4a1a9510SRong-En Fancases. Let's go headlong into some of those.</P 4048*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><DIV 4049*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="SECT2" 4050*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><HR><H3 4051*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="SECT2" 4052*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><A 4053*4a1a9510SRong-En FanNAME="CURSSET" 4054*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>14.1. curs_set()</A 4055*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></H3 4056*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><P 4057*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>This function can be used to make the cursor invisible. The parameter to this 4058*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanfunction should be </P 4059*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><PRE 4060*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="PROGRAMLISTING" 4061*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan> 0 : invisible or 4062*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan 1 : normal or 4063*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan 2 : very visible.</PRE 4064*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></DIV 4065*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><DIV 4066*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="SECT2" 4067*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><HR><H3 4068*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="SECT2" 4069*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><A 4070*4a1a9510SRong-En FanNAME="TEMPLEAVE" 4071*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>14.2. Temporarily Leaving Curses mode</A 4072*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></H3 4073*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><P 4074*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>Some times you may want to get back to cooked mode (normal line buffering mode) 4075*4a1a9510SRong-En Fantemporarily. In such a case you will first need to save the tty modes with a 4076*4a1a9510SRong-En Fancall to <TT 4077*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="LITERAL" 4078*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>def_prog_mode()</TT 4079*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan> and then call 4080*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan<TT 4081*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="LITERAL" 4082*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>endwin()</TT 4083*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan> to end the curses mode. This will 4084*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanleave you in the original tty mode. To get back to curses once you are done, 4085*4a1a9510SRong-En Fancall <TT 4086*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="LITERAL" 4087*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>reset_prog_mode() </TT 4088*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>. This function returns 4089*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanthe tty to the state stored by <TT 4090*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="LITERAL" 4091*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>def_prog_mode()</TT 4092*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>. Then do refresh(), and you are back to the curses mode. Here 4093*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanis an example showing the sequence of things to be done.</P 4094*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><DIV 4095*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="EXAMPLE" 4096*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><A 4097*4a1a9510SRong-En FanNAME="BTELE" 4098*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></A 4099*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><P 4100*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><B 4101*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>Example 12. Temporarily Leaving Curses Mode </B 4102*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></P 4103*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><PRE 4104*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="PROGRAMLISTING" 4105*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><SPAN 4106*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="INLINEMEDIAOBJECT" 4107*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>#include <ncurses.h> 4108*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan 4109*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanint main() 4110*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan{ 4111*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan initscr(); /* Start curses mode */ 4112*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan printw("Hello World !!!\n"); /* Print Hello World */ 4113*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan refresh(); /* Print it on to the real screen */ 4114*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan def_prog_mode(); /* Save the tty modes */ 4115*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan endwin(); /* End curses mode temporarily */ 4116*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan system("/bin/sh"); /* Do whatever you like in cooked mode */ 4117*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan reset_prog_mode(); /* Return to the previous tty mode*/ 4118*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan /* stored by def_prog_mode() */ 4119*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan refresh(); /* Do refresh() to restore the */ 4120*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan /* Screen contents */ 4121*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan printw("Another String\n"); /* Back to curses use the full */ 4122*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan refresh(); /* capabilities of curses */ 4123*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan endwin(); /* End curses mode */ 4124*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan 4125*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan return 0; 4126*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan}</SPAN 4127*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></PRE 4128*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></DIV 4129*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></DIV 4130*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><DIV 4131*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="SECT2" 4132*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><HR><H3 4133*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="SECT2" 4134*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><A 4135*4a1a9510SRong-En FanNAME="ACSVARS" 4136*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>14.3. ACS_ variables</A 4137*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></H3 4138*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><P 4139*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>If you have ever programmed in DOS, you know about those nifty characters in 4140*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanextended character set. They are printable only on some terminals. NCURSES 4141*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanfunctions like <TT 4142*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="LITERAL" 4143*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>box()</TT 4144*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan> use these characters. All 4145*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanthese variables start with ACS meaning alternative character set. You might have 4146*4a1a9510SRong-En Fannoticed me using these characters in some of the programs above. Here's an example 4147*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanshowing all the characters.</P 4148*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><DIV 4149*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="EXAMPLE" 4150*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><A 4151*4a1a9510SRong-En FanNAME="BACSVARS" 4152*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></A 4153*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><P 4154*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><B 4155*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>Example 13. ACS Variables Example </B 4156*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></P 4157*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><PRE 4158*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="PROGRAMLISTING" 4159*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><SPAN 4160*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="INLINEMEDIAOBJECT" 4161*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>#include <ncurses.h> 4162*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan 4163*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanint main() 4164*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan{ 4165*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan initscr(); 4166*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan 4167*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan printw("Upper left corner "); addch(ACS_ULCORNER); printw("\n"); 4168*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan printw("Lower left corner "); addch(ACS_LLCORNER); printw("\n"); 4169*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan printw("Lower right corner "); addch(ACS_LRCORNER); printw("\n"); 4170*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan printw("Tee pointing right "); addch(ACS_LTEE); printw("\n"); 4171*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan printw("Tee pointing left "); addch(ACS_RTEE); printw("\n"); 4172*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan printw("Tee pointing up "); addch(ACS_BTEE); printw("\n"); 4173*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan printw("Tee pointing down "); addch(ACS_TTEE); printw("\n"); 4174*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan printw("Horizontal line "); addch(ACS_HLINE); printw("\n"); 4175*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan printw("Vertical line "); addch(ACS_VLINE); printw("\n"); 4176*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan printw("Large Plus or cross over "); addch(ACS_PLUS); printw("\n"); 4177*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan printw("Scan Line 1 "); addch(ACS_S1); printw("\n"); 4178*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan printw("Scan Line 3 "); addch(ACS_S3); printw("\n"); 4179*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan printw("Scan Line 7 "); addch(ACS_S7); printw("\n"); 4180*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan printw("Scan Line 9 "); addch(ACS_S9); printw("\n"); 4181*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan printw("Diamond "); addch(ACS_DIAMOND); printw("\n"); 4182*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan printw("Checker board (stipple) "); addch(ACS_CKBOARD); printw("\n"); 4183*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan printw("Degree Symbol "); addch(ACS_DEGREE); printw("\n"); 4184*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan printw("Plus/Minus Symbol "); addch(ACS_PLMINUS); printw("\n"); 4185*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan printw("Bullet "); addch(ACS_BULLET); printw("\n"); 4186*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan printw("Arrow Pointing Left "); addch(ACS_LARROW); printw("\n"); 4187*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan printw("Arrow Pointing Right "); addch(ACS_RARROW); printw("\n"); 4188*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan printw("Arrow Pointing Down "); addch(ACS_DARROW); printw("\n"); 4189*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan printw("Arrow Pointing Up "); addch(ACS_UARROW); printw("\n"); 4190*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan printw("Board of squares "); addch(ACS_BOARD); printw("\n"); 4191*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan printw("Lantern Symbol "); addch(ACS_LANTERN); printw("\n"); 4192*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan printw("Solid Square Block "); addch(ACS_BLOCK); printw("\n"); 4193*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan printw("Less/Equal sign "); addch(ACS_LEQUAL); printw("\n"); 4194*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan printw("Greater/Equal sign "); addch(ACS_GEQUAL); printw("\n"); 4195*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan printw("Pi "); addch(ACS_PI); printw("\n"); 4196*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan printw("Not equal "); addch(ACS_NEQUAL); printw("\n"); 4197*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan printw("UK pound sign "); addch(ACS_STERLING); printw("\n"); 4198*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan 4199*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan refresh(); 4200*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan getch(); 4201*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan endwin(); 4202*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan 4203*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan return 0; 4204*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan}</SPAN 4205*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></PRE 4206*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></DIV 4207*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></DIV 4208*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></DIV 4209*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><DIV 4210*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="SECT1" 4211*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><HR><H2 4212*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="SECT1" 4213*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><A 4214*4a1a9510SRong-En FanNAME="OTHERLIB" 4215*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>15. Other libraries</A 4216*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></H2 4217*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><P 4218*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>Apart from the curses library, there are few text mode libraries, which provide 4219*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanmore functionality and a lot of features. The following sections explain three 4220*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanstandard libraries which are usually distributed along with curses. </P 4221*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></DIV 4222*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><DIV 4223*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="SECT1" 4224*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><HR><H2 4225*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="SECT1" 4226*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><A 4227*4a1a9510SRong-En FanNAME="PANELS" 4228*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>16. Panel Library</A 4229*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></H2 4230*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><P 4231*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>Now that you are proficient in curses, you wanted to do some thing big. You 4232*4a1a9510SRong-En Fancreated a lot of overlapping windows to give a professional windows-type look. 4233*4a1a9510SRong-En FanUnfortunately, it soon becomes difficult to manage these. The multiple 4234*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanrefreshes, updates plunge you into a nightmare. The overlapping windows create 4235*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanblotches, whenever you forget to refresh the windows in the proper order. </P 4236*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><P 4237*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>Don't despair. There's an elegant solution provided in panels library. In the 4238*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanwords of developers of ncurses </P 4239*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><P 4240*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><SPAN 4241*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="emphasis" 4242*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><I 4243*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="EMPHASIS" 4244*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>When your interface design is such that windows may dive deeper into the 4245*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanvisibility stack or pop to the top at runtime, the resulting book-keeping can be 4246*4a1a9510SRong-En Fantedious and difficult to get right. Hence the panels library.</I 4247*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></SPAN 4248*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></P 4249*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><P 4250*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>If you have lot of overlapping windows, then panels library is the way to go. It 4251*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanobviates the need of doing series of wnoutrefresh(), doupdate() and relieves the 4252*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanburden of doing it correctly(bottom up). The library maintains information about 4253*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanthe order of windows, their overlapping and update the screen properly. So why 4254*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanwait? Let's take a close peek into panels.</P 4255*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><DIV 4256*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="SECT2" 4257*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><HR><H3 4258*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="SECT2" 4259*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><A 4260*4a1a9510SRong-En FanNAME="PANELBASICS" 4261*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>16.1. The Basics</A 4262*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></H3 4263*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><P 4264*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>Panel object is a window that is implicitly treated as part of a deck including 4265*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanall other panel objects. The deck is treated as a stack with the top panel being 4266*4a1a9510SRong-En Fancompletely visible and the other panels may or may not be obscured according to 4267*4a1a9510SRong-En Fantheir positions. So the basic idea is to create a stack of overlapping panels 4268*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanand use panels library to display them correctly. There is a function similar to 4269*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanrefresh() which, when called , displays panels in the correct order. Functions 4270*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanare provided to hide or show panels, move panels, change its size etc.. The 4271*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanoverlapping problem is managed by the panels library during all the calls to 4272*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanthese functions. </P 4273*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><P 4274*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>The general flow of a panel program goes like this: 4275*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan 4276*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan<P 4277*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></P 4278*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><OL 4279*4a1a9510SRong-En FanTYPE="1" 4280*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><LI 4281*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><P 4282*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>Create the windows (with newwin()) to be attached to the panels.</P 4283*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></LI 4284*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><LI 4285*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><P 4286*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>Create panels with the chosen visibility order. Stack them up according to the 4287*4a1a9510SRong-En Fandesired visibility. The function new_panel() is used to created panels.</P 4288*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></LI 4289*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><LI 4290*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><P 4291*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>Call update_panels() to write the panels to the virtual screen in correct 4292*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanvisibility order. Do a doupdate() to show it on the screen. </P 4293*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></LI 4294*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><LI 4295*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><P 4296*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>Mainpulate the panels with show_panel(), hide_panel(), move_panel() etc. Make 4297*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanuse of helper functions like panel_hidden() and panel_window(). Make use of user 4298*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanpointer to store custom data for a panel. Use the functions set_panel_userptr() 4299*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanand panel_userptr() to set and get the user pointer for a panel.</P 4300*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></LI 4301*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><LI 4302*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><P 4303*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>When you are done with the panel use del_panel() to delete the panel.</P 4304*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></LI 4305*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></OL 4306*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></P 4307*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><P 4308*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>Let's make the concepts clear, with some programs. The following is a simple 4309*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanprogram which creates 3 overlapping panels and shows them on the screen. </P 4310*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></DIV 4311*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><DIV 4312*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="SECT2" 4313*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><HR><H3 4314*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="SECT2" 4315*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><A 4316*4a1a9510SRong-En FanNAME="COMPILEPANELS" 4317*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>16.2. Compiling With the Panels Library</A 4318*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></H3 4319*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><P 4320*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>To use panels library functions, you have to include panel.h and to link the 4321*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanprogram with panels library the flag -lpanel should be added along with 4322*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan-lncurses in that order.</P 4323*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><PRE 4324*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="PROGRAMLISTING" 4325*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan> #include <panel.h> 4326*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan . 4327*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan . 4328*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan . 4329*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan 4330*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan compile and link: gcc <program file> -lpanel -lncurses</PRE 4331*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><DIV 4332*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="EXAMPLE" 4333*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><A 4334*4a1a9510SRong-En FanNAME="PPASI" 4335*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></A 4336*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><P 4337*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><B 4338*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>Example 14. Panel basics</B 4339*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></P 4340*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><PRE 4341*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="PROGRAMLISTING" 4342*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><SPAN 4343*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="INLINEMEDIAOBJECT" 4344*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>#include <panel.h> 4345*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan 4346*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanint main() 4347*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan{ WINDOW *my_wins[3]; 4348*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan PANEL *my_panels[3]; 4349*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan int lines = 10, cols = 40, y = 2, x = 4, i; 4350*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan 4351*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan initscr(); 4352*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan cbreak(); 4353*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan noecho(); 4354*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan 4355*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan /* Create windows for the panels */ 4356*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan my_wins[0] = newwin(lines, cols, y, x); 4357*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan my_wins[1] = newwin(lines, cols, y + 1, x + 5); 4358*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan my_wins[2] = newwin(lines, cols, y + 2, x + 10); 4359*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan 4360*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan /* 4361*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan * Create borders around the windows so that you can see the effect 4362*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan * of panels 4363*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan */ 4364*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan for(i = 0; i < 3; ++i) 4365*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan box(my_wins[i], 0, 0); 4366*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan 4367*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan /* Attach a panel to each window */ /* Order is bottom up */ 4368*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan my_panels[0] = new_panel(my_wins[0]); /* Push 0, order: stdscr-0 */ 4369*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan my_panels[1] = new_panel(my_wins[1]); /* Push 1, order: stdscr-0-1 */ 4370*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan my_panels[2] = new_panel(my_wins[2]); /* Push 2, order: stdscr-0-1-2 */ 4371*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan 4372*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan /* Update the stacking order. 2nd panel will be on top */ 4373*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan update_panels(); 4374*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan 4375*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan /* Show it on the screen */ 4376*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan doupdate(); 4377*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan 4378*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan getch(); 4379*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan endwin(); 4380*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan} 4381*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan</SPAN 4382*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></PRE 4383*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></DIV 4384*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><P 4385*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>As you can see, above program follows a simple flow as explained. The windows 4386*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanare created with newwin() and then they are attached to panels with new_panel(). 4387*4a1a9510SRong-En FanAs we attach one panel after another, the stack of panels gets updated. To put 4388*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanthem on screen update_panels() and doupdate() are called.</P 4389*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></DIV 4390*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><DIV 4391*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="SECT2" 4392*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><HR><H3 4393*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="SECT2" 4394*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><A 4395*4a1a9510SRong-En FanNAME="PANELBROWSING" 4396*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>16.3. Panel Window Browsing</A 4397*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></H3 4398*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><P 4399*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>A slightly complicated example is given below. This program creates 3 4400*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanwindows which can be cycled through using tab. Have a look at the code.</P 4401*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><DIV 4402*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="EXAMPLE" 4403*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><A 4404*4a1a9510SRong-En FanNAME="PPABR" 4405*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></A 4406*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><P 4407*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><B 4408*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>Example 15. Panel Window Browsing Example </B 4409*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></P 4410*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><PRE 4411*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="PROGRAMLISTING" 4412*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><SPAN 4413*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="INLINEMEDIAOBJECT" 4414*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>#include <panel.h> 4415*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan 4416*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan#define NLINES 10 4417*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan#define NCOLS 40 4418*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan 4419*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanvoid init_wins(WINDOW **wins, int n); 4420*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanvoid win_show(WINDOW *win, char *label, int label_color); 4421*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanvoid print_in_middle(WINDOW *win, int starty, int startx, int width, char *string, chtype color); 4422*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan 4423*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanint main() 4424*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan{ WINDOW *my_wins[3]; 4425*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan PANEL *my_panels[3]; 4426*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan PANEL *top; 4427*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan int ch; 4428*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan 4429*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan /* Initialize curses */ 4430*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan initscr(); 4431*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan start_color(); 4432*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan cbreak(); 4433*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan noecho(); 4434*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan keypad(stdscr, TRUE); 4435*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan 4436*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan /* Initialize all the colors */ 4437*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan init_pair(1, COLOR_RED, COLOR_BLACK); 4438*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan init_pair(2, COLOR_GREEN, COLOR_BLACK); 4439*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan init_pair(3, COLOR_BLUE, COLOR_BLACK); 4440*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan init_pair(4, COLOR_CYAN, COLOR_BLACK); 4441*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan 4442*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan init_wins(my_wins, 3); 4443*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan 4444*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan /* Attach a panel to each window */ /* Order is bottom up */ 4445*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan my_panels[0] = new_panel(my_wins[0]); /* Push 0, order: stdscr-0 */ 4446*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan my_panels[1] = new_panel(my_wins[1]); /* Push 1, order: stdscr-0-1 */ 4447*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan my_panels[2] = new_panel(my_wins[2]); /* Push 2, order: stdscr-0-1-2 */ 4448*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan 4449*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan /* Set up the user pointers to the next panel */ 4450*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan set_panel_userptr(my_panels[0], my_panels[1]); 4451*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan set_panel_userptr(my_panels[1], my_panels[2]); 4452*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan set_panel_userptr(my_panels[2], my_panels[0]); 4453*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan 4454*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan /* Update the stacking order. 2nd panel will be on top */ 4455*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan update_panels(); 4456*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan 4457*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan /* Show it on the screen */ 4458*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan attron(COLOR_PAIR(4)); 4459*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan mvprintw(LINES - 2, 0, "Use tab to browse through the windows (F1 to Exit)"); 4460*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan attroff(COLOR_PAIR(4)); 4461*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan doupdate(); 4462*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan 4463*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan top = my_panels[2]; 4464*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan while((ch = getch()) != KEY_F(1)) 4465*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan { switch(ch) 4466*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan { case 9: 4467*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan top = (PANEL *)panel_userptr(top); 4468*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan top_panel(top); 4469*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan break; 4470*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan } 4471*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan update_panels(); 4472*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan doupdate(); 4473*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan } 4474*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan endwin(); 4475*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan return 0; 4476*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan} 4477*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan 4478*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan/* Put all the windows */ 4479*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanvoid init_wins(WINDOW **wins, int n) 4480*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan{ int x, y, i; 4481*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan char label[80]; 4482*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan 4483*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan y = 2; 4484*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan x = 10; 4485*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan for(i = 0; i < n; ++i) 4486*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan { wins[i] = newwin(NLINES, NCOLS, y, x); 4487*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan sprintf(label, "Window Number %d", i + 1); 4488*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan win_show(wins[i], label, i + 1); 4489*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan y += 3; 4490*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan x += 7; 4491*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan } 4492*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan} 4493*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan 4494*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan/* Show the window with a border and a label */ 4495*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanvoid win_show(WINDOW *win, char *label, int label_color) 4496*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan{ int startx, starty, height, width; 4497*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan 4498*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan getbegyx(win, starty, startx); 4499*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan getmaxyx(win, height, width); 4500*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan 4501*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan box(win, 0, 0); 4502*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan mvwaddch(win, 2, 0, ACS_LTEE); 4503*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan mvwhline(win, 2, 1, ACS_HLINE, width - 2); 4504*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan mvwaddch(win, 2, width - 1, ACS_RTEE); 4505*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan 4506*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan print_in_middle(win, 1, 0, width, label, COLOR_PAIR(label_color)); 4507*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan} 4508*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan 4509*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanvoid print_in_middle(WINDOW *win, int starty, int startx, int width, char *string, chtype color) 4510*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan{ int length, x, y; 4511*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan float temp; 4512*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan 4513*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan if(win == NULL) 4514*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan win = stdscr; 4515*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan getyx(win, y, x); 4516*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan if(startx != 0) 4517*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan x = startx; 4518*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan if(starty != 0) 4519*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan y = starty; 4520*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan if(width == 0) 4521*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan width = 80; 4522*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan 4523*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan length = strlen(string); 4524*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan temp = (width - length)/ 2; 4525*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan x = startx + (int)temp; 4526*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan wattron(win, color); 4527*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan mvwprintw(win, y, x, "%s", string); 4528*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan wattroff(win, color); 4529*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan refresh(); 4530*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan}</SPAN 4531*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></PRE 4532*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></DIV 4533*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></DIV 4534*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><DIV 4535*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="SECT2" 4536*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><HR><H3 4537*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="SECT2" 4538*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><A 4539*4a1a9510SRong-En FanNAME="USERPTRUSING" 4540*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>16.4. Using User Pointers</A 4541*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></H3 4542*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><P 4543*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>In the above example I used user pointers to find out the next window in the 4544*4a1a9510SRong-En Fancycle. We can attach custom information to the panel by specifying a user 4545*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanpointer, which can point to any information you want to store. In this case I 4546*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanstored the pointer to the next panel in the cycle. User pointer for a panel can 4547*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanbe set with the function <TT 4548*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="LITERAL" 4549*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan> set_panel_userptr()</TT 4550*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>. 4551*4a1a9510SRong-En FanIt can be accessed using the function <TT 4552*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="LITERAL" 4553*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>panel_userptr()</TT 4554*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan> which will return the user pointer for the panel given as 4555*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanargument. After finding the next panel in the cycle It's brought to the top by 4556*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanthe function top_panel(). This function brings the panel given as argument to 4557*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanthe top of the panel stack. </P 4558*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></DIV 4559*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><DIV 4560*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="SECT2" 4561*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><HR><H3 4562*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="SECT2" 4563*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><A 4564*4a1a9510SRong-En FanNAME="PANELMOVERESIZE" 4565*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>16.5. Moving and Resizing Panels</A 4566*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></H3 4567*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><P 4568*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>The function <TT 4569*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="LITERAL" 4570*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>move_panel()</TT 4571*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan> can be used to move a 4572*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanpanel to the desired location. It does not change the position of the panel in 4573*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanthe stack. Make sure that you use move_panel() instead mvwin() on the window 4574*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanassociated with the panel.</P 4575*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><P 4576*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>Resizing a panel is slightly complex. There is no straight forward function 4577*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanjust to resize the window associated with a panel. A solution to resize a panel 4578*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanis to create a new window with the desired sizes, change the window associated 4579*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanwith the panel using replace_panel(). Don't forget to delete the old window. The 4580*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanwindow associated with a panel can be found by using the function 4581*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanpanel_window().</P 4582*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><P 4583*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>The following program shows these concepts, in supposedly simple program. You 4584*4a1a9510SRong-En Fancan cycle through the window with <TAB> as usual. To resize or move the 4585*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanactive panel press 'r' for resize 'm' for moving. Then use arrow keys to resize 4586*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanor move it to the desired way and press enter to end your resizing or moving. 4587*4a1a9510SRong-En FanThis example makes use of user data to get the required data to do the 4588*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanoperations. </P 4589*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><DIV 4590*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="EXAMPLE" 4591*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><A 4592*4a1a9510SRong-En FanNAME="PPARE" 4593*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></A 4594*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><P 4595*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><B 4596*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>Example 16. Panel Moving and Resizing example </B 4597*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></P 4598*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><PRE 4599*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="PROGRAMLISTING" 4600*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><SPAN 4601*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="INLINEMEDIAOBJECT" 4602*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>#include <panel.h> 4603*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan 4604*4a1a9510SRong-En Fantypedef struct _PANEL_DATA { 4605*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan int x, y, w, h; 4606*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan char label[80]; 4607*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan int label_color; 4608*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan PANEL *next; 4609*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan}PANEL_DATA; 4610*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan 4611*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan#define NLINES 10 4612*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan#define NCOLS 40 4613*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan 4614*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanvoid init_wins(WINDOW **wins, int n); 4615*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanvoid win_show(WINDOW *win, char *label, int label_color); 4616*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanvoid print_in_middle(WINDOW *win, int starty, int startx, int width, char *string, chtype color); 4617*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanvoid set_user_ptrs(PANEL **panels, int n); 4618*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan 4619*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanint main() 4620*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan{ WINDOW *my_wins[3]; 4621*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan PANEL *my_panels[3]; 4622*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan PANEL_DATA *top; 4623*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan PANEL *stack_top; 4624*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan WINDOW *temp_win, *old_win; 4625*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan int ch; 4626*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan int newx, newy, neww, newh; 4627*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan int size = FALSE, move = FALSE; 4628*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan 4629*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan /* Initialize curses */ 4630*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan initscr(); 4631*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan start_color(); 4632*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan cbreak(); 4633*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan noecho(); 4634*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan keypad(stdscr, TRUE); 4635*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan 4636*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan /* Initialize all the colors */ 4637*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan init_pair(1, COLOR_RED, COLOR_BLACK); 4638*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan init_pair(2, COLOR_GREEN, COLOR_BLACK); 4639*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan init_pair(3, COLOR_BLUE, COLOR_BLACK); 4640*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan init_pair(4, COLOR_CYAN, COLOR_BLACK); 4641*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan 4642*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan init_wins(my_wins, 3); 4643*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan 4644*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan /* Attach a panel to each window */ /* Order is bottom up */ 4645*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan my_panels[0] = new_panel(my_wins[0]); /* Push 0, order: stdscr-0 */ 4646*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan my_panels[1] = new_panel(my_wins[1]); /* Push 1, order: stdscr-0-1 */ 4647*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan my_panels[2] = new_panel(my_wins[2]); /* Push 2, order: stdscr-0-1-2 */ 4648*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan 4649*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan set_user_ptrs(my_panels, 3); 4650*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan /* Update the stacking order. 2nd panel will be on top */ 4651*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan update_panels(); 4652*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan 4653*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan /* Show it on the screen */ 4654*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan attron(COLOR_PAIR(4)); 4655*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan mvprintw(LINES - 3, 0, "Use 'm' for moving, 'r' for resizing"); 4656*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan mvprintw(LINES - 2, 0, "Use tab to browse through the windows (F1 to Exit)"); 4657*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan attroff(COLOR_PAIR(4)); 4658*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan doupdate(); 4659*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan 4660*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan stack_top = my_panels[2]; 4661*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan top = (PANEL_DATA *)panel_userptr(stack_top); 4662*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan newx = top->x; 4663*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan newy = top->y; 4664*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan neww = top->w; 4665*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan newh = top->h; 4666*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan while((ch = getch()) != KEY_F(1)) 4667*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan { switch(ch) 4668*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan { case 9: /* Tab */ 4669*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan top = (PANEL_DATA *)panel_userptr(stack_top); 4670*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan top_panel(top->next); 4671*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan stack_top = top->next; 4672*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan top = (PANEL_DATA *)panel_userptr(stack_top); 4673*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan newx = top->x; 4674*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan newy = top->y; 4675*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan neww = top->w; 4676*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan newh = top->h; 4677*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan break; 4678*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan case 'r': /* Re-Size*/ 4679*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan size = TRUE; 4680*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan attron(COLOR_PAIR(4)); 4681*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan mvprintw(LINES - 4, 0, "Entered Resizing :Use Arrow Keys to resize and press <ENTER> to end resizing"); 4682*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan refresh(); 4683*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan attroff(COLOR_PAIR(4)); 4684*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan break; 4685*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan case 'm': /* Move */ 4686*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan attron(COLOR_PAIR(4)); 4687*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan mvprintw(LINES - 4, 0, "Entered Moving: Use Arrow Keys to Move and press <ENTER> to end moving"); 4688*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan refresh(); 4689*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan attroff(COLOR_PAIR(4)); 4690*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan move = TRUE; 4691*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan break; 4692*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan case KEY_LEFT: 4693*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan if(size == TRUE) 4694*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan { --newx; 4695*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan ++neww; 4696*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan } 4697*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan if(move == TRUE) 4698*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan --newx; 4699*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan break; 4700*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan case KEY_RIGHT: 4701*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan if(size == TRUE) 4702*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan { ++newx; 4703*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan --neww; 4704*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan } 4705*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan if(move == TRUE) 4706*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan ++newx; 4707*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan break; 4708*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan case KEY_UP: 4709*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan if(size == TRUE) 4710*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan { --newy; 4711*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan ++newh; 4712*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan } 4713*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan if(move == TRUE) 4714*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan --newy; 4715*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan break; 4716*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan case KEY_DOWN: 4717*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan if(size == TRUE) 4718*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan { ++newy; 4719*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan --newh; 4720*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan } 4721*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan if(move == TRUE) 4722*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan ++newy; 4723*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan break; 4724*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan case 10: /* Enter */ 4725*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan move(LINES - 4, 0); 4726*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan clrtoeol(); 4727*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan refresh(); 4728*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan if(size == TRUE) 4729*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan { old_win = panel_window(stack_top); 4730*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan temp_win = newwin(newh, neww, newy, newx); 4731*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan replace_panel(stack_top, temp_win); 4732*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan win_show(temp_win, top->label, top->label_color); 4733*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan delwin(old_win); 4734*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan size = FALSE; 4735*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan } 4736*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan if(move == TRUE) 4737*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan { move_panel(stack_top, newy, newx); 4738*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan move = FALSE; 4739*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan } 4740*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan break; 4741*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan 4742*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan } 4743*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan attron(COLOR_PAIR(4)); 4744*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan mvprintw(LINES - 3, 0, "Use 'm' for moving, 'r' for resizing"); 4745*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan mvprintw(LINES - 2, 0, "Use tab to browse through the windows (F1 to Exit)"); 4746*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan attroff(COLOR_PAIR(4)); 4747*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan refresh(); 4748*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan update_panels(); 4749*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan doupdate(); 4750*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan } 4751*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan endwin(); 4752*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan return 0; 4753*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan} 4754*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan 4755*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan/* Put all the windows */ 4756*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanvoid init_wins(WINDOW **wins, int n) 4757*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan{ int x, y, i; 4758*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan char label[80]; 4759*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan 4760*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan y = 2; 4761*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan x = 10; 4762*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan for(i = 0; i < n; ++i) 4763*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan { wins[i] = newwin(NLINES, NCOLS, y, x); 4764*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan sprintf(label, "Window Number %d", i + 1); 4765*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan win_show(wins[i], label, i + 1); 4766*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan y += 3; 4767*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan x += 7; 4768*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan } 4769*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan} 4770*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan 4771*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan/* Set the PANEL_DATA structures for individual panels */ 4772*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanvoid set_user_ptrs(PANEL **panels, int n) 4773*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan{ PANEL_DATA *ptrs; 4774*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan WINDOW *win; 4775*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan int x, y, w, h, i; 4776*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan char temp[80]; 4777*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan 4778*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan ptrs = (PANEL_DATA *)calloc(n, sizeof(PANEL_DATA)); 4779*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan 4780*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan for(i = 0;i < n; ++i) 4781*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan { win = panel_window(panels[i]); 4782*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan getbegyx(win, y, x); 4783*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan getmaxyx(win, h, w); 4784*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan ptrs[i].x = x; 4785*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan ptrs[i].y = y; 4786*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan ptrs[i].w = w; 4787*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan ptrs[i].h = h; 4788*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan sprintf(temp, "Window Number %d", i + 1); 4789*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan strcpy(ptrs[i].label, temp); 4790*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan ptrs[i].label_color = i + 1; 4791*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan if(i + 1 == n) 4792*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan ptrs[i].next = panels[0]; 4793*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan else 4794*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan ptrs[i].next = panels[i + 1]; 4795*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan set_panel_userptr(panels[i], &ptrs[i]); 4796*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan } 4797*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan} 4798*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan 4799*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan/* Show the window with a border and a label */ 4800*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanvoid win_show(WINDOW *win, char *label, int label_color) 4801*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan{ int startx, starty, height, width; 4802*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan 4803*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan getbegyx(win, starty, startx); 4804*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan getmaxyx(win, height, width); 4805*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan 4806*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan box(win, 0, 0); 4807*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan mvwaddch(win, 2, 0, ACS_LTEE); 4808*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan mvwhline(win, 2, 1, ACS_HLINE, width - 2); 4809*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan mvwaddch(win, 2, width - 1, ACS_RTEE); 4810*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan 4811*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan print_in_middle(win, 1, 0, width, label, COLOR_PAIR(label_color)); 4812*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan} 4813*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan 4814*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanvoid print_in_middle(WINDOW *win, int starty, int startx, int width, char *string, chtype color) 4815*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan{ int length, x, y; 4816*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan float temp; 4817*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan 4818*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan if(win == NULL) 4819*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan win = stdscr; 4820*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan getyx(win, y, x); 4821*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan if(startx != 0) 4822*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan x = startx; 4823*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan if(starty != 0) 4824*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan y = starty; 4825*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan if(width == 0) 4826*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan width = 80; 4827*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan 4828*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan length = strlen(string); 4829*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan temp = (width - length)/ 2; 4830*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan x = startx + (int)temp; 4831*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan wattron(win, color); 4832*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan mvwprintw(win, y, x, "%s", string); 4833*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan wattroff(win, color); 4834*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan refresh(); 4835*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan}</SPAN 4836*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></PRE 4837*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></DIV 4838*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><P 4839*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>Concentrate on the main while loop. Once it finds out the type of key pressed, 4840*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanit takes appropriate action. If 'r' is pressed resizing mode is started. After 4841*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanthis the new sizes are updated as the user presses the arrow keys. When the user 4842*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanpresses <ENTER> present selection ends and panel is resized by using the 4843*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanconcept explained. While in resizing mode the program doesn't show how the 4844*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanwindow is getting resized. It's left as an exercise to the reader to print a 4845*4a1a9510SRong-En Fandotted border while it gets resized to a new position. </P 4846*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><P 4847*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>When the user presses 'm' the move mode starts. This is a bit simpler than 4848*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanresizing. As the arrow keys are pressed the new position is updated and 4849*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanpressing of <ENTER> causes the panel to be moved by calling the function 4850*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanmove_panel().</P 4851*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><P 4852*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>In this program the user data which is represented as PANEL_DATA, plays very 4853*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanimportant role in finding the associated information with a panel. As written in 4854*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanthe comments, the PANEL_DATA stores the panel sizes, label, label color and a 4855*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanpointer to the next panel in the cycle.</P 4856*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></DIV 4857*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><DIV 4858*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="SECT2" 4859*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><HR><H3 4860*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="SECT2" 4861*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><A 4862*4a1a9510SRong-En FanNAME="PANELSHOWHIDE" 4863*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>16.6. Hiding and Showing Panels</A 4864*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></H3 4865*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><P 4866*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>A Panel can be hidden by using the function hide_panel(). This function merely 4867*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanremoves it form the stack of panels, thus hiding it on the screen once you do 4868*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanupdate_panels() and doupdate(). It doesn't destroy the PANEL structure 4869*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanassociated with the hidden panel. It can be shown again by using the 4870*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanshow_panel() function.</P 4871*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><P 4872*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>The following program shows the hiding of panels. Press 'a' or 'b' or 'c' to 4873*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanshow or hide first, second and third windows respectively. It uses a user data 4874*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanwith a small variable hide, which keeps track of whether the window is hidden or 4875*4a1a9510SRong-En Fannot. For some reason the function 4876*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan<TT 4877*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="LITERAL" 4878*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>panel_hidden()</TT 4879*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan> which tells whether a panel is 4880*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanhidden or not is not working. A bug report was also presented by Michael Andres 4881*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan<A 4882*4a1a9510SRong-En FanHREF="http://www.geocrawler.com/archives/3/344/1999/9/0/2643549/" 4883*4a1a9510SRong-En FanTARGET="_top" 4884*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan> here</A 4885*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></P 4886*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><DIV 4887*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="EXAMPLE" 4888*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><A 4889*4a1a9510SRong-En FanNAME="PPAHI" 4890*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></A 4891*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><P 4892*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><B 4893*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>Example 17. Panel Hiding and Showing example </B 4894*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></P 4895*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><PRE 4896*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="PROGRAMLISTING" 4897*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><SPAN 4898*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="INLINEMEDIAOBJECT" 4899*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>#include <panel.h> 4900*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan 4901*4a1a9510SRong-En Fantypedef struct _PANEL_DATA { 4902*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan int hide; /* TRUE if panel is hidden */ 4903*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan}PANEL_DATA; 4904*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan 4905*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan#define NLINES 10 4906*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan#define NCOLS 40 4907*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan 4908*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanvoid init_wins(WINDOW **wins, int n); 4909*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanvoid win_show(WINDOW *win, char *label, int label_color); 4910*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanvoid print_in_middle(WINDOW *win, int starty, int startx, int width, char *string, chtype color); 4911*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan 4912*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanint main() 4913*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan{ WINDOW *my_wins[3]; 4914*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan PANEL *my_panels[3]; 4915*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan PANEL_DATA panel_datas[3]; 4916*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan PANEL_DATA *temp; 4917*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan int ch; 4918*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan 4919*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan /* Initialize curses */ 4920*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan initscr(); 4921*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan start_color(); 4922*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan cbreak(); 4923*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan noecho(); 4924*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan keypad(stdscr, TRUE); 4925*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan 4926*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan /* Initialize all the colors */ 4927*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan init_pair(1, COLOR_RED, COLOR_BLACK); 4928*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan init_pair(2, COLOR_GREEN, COLOR_BLACK); 4929*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan init_pair(3, COLOR_BLUE, COLOR_BLACK); 4930*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan init_pair(4, COLOR_CYAN, COLOR_BLACK); 4931*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan 4932*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan init_wins(my_wins, 3); 4933*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan 4934*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan /* Attach a panel to each window */ /* Order is bottom up */ 4935*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan my_panels[0] = new_panel(my_wins[0]); /* Push 0, order: stdscr-0 */ 4936*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan my_panels[1] = new_panel(my_wins[1]); /* Push 1, order: stdscr-0-1 */ 4937*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan my_panels[2] = new_panel(my_wins[2]); /* Push 2, order: stdscr-0-1-2 */ 4938*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan 4939*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan /* Initialize panel datas saying that nothing is hidden */ 4940*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan panel_datas[0].hide = FALSE; 4941*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan panel_datas[1].hide = FALSE; 4942*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan panel_datas[2].hide = FALSE; 4943*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan 4944*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan set_panel_userptr(my_panels[0], &panel_datas[0]); 4945*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan set_panel_userptr(my_panels[1], &panel_datas[1]); 4946*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan set_panel_userptr(my_panels[2], &panel_datas[2]); 4947*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan 4948*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan /* Update the stacking order. 2nd panel will be on top */ 4949*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan update_panels(); 4950*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan 4951*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan /* Show it on the screen */ 4952*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan attron(COLOR_PAIR(4)); 4953*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan mvprintw(LINES - 3, 0, "Show or Hide a window with 'a'(first window) 'b'(Second Window) 'c'(Third Window)"); 4954*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan mvprintw(LINES - 2, 0, "F1 to Exit"); 4955*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan 4956*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan attroff(COLOR_PAIR(4)); 4957*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan doupdate(); 4958*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan 4959*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan while((ch = getch()) != KEY_F(1)) 4960*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan { switch(ch) 4961*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan { case 'a': 4962*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan temp = (PANEL_DATA *)panel_userptr(my_panels[0]); 4963*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan if(temp->hide == FALSE) 4964*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan { hide_panel(my_panels[0]); 4965*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan temp->hide = TRUE; 4966*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan } 4967*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan else 4968*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan { show_panel(my_panels[0]); 4969*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan temp->hide = FALSE; 4970*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan } 4971*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan break; 4972*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan case 'b': 4973*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan temp = (PANEL_DATA *)panel_userptr(my_panels[1]); 4974*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan if(temp->hide == FALSE) 4975*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan { hide_panel(my_panels[1]); 4976*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan temp->hide = TRUE; 4977*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan } 4978*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan else 4979*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan { show_panel(my_panels[1]); 4980*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan temp->hide = FALSE; 4981*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan } 4982*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan break; 4983*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan case 'c': 4984*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan temp = (PANEL_DATA *)panel_userptr(my_panels[2]); 4985*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan if(temp->hide == FALSE) 4986*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan { hide_panel(my_panels[2]); 4987*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan temp->hide = TRUE; 4988*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan } 4989*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan else 4990*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan { show_panel(my_panels[2]); 4991*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan temp->hide = FALSE; 4992*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan } 4993*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan break; 4994*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan } 4995*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan update_panels(); 4996*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan doupdate(); 4997*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan } 4998*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan endwin(); 4999*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan return 0; 5000*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan} 5001*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan 5002*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan/* Put all the windows */ 5003*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanvoid init_wins(WINDOW **wins, int n) 5004*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan{ int x, y, i; 5005*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan char label[80]; 5006*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan 5007*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan y = 2; 5008*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan x = 10; 5009*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan for(i = 0; i < n; ++i) 5010*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan { wins[i] = newwin(NLINES, NCOLS, y, x); 5011*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan sprintf(label, "Window Number %d", i + 1); 5012*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan win_show(wins[i], label, i + 1); 5013*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan y += 3; 5014*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan x += 7; 5015*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan } 5016*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan} 5017*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan 5018*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan/* Show the window with a border and a label */ 5019*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanvoid win_show(WINDOW *win, char *label, int label_color) 5020*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan{ int startx, starty, height, width; 5021*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan 5022*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan getbegyx(win, starty, startx); 5023*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan getmaxyx(win, height, width); 5024*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan 5025*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan box(win, 0, 0); 5026*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan mvwaddch(win, 2, 0, ACS_LTEE); 5027*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan mvwhline(win, 2, 1, ACS_HLINE, width - 2); 5028*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan mvwaddch(win, 2, width - 1, ACS_RTEE); 5029*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan 5030*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan print_in_middle(win, 1, 0, width, label, COLOR_PAIR(label_color)); 5031*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan} 5032*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan 5033*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanvoid print_in_middle(WINDOW *win, int starty, int startx, int width, char *string, chtype color) 5034*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan{ int length, x, y; 5035*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan float temp; 5036*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan 5037*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan if(win == NULL) 5038*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan win = stdscr; 5039*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan getyx(win, y, x); 5040*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan if(startx != 0) 5041*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan x = startx; 5042*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan if(starty != 0) 5043*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan y = starty; 5044*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan if(width == 0) 5045*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan width = 80; 5046*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan 5047*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan length = strlen(string); 5048*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan temp = (width - length)/ 2; 5049*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan x = startx + (int)temp; 5050*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan wattron(win, color); 5051*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan mvwprintw(win, y, x, "%s", string); 5052*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan wattroff(win, color); 5053*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan refresh(); 5054*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan}</SPAN 5055*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></PRE 5056*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></DIV 5057*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></DIV 5058*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><DIV 5059*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="SECT2" 5060*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><HR><H3 5061*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="SECT2" 5062*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><A 5063*4a1a9510SRong-En FanNAME="PANELABOVE" 5064*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>16.7. panel_above() and panel_below() Functions</A 5065*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></H3 5066*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><P 5067*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>The functions <TT 5068*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="LITERAL" 5069*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>panel_above()</TT 5070*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan> and 5071*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan<TT 5072*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="LITERAL" 5073*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>panel_below()</TT 5074*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan> can be used to find out the panel 5075*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanabove and below a panel. If the argument to these functions is NULL, then they 5076*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanreturn a pointer to bottom panel and top panel respectively.</P 5077*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></DIV 5078*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></DIV 5079*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><DIV 5080*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="SECT1" 5081*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><HR><H2 5082*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="SECT1" 5083*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><A 5084*4a1a9510SRong-En FanNAME="MENUS" 5085*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>17. Menus Library</A 5086*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></H2 5087*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><P 5088*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>The menus library provides a nice extension to basic curses, through which you 5089*4a1a9510SRong-En Fancan create menus. It provides a set of functions to create menus. But they have 5090*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanto be customized to give a nicer look, with colors etc. Let's get into the 5091*4a1a9510SRong-En Fandetails.</P 5092*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><P 5093*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>A menu is a screen display that assists the user to choose some subset of a 5094*4a1a9510SRong-En Fangiven set of items. To put it simple, a menu is a collection of items from which 5095*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanone or more items can be chosen. Some readers might not be aware of multiple 5096*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanitem selection capability. Menu library provides functionality to write menus 5097*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanfrom which the user can chose more than one item as the preferred choice. This 5098*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanis dealt with in a later section. Now it is time for some rudiments.</P 5099*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><DIV 5100*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="SECT2" 5101*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><HR><H3 5102*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="SECT2" 5103*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><A 5104*4a1a9510SRong-En FanNAME="MENUBASICS" 5105*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>17.1. The Basics</A 5106*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></H3 5107*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><P 5108*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>To create menus, you first create items, and then post the menu to the display. 5109*4a1a9510SRong-En FanAfter that, all the processing of user responses is done in an elegant function 5110*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanmenu_driver() which is the work horse of any menu program. </P 5111*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><P 5112*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>The general flow of control of a menu program looks like this. 5113*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan<P 5114*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></P 5115*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><OL 5116*4a1a9510SRong-En FanTYPE="1" 5117*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><LI 5118*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><P 5119*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>Initialize curses</P 5120*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></LI 5121*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><LI 5122*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><P 5123*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>Create items using new_item(). You can specify a name and description for the 5124*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanitems.</P 5125*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></LI 5126*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><LI 5127*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><P 5128*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>Create the menu with new_menu() by specifying the items to be attached with.</P 5129*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></LI 5130*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><LI 5131*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><P 5132*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>Post the menu with menu_post() and refresh the screen.</P 5133*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></LI 5134*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><LI 5135*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><P 5136*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>Process the user requests with a loop and do necessary updates to menu with 5137*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanmenu_driver.</P 5138*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></LI 5139*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><LI 5140*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><P 5141*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>Unpost the menu with menu_unpost()</P 5142*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></LI 5143*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><LI 5144*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><P 5145*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>Free the memory allocated to menu by free_menu()</P 5146*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></LI 5147*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><LI 5148*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><P 5149*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>Free the memory allocated to the items with free_item() </P 5150*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></LI 5151*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><LI 5152*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><P 5153*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>End curses </P 5154*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></LI 5155*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></OL 5156*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></P 5157*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><P 5158*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>Let's see a program which prints a simple menu and updates the current selection 5159*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanwith up, down arrows. </P 5160*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></DIV 5161*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><DIV 5162*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="SECT2" 5163*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><HR><H3 5164*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="SECT2" 5165*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><A 5166*4a1a9510SRong-En FanNAME="COMPILEMENUS" 5167*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>17.2. Compiling With the Menu Library</A 5168*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></H3 5169*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><P 5170*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>To use menu library functions, you have to include menu.h and to link the 5171*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanprogram with menu library the flag -lmenu should be added along with -lncurses 5172*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanin that order.</P 5173*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><PRE 5174*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="PROGRAMLISTING" 5175*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan> #include <menu.h> 5176*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan . 5177*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan . 5178*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan . 5179*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan 5180*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan compile and link: gcc <program file> -lmenu -lncurses</PRE 5181*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><DIV 5182*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="EXAMPLE" 5183*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><A 5184*4a1a9510SRong-En FanNAME="MMESI" 5185*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></A 5186*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><P 5187*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><B 5188*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>Example 18. Menu Basics </B 5189*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></P 5190*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><PRE 5191*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="PROGRAMLISTING" 5192*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><SPAN 5193*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="INLINEMEDIAOBJECT" 5194*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>#include <curses.h> 5195*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan#include <menu.h> 5196*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan 5197*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan#define ARRAY_SIZE(a) (sizeof(a) / sizeof(a[0])) 5198*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan#define CTRLD 4 5199*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan 5200*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanchar *choices[] = { 5201*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan "Choice 1", 5202*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan "Choice 2", 5203*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan "Choice 3", 5204*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan "Choice 4", 5205*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan "Exit", 5206*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan }; 5207*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan 5208*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanint main() 5209*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan{ ITEM **my_items; 5210*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan int c; 5211*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan MENU *my_menu; 5212*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan int n_choices, i; 5213*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan ITEM *cur_item; 5214*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan 5215*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan 5216*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan initscr(); 5217*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan cbreak(); 5218*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan noecho(); 5219*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan keypad(stdscr, TRUE); 5220*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan 5221*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan n_choices = ARRAY_SIZE(choices); 5222*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan my_items = (ITEM **)calloc(n_choices + 1, sizeof(ITEM *)); 5223*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan 5224*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan for(i = 0; i < n_choices; ++i) 5225*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan my_items[i] = new_item(choices[i], choices[i]); 5226*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan my_items[n_choices] = (ITEM *)NULL; 5227*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan 5228*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan my_menu = new_menu((ITEM **)my_items); 5229*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan mvprintw(LINES - 2, 0, "F1 to Exit"); 5230*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan post_menu(my_menu); 5231*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan refresh(); 5232*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan 5233*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan while((c = getch()) != KEY_F(1)) 5234*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan { switch(c) 5235*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan { case KEY_DOWN: 5236*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan menu_driver(my_menu, REQ_DOWN_ITEM); 5237*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan break; 5238*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan case KEY_UP: 5239*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan menu_driver(my_menu, REQ_UP_ITEM); 5240*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan break; 5241*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan } 5242*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan } 5243*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan 5244*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan free_item(my_items[0]); 5245*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan free_item(my_items[1]); 5246*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan free_menu(my_menu); 5247*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan endwin(); 5248*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan} 5249*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan </SPAN 5250*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></PRE 5251*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></DIV 5252*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><P 5253*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>This program demonstrates the basic concepts involved in creating a menu using 5254*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanmenus library. First we create the items using new_item() and then attach them 5255*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanto the menu with new_menu() function. After posting the menu and refreshing the 5256*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanscreen, the main processing loop starts. It reads user input and takes 5257*4a1a9510SRong-En Fancorresponding action. The function menu_driver() is the main work horse of the 5258*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanmenu system. The second parameter to this function tells what's to be done with 5259*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanthe menu. According to the parameter, menu_driver() does the corresponding task. 5260*4a1a9510SRong-En FanThe value can be either a menu navigational request, an ascii character, or a 5261*4a1a9510SRong-En FanKEY_MOUSE special key associated with a mouse event.</P 5262*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><P 5263*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>The menu_driver accepts following navigational requests. 5264*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan<PRE 5265*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="PROGRAMLISTING" 5266*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan> REQ_LEFT_ITEM Move left to an item. 5267*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan REQ_RIGHT_ITEM Move right to an item. 5268*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan REQ_UP_ITEM Move up to an item. 5269*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan REQ_DOWN_ITEM Move down to an item. 5270*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan REQ_SCR_ULINE Scroll up a line. 5271*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan REQ_SCR_DLINE Scroll down a line. 5272*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan REQ_SCR_DPAGE Scroll down a page. 5273*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan REQ_SCR_UPAGE Scroll up a page. 5274*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan REQ_FIRST_ITEM Move to the first item. 5275*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan REQ_LAST_ITEM Move to the last item. 5276*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan REQ_NEXT_ITEM Move to the next item. 5277*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan REQ_PREV_ITEM Move to the previous item. 5278*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan REQ_TOGGLE_ITEM Select/deselect an item. 5279*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan REQ_CLEAR_PATTERN Clear the menu pattern buffer. 5280*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan REQ_BACK_PATTERN Delete the previous character from the pattern buffer. 5281*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan REQ_NEXT_MATCH Move to the next item matching the pattern match. 5282*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan REQ_PREV_MATCH Move to the previous item matching the pattern match. </PRE 5283*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></P 5284*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><P 5285*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>Don't get overwhelmed by the number of options. We will see them slowly one 5286*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanafter another. The options of interest in this example are REQ_UP_ITEM and 5287*4a1a9510SRong-En FanREQ_DOWN_ITEM. These two options when passed to menu_driver, menu driver 5288*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanupdates the current item to one item up or down respectively.</P 5289*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></DIV 5290*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><DIV 5291*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="SECT2" 5292*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><HR><H3 5293*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="SECT2" 5294*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><A 5295*4a1a9510SRong-En FanNAME="MENUDRIVER" 5296*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>17.3. Menu Driver: The work horse of the menu system</A 5297*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></H3 5298*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><P 5299*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>As you have seen in the above example, menu_driver plays an important role in 5300*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanupdating the menu. It is very important to understand various options it takes 5301*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanand what they do. As explained above, the second parameter to menu_driver() can 5302*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanbe either a navigational request, a printable character or a KEY_MOUSE key. 5303*4a1a9510SRong-En FanLet's dissect the different navigational requests.</P 5304*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><P 5305*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></P 5306*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><UL 5307*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><LI 5308*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><P 5309*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><SPAN 5310*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="emphasis" 5311*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><I 5312*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="EMPHASIS" 5313*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>REQ_LEFT_ITEM and REQ_RIGHT_ITEM</I 5314*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></SPAN 5315*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></P 5316*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><P 5317*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>A Menu can be displayed with multiple columns for more than one item. This can 5318*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanbe done by using the <TT 5319*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="LITERAL" 5320*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>menu_format()</TT 5321*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>function. 5322*4a1a9510SRong-En FanWhen a multi columnar menu is displayed these requests cause the menu driver to 5323*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanmove the current selection to left or right.</P 5324*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></LI 5325*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><LI 5326*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><P 5327*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><SPAN 5328*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="emphasis" 5329*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><I 5330*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="EMPHASIS" 5331*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>REQ_UP_ITEM and REQ_DOWN_ITEM </I 5332*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></SPAN 5333*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan> </P 5334*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><P 5335*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>These two options you have seen in the above example. These options when given, 5336*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanmakes the menu_driver to move the current selection to an item up or down.</P 5337*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></LI 5338*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><LI 5339*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><P 5340*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan> <SPAN 5341*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="emphasis" 5342*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><I 5343*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="EMPHASIS" 5344*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>REQ_SCR_* options</I 5345*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></SPAN 5346*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan> </P 5347*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><P 5348*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>The four options REQ_SCR_ULINE, REQ_SCR_DLINE, REQ_SCR_DPAGE, REQ_SCR_UPAGE are 5349*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanrelated to scrolling. If all the items in the menu cannot be displayed in the 5350*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanmenu sub window, then the menu is scrollable. These requests can be given to the 5351*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanmenu_driver to do the scrolling either one line up, down or one page down or up 5352*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanrespectively. </P 5353*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></LI 5354*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><LI 5355*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><P 5356*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><SPAN 5357*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="emphasis" 5358*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><I 5359*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="EMPHASIS" 5360*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>REQ_FIRST_ITEM, REQ_LAST_ITEM, REQ_NEXT_ITEM and 5361*4a1a9510SRong-En FanREQ_PREV_ITEM </I 5362*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></SPAN 5363*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan> </P 5364*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><P 5365*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>These requests are self explanatory.</P 5366*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></LI 5367*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><LI 5368*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><P 5369*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan> <SPAN 5370*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="emphasis" 5371*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><I 5372*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="EMPHASIS" 5373*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>REQ_TOGGLE_ITEM</I 5374*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></SPAN 5375*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan> </P 5376*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><P 5377*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>This request when given, toggles the present selection. This option is to be 5378*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanused only in a multi valued menu. So to use this request the option O_ONEVALUE 5379*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanmust be off. This option can be made off or on with set_menu_opts().</P 5380*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></LI 5381*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><LI 5382*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><P 5383*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan> <SPAN 5384*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="emphasis" 5385*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><I 5386*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="EMPHASIS" 5387*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>Pattern Requests </I 5388*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></SPAN 5389*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></P 5390*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><P 5391*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>Every menu has an associated pattern buffer, which is used to find the nearest 5392*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanmatch to the ascii characters entered by the user. Whenever ascii characters are 5393*4a1a9510SRong-En Fangiven to menu_driver, it puts in to the pattern buffer. It also tries to find 5394*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanthe nearest match to the pattern in the items list and moves current selection 5395*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanto that item. The request REQ_CLEAR_PATTERN clears the pattern buffer. The 5396*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanrequest REQ_BACK_PATTERN deletes the previous character in the pattern buffer. 5397*4a1a9510SRong-En FanIn case the pattern matches more than one item then the matched items can be 5398*4a1a9510SRong-En Fancycled through REQ_NEXT_MATCH and REQ_PREV_MATCH which move the current 5399*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanselection to the next and previous matches respectively.</P 5400*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></LI 5401*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><LI 5402*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><P 5403*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan> <SPAN 5404*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="emphasis" 5405*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><I 5406*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="EMPHASIS" 5407*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>Mouse Requests</I 5408*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></SPAN 5409*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></P 5410*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><P 5411*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>In case of KEY_MOUSE requests, according to the mouse position an action is 5412*4a1a9510SRong-En Fantaken accordingly. The action to be taken is explained in the man page as, </P 5413*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><PRE 5414*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="PROGRAMLISTING" 5415*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><SPAN 5416*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="emphasis" 5417*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><I 5418*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="EMPHASIS" 5419*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan> If the second argument is the KEY_MOUSE special key, the 5420*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan associated mouse event is translated into one of the above 5421*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan pre-defined requests. Currently only clicks in the user 5422*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan window (e.g. inside the menu display area or the decora­ 5423*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan tion window) are handled. If you click above the display 5424*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan region of the menu, a REQ_SCR_ULINE is generated, if you 5425*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan doubleclick a REQ_SCR_UPAGE is generated and if you 5426*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan tripleclick a REQ_FIRST_ITEM is generated. If you click 5427*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan below the display region of the menu, a REQ_SCR_DLINE is 5428*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan generated, if you doubleclick a REQ_SCR_DPAGE is generated 5429*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan and if you tripleclick a REQ_LAST_ITEM is generated. If 5430*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan you click at an item inside the display area of the menu, 5431*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan the menu cursor is positioned to that item.</I 5432*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></SPAN 5433*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></PRE 5434*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></LI 5435*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></UL 5436*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><P 5437*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>Each of the above requests will be explained in the following lines with several 5438*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanexamples whenever appropriate.</P 5439*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></DIV 5440*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><DIV 5441*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="SECT2" 5442*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><HR><H3 5443*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="SECT2" 5444*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><A 5445*4a1a9510SRong-En FanNAME="MENUWINDOWS" 5446*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>17.4. Menu Windows</A 5447*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></H3 5448*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><P 5449*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>Every menu created is associated with a window and a sub window. The menu window 5450*4a1a9510SRong-En Fandisplays any title or border associated with the menu. The menu sub window 5451*4a1a9510SRong-En Fandisplays the menu items currently available for selection. But we didn't specify 5452*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanany window or sub window in the simple example. When a window is not specified, 5453*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanstdscr is taken as the main window, and then menu system calculates the sub 5454*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanwindow size required for the display of items. Then items are displayed in the 5455*4a1a9510SRong-En Fancalculated sub window. So let's play with these windows and display a menu with 5456*4a1a9510SRong-En Fana border and a title.</P 5457*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><DIV 5458*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="EXAMPLE" 5459*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><A 5460*4a1a9510SRong-En FanNAME="MMEWI" 5461*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></A 5462*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><P 5463*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><B 5464*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>Example 19. Menu Windows Usage example </B 5465*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></P 5466*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><PRE 5467*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="PROGRAMLISTING" 5468*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><SPAN 5469*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="INLINEMEDIAOBJECT" 5470*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>#include <menu.h> 5471*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan 5472*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan#define ARRAY_SIZE(a) (sizeof(a) / sizeof(a[0])) 5473*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan#define CTRLD 4 5474*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan 5475*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanchar *choices[] = { 5476*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan "Choice 1", 5477*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan "Choice 2", 5478*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan "Choice 3", 5479*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan "Choice 4", 5480*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan "Exit", 5481*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan (char *)NULL, 5482*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan }; 5483*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanvoid print_in_middle(WINDOW *win, int starty, int startx, int width, char *string, chtype color); 5484*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan 5485*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanint main() 5486*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan{ ITEM **my_items; 5487*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan int c; 5488*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan MENU *my_menu; 5489*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan WINDOW *my_menu_win; 5490*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan int n_choices, i; 5491*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan 5492*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan /* Initialize curses */ 5493*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan initscr(); 5494*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan start_color(); 5495*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan cbreak(); 5496*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan noecho(); 5497*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan keypad(stdscr, TRUE); 5498*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan init_pair(1, COLOR_RED, COLOR_BLACK); 5499*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan 5500*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan /* Create items */ 5501*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan n_choices = ARRAY_SIZE(choices); 5502*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan my_items = (ITEM **)calloc(n_choices, sizeof(ITEM *)); 5503*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan for(i = 0; i < n_choices; ++i) 5504*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan my_items[i] = new_item(choices[i], choices[i]); 5505*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan 5506*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan /* Crate menu */ 5507*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan my_menu = new_menu((ITEM **)my_items); 5508*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan 5509*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan /* Create the window to be associated with the menu */ 5510*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan my_menu_win = newwin(10, 40, 4, 4); 5511*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan keypad(my_menu_win, TRUE); 5512*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan 5513*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan /* Set main window and sub window */ 5514*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan set_menu_win(my_menu, my_menu_win); 5515*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan set_menu_sub(my_menu, derwin(my_menu_win, 6, 38, 3, 1)); 5516*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan 5517*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan /* Set menu mark to the string " * " */ 5518*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan set_menu_mark(my_menu, " * "); 5519*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan 5520*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan /* Print a border around the main window and print a title */ 5521*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan box(my_menu_win, 0, 0); 5522*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan print_in_middle(my_menu_win, 1, 0, 40, "My Menu", COLOR_PAIR(1)); 5523*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan mvwaddch(my_menu_win, 2, 0, ACS_LTEE); 5524*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan mvwhline(my_menu_win, 2, 1, ACS_HLINE, 38); 5525*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan mvwaddch(my_menu_win, 2, 39, ACS_RTEE); 5526*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan mvprintw(LINES - 2, 0, "F1 to exit"); 5527*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan refresh(); 5528*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan 5529*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan /* Post the menu */ 5530*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan post_menu(my_menu); 5531*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan wrefresh(my_menu_win); 5532*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan 5533*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan while((c = wgetch(my_menu_win)) != KEY_F(1)) 5534*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan { switch(c) 5535*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan { case KEY_DOWN: 5536*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan menu_driver(my_menu, REQ_DOWN_ITEM); 5537*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan break; 5538*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan case KEY_UP: 5539*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan menu_driver(my_menu, REQ_UP_ITEM); 5540*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan break; 5541*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan } 5542*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan wrefresh(my_menu_win); 5543*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan } 5544*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan 5545*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan /* Unpost and free all the memory taken up */ 5546*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan unpost_menu(my_menu); 5547*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan free_menu(my_menu); 5548*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan for(i = 0; i < n_choices; ++i) 5549*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan free_item(my_items[i]); 5550*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan endwin(); 5551*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan} 5552*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan 5553*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanvoid print_in_middle(WINDOW *win, int starty, int startx, int width, char *string, chtype color) 5554*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan{ int length, x, y; 5555*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan float temp; 5556*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan 5557*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan if(win == NULL) 5558*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan win = stdscr; 5559*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan getyx(win, y, x); 5560*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan if(startx != 0) 5561*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan x = startx; 5562*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan if(starty != 0) 5563*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan y = starty; 5564*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan if(width == 0) 5565*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan width = 80; 5566*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan 5567*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan length = strlen(string); 5568*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan temp = (width - length)/ 2; 5569*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan x = startx + (int)temp; 5570*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan wattron(win, color); 5571*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan mvwprintw(win, y, x, "%s", string); 5572*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan wattroff(win, color); 5573*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan refresh(); 5574*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan}</SPAN 5575*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></PRE 5576*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></DIV 5577*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><P 5578*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>This example creates a menu with a title, border, a fancy line separating title 5579*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanand the items. As you can see, in order to attach a window to a menu the 5580*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanfunction set_menu_win() has to be used. Then we attach the sub window also. This 5581*4a1a9510SRong-En Fandisplays the items in the sub window. You can also set the mark string which 5582*4a1a9510SRong-En Fangets displayed to the left of the selected item with set_menu_mark().</P 5583*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></DIV 5584*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><DIV 5585*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="SECT2" 5586*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><HR><H3 5587*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="SECT2" 5588*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><A 5589*4a1a9510SRong-En FanNAME="SCROLLMENUS" 5590*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>17.5. Scrolling Menus</A 5591*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></H3 5592*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><P 5593*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>If the sub window given for a window is not big enough to show all the items, 5594*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanthen the menu will be scrollable. When you are on the last item in the present 5595*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanlist, if you send REQ_DOWN_ITEM, it gets translated into REQ_SCR_DLINE and the 5596*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanmenu scrolls by one item. You can manually give REQ_SCR_ operations to do 5597*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanscrolling. Let's see how it can be done.</P 5598*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><DIV 5599*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="EXAMPLE" 5600*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><A 5601*4a1a9510SRong-En FanNAME="MMESC" 5602*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></A 5603*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><P 5604*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><B 5605*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>Example 20. Scrolling Menus example </B 5606*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></P 5607*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><PRE 5608*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="PROGRAMLISTING" 5609*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><SPAN 5610*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="INLINEMEDIAOBJECT" 5611*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>#include <curses.h> 5612*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan#include <menu.h> 5613*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan 5614*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan#define ARRAY_SIZE(a) (sizeof(a) / sizeof(a[0])) 5615*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan#define CTRLD 4 5616*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan 5617*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanchar *choices[] = { 5618*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan "Choice 1", 5619*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan "Choice 2", 5620*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan "Choice 3", 5621*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan "Choice 4", 5622*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan "Choice 5", 5623*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan "Choice 6", 5624*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan "Choice 7", 5625*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan "Choice 8", 5626*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan "Choice 9", 5627*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan "Choice 10", 5628*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan "Exit", 5629*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan (char *)NULL, 5630*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan }; 5631*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanvoid print_in_middle(WINDOW *win, int starty, int startx, int width, char *string, chtype color); 5632*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan 5633*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanint main() 5634*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan{ ITEM **my_items; 5635*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan int c; 5636*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan MENU *my_menu; 5637*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan WINDOW *my_menu_win; 5638*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan int n_choices, i; 5639*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan 5640*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan /* Initialize curses */ 5641*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan initscr(); 5642*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan start_color(); 5643*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan cbreak(); 5644*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan noecho(); 5645*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan keypad(stdscr, TRUE); 5646*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan init_pair(1, COLOR_RED, COLOR_BLACK); 5647*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan init_pair(2, COLOR_CYAN, COLOR_BLACK); 5648*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan 5649*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan /* Create items */ 5650*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan n_choices = ARRAY_SIZE(choices); 5651*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan my_items = (ITEM **)calloc(n_choices, sizeof(ITEM *)); 5652*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan for(i = 0; i < n_choices; ++i) 5653*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan my_items[i] = new_item(choices[i], choices[i]); 5654*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan 5655*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan /* Crate menu */ 5656*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan my_menu = new_menu((ITEM **)my_items); 5657*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan 5658*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan /* Create the window to be associated with the menu */ 5659*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan my_menu_win = newwin(10, 40, 4, 4); 5660*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan keypad(my_menu_win, TRUE); 5661*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan 5662*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan /* Set main window and sub window */ 5663*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan set_menu_win(my_menu, my_menu_win); 5664*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan set_menu_sub(my_menu, derwin(my_menu_win, 6, 38, 3, 1)); 5665*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan set_menu_format(my_menu, 5, 1); 5666*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan 5667*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan /* Set menu mark to the string " * " */ 5668*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan set_menu_mark(my_menu, " * "); 5669*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan 5670*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan /* Print a border around the main window and print a title */ 5671*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan box(my_menu_win, 0, 0); 5672*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan print_in_middle(my_menu_win, 1, 0, 40, "My Menu", COLOR_PAIR(1)); 5673*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan mvwaddch(my_menu_win, 2, 0, ACS_LTEE); 5674*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan mvwhline(my_menu_win, 2, 1, ACS_HLINE, 38); 5675*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan mvwaddch(my_menu_win, 2, 39, ACS_RTEE); 5676*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan 5677*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan /* Post the menu */ 5678*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan post_menu(my_menu); 5679*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan wrefresh(my_menu_win); 5680*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan 5681*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan attron(COLOR_PAIR(2)); 5682*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan mvprintw(LINES - 2, 0, "Use PageUp and PageDown to scoll down or up a page of items"); 5683*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan mvprintw(LINES - 1, 0, "Arrow Keys to navigate (F1 to Exit)"); 5684*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan attroff(COLOR_PAIR(2)); 5685*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan refresh(); 5686*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan 5687*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan while((c = wgetch(my_menu_win)) != KEY_F(1)) 5688*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan { switch(c) 5689*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan { case KEY_DOWN: 5690*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan menu_driver(my_menu, REQ_DOWN_ITEM); 5691*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan break; 5692*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan case KEY_UP: 5693*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan menu_driver(my_menu, REQ_UP_ITEM); 5694*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan break; 5695*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan case KEY_NPAGE: 5696*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan menu_driver(my_menu, REQ_SCR_DPAGE); 5697*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan break; 5698*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan case KEY_PPAGE: 5699*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan menu_driver(my_menu, REQ_SCR_UPAGE); 5700*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan break; 5701*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan } 5702*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan wrefresh(my_menu_win); 5703*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan } 5704*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan 5705*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan /* Unpost and free all the memory taken up */ 5706*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan unpost_menu(my_menu); 5707*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan free_menu(my_menu); 5708*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan for(i = 0; i < n_choices; ++i) 5709*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan free_item(my_items[i]); 5710*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan endwin(); 5711*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan} 5712*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan 5713*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanvoid print_in_middle(WINDOW *win, int starty, int startx, int width, char *string, chtype color) 5714*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan{ int length, x, y; 5715*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan float temp; 5716*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan 5717*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan if(win == NULL) 5718*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan win = stdscr; 5719*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan getyx(win, y, x); 5720*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan if(startx != 0) 5721*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan x = startx; 5722*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan if(starty != 0) 5723*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan y = starty; 5724*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan if(width == 0) 5725*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan width = 80; 5726*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan 5727*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan length = strlen(string); 5728*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan temp = (width - length)/ 2; 5729*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan x = startx + (int)temp; 5730*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan wattron(win, color); 5731*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan mvwprintw(win, y, x, "%s", string); 5732*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan wattroff(win, color); 5733*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan refresh(); 5734*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan}</SPAN 5735*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></PRE 5736*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></DIV 5737*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><P 5738*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>This program is self-explanatory. In this example the number of choices has been 5739*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanincreased to ten, which is larger than our sub window size which can hold 6 5740*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanitems. This message has to be explicitly conveyed to the menu system with the 5741*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanfunction set_menu_format(). In here we specify the number of rows and columns we 5742*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanwant to be displayed for a single page. We can specify any number of items to be 5743*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanshown, in the rows variables, if it is less than the height of the sub window. 5744*4a1a9510SRong-En FanIf the key pressed by the user is a PAGE UP or PAGE DOWN, the menu is scrolled a 5745*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanpage due to the requests (REQ_SCR_DPAGE and REQ_SCR_UPAGE) given to 5746*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanmenu_driver().</P 5747*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></DIV 5748*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><DIV 5749*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="SECT2" 5750*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><HR><H3 5751*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="SECT2" 5752*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><A 5753*4a1a9510SRong-En FanNAME="MULTICOLUMN" 5754*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>17.6. Multi Columnar Menus</A 5755*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></H3 5756*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><P 5757*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>In the above example you have seen how to use the function set_menu_format(). I 5758*4a1a9510SRong-En Fandidn't mention what the cols variable (third parameter) does. Well, If your sub 5759*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanwindow is wide enough, you can opt to display more than one item per row. This 5760*4a1a9510SRong-En Fancan be specified in the cols variable. To make things simpler, the following 5761*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanexample doesn't show descriptions for the items.</P 5762*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><DIV 5763*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="EXAMPLE" 5764*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><A 5765*4a1a9510SRong-En FanNAME="MMEMUCO" 5766*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></A 5767*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><P 5768*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><B 5769*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>Example 21. Milt Columnar Menus Example </B 5770*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></P 5771*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><PRE 5772*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="PROGRAMLISTING" 5773*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><SPAN 5774*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="INLINEMEDIAOBJECT" 5775*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>#include <curses.h> 5776*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan#include <menu.h> 5777*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan 5778*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan#define ARRAY_SIZE(a) (sizeof(a) / sizeof(a[0])) 5779*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan#define CTRLD 4 5780*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan 5781*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanchar *choices[] = { 5782*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan "Choice 1", "Choice 2", "Choice 3", "Choice 4", "Choice 5", 5783*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan "Choice 6", "Choice 7", "Choice 8", "Choice 9", "Choice 10", 5784*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan "Choice 11", "Choice 12", "Choice 13", "Choice 14", "Choice 15", 5785*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan "Choice 16", "Choice 17", "Choice 18", "Choice 19", "Choice 20", 5786*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan "Exit", 5787*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan (char *)NULL, 5788*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan }; 5789*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan 5790*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanint main() 5791*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan{ ITEM **my_items; 5792*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan int c; 5793*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan MENU *my_menu; 5794*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan WINDOW *my_menu_win; 5795*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan int n_choices, i; 5796*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan 5797*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan /* Initialize curses */ 5798*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan initscr(); 5799*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan start_color(); 5800*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan cbreak(); 5801*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan noecho(); 5802*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan keypad(stdscr, TRUE); 5803*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan init_pair(1, COLOR_RED, COLOR_BLACK); 5804*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan init_pair(2, COLOR_CYAN, COLOR_BLACK); 5805*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan 5806*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan /* Create items */ 5807*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan n_choices = ARRAY_SIZE(choices); 5808*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan my_items = (ITEM **)calloc(n_choices, sizeof(ITEM *)); 5809*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan for(i = 0; i < n_choices; ++i) 5810*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan my_items[i] = new_item(choices[i], choices[i]); 5811*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan 5812*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan /* Crate menu */ 5813*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan my_menu = new_menu((ITEM **)my_items); 5814*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan 5815*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan /* Set menu option not to show the description */ 5816*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan menu_opts_off(my_menu, O_SHOWDESC); 5817*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan 5818*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan /* Create the window to be associated with the menu */ 5819*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan my_menu_win = newwin(10, 70, 4, 4); 5820*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan keypad(my_menu_win, TRUE); 5821*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan 5822*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan /* Set main window and sub window */ 5823*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan set_menu_win(my_menu, my_menu_win); 5824*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan set_menu_sub(my_menu, derwin(my_menu_win, 6, 68, 3, 1)); 5825*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan set_menu_format(my_menu, 5, 3); 5826*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan set_menu_mark(my_menu, " * "); 5827*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan 5828*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan /* Print a border around the main window and print a title */ 5829*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan box(my_menu_win, 0, 0); 5830*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan 5831*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan attron(COLOR_PAIR(2)); 5832*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan mvprintw(LINES - 3, 0, "Use PageUp and PageDown to scroll"); 5833*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan mvprintw(LINES - 2, 0, "Use Arrow Keys to navigate (F1 to Exit)"); 5834*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan attroff(COLOR_PAIR(2)); 5835*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan refresh(); 5836*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan 5837*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan /* Post the menu */ 5838*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan post_menu(my_menu); 5839*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan wrefresh(my_menu_win); 5840*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan 5841*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan while((c = wgetch(my_menu_win)) != KEY_F(1)) 5842*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan { switch(c) 5843*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan { case KEY_DOWN: 5844*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan menu_driver(my_menu, REQ_DOWN_ITEM); 5845*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan break; 5846*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan case KEY_UP: 5847*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan menu_driver(my_menu, REQ_UP_ITEM); 5848*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan break; 5849*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan case KEY_LEFT: 5850*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan menu_driver(my_menu, REQ_LEFT_ITEM); 5851*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan break; 5852*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan case KEY_RIGHT: 5853*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan menu_driver(my_menu, REQ_RIGHT_ITEM); 5854*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan break; 5855*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan case KEY_NPAGE: 5856*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan menu_driver(my_menu, REQ_SCR_DPAGE); 5857*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan break; 5858*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan case KEY_PPAGE: 5859*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan menu_driver(my_menu, REQ_SCR_UPAGE); 5860*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan break; 5861*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan } 5862*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan wrefresh(my_menu_win); 5863*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan } 5864*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan 5865*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan /* Unpost and free all the memory taken up */ 5866*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan unpost_menu(my_menu); 5867*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan free_menu(my_menu); 5868*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan for(i = 0; i < n_choices; ++i) 5869*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan free_item(my_items[i]); 5870*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan endwin(); 5871*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan}</SPAN 5872*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></PRE 5873*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></DIV 5874*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><P 5875*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>Watch the function call to set_menu_format(). It specifies the number of columns 5876*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanto be 3, thus displaying 3 items per row. We have also switched off the showing 5877*4a1a9510SRong-En Fandescriptions with the function menu_opts_off(). There are couple of functions 5878*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanset_menu_opts(), menu_opts_on() and menu_opts() which can be used to manipulate 5879*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanmenu options. The following menu options can be specified.</P 5880*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><PRE 5881*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="PROGRAMLISTING" 5882*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan> O_ONEVALUE 5883*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan Only one item can be selected for this menu. 5884*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan 5885*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan O_SHOWDESC 5886*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan Display the item descriptions when the menu is 5887*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan posted. 5888*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan 5889*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan O_ROWMAJOR 5890*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan Display the menu in row-major order. 5891*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan 5892*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan O_IGNORECASE 5893*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan Ignore the case when pattern-matching. 5894*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan 5895*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan O_SHOWMATCH 5896*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan Move the cursor to within the item name while pat­ 5897*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan tern-matching. 5898*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan 5899*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan O_NONCYCLIC 5900*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan Don't wrap around next-item and previous-item, 5901*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan requests to the other end of the menu.</PRE 5902*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><P 5903*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>All options are on by default. You can switch specific attributes on or off with 5904*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanmenu_opts_on() and menu_opts_off() functions. You can also use set_menu_opts() 5905*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanto directly specify the options. The argument to this function should be a OR ed 5906*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanvalue of some of those above constants. The function menu_opts() can be used to 5907*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanfind out a menu's present options. </P 5908*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></DIV 5909*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><DIV 5910*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="SECT2" 5911*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><HR><H3 5912*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="SECT2" 5913*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><A 5914*4a1a9510SRong-En FanNAME="MULTIVALUEMENUS" 5915*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>17.7. Multi Valued Menus</A 5916*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></H3 5917*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><P 5918*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>You might be wondering what if you switch off the option O_ONEVALUE. Then the 5919*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanmenu becomes multi-valued. That means you can select more than one item. This 5920*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanbrings us to the request REQ_TOGGLE_ITEM. Let's see it in action.</P 5921*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><DIV 5922*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="EXAMPLE" 5923*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><A 5924*4a1a9510SRong-En FanNAME="MMETO" 5925*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></A 5926*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><P 5927*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><B 5928*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>Example 22. Multi Valued Menus example </B 5929*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></P 5930*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><PRE 5931*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="PROGRAMLISTING" 5932*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><SPAN 5933*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="INLINEMEDIAOBJECT" 5934*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>#include <curses.h> 5935*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan#include <menu.h> 5936*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan 5937*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan#define ARRAY_SIZE(a) (sizeof(a) / sizeof(a[0])) 5938*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan#define CTRLD 4 5939*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan 5940*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanchar *choices[] = { 5941*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan "Choice 1", 5942*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan "Choice 2", 5943*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan "Choice 3", 5944*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan "Choice 4", 5945*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan "Choice 5", 5946*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan "Choice 6", 5947*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan "Choice 7", 5948*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan "Exit", 5949*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan }; 5950*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan 5951*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanint main() 5952*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan{ ITEM **my_items; 5953*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan int c; 5954*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan MENU *my_menu; 5955*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan int n_choices, i; 5956*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan ITEM *cur_item; 5957*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan 5958*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan /* Initialize curses */ 5959*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan initscr(); 5960*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan cbreak(); 5961*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan noecho(); 5962*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan keypad(stdscr, TRUE); 5963*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan 5964*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan /* Initialize items */ 5965*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan n_choices = ARRAY_SIZE(choices); 5966*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan my_items = (ITEM **)calloc(n_choices + 1, sizeof(ITEM *)); 5967*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan for(i = 0; i < n_choices; ++i) 5968*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan my_items[i] = new_item(choices[i], choices[i]); 5969*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan my_items[n_choices] = (ITEM *)NULL; 5970*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan 5971*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan my_menu = new_menu((ITEM **)my_items); 5972*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan 5973*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan /* Make the menu multi valued */ 5974*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan menu_opts_off(my_menu, O_ONEVALUE); 5975*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan 5976*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan mvprintw(LINES - 3, 0, "Use <SPACE> to select or unselect an item."); 5977*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan mvprintw(LINES - 2, 0, "<ENTER> to see presently selected items(F1 to Exit)"); 5978*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan post_menu(my_menu); 5979*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan refresh(); 5980*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan 5981*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan while((c = getch()) != KEY_F(1)) 5982*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan { switch(c) 5983*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan { case KEY_DOWN: 5984*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan menu_driver(my_menu, REQ_DOWN_ITEM); 5985*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan break; 5986*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan case KEY_UP: 5987*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan menu_driver(my_menu, REQ_UP_ITEM); 5988*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan break; 5989*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan case ' ': 5990*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan menu_driver(my_menu, REQ_TOGGLE_ITEM); 5991*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan break; 5992*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan case 10: /* Enter */ 5993*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan { char temp[200]; 5994*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan ITEM **items; 5995*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan 5996*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan items = menu_items(my_menu); 5997*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan temp[0] = '\0'; 5998*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan for(i = 0; i < item_count(my_menu); ++i) 5999*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan if(item_value(items[i]) == TRUE) 6000*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan { strcat(temp, item_name(items[i])); 6001*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan strcat(temp, " "); 6002*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan } 6003*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan move(20, 0); 6004*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan clrtoeol(); 6005*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan mvprintw(20, 0, temp); 6006*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan refresh(); 6007*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan } 6008*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan break; 6009*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan } 6010*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan } 6011*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan 6012*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan free_item(my_items[0]); 6013*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan free_item(my_items[1]); 6014*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan free_menu(my_menu); 6015*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan endwin(); 6016*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan} 6017*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan </SPAN 6018*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></PRE 6019*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></DIV 6020*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><P 6021*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>Whew, A lot of new functions. Let's take them one after another. Firstly, the 6022*4a1a9510SRong-En FanREQ_TOGGLE_ITEM. In a multi-valued menu, the user should be allowed to select 6023*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanor un select more than one item. The request REQ_TOGGLE_ITEM toggles the present 6024*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanselection. In this case when space is pressed REQ_TOGGLE_ITEM request is sent to 6025*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanmenu_driver to achieve the result.</P 6026*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><P 6027*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>Now when the user presses <ENTER> we show the items he presently selected. 6028*4a1a9510SRong-En FanFirst we find out the items associated with the menu using the function 6029*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanmenu_items(). Then we loop through the items to find out if the item is selected 6030*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanor not. The function item_value() returns TRUE if an item is selected. The 6031*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanfunction item_count() returns the number of items in the menu. The item name can 6032*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanbe found with item_name(). You can also find the description associated with an 6033*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanitem using item_description().</P 6034*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></DIV 6035*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><DIV 6036*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="SECT2" 6037*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><HR><H3 6038*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="SECT2" 6039*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><A 6040*4a1a9510SRong-En FanNAME="MENUOPT" 6041*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>17.8. Menu Options</A 6042*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></H3 6043*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><P 6044*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>Well, by this time you must be itching for some difference in your menu, with 6045*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanlots of functionality. I know. You want Colors !!!. You want to create nice 6046*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanmenus similar to those text mode <A 6047*4a1a9510SRong-En FanHREF="http://www.jersey.net/~debinjoe/games/" 6048*4a1a9510SRong-En FanTARGET="_top" 6049*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>dos games</A 6050*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>. The functions 6051*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanset_menu_fore() and set_menu_back() can be used to change the attribute of the 6052*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanselected item and unselected item. The names are misleading. They don't change 6053*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanmenu's foreground or background which would have been useless. </P 6054*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><P 6055*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>The function set_menu_grey() can be used to set the display attribute for the 6056*4a1a9510SRong-En Fannon-selectable items in the menu. This brings us to the interesting option for 6057*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanan item the one and only O_SELECTABLE. We can turn it off by the function 6058*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanitem_opts_off() and after that that item is not selectable. It's like a grayed 6059*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanitem in those fancy windows menus. Let's put these concepts in practice with 6060*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanthis example</P 6061*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><DIV 6062*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="EXAMPLE" 6063*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><A 6064*4a1a9510SRong-En FanNAME="MMEAT" 6065*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></A 6066*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><P 6067*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><B 6068*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>Example 23. Menu Options example </B 6069*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></P 6070*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><PRE 6071*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="PROGRAMLISTING" 6072*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><SPAN 6073*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="INLINEMEDIAOBJECT" 6074*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>#include <menu.h> 6075*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan 6076*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan#define ARRAY_SIZE(a) (sizeof(a) / sizeof(a[0])) 6077*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan#define CTRLD 4 6078*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan 6079*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanchar *choices[] = { 6080*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan "Choice 1", 6081*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan "Choice 2", 6082*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan "Choice 3", 6083*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan "Choice 4", 6084*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan "Choice 5", 6085*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan "Choice 6", 6086*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan "Choice 7", 6087*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan "Exit", 6088*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan }; 6089*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan 6090*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanint main() 6091*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan{ ITEM **my_items; 6092*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan int c; 6093*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan MENU *my_menu; 6094*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan int n_choices, i; 6095*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan ITEM *cur_item; 6096*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan 6097*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan /* Initialize curses */ 6098*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan initscr(); 6099*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan start_color(); 6100*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan cbreak(); 6101*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan noecho(); 6102*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan keypad(stdscr, TRUE); 6103*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan init_pair(1, COLOR_RED, COLOR_BLACK); 6104*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan init_pair(2, COLOR_GREEN, COLOR_BLACK); 6105*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan init_pair(3, COLOR_MAGENTA, COLOR_BLACK); 6106*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan 6107*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan /* Initialize items */ 6108*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan n_choices = ARRAY_SIZE(choices); 6109*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan my_items = (ITEM **)calloc(n_choices + 1, sizeof(ITEM *)); 6110*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan for(i = 0; i < n_choices; ++i) 6111*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan my_items[i] = new_item(choices[i], choices[i]); 6112*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan my_items[n_choices] = (ITEM *)NULL; 6113*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan item_opts_off(my_items[3], O_SELECTABLE); 6114*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan item_opts_off(my_items[6], O_SELECTABLE); 6115*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan 6116*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan /* Create menu */ 6117*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan my_menu = new_menu((ITEM **)my_items); 6118*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan 6119*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan /* Set fore ground and back ground of the menu */ 6120*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan set_menu_fore(my_menu, COLOR_PAIR(1) | A_REVERSE); 6121*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan set_menu_back(my_menu, COLOR_PAIR(2)); 6122*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan set_menu_grey(my_menu, COLOR_PAIR(3)); 6123*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan 6124*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan /* Post the menu */ 6125*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan mvprintw(LINES - 3, 0, "Press <ENTER> to see the option selected"); 6126*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan mvprintw(LINES - 2, 0, "Up and Down arrow keys to naviage (F1 to Exit)"); 6127*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan post_menu(my_menu); 6128*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan refresh(); 6129*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan 6130*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan while((c = getch()) != KEY_F(1)) 6131*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan { switch(c) 6132*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan { case KEY_DOWN: 6133*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan menu_driver(my_menu, REQ_DOWN_ITEM); 6134*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan break; 6135*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan case KEY_UP: 6136*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan menu_driver(my_menu, REQ_UP_ITEM); 6137*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan break; 6138*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan case 10: /* Enter */ 6139*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan move(20, 0); 6140*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan clrtoeol(); 6141*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan mvprintw(20, 0, "Item selected is : %s", 6142*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan item_name(current_item(my_menu))); 6143*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan pos_menu_cursor(my_menu); 6144*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan break; 6145*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan } 6146*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan } 6147*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan unpost_menu(my_menu); 6148*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan for(i = 0; i < n_choices; ++i) 6149*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan free_item(my_items[i]); 6150*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan free_menu(my_menu); 6151*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan endwin(); 6152*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan} 6153*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan </SPAN 6154*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></PRE 6155*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></DIV 6156*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></DIV 6157*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><DIV 6158*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="SECT2" 6159*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><HR><H3 6160*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="SECT2" 6161*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><A 6162*4a1a9510SRong-En FanNAME="MENUUSERPTR" 6163*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>17.9. The useful User Pointer</A 6164*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></H3 6165*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><P 6166*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>We can associate a user pointer with each item in the menu. It works the same 6167*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanway as user pointer in panels. It's not touched by menu system. You can store 6168*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanany thing you like in that. I usually use it to store the function to be 6169*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanexecuted when the menu option is chosen (It's selected and may be the user 6170*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanpressed <ENTER>);</P 6171*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><DIV 6172*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="EXAMPLE" 6173*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><A 6174*4a1a9510SRong-En FanNAME="MMEUS" 6175*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></A 6176*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><P 6177*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><B 6178*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>Example 24. Menu User Pointer Usage </B 6179*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></P 6180*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><PRE 6181*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="PROGRAMLISTING" 6182*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><SPAN 6183*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="INLINEMEDIAOBJECT" 6184*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>#include <curses.h> 6185*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan#include <menu.h> 6186*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan 6187*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan#define ARRAY_SIZE(a) (sizeof(a) / sizeof(a[0])) 6188*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan#define CTRLD 4 6189*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan 6190*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanchar *choices[] = { 6191*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan "Choice 1", 6192*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan "Choice 2", 6193*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan "Choice 3", 6194*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan "Choice 4", 6195*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan "Choice 5", 6196*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan "Choice 6", 6197*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan "Choice 7", 6198*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan "Exit", 6199*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan }; 6200*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanvoid func(char *name); 6201*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan 6202*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanint main() 6203*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan{ ITEM **my_items; 6204*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan int c; 6205*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan MENU *my_menu; 6206*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan int n_choices, i; 6207*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan ITEM *cur_item; 6208*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan 6209*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan /* Initialize curses */ 6210*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan initscr(); 6211*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan start_color(); 6212*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan cbreak(); 6213*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan noecho(); 6214*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan keypad(stdscr, TRUE); 6215*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan init_pair(1, COLOR_RED, COLOR_BLACK); 6216*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan init_pair(2, COLOR_GREEN, COLOR_BLACK); 6217*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan init_pair(3, COLOR_MAGENTA, COLOR_BLACK); 6218*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan 6219*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan /* Initialize items */ 6220*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan n_choices = ARRAY_SIZE(choices); 6221*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan my_items = (ITEM **)calloc(n_choices + 1, sizeof(ITEM *)); 6222*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan for(i = 0; i < n_choices; ++i) 6223*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan { my_items[i] = new_item(choices[i], choices[i]); 6224*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan /* Set the user pointer */ 6225*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan set_item_userptr(my_items[i], func); 6226*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan } 6227*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan my_items[n_choices] = (ITEM *)NULL; 6228*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan 6229*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan /* Create menu */ 6230*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan my_menu = new_menu((ITEM **)my_items); 6231*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan 6232*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan /* Post the menu */ 6233*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan mvprintw(LINES - 3, 0, "Press <ENTER> to see the option selected"); 6234*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan mvprintw(LINES - 2, 0, "Up and Down arrow keys to naviage (F1 to Exit)"); 6235*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan post_menu(my_menu); 6236*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan refresh(); 6237*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan 6238*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan while((c = getch()) != KEY_F(1)) 6239*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan { switch(c) 6240*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan { case KEY_DOWN: 6241*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan menu_driver(my_menu, REQ_DOWN_ITEM); 6242*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan break; 6243*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan case KEY_UP: 6244*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan menu_driver(my_menu, REQ_UP_ITEM); 6245*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan break; 6246*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan case 10: /* Enter */ 6247*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan { ITEM *cur; 6248*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan void (*p)(char *); 6249*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan 6250*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan cur = current_item(my_menu); 6251*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan p = item_userptr(cur); 6252*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan p((char *)item_name(cur)); 6253*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan pos_menu_cursor(my_menu); 6254*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan break; 6255*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan } 6256*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan break; 6257*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan } 6258*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan } 6259*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan unpost_menu(my_menu); 6260*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan for(i = 0; i < n_choices; ++i) 6261*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan free_item(my_items[i]); 6262*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan free_menu(my_menu); 6263*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan endwin(); 6264*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan} 6265*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan 6266*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanvoid func(char *name) 6267*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan{ move(20, 0); 6268*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan clrtoeol(); 6269*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan mvprintw(20, 0, "Item selected is : %s", name); 6270*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan} </SPAN 6271*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></PRE 6272*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></DIV 6273*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></DIV 6274*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></DIV 6275*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><DIV 6276*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="SECT1" 6277*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><HR><H2 6278*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="SECT1" 6279*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><A 6280*4a1a9510SRong-En FanNAME="FORMS" 6281*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>18. Forms Library</A 6282*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></H2 6283*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><P 6284*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>Well. If you have seen those forms on web pages which take input from users and 6285*4a1a9510SRong-En Fando various kinds of things, you might be wondering how would any one create such 6286*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanforms in text mode display. It's quite difficult to write those nifty forms in 6287*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanplain ncurses. Forms library tries to provide a basic frame work to build and 6288*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanmaintain forms with ease. It has lot of features(functions) which manage 6289*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanvalidation, dynamic expansion of fields etc.. Let's see it in full flow.</P 6290*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><P 6291*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>A form is a collection of fields; each field can be either a label(static text) 6292*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanor a data-entry location. The forms also library provides functions to divide 6293*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanforms into multiple pages. </P 6294*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><DIV 6295*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="SECT2" 6296*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><HR><H3 6297*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="SECT2" 6298*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><A 6299*4a1a9510SRong-En FanNAME="FORMBASICS" 6300*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>18.1. The Basics</A 6301*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></H3 6302*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><P 6303*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>Forms are created in much the same way as menus. First the fields related to the 6304*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanform are created with new_field(). You can set options for the fields, so that 6305*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanthey can be displayed with some fancy attributes, validated before the field 6306*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanlooses focus etc.. Then the fields are attached to form. After this, the form 6307*4a1a9510SRong-En Fancan be posted to display and is ready to receive inputs. On the similar lines to 6308*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanmenu_driver(), the form is manipulated with form_driver(). We can send requests 6309*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanto form_driver to move focus to a certain field, move cursor to end of the field 6310*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanetc.. After the user enters values in the fields and validation done, form can 6311*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanbe unposted and memory allocated can be freed.</P 6312*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><P 6313*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>The general flow of control of a forms program looks like this. 6314*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan 6315*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan<P 6316*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></P 6317*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><OL 6318*4a1a9510SRong-En FanTYPE="1" 6319*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><LI 6320*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><P 6321*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>Initialize curses</P 6322*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></LI 6323*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><LI 6324*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><P 6325*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>Create fields using new_field(). You can specify the height and 6326*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanwidth of the field, and its position on the form.</P 6327*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></LI 6328*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><LI 6329*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><P 6330*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>Create the forms with new_form() by specifying the fields to be 6331*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanattached with.</P 6332*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></LI 6333*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><LI 6334*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><P 6335*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>Post the form with form_post() and refresh the screen.</P 6336*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></LI 6337*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><LI 6338*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><P 6339*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>Process the user requests with a loop and do necessary updates 6340*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanto form with form_driver.</P 6341*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></LI 6342*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><LI 6343*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><P 6344*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>Unpost the menu with form_unpost()</P 6345*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></LI 6346*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><LI 6347*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><P 6348*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>Free the memory allocated to menu by free_form()</P 6349*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></LI 6350*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><LI 6351*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><P 6352*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>Free the memory allocated to the items with free_field()</P 6353*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></LI 6354*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><LI 6355*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><P 6356*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>End curses</P 6357*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></LI 6358*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></OL 6359*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></P 6360*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><P 6361*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>As you can see, working with forms library is much similar to handling menu 6362*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanlibrary. The following examples will explore various aspects of form 6363*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanprocessing. Let's start the journey with a simple example. first.</P 6364*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></DIV 6365*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><DIV 6366*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="SECT2" 6367*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><HR><H3 6368*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="SECT2" 6369*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><A 6370*4a1a9510SRong-En FanNAME="COMPILEFORMS" 6371*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>18.2. Compiling With the Forms Library</A 6372*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></H3 6373*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><P 6374*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>To use forms library functions, you have to include form.h and to link the 6375*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanprogram with forms library the flag -lform should be added along with -lncurses 6376*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanin that order.</P 6377*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><PRE 6378*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="PROGRAMLISTING" 6379*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan> #include <form.h> 6380*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan . 6381*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan . 6382*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan . 6383*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan 6384*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan compile and link: gcc <program file> -lform -lncurses</PRE 6385*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><DIV 6386*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="EXAMPLE" 6387*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><A 6388*4a1a9510SRong-En FanNAME="FFOSI" 6389*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></A 6390*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><P 6391*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><B 6392*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>Example 25. Forms Basics </B 6393*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan></P 6394*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><PRE 6395*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="PROGRAMLISTING" 6396*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan><SPAN 6397*4a1a9510SRong-En FanCLASS="INLINEMEDIAOBJECT" 6398*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan>#include <form.h> 6399*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan 6400*4a1a9510SRong-En Fanint main() 6401*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan{ FIELD *field[3]; 6402*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan FORM *my_form; 6403*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan int ch; 6404*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan 6405*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan /* Initialize curses */ 6406*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan initscr(); 6407*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan cbreak(); 6408*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan noecho(); 6409*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan keypad(stdscr, TRUE); 6410*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan 6411*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan /* Initialize the fields */ 6412*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan field[0] = new_field(1, 10, 4, 18, 0, 0); 6413*4a1a9510SRong-En Fan field[1] = new_field(1, 10, 6, 18, 0, 0); 6414 field[2] = NULL; 6415 6416 /* Set field options */ 6417 set_field_back(field[0], A_UNDERLINE); /* Print a line for the option */ 6418 field_opts_off(field[0], O_AUTOSKIP); /* Don't go to next field when this */ 6419 /* Field is filled up */ 6420 set_field_back(field[1], A_UNDERLINE); 6421 field_opts_off(field[1], O_AUTOSKIP); 6422 6423 /* Create the form and post it */ 6424 my_form = new_form(field); 6425 post_form(my_form); 6426 refresh(); 6427 6428 mvprintw(4, 10, "Value 1:"); 6429 mvprintw(6, 10, "Value 2:"); 6430 refresh(); 6431 6432 /* Loop through to get user requests */ 6433 while((ch = getch()) != KEY_F(1)) 6434 { switch(ch) 6435 { case KEY_DOWN: 6436 /* Go to next field */ 6437 form_driver(my_form, REQ_NEXT_FIELD); 6438 /* Go to the end of the present buffer */ 6439 /* Leaves nicely at the last character */ 6440 form_driver(my_form, REQ_END_LINE); 6441 break; 6442 case KEY_UP: 6443 /* Go to previous field */ 6444 form_driver(my_form, REQ_PREV_FIELD); 6445 form_driver(my_form, REQ_END_LINE); 6446 break; 6447 default: 6448 /* If this is a normal character, it gets */ 6449 /* Printed */ 6450 form_driver(my_form, ch); 6451 break; 6452 } 6453 } 6454 6455 /* Un post form and free the memory */ 6456 unpost_form(my_form); 6457 free_form(my_form); 6458 free_field(field[0]); 6459 free_field(field[1]); 6460 6461 endwin(); 6462 return 0; 6463}</SPAN 6464></PRE 6465></DIV 6466><P 6467>Above example is pretty straight forward. It creates two fields with 6468<TT 6469CLASS="LITERAL" 6470>new_field()</TT 6471>. new_field() takes height, width, 6472starty, startx, number of offscreen rows and number of additional working 6473buffers. The fifth argument number of offscreen rows specifies how much of the 6474field to be shown. If it is zero, the entire field is always displayed otherwise 6475the form will be scrollable when the user accesses not displayed parts of the 6476field. The forms library allocates one buffer per field to store the data user 6477enters. Using the last parameter to new_field() we can specify it to allocate 6478some additional buffers. These can be used for any purpose you like.</P 6479><P 6480>After creating the fields, back ground attribute of both of them is set to an 6481underscore with set_field_back(). The AUTOSKIP option is turned off using 6482field_opts_off(). If this option is turned on, focus will move to the next 6483field in the form once the active field is filled up completely.</P 6484><P 6485>After attaching the fields to the form, it is posted. Here on, user inputs are 6486processed in the while loop, by making corresponding requests to form_driver. 6487The details of all the requests to the form_driver() are explained later.</P 6488></DIV 6489><DIV 6490CLASS="SECT2" 6491><HR><H3 6492CLASS="SECT2" 6493><A 6494NAME="PLAYFIELDS" 6495>18.3. Playing with Fields</A 6496></H3 6497><P 6498>Each form field is associated with a lot of attributes. They can be manipulated 6499to get the required effect and to have fun !!!. So why wait? </P 6500><DIV 6501CLASS="SECT3" 6502><HR><H4 6503CLASS="SECT3" 6504><A 6505NAME="FETCHINFO" 6506>18.3.1. Fetching Size and Location of Field</A 6507></H4 6508><P 6509>The parameters we have given at the time of creation of a field can be retrieved 6510with field_info(). It returns height, width, starty, startx, number of offscreen 6511rows, and number of additional buffers into the parameters given to it. It is a 6512sort of inverse of new_field().</P 6513><PRE 6514CLASS="PROGRAMLISTING" 6515>int field_info( FIELD *field, /* field from which to fetch */ 6516 int *height, *int width, /* field size */ 6517 int *top, int *left, /* upper left corner */ 6518 int *offscreen, /* number of offscreen rows */ 6519 int *nbuf); /* number of working buffers */</PRE 6520></DIV 6521><DIV 6522CLASS="SECT3" 6523><HR><H4 6524CLASS="SECT3" 6525><A 6526NAME="MOVEFIELD" 6527>18.3.2. Moving the field</A 6528></H4 6529><P 6530>The location of the field can be moved to a different position with 6531move_field().</P 6532><PRE 6533CLASS="PROGRAMLISTING" 6534>int move_field( FIELD *field, /* field to alter */ 6535 int top, int left); /* new upper-left corner */</PRE 6536><P 6537>As usual, the changed position can be queried with field_infor().</P 6538></DIV 6539><DIV 6540CLASS="SECT3" 6541><HR><H4 6542CLASS="SECT3" 6543><A 6544NAME="JUSTIFYFIELD" 6545>18.3.3. Field Justification</A 6546></H4 6547><P 6548>The justification to be done for the field can be fixed using the function 6549set_field_just().</P 6550><PRE 6551CLASS="PROGRAMLISTING" 6552> int set_field_just(FIELD *field, /* field to alter */ 6553 int justmode); /* mode to set */ 6554 int field_just(FIELD *field); /* fetch justify mode of field */</PRE 6555><P 6556>The justification mode valued accepted and returned by these functions are 6557NO_JUSTIFICATION, JUSTIFY_RIGHT, JUSTIFY_LEFT, or JUSTIFY_CENTER.</P 6558></DIV 6559><DIV 6560CLASS="SECT3" 6561><HR><H4 6562CLASS="SECT3" 6563><A 6564NAME="FIELDDISPATTRIB" 6565>18.3.4. Field Display Attributes</A 6566></H4 6567><P 6568>As you have seen, in the above example, display attribute for the fields can be 6569set with set_field_fore() and setfield_back(). These functions set foreground 6570and background attribute of the fields. You can also specify a pad character 6571which will be filled in the unfilled portion of the field. The pad character is 6572set with a call to set_field_pad(). Default pad value is a space. The functions 6573field_fore(), field_back, field_pad() can be used to query the present 6574foreground, background attributes and pad character for the field. The following 6575list gives the usage of functions.</P 6576><PRE 6577CLASS="PROGRAMLISTING" 6578> int set_field_fore(FIELD *field, /* field to alter */ 6579 chtype attr); /* attribute to set */ 6580 6581chtype field_fore(FIELD *field); /* field to query */ 6582 /* returns foreground attribute */ 6583 6584int set_field_back(FIELD *field, /* field to alter */ 6585 chtype attr); /* attribute to set */ 6586 6587chtype field_back(FIELD *field); /* field to query */ 6588 /* returns background attribute */ 6589 6590int set_field_pad(FIELD *field, /* field to alter */ 6591 int pad); /* pad character to set */ 6592 6593chtype field_pad(FIELD *field); /* field to query */ 6594 /* returns present pad character */ </PRE 6595><P 6596>Though above functions seem quite simple, using colors with set_field_fore() may 6597be frustrating in the beginning. Let me first explain about foreground and 6598background attributes of a field. The foreground attribute is associated with 6599the character. That means a character in the field is printed with the attribute 6600you have set with set_field_fore(). Background attribute is the attribute used 6601to fill background of field, whether any character is there or not. So what 6602about colors? Since colors are always defined in pairs, what is the right way to 6603display colored fields? Here's an example clarifying color attributes.</P 6604><DIV 6605CLASS="EXAMPLE" 6606><A 6607NAME="FFOAT" 6608></A 6609><P 6610><B 6611>Example 26. Form Attributes example </B 6612></P 6613><PRE 6614CLASS="PROGRAMLISTING" 6615><SPAN 6616CLASS="INLINEMEDIAOBJECT" 6617>#include <form.h> 6618 6619int main() 6620{ FIELD *field[3]; 6621 FORM *my_form; 6622 int ch; 6623 6624 /* Initialize curses */ 6625 initscr(); 6626 start_color(); 6627 cbreak(); 6628 noecho(); 6629 keypad(stdscr, TRUE); 6630 6631 /* Initialize few color pairs */ 6632 init_pair(1, COLOR_WHITE, COLOR_BLUE); 6633 init_pair(2, COLOR_WHITE, COLOR_BLUE); 6634 6635 /* Initialize the fields */ 6636 field[0] = new_field(1, 10, 4, 18, 0, 0); 6637 field[1] = new_field(1, 10, 6, 18, 0, 0); 6638 field[2] = NULL; 6639 6640 /* Set field options */ 6641 set_field_fore(field[0], COLOR_PAIR(1));/* Put the field with blue background */ 6642 set_field_back(field[0], COLOR_PAIR(2));/* and white foreground (characters */ 6643 /* are printed in white */ 6644 field_opts_off(field[0], O_AUTOSKIP); /* Don't go to next field when this */ 6645 /* Field is filled up */ 6646 set_field_back(field[1], A_UNDERLINE); 6647 field_opts_off(field[1], O_AUTOSKIP); 6648 6649 /* Create the form and post it */ 6650 my_form = new_form(field); 6651 post_form(my_form); 6652 refresh(); 6653 6654 set_current_field(my_form, field[0]); /* Set focus to the colored field */ 6655 mvprintw(4, 10, "Value 1:"); 6656 mvprintw(6, 10, "Value 2:"); 6657 mvprintw(LINES - 2, 0, "Use UP, DOWN arrow keys to switch between fields"); 6658 refresh(); 6659 6660 /* Loop through to get user requests */ 6661 while((ch = getch()) != KEY_F(1)) 6662 { switch(ch) 6663 { case KEY_DOWN: 6664 /* Go to next field */ 6665 form_driver(my_form, REQ_NEXT_FIELD); 6666 /* Go to the end of the present buffer */ 6667 /* Leaves nicely at the last character */ 6668 form_driver(my_form, REQ_END_LINE); 6669 break; 6670 case KEY_UP: 6671 /* Go to previous field */ 6672 form_driver(my_form, REQ_PREV_FIELD); 6673 form_driver(my_form, REQ_END_LINE); 6674 break; 6675 default: 6676 /* If this is a normal character, it gets */ 6677 /* Printed */ 6678 form_driver(my_form, ch); 6679 break; 6680 } 6681 } 6682 6683 /* Un post form and free the memory */ 6684 unpost_form(my_form); 6685 free_form(my_form); 6686 free_field(field[0]); 6687 free_field(field[1]); 6688 6689 endwin(); 6690 return 0; 6691}</SPAN 6692></PRE 6693></DIV 6694><P 6695>Play with the color pairs and try to understand the foreground and background 6696attributes. In my programs using color attributes, I usually set only the 6697background with set_field_back(). Curses simply doesn't allow defining 6698individual color attributes. </P 6699></DIV 6700><DIV 6701CLASS="SECT3" 6702><HR><H4 6703CLASS="SECT3" 6704><A 6705NAME="FIELDOPTIONBITS" 6706>18.3.5. Field Option Bits</A 6707></H4 6708><P 6709>There is also a large collection of field option bits you can set to control 6710various aspects of forms processing. You can manipulate them with these 6711functions:</P 6712><PRE 6713CLASS="PROGRAMLISTING" 6714>int set_field_opts(FIELD *field, /* field to alter */ 6715 int attr); /* attribute to set */ 6716 6717int field_opts_on(FIELD *field, /* field to alter */ 6718 int attr); /* attributes to turn on */ 6719 6720int field_opts_off(FIELD *field, /* field to alter */ 6721 int attr); /* attributes to turn off */ 6722 6723int field_opts(FIELD *field); /* field to query */ </PRE 6724><P 6725>The function set_field_opts() can be used to directly set attributes of a field 6726or you can choose to switch a few attributes on and off with field_opts_on() and 6727field_opts_off() selectively. Anytime you can query the attributes of a field 6728with field_opts(). The following is the list of available options. By default, 6729all options are on.</P 6730><P 6731></P 6732><DIV 6733CLASS="VARIABLELIST" 6734><DL 6735><DT 6736>O_VISIBLE</DT 6737><DD 6738><P 6739>Controls whether the field is visible on the screen. Can be used 6740during form processing to hide or pop up fields depending on the value 6741of parent fields.</P 6742></DD 6743><DT 6744>O_ACTIVE</DT 6745><DD 6746><P 6747>Controls whether the field is active during forms processing (i.e. 6748visited by form navigation keys). Can be used to make labels or derived 6749fields with buffer values alterable by the forms application, not the user.</P 6750></DD 6751><DT 6752>O_PUBLIC</DT 6753><DD 6754><P 6755>Controls whether data is displayed during field entry. If this option is 6756turned off on a field, the library will accept and edit data in that field, 6757but it will not be displayed and the visible field cursor will not move. 6758You can turn off the O_PUBLIC bit to define password fields.</P 6759></DD 6760><DT 6761>O_EDIT</DT 6762><DD 6763><P 6764>Controls whether the field's data can be modified. When this option is 6765off, all editing requests except <TT 6766CLASS="LITERAL" 6767>REQ_PREV_CHOICE</TT 6768> and <TT 6769CLASS="LITERAL" 6770>REQ_NEXT_CHOICE</TT 6771>will 6772fail. Such read-only fields may be useful for help messages.</P 6773></DD 6774><DT 6775>O_WRAP</DT 6776><DD 6777><P 6778>Controls word-wrapping in multi-line fields. Normally, when any 6779character of a (blank-separated) word reaches the end of the current line, the 6780entire word is wrapped to the next line (assuming there is one). When this 6781option is off, the word will be split across the line break.</P 6782></DD 6783><DT 6784>O_BLANK</DT 6785><DD 6786><P 6787>Controls field blanking. When this option is on, entering a character at 6788the first field position erases the entire field (except for the just-entered 6789character).</P 6790></DD 6791><DT 6792>O_AUTOSKIP</DT 6793><DD 6794><P 6795>Controls automatic skip to next field when this one fills. Normally, 6796when the forms user tries to type more data into a field than will fit, 6797the editing location jumps to next field. When this option is off, the 6798user's cursor will hang at the end of the field. This option is ignored 6799in dynamic fields that have not reached their size limit.</P 6800></DD 6801><DT 6802>O_NULLOK</DT 6803><DD 6804><P 6805>Controls whether validation is applied to 6806blank fields. Normally, it is not; the user can leave a field blank 6807without invoking the usual validation check on exit. If this option is 6808off on a field, exit from it will invoke a validation check.</P 6809></DD 6810><DT 6811>O_PASSOK</DT 6812><DD 6813><P 6814>Controls whether validation occurs on every exit, or only after 6815the field is modified. Normally the latter is true. Setting O_PASSOK 6816may be useful if your field's validation function may change during 6817forms processing.</P 6818></DD 6819><DT 6820>O_STATIC</DT 6821><DD 6822><P 6823>Controls whether the field is fixed to its initial dimensions. If you 6824turn this off, the field becomes dynamic and will 6825stretch to fit entered data.</P 6826></DD 6827></DL 6828></DIV 6829><P 6830>A field's options cannot be changed while the field is currently selected. 6831However, options may be changed on posted fields that are not current. </P 6832><P 6833>The option values are bit-masks and can be composed with logical-or in 6834the obvious way. You have seen the usage of switching off O_AUTOSKIP option. 6835The following example clarifies usage of some more options. Other options 6836are explained where appropriate.</P 6837><DIV 6838CLASS="EXAMPLE" 6839><A 6840NAME="FFOOP" 6841></A 6842><P 6843><B 6844>Example 27. Field Options Usage example </B 6845></P 6846><PRE 6847CLASS="PROGRAMLISTING" 6848><SPAN 6849CLASS="INLINEMEDIAOBJECT" 6850>#include <form.h> 6851 6852#define STARTX 15 6853#define STARTY 4 6854#define WIDTH 25 6855 6856#define N_FIELDS 3 6857 6858int main() 6859{ FIELD *field[N_FIELDS]; 6860 FORM *my_form; 6861 int ch, i; 6862 6863 /* Initialize curses */ 6864 initscr(); 6865 cbreak(); 6866 noecho(); 6867 keypad(stdscr, TRUE); 6868 6869 /* Initialize the fields */ 6870 for(i = 0; i < N_FIELDS - 1; ++i) 6871 field[i] = new_field(1, WIDTH, STARTY + i * 2, STARTX, 0, 0); 6872 field[N_FIELDS - 1] = NULL; 6873 6874 /* Set field options */ 6875 set_field_back(field[1], A_UNDERLINE); /* Print a line for the option */ 6876 6877 field_opts_off(field[0], O_ACTIVE); /* This field is a static label */ 6878 field_opts_off(field[1], O_PUBLIC); /* This filed is like a password field*/ 6879 field_opts_off(field[1], O_AUTOSKIP); /* To avoid entering the same field */ 6880 /* after last character is entered */ 6881 6882 /* Create the form and post it */ 6883 my_form = new_form(field); 6884 post_form(my_form); 6885 refresh(); 6886 6887 set_field_just(field[0], JUSTIFY_CENTER); /* Center Justification */ 6888 set_field_buffer(field[0], 0, "This is a static Field"); 6889 /* Initialize the field */ 6890 mvprintw(STARTY, STARTX - 10, "Field 1:"); 6891 mvprintw(STARTY + 2, STARTX - 10, "Field 2:"); 6892 refresh(); 6893 6894 /* Loop through to get user requests */ 6895 while((ch = getch()) != KEY_F(1)) 6896 { switch(ch) 6897 { case KEY_DOWN: 6898 /* Go to next field */ 6899 form_driver(my_form, REQ_NEXT_FIELD); 6900 /* Go to the end of the present buffer */ 6901 /* Leaves nicely at the last character */ 6902 form_driver(my_form, REQ_END_LINE); 6903 break; 6904 case KEY_UP: 6905 /* Go to previous field */ 6906 form_driver(my_form, REQ_PREV_FIELD); 6907 form_driver(my_form, REQ_END_LINE); 6908 break; 6909 default: 6910 /* If this is a normal character, it gets */ 6911 /* Printed */ 6912 form_driver(my_form, ch); 6913 break; 6914 } 6915 } 6916 6917 /* Un post form and free the memory */ 6918 unpost_form(my_form); 6919 free_form(my_form); 6920 free_field(field[0]); 6921 free_field(field[1]); 6922 6923 endwin(); 6924 return 0; 6925}</SPAN 6926></PRE 6927></DIV 6928><P 6929>This example, though useless, shows the usage of options. If used properly, they 6930can present information very effectively in a form. The second field being not 6931O_PUBLIC, does not show the characters you are typing.</P 6932></DIV 6933><DIV 6934CLASS="SECT3" 6935><HR><H4 6936CLASS="SECT3" 6937><A 6938NAME="FIELDSTATUS" 6939>18.3.6. Field Status</A 6940></H4 6941><P 6942>The field status specifies whether the field has got edited or not. It is 6943initially set to FALSE and when user enters something and the data buffer gets 6944modified it becomes TRUE. So a field's status can be queried to find out whether 6945it has been modified or not. The following functions can assist in those 6946operations.</P 6947><PRE 6948CLASS="PROGRAMLISTING" 6949>int set_field_status(FIELD *field, /* field to alter */ 6950 int status); /* status to set */ 6951 6952int field_status(FIELD *field); /* fetch status of field */</PRE 6953><P 6954>It's better to check the field's status only after after leaving the field, as 6955data buffer might not have been updated yet as the validation is still due. To 6956guarantee that right status is returned, call field_status() either (1) in the 6957field's exit validation check routine, (2) from the field's or form's 6958initialization or termination hooks, or (3) just after a REQ_VALIDATION request 6959has been processed by the forms driver</P 6960></DIV 6961><DIV 6962CLASS="SECT3" 6963><HR><H4 6964CLASS="SECT3" 6965><A 6966NAME="FIELDUSERPTR" 6967>18.3.7. Field User Pointer</A 6968></H4 6969><P 6970>Every field structure contains one pointer that can be used by the user for 6971various purposes. It is not touched by forms library and can be used for any 6972purpose by the user. The following functions set and fetch user pointer.</P 6973><PRE 6974CLASS="PROGRAMLISTING" 6975>int set_field_userptr(FIELD *field, 6976 char *userptr); /* the user pointer you wish to associate */ 6977 /* with the field */ 6978 6979char *field_userptr(FIELD *field); /* fetch user pointer of the field */</PRE 6980></DIV 6981><DIV 6982CLASS="SECT3" 6983><HR><H4 6984CLASS="SECT3" 6985><A 6986NAME="VARIABLESIZEFIELDS" 6987>18.3.8. Variable-Sized Fields</A 6988></H4 6989><P 6990>If you want a dynamically changing field with variable width, this is the 6991feature you want to put to full use. This will allow the user to enter more data 6992than the original size of the field and let the field grow. According to the 6993field orientation it will scroll horizontally or vertically to incorporate the 6994new data.</P 6995><P 6996>To make a field dynamically growable, the option O_STATIC should be turned off. 6997This can be done with a 6998<PRE 6999CLASS="PROGRAMLISTING" 7000> field_opts_off(field_pointer, O_STATIC);</PRE 7001></P 7002><P 7003>But it's usually not advisable to allow a field to grow infinitely. You can set 7004a maximum limit to the growth of the field with 7005<PRE 7006CLASS="PROGRAMLISTING" 7007>int set_max_field(FIELD *field, /* Field on which to operate */ 7008 int max_growth); /* maximum growth allowed for the field */</PRE 7009></P 7010><P 7011>The field info for a dynamically growable field can be retrieved by 7012<PRE 7013CLASS="PROGRAMLISTING" 7014>int dynamic_field_info( FIELD *field, /* Field on which to operate */ 7015 int *prows, /* number of rows will be filled in this */ 7016 int *pcols, /* number of columns will be filled in this*/ 7017 int *pmax) /* maximum allowable growth will be filled */ 7018 /* in this */</PRE 7019> 7020Though field_info work as usual, it is advisable to use this function to get the 7021proper attributes of a dynamically growable field.</P 7022><P 7023>Recall the library routine new_field; a new field created with height set to one 7024will be defined to be a one line field. A new field created with height greater 7025than one will be defined to be a multi line field. </P 7026><P 7027>A one line field with O_STATIC turned off (dynamically growable field) will 7028contain a single fixed row, but the number of columns can increase if the user 7029enters more data than the initial field will hold. The number of columns 7030displayed will remain fixed and the additional data will scroll horizontally. </P 7031><P 7032>A multi line field with O_STATIC turned off (dynamically growable field) will 7033contain a fixed number of columns, but the number of rows can increase if the 7034user enters more data than the initial field will hold. The number of rows 7035displayed will remain fixed and the additional data will scroll vertically.</P 7036><P 7037>The above two paragraphs pretty much describe a dynamically growable field's 7038behavior. The way other parts of forms library behaves is described below:</P 7039><P 7040></P 7041><OL 7042TYPE="1" 7043><LI 7044><P 7045>The field option O_AUTOSKIP will be ignored if the option O_STATIC is off and 7046there is no maximum growth specified for the field. Currently, O_AUTOSKIP 7047generates an automatic REQ_NEXT_FIELD form driver request when the user types in 7048the last character position of a field. On a growable field with no maximum 7049growth specified, there is no last character position. If a maximum growth is 7050specified, the O_AUTOSKIP option will work as normal if the field has grown to 7051its maximum size. </P 7052></LI 7053><LI 7054><P 7055>The field justification will be ignored if the option O_STATIC is off. 7056Currently, set_field_just can be used to JUSTIFY_LEFT, JUSTIFY_RIGHT, 7057JUSTIFY_CENTER the contents of a one line field. A growable one line field will, 7058by definition, grow and scroll horizontally and may contain more data than can 7059be justified. The return from field_just will be unchanged. </P 7060></LI 7061><LI 7062><P 7063>The overloaded form driver request REQ_NEW_LINE will operate the same way 7064regardless of the O_NL_OVERLOAD form option if the field option O_STATIC is off 7065and there is no maximum growth specified for the field. Currently, if the form 7066option O_NL_OVERLOAD is on, REQ_NEW_LINE implicitly generates a REQ_NEXT_FIELD 7067if called from the last line of a field. If a field can grow without bound, 7068there is no last line, so REQ_NEW_LINE will never implicitly generate a 7069REQ_NEXT_FIELD. If a maximum growth limit is specified and the O_NL_OVERLOAD 7070form option is on, REQ_NEW_LINE will only implicitly generate REQ_NEXT_FIELD if 7071the field has grown to its maximum size and the user is on the last line. </P 7072></LI 7073><LI 7074><P 7075>The library call dup_field will work as usual; it will duplicate the field, 7076including the current buffer size and contents of the field being duplicated. 7077Any specified maximum growth will also be duplicated. </P 7078></LI 7079><LI 7080><P 7081>The library call link_field will work as usual; it will duplicate all field 7082attributes and share buffers with the field being linked. If the O_STATIC field 7083option is subsequently changed by a field sharing buffers, how the system reacts 7084to an attempt to enter more data into the field than the buffer will currently 7085hold will depend on the setting of the option in the current field. </P 7086></LI 7087><LI 7088><P 7089>The library call field_info will work as usual; the variable nrow will contain 7090the value of the original call to new_field. The user should use 7091dynamic_field_info, described above, to query the current size of the buffer.</P 7092></LI 7093></OL 7094><P 7095>Some of the above points make sense only after explaining form driver. We will 7096be looking into that in next few sections.</P 7097></DIV 7098></DIV 7099><DIV 7100CLASS="SECT2" 7101><HR><H3 7102CLASS="SECT2" 7103><A 7104NAME="FORMWINDOWS" 7105>18.4. Form Windows</A 7106></H3 7107><P 7108>The form windows concept is pretty much similar to menu windows. Every form is 7109associated with a main window and a sub window. The form main window displays 7110any title or border associated or whatever the user wishes. Then the sub window 7111contains all the fields and displays them according to their position. This 7112gives the flexibility of manipulating fancy form displaying very easily. </P 7113><P 7114>Since this is pretty much similar to menu windows, I am providing an example 7115with out much explanation. The functions are similar and they work the same way.</P 7116><DIV 7117CLASS="EXAMPLE" 7118><A 7119NAME="FFOWI" 7120></A 7121><P 7122><B 7123>Example 28. Form Windows Example </B 7124></P 7125><PRE 7126CLASS="PROGRAMLISTING" 7127><SPAN 7128CLASS="INLINEMEDIAOBJECT" 7129>#include <form.h> 7130 7131void print_in_middle(WINDOW *win, int starty, int startx, int width, char *string, chtype color); 7132 7133int main() 7134{ 7135 FIELD *field[3]; 7136 FORM *my_form; 7137 WINDOW *my_form_win; 7138 int ch, rows, cols; 7139 7140 /* Initialize curses */ 7141 initscr(); 7142 start_color(); 7143 cbreak(); 7144 noecho(); 7145 keypad(stdscr, TRUE); 7146 7147 /* Initialize few color pairs */ 7148 init_pair(1, COLOR_RED, COLOR_BLACK); 7149 7150 /* Initialize the fields */ 7151 field[0] = new_field(1, 10, 6, 1, 0, 0); 7152 field[1] = new_field(1, 10, 8, 1, 0, 0); 7153 field[2] = NULL; 7154 7155 /* Set field options */ 7156 set_field_back(field[0], A_UNDERLINE); 7157 field_opts_off(field[0], O_AUTOSKIP); /* Don't go to next field when this */ 7158 /* Field is filled up */ 7159 set_field_back(field[1], A_UNDERLINE); 7160 field_opts_off(field[1], O_AUTOSKIP); 7161 7162 /* Create the form and post it */ 7163 my_form = new_form(field); 7164 7165 /* Calculate the area required for the form */ 7166 scale_form(my_form, &rows, &cols); 7167 7168 /* Create the window to be associated with the form */ 7169 my_form_win = newwin(rows + 4, cols + 4, 4, 4); 7170 keypad(my_form_win, TRUE); 7171 7172 /* Set main window and sub window */ 7173 set_form_win(my_form, my_form_win); 7174 set_form_sub(my_form, derwin(my_form_win, rows, cols, 2, 2)); 7175 7176 /* Print a border around the main window and print a title */ 7177 box(my_form_win, 0, 0); 7178 print_in_middle(my_form_win, 1, 0, cols + 4, "My Form", COLOR_PAIR(1)); 7179 7180 post_form(my_form); 7181 wrefresh(my_form_win); 7182 7183 mvprintw(LINES - 2, 0, "Use UP, DOWN arrow keys to switch between fields"); 7184 refresh(); 7185 7186 /* Loop through to get user requests */ 7187 while((ch = wgetch(my_form_win)) != KEY_F(1)) 7188 { switch(ch) 7189 { case KEY_DOWN: 7190 /* Go to next field */ 7191 form_driver(my_form, REQ_NEXT_FIELD); 7192 /* Go to the end of the present buffer */ 7193 /* Leaves nicely at the last character */ 7194 form_driver(my_form, REQ_END_LINE); 7195 break; 7196 case KEY_UP: 7197 /* Go to previous field */ 7198 form_driver(my_form, REQ_PREV_FIELD); 7199 form_driver(my_form, REQ_END_LINE); 7200 break; 7201 default: 7202 /* If this is a normal character, it gets */ 7203 /* Printed */ 7204 form_driver(my_form, ch); 7205 break; 7206 } 7207 } 7208 7209 /* Un post form and free the memory */ 7210 unpost_form(my_form); 7211 free_form(my_form); 7212 free_field(field[0]); 7213 free_field(field[1]); 7214 7215 endwin(); 7216 return 0; 7217} 7218 7219void print_in_middle(WINDOW *win, int starty, int startx, int width, char *string, chtype color) 7220{ int length, x, y; 7221 float temp; 7222 7223 if(win == NULL) 7224 win = stdscr; 7225 getyx(win, y, x); 7226 if(startx != 0) 7227 x = startx; 7228 if(starty != 0) 7229 y = starty; 7230 if(width == 0) 7231 width = 80; 7232 7233 length = strlen(string); 7234 temp = (width - length)/ 2; 7235 x = startx + (int)temp; 7236 wattron(win, color); 7237 mvwprintw(win, y, x, "%s", string); 7238 wattroff(win, color); 7239 refresh(); 7240}</SPAN 7241></PRE 7242></DIV 7243></DIV 7244><DIV 7245CLASS="SECT2" 7246><HR><H3 7247CLASS="SECT2" 7248><A 7249NAME="FILEDVALIDATE" 7250>18.5. Field Validation</A 7251></H3 7252><P 7253>By default, a field will accept any data input by the user. It is possible to 7254attach validation to the field. Then any attempt by the user to leave the field, 7255while it contains data that doesn't match the validation type will fail. Some 7256validation types also have a character-validity check for each time a character 7257is entered in the field.</P 7258><P 7259>Validation can be attached to a field with the following function. 7260<PRE 7261CLASS="PROGRAMLISTING" 7262>int set_field_type(FIELD *field, /* field to alter */ 7263 FIELDTYPE *ftype, /* type to associate */ 7264 ...); /* additional arguments*/</PRE 7265> 7266Once set, the validation type for a field can be queried with 7267<PRE 7268CLASS="PROGRAMLISTING" 7269>FIELDTYPE *field_type(FIELD *field); /* field to query */</PRE 7270></P 7271><P 7272>The form driver validates the data in a field only when data is entered by the 7273end-user. Validation does not occur when </P 7274><P 7275></P 7276><UL 7277><LI 7278><P 7279>the application program changes the field value by calling set_field_buffer. </P 7280></LI 7281><LI 7282><P 7283>linked field values are changed indirectly -- by changing the field to which 7284they are linked</P 7285></LI 7286></UL 7287><P 7288>The following are the pre-defined validation types. You can also specify custom 7289validation, though it's a bit tricky and cumbersome.</P 7290><H1 7291CLASS="BRIDGEHEAD" 7292><A 7293NAME="AEN1069" 7294></A 7295>TYPE_ALPHA</H1 7296><P 7297>This field type accepts alphabetic data; no blanks, no digits, no special 7298characters (this is checked at character-entry time). It is set up with: </P 7299><PRE 7300CLASS="PROGRAMLISTING" 7301>int set_field_type(FIELD *field, /* field to alter */ 7302 TYPE_ALPHA, /* type to associate */ 7303 int width); /* maximum width of field */</PRE 7304><P 7305>The width argument sets a minimum width of data. The user has to enter at-least 7306width number of characters before he can leave the field. Typically 7307you'll want to set this to the field width; if it's greater than the 7308field width, the validation check will always fail. A minimum width 7309of zero makes field completion optional. </P 7310><H1 7311CLASS="BRIDGEHEAD" 7312><A 7313NAME="AEN1073" 7314></A 7315>TYPE_ALNUM</H1 7316><P 7317>This field type accepts alphabetic data and digits; no blanks, no special 7318characters (this is checked at character-entry time). It is set up with: </P 7319><PRE 7320CLASS="PROGRAMLISTING" 7321>int set_field_type(FIELD *field, /* field to alter */ 7322 TYPE_ALNUM, /* type to associate */ 7323 int width); /* maximum width of field */</PRE 7324><P 7325>The width argument sets a minimum width of data. As with 7326TYPE_ALPHA, typically you'll want to set this to the field width; if it's 7327greater than the field width, the validation check will always fail. A 7328minimum width of zero makes field completion optional. </P 7329><H1 7330CLASS="BRIDGEHEAD" 7331><A 7332NAME="AEN1077" 7333></A 7334>TYPE_ENUM</H1 7335><P 7336>This type allows you to restrict a field's values to be among a specified 7337set of string values (for example, the two-letter postal codes for U.S. 7338states). It is set up with: </P 7339><PRE 7340CLASS="PROGRAMLISTING" 7341>int set_field_type(FIELD *field, /* field to alter */ 7342 TYPE_ENUM, /* type to associate */ 7343 char **valuelist; /* list of possible values */ 7344 int checkcase; /* case-sensitive? */ 7345 int checkunique); /* must specify uniquely? */</PRE 7346><P 7347>The valuelist parameter must point at a NULL-terminated list of 7348valid strings. The checkcase argument, if true, makes comparison 7349with the string case-sensitive. </P 7350><P 7351>When the user exits a TYPE_ENUM field, the validation procedure tries to 7352complete the data in the buffer to a valid entry. If a complete choice string 7353has been entered, it is of course valid. But it is also possible to enter a 7354prefix of a valid string and have it completed for you. </P 7355><P 7356>By default, if you enter such a prefix and it matches more than one value 7357in the string list, the prefix will be completed to the first matching 7358value. But the checkunique argument, if true, requires prefix 7359matches to be unique in order to be valid. </P 7360><P 7361>The REQ_NEXT_CHOICE and REQ_PREV_CHOICE input requests can be particularly 7362useful with these fields. </P 7363><H1 7364CLASS="BRIDGEHEAD" 7365><A 7366NAME="AEN1084" 7367></A 7368>TYPE_INTEGER</H1 7369><P 7370>This field type accepts an integer. It is set up as follows: </P 7371><PRE 7372CLASS="PROGRAMLISTING" 7373>int set_field_type(FIELD *field, /* field to alter */ 7374 TYPE_INTEGER, /* type to associate */ 7375 int padding, /* # places to zero-pad to */ 7376 int vmin, int vmax); /* valid range */</PRE 7377><P 7378>Valid characters consist of an optional leading minus and digits. 7379The range check is performed on exit. If the range maximum is less 7380than or equal to the minimum, the range is ignored. </P 7381><P 7382>If the value passes its range check, it is padded with as many leading 7383zero digits as necessary to meet the padding argument. </P 7384><P 7385>A TYPE_INTEGER value buffer can conveniently be interpreted with the C library 7386function atoi(3).</P 7387><H1 7388CLASS="BRIDGEHEAD" 7389><A 7390NAME="AEN1090" 7391></A 7392>TYPE_NUMERIC</H1 7393><P 7394>This field type accepts a decimal number. It is set up as follows: </P 7395><PRE 7396CLASS="PROGRAMLISTING" 7397>int set_field_type(FIELD *field, /* field to alter */ 7398 TYPE_NUMERIC, /* type to associate */ 7399 int padding, /* # places of precision */ 7400 int vmin, int vmax); /* valid range */</PRE 7401><P 7402>Valid characters consist of an optional leading minus and digits. possibly 7403including a decimal point. The range check is performed on exit. If the 7404range maximum is less than or equal to the minimum, the range is 7405ignored. </P 7406><P 7407>If the value passes its range check, it is padded with as many trailing 7408zero digits as necessary to meet the padding argument. </P 7409><P 7410>A TYPE_NUMERIC value buffer can conveniently be interpreted with the C library 7411function atof(3).</P 7412><H1 7413CLASS="BRIDGEHEAD" 7414><A 7415NAME="AEN1096" 7416></A 7417>TYPE_REGEXP</H1 7418><P 7419>This field type accepts data matching a regular expression. It is set up 7420as follows: </P 7421><PRE 7422CLASS="PROGRAMLISTING" 7423>int set_field_type(FIELD *field, /* field to alter */ 7424 TYPE_REGEXP, /* type to associate */ 7425 char *regexp); /* expression to match */</PRE 7426><P 7427>The syntax for regular expressions is that of regcomp(3). 7428The check for regular-expression match is performed on exit.</P 7429></DIV 7430><DIV 7431CLASS="SECT2" 7432><HR><H3 7433CLASS="SECT2" 7434><A 7435NAME="FORMDRIVER" 7436>18.6. Form Driver: The work horse of the forms system</A 7437></H3 7438><P 7439>As in the menu system, form_driver() plays a very important role in forms 7440system. All types of requests to forms system should be funneled through 7441form_driver().</P 7442><PRE 7443CLASS="PROGRAMLISTING" 7444>int form_driver(FORM *form, /* form on which to operate */ 7445 int request) /* form request code */</PRE 7446><P 7447>As you have seen some of the examples above, you have to be in a loop looking 7448for user input and then decide whether it's a field data or a form request. The 7449form requests are then passed to form_driver() to do the work.</P 7450><P 7451>The requests roughly can be divided into following categories. Different 7452requests and their usage is explained below:</P 7453><DIV 7454CLASS="SECT3" 7455><HR><H4 7456CLASS="SECT3" 7457><A 7458NAME="PAGENAVREQ" 7459>18.6.1. Page Navigation Requests</A 7460></H4 7461><P 7462>These requests cause page-level moves through the form, triggering display of a 7463new form screen. A form can be made of multiple pages. If you have a big form 7464with lot of fields and logical sections, then you can divide the form into 7465pages. The function set_new_page() to set a new page at the field specified.</P 7466><PRE 7467CLASS="PROGRAMLISTING" 7468>int set_new_page(FIELD *field,/* Field at which page break to be set or unset */ 7469 bool new_page_flag); /* should be TRUE to put a break */</PRE 7470><P 7471>The following requests allow you to move to different pages</P 7472><P 7473></P 7474><UL 7475><LI 7476><P 7477><SPAN 7478CLASS="emphasis" 7479><I 7480CLASS="EMPHASIS" 7481>REQ_NEXT_PAGE</I 7482></SPAN 7483> Move to the next form page.</P 7484></LI 7485><LI 7486><P 7487><SPAN 7488CLASS="emphasis" 7489><I 7490CLASS="EMPHASIS" 7491>REQ_PREV_PAGE</I 7492></SPAN 7493> Move to the previous 7494form page.</P 7495></LI 7496><LI 7497><P 7498><SPAN 7499CLASS="emphasis" 7500><I 7501CLASS="EMPHASIS" 7502>REQ_FIRST_PAGE</I 7503></SPAN 7504> Move to the first form page.</P 7505></LI 7506><LI 7507><P 7508><SPAN 7509CLASS="emphasis" 7510><I 7511CLASS="EMPHASIS" 7512>REQ_LAST_PAGE</I 7513></SPAN 7514> Move to the last form page. </P 7515></LI 7516></UL 7517><P 7518>These requests treat the list as cyclic; that is, REQ_NEXT_PAGE from the 7519last page goes to the first, and REQ_PREV_PAGE from the first page goes to 7520the last.</P 7521></DIV 7522><DIV 7523CLASS="SECT3" 7524><HR><H4 7525CLASS="SECT3" 7526><A 7527NAME="INTERFIELDNAVREQ" 7528>18.6.2. Inter-Field Navigation Requests</A 7529></H4 7530><P 7531>These requests handle navigation between fields on the same page.</P 7532><P 7533></P 7534><UL 7535><LI 7536><P 7537><SPAN 7538CLASS="emphasis" 7539><I 7540CLASS="EMPHASIS" 7541>REQ_NEXT_FIELD</I 7542></SPAN 7543> 7544 Move to next field. </P 7545></LI 7546><LI 7547><P 7548><SPAN 7549CLASS="emphasis" 7550><I 7551CLASS="EMPHASIS" 7552>REQ_PREV_FIELD</I 7553></SPAN 7554> 7555 Move to previous field. </P 7556></LI 7557><LI 7558><P 7559><SPAN 7560CLASS="emphasis" 7561><I 7562CLASS="EMPHASIS" 7563>REQ_FIRST_FIELD</I 7564></SPAN 7565> 7566 Move to the first field. </P 7567></LI 7568><LI 7569><P 7570><SPAN 7571CLASS="emphasis" 7572><I 7573CLASS="EMPHASIS" 7574>REQ_LAST_FIELD</I 7575></SPAN 7576> 7577 Move to the last field. </P 7578></LI 7579><LI 7580><P 7581><SPAN 7582CLASS="emphasis" 7583><I 7584CLASS="EMPHASIS" 7585>REQ_SNEXT_FIELD</I 7586></SPAN 7587> 7588 Move to sorted next field. </P 7589></LI 7590><LI 7591><P 7592><SPAN 7593CLASS="emphasis" 7594><I 7595CLASS="EMPHASIS" 7596>REQ_SPREV_FIELD</I 7597></SPAN 7598> 7599 Move to sorted previous field. </P 7600></LI 7601><LI 7602><P 7603><SPAN 7604CLASS="emphasis" 7605><I 7606CLASS="EMPHASIS" 7607>REQ_SFIRST_FIELD</I 7608></SPAN 7609> 7610 Move to the sorted first field. </P 7611></LI 7612><LI 7613><P 7614><SPAN 7615CLASS="emphasis" 7616><I 7617CLASS="EMPHASIS" 7618>REQ_SLAST_FIELD</I 7619></SPAN 7620> 7621 Move to the sorted last field. </P 7622></LI 7623><LI 7624><P 7625><SPAN 7626CLASS="emphasis" 7627><I 7628CLASS="EMPHASIS" 7629>REQ_LEFT_FIELD</I 7630></SPAN 7631> 7632 Move left to field. </P 7633></LI 7634><LI 7635><P 7636><SPAN 7637CLASS="emphasis" 7638><I 7639CLASS="EMPHASIS" 7640>REQ_RIGHT_FIELD</I 7641></SPAN 7642> 7643 Move right to field. </P 7644></LI 7645><LI 7646><P 7647><SPAN 7648CLASS="emphasis" 7649><I 7650CLASS="EMPHASIS" 7651>REQ_UP_FIELD</I 7652></SPAN 7653> 7654 Move up to field. </P 7655></LI 7656><LI 7657><P 7658><SPAN 7659CLASS="emphasis" 7660><I 7661CLASS="EMPHASIS" 7662>REQ_DOWN_FIELD</I 7663></SPAN 7664> 7665 Move down to field. </P 7666></LI 7667></UL 7668><P 7669>These requests treat the list of fields on a page as cyclic; that is, 7670REQ_NEXT_FIELD from the last field goes to the first, and REQ_PREV_FIELD 7671from the first field goes to the last. The order of the fields for these 7672(and the REQ_FIRST_FIELD and REQ_LAST_FIELD requests) is simply the order of 7673the field pointers in the form array (as set up by new_form() or 7674set_form_fields()</P 7675><P 7676>It is also possible to traverse the fields as if they had been sorted in 7677screen-position order, so the sequence goes left-to-right and top-to-bottom. 7678To do this, use the second group of four sorted-movement requests.</P 7679><P 7680>Finally, it is possible to move between fields using visual directions up, 7681down, right, and left. To accomplish this, use the third group of four 7682requests. Note, however, that the position of a form for purposes of these 7683requests is its upper-left corner.</P 7684><P 7685>For example, suppose you have a multi-line field B, and two single-line 7686fields A and C on the same line with B, with A to the left of B and C to the 7687right of B. A REQ_MOVE_RIGHT from A will go to B only if A, B, and C all 7688share the same first line; otherwise it will skip over B to C.</P 7689></DIV 7690><DIV 7691CLASS="SECT3" 7692><HR><H4 7693CLASS="SECT3" 7694><A 7695NAME="INTRAFIELDNAVREQ" 7696>18.6.3. Intra-Field Navigation Requests</A 7697></H4 7698><P 7699>These requests drive movement of the edit cursor within the currently 7700selected field.</P 7701><P 7702></P 7703><UL 7704><LI 7705><P 7706><SPAN 7707CLASS="emphasis" 7708><I 7709CLASS="EMPHASIS" 7710>REQ_NEXT_CHAR</I 7711></SPAN 7712> 7713 Move to next character. </P 7714></LI 7715><LI 7716><P 7717><SPAN 7718CLASS="emphasis" 7719><I 7720CLASS="EMPHASIS" 7721>REQ_PREV_CHAR</I 7722></SPAN 7723> 7724 Move to previous character. </P 7725></LI 7726><LI 7727><P 7728><SPAN 7729CLASS="emphasis" 7730><I 7731CLASS="EMPHASIS" 7732>REQ_NEXT_LINE</I 7733></SPAN 7734> 7735 Move to next line. </P 7736></LI 7737><LI 7738><P 7739><SPAN 7740CLASS="emphasis" 7741><I 7742CLASS="EMPHASIS" 7743>REQ_PREV_LINE</I 7744></SPAN 7745> 7746 Move to previous line. </P 7747></LI 7748><LI 7749><P 7750><SPAN 7751CLASS="emphasis" 7752><I 7753CLASS="EMPHASIS" 7754>REQ_NEXT_WORD</I 7755></SPAN 7756> 7757 Move to next word. </P 7758></LI 7759><LI 7760><P 7761><SPAN 7762CLASS="emphasis" 7763><I 7764CLASS="EMPHASIS" 7765>REQ_PREV_WORD</I 7766></SPAN 7767> 7768 Move to previous word. </P 7769></LI 7770><LI 7771><P 7772><SPAN 7773CLASS="emphasis" 7774><I 7775CLASS="EMPHASIS" 7776>REQ_BEG_FIELD</I 7777></SPAN 7778> 7779 Move to beginning of field. </P 7780></LI 7781><LI 7782><P 7783><SPAN 7784CLASS="emphasis" 7785><I 7786CLASS="EMPHASIS" 7787>REQ_END_FIELD</I 7788></SPAN 7789> 7790 Move to end of field. </P 7791></LI 7792><LI 7793><P 7794><SPAN 7795CLASS="emphasis" 7796><I 7797CLASS="EMPHASIS" 7798>REQ_BEG_LINE</I 7799></SPAN 7800> 7801 Move to beginning of line. </P 7802></LI 7803><LI 7804><P 7805><SPAN 7806CLASS="emphasis" 7807><I 7808CLASS="EMPHASIS" 7809>REQ_END_LINE</I 7810></SPAN 7811> 7812 Move to end of line. </P 7813></LI 7814><LI 7815><P 7816><SPAN 7817CLASS="emphasis" 7818><I 7819CLASS="EMPHASIS" 7820>REQ_LEFT_CHAR</I 7821></SPAN 7822> 7823 Move left in field. </P 7824></LI 7825><LI 7826><P 7827><SPAN 7828CLASS="emphasis" 7829><I 7830CLASS="EMPHASIS" 7831>REQ_RIGHT_CHAR</I 7832></SPAN 7833> 7834 Move right in field. </P 7835></LI 7836><LI 7837><P 7838><SPAN 7839CLASS="emphasis" 7840><I 7841CLASS="EMPHASIS" 7842>REQ_UP_CHAR</I 7843></SPAN 7844> 7845 Move up in field. </P 7846></LI 7847><LI 7848><P 7849><SPAN 7850CLASS="emphasis" 7851><I 7852CLASS="EMPHASIS" 7853>REQ_DOWN_CHAR</I 7854></SPAN 7855> 7856 Move down in field. </P 7857></LI 7858></UL 7859><P 7860>Each word is separated from the previous and next characters by whitespace. 7861The commands to move to beginning and end of line or field look for the 7862first or last non-pad character in their ranges.</P 7863></DIV 7864><DIV 7865CLASS="SECT3" 7866><HR><H4 7867CLASS="SECT3" 7868><A 7869NAME="SCROLLREQ" 7870>18.6.4. Scrolling Requests</A 7871></H4 7872><P 7873>Fields that are dynamic and have grown and fields explicitly created with 7874offscreen rows are scrollable. One-line fields scroll horizontally; 7875multi-line fields scroll vertically. Most scrolling is triggered by editing 7876and intra-field movement (the library scrolls the field to keep the cursor 7877visible). It is possible to explicitly request scrolling with the following 7878requests:</P 7879><P 7880></P 7881><UL 7882><LI 7883><P 7884><SPAN 7885CLASS="emphasis" 7886><I 7887CLASS="EMPHASIS" 7888>REQ_SCR_FLINE</I 7889></SPAN 7890> 7891 Scroll vertically forward a line. </P 7892></LI 7893><LI 7894><P 7895><SPAN 7896CLASS="emphasis" 7897><I 7898CLASS="EMPHASIS" 7899>REQ_SCR_BLINE</I 7900></SPAN 7901> 7902 Scroll vertically backward a line. </P 7903></LI 7904><LI 7905><P 7906><SPAN 7907CLASS="emphasis" 7908><I 7909CLASS="EMPHASIS" 7910>REQ_SCR_FPAGE</I 7911></SPAN 7912> 7913 Scroll vertically forward a page. </P 7914></LI 7915><LI 7916><P 7917><SPAN 7918CLASS="emphasis" 7919><I 7920CLASS="EMPHASIS" 7921>REQ_SCR_BPAGE</I 7922></SPAN 7923> 7924 Scroll vertically backward a page. </P 7925></LI 7926><LI 7927><P 7928><SPAN 7929CLASS="emphasis" 7930><I 7931CLASS="EMPHASIS" 7932>REQ_SCR_FHPAGE</I 7933></SPAN 7934> 7935 Scroll vertically forward half a page. </P 7936></LI 7937><LI 7938><P 7939><SPAN 7940CLASS="emphasis" 7941><I 7942CLASS="EMPHASIS" 7943>REQ_SCR_BHPAGE</I 7944></SPAN 7945> 7946 Scroll vertically backward half a page. </P 7947></LI 7948><LI 7949><P 7950><SPAN 7951CLASS="emphasis" 7952><I 7953CLASS="EMPHASIS" 7954>REQ_SCR_FCHAR</I 7955></SPAN 7956> 7957 Scroll horizontally forward a character. </P 7958></LI 7959><LI 7960><P 7961><SPAN 7962CLASS="emphasis" 7963><I 7964CLASS="EMPHASIS" 7965>REQ_SCR_BCHAR</I 7966></SPAN 7967> 7968 Scroll horizontally backward a character. </P 7969></LI 7970><LI 7971><P 7972><SPAN 7973CLASS="emphasis" 7974><I 7975CLASS="EMPHASIS" 7976>REQ_SCR_HFLINE</I 7977></SPAN 7978> 7979 Scroll horizontally one field width forward. </P 7980></LI 7981><LI 7982><P 7983><SPAN 7984CLASS="emphasis" 7985><I 7986CLASS="EMPHASIS" 7987>REQ_SCR_HBLINE</I 7988></SPAN 7989> 7990 Scroll horizontally one field width backward. </P 7991></LI 7992><LI 7993><P 7994><SPAN 7995CLASS="emphasis" 7996><I 7997CLASS="EMPHASIS" 7998>REQ_SCR_HFHALF</I 7999></SPAN 8000> 8001 Scroll horizontally one half field width forward. </P 8002></LI 8003><LI 8004><P 8005><SPAN 8006CLASS="emphasis" 8007><I 8008CLASS="EMPHASIS" 8009>REQ_SCR_HBHALF</I 8010></SPAN 8011> 8012 Scroll horizontally one half field width backward. </P 8013></LI 8014></UL 8015><P 8016>For scrolling purposes, a page of a field is the height of its visible part.</P 8017></DIV 8018><DIV 8019CLASS="SECT3" 8020><HR><H4 8021CLASS="SECT3" 8022><A 8023NAME="EDITREQ" 8024>18.6.5. Editing Requests</A 8025></H4 8026><P 8027>When you pass the forms driver an ASCII character, it is treated as a 8028request to add the character to the field's data buffer. Whether this is an 8029insertion or a replacement depends on the field's edit mode (insertion is 8030the default.</P 8031><P 8032>The following requests support editing the field and changing the edit mode:</P 8033><P 8034></P 8035><UL 8036><LI 8037><P 8038><SPAN 8039CLASS="emphasis" 8040><I 8041CLASS="EMPHASIS" 8042>REQ_INS_MODE</I 8043></SPAN 8044> 8045 Set insertion mode. </P 8046></LI 8047><LI 8048><P 8049><SPAN 8050CLASS="emphasis" 8051><I 8052CLASS="EMPHASIS" 8053>REQ_OVL_MODE</I 8054></SPAN 8055> 8056 Set overlay mode. </P 8057></LI 8058><LI 8059><P 8060><SPAN 8061CLASS="emphasis" 8062><I 8063CLASS="EMPHASIS" 8064>REQ_NEW_LINE</I 8065></SPAN 8066> 8067 New line request (see below for explanation). </P 8068></LI 8069><LI 8070><P 8071><SPAN 8072CLASS="emphasis" 8073><I 8074CLASS="EMPHASIS" 8075>REQ_INS_CHAR</I 8076></SPAN 8077> 8078 Insert space at character location. </P 8079></LI 8080><LI 8081><P 8082><SPAN 8083CLASS="emphasis" 8084><I 8085CLASS="EMPHASIS" 8086>REQ_INS_LINE</I 8087></SPAN 8088> 8089 Insert blank line at character location. </P 8090></LI 8091><LI 8092><P 8093><SPAN 8094CLASS="emphasis" 8095><I 8096CLASS="EMPHASIS" 8097>REQ_DEL_CHAR</I 8098></SPAN 8099> 8100 Delete character at cursor. </P 8101></LI 8102><LI 8103><P 8104><SPAN 8105CLASS="emphasis" 8106><I 8107CLASS="EMPHASIS" 8108>REQ_DEL_PREV</I 8109></SPAN 8110> 8111 Delete previous word at cursor. </P 8112></LI 8113><LI 8114><P 8115><SPAN 8116CLASS="emphasis" 8117><I 8118CLASS="EMPHASIS" 8119>REQ_DEL_LINE</I 8120></SPAN 8121> 8122 Delete line at cursor. </P 8123></LI 8124><LI 8125><P 8126><SPAN 8127CLASS="emphasis" 8128><I 8129CLASS="EMPHASIS" 8130>REQ_DEL_WORD</I 8131></SPAN 8132> 8133 Delete word at cursor. </P 8134></LI 8135><LI 8136><P 8137><SPAN 8138CLASS="emphasis" 8139><I 8140CLASS="EMPHASIS" 8141>REQ_CLR_EOL</I 8142></SPAN 8143> 8144 Clear to end of line. </P 8145></LI 8146><LI 8147><P 8148><SPAN 8149CLASS="emphasis" 8150><I 8151CLASS="EMPHASIS" 8152>REQ_CLR_EOF</I 8153></SPAN 8154> 8155 Clear to end of field. </P 8156></LI 8157><LI 8158><P 8159><SPAN 8160CLASS="emphasis" 8161><I 8162CLASS="EMPHASIS" 8163>REQ_CLR_FIELD</I 8164></SPAN 8165> 8166 Clear entire field. </P 8167></LI 8168></UL 8169><P 8170>The behavior of the REQ_NEW_LINE and REQ_DEL_PREV requests is complicated 8171and partly controlled by a pair of forms options. The special cases are 8172triggered when the cursor is at the beginning of a field, or on the last 8173line of the field.</P 8174><P 8175>First, we consider REQ_NEW_LINE:</P 8176><P 8177>The normal behavior of REQ_NEW_LINE in insert mode is to break the current 8178line at the position of the edit cursor, inserting the portion of the 8179current line after the cursor as a new line following the current and moving 8180the cursor to the beginning of that new line (you may think of this as 8181inserting a newline in the field buffer).</P 8182><P 8183>The normal behavior of REQ_NEW_LINE in overlay mode is to clear the current 8184line from the position of the edit cursor to end of line. The cursor is then 8185moved to the beginning of the next line.</P 8186><P 8187>However, REQ_NEW_LINE at the beginning of a field, or on the last line of a 8188field, instead does a REQ_NEXT_FIELD. O_NL_OVERLOAD option is off, this 8189special action is disabled.</P 8190><P 8191>Now, let us consider REQ_DEL_PREV:</P 8192><P 8193>The normal behavior of REQ_DEL_PREV is to delete the previous character. If 8194insert mode is on, and the cursor is at the start of a line, and the text on 8195that line will fit on the previous one, it instead appends the contents of 8196the current line to the previous one and deletes the current line (you may 8197think of this as deleting a newline from the field buffer).</P 8198><P 8199>However, REQ_DEL_PREV at the beginning of a field is instead treated as a 8200REQ_PREV_FIELD.</P 8201><P 8202>If the O_BS_OVERLOAD option is off, this special action is disabled and the 8203forms driver just returns E_REQUEST_DENIED.</P 8204></DIV 8205><DIV 8206CLASS="SECT3" 8207><HR><H4 8208CLASS="SECT3" 8209><A 8210NAME="ORDERREQ" 8211>18.6.6. Order Requests</A 8212></H4 8213><P 8214>If the type of your field is ordered, and has associated functions for 8215getting the next and previous values of the type from a given value, there 8216are requests that can fetch that value into the field buffer:</P 8217><P 8218></P 8219><UL 8220><LI 8221><P 8222><SPAN 8223CLASS="emphasis" 8224><I 8225CLASS="EMPHASIS" 8226>REQ_NEXT_CHOICE</I 8227></SPAN 8228> 8229 Place the successor value of the current value in the buffer. 8230 </P 8231></LI 8232><LI 8233><P 8234><SPAN 8235CLASS="emphasis" 8236><I 8237CLASS="EMPHASIS" 8238>REQ_PREV_CHOICE</I 8239></SPAN 8240> 8241 Place the predecessor value of the current value in the buffer. 8242 </P 8243></LI 8244></UL 8245><P 8246>Of the built-in field types, only TYPE_ENUM has built-in successor and 8247predecessor functions. When you define a field type of your own (see Custom 8248Validation Types), you can associate our own ordering functions.</P 8249></DIV 8250><DIV 8251CLASS="SECT3" 8252><HR><H4 8253CLASS="SECT3" 8254><A 8255NAME="APPLICCOMMANDS" 8256>18.6.7. Application Commands</A 8257></H4 8258><P 8259>Form requests are represented as integers above the curses value greater than 8260KEY_MAX and less than or equal to the constant MAX_COMMAND. A value within this 8261range gets ignored by form_driver(). So this can be used for any purpose by the 8262application. It can be treated as an application specific action and take 8263corresponding action.</P 8264></DIV 8265></DIV 8266></DIV 8267><DIV 8268CLASS="SECT1" 8269><HR><H2 8270CLASS="SECT1" 8271><A 8272NAME="TOOLS" 8273>19. Tools and Widget Libraries</A 8274></H2 8275><P 8276> 8277Now that you have seen the capabilities of ncurses and its sister libraries, you 8278are rolling your sleeves up and gearing for a project that heavily manipulates 8279screen. But wait.. It can be pretty difficult to write and maintain complex GUI 8280widgets in plain ncurses or even with the additional libraries. There are some 8281ready-to-use tools and widget libraries that can be used instead of writing your 8282own widgets. You can use some of them, get ideas from the code, or even extend 8283them.</P 8284><DIV 8285CLASS="SECT2" 8286><HR><H3 8287CLASS="SECT2" 8288><A 8289NAME="CDK" 8290>19.1. CDK (Curses Development Kit)</A 8291></H3 8292><P 8293>In the author's words </P 8294><P 8295><SPAN 8296CLASS="emphasis" 8297><I 8298CLASS="EMPHASIS" 8299> 8300CDK stands for 'Curses Development Kit' and it currently contains 21 ready 8301to use widgets which facilitate the speedy development of full screen 8302curses programs. </I 8303></SPAN 8304></P 8305><P 8306>The kit provides some useful widgets, which can be used in your programs 8307directly. It's pretty well written and the documentation is very good. The 8308examples in the examples directory can be a good place to start for beginners. 8309The CDK can be downloaded from <A 8310HREF="http://invisible-island.net/cdk/" 8311TARGET="_top" 8312>http://invisible-island.net/cdk/</A 8313> 8314. Follow the instructions in 8315README file to install it.</P 8316><DIV 8317CLASS="SECT3" 8318><HR><H4 8319CLASS="SECT3" 8320><A 8321NAME="WIDGETLIST" 8322>19.1.1. Widget List</A 8323></H4 8324><P 8325>The following is the list of widgets provided with cdk and their description.</P 8326><PRE 8327CLASS="PROGRAMLISTING" 8328>Widget Type Quick Description 8329=========================================================================== 8330Alphalist Allows a user to select from a list of words, with 8331 the ability to narrow the search list by typing in a 8332 few characters of the desired word. 8333Buttonbox This creates a multiple button widget. 8334Calendar Creates a little simple calendar widget. 8335Dialog Prompts the user with a message, and the user 8336 can pick an answer from the buttons provided. 8337Entry Allows the user to enter various types of information. 8338File Selector A file selector built from Cdk base widgets. This 8339 example shows how to create more complicated widgets 8340 using the Cdk widget library. 8341Graph Draws a graph. 8342Histogram Draws a histogram. 8343Item List Creates a pop up field which allows the user to select 8344 one of several choices in a small field. Very useful 8345 for things like days of the week or month names. 8346Label Displays messages in a pop up box, or the label can be 8347 considered part of the screen. 8348Marquee Displays a message in a scrolling marquee. 8349Matrix Creates a complex matrix with lots of options. 8350Menu Creates a pull-down menu interface. 8351Multiple Line Entry A multiple line entry field. Very useful 8352 for long fields. (like a description 8353 field) 8354Radio List Creates a radio button list. 8355Scale Creates a numeric scale. Used for allowing a user to 8356 pick a numeric value and restrict them to a range of 8357 values. 8358Scrolling List Creates a scrolling list/menu list. 8359Scrolling Window Creates a scrolling log file viewer. Can add 8360 information into the window while its running. 8361 A good widget for displaying the progress of 8362 something. (akin to a console window) 8363Selection List Creates a multiple option selection list. 8364Slider Akin to the scale widget, this widget provides a 8365 visual slide bar to represent the numeric value. 8366Template Creates a entry field with character sensitive 8367 positions. Used for pre-formatted fields like 8368 dates and phone numbers. 8369Viewer This is a file/information viewer. Very useful 8370 when you need to display loads of information. 8371===========================================================================</PRE 8372><P 8373>A few of the widgets are modified by Thomas Dickey in recent versions.</P 8374></DIV 8375><DIV 8376CLASS="SECT3" 8377><HR><H4 8378CLASS="SECT3" 8379><A 8380NAME="CDKATTRACT" 8381>19.1.2. Some Attractive Features</A 8382></H4 8383><P 8384>Apart from making our life easier with readily usable widgets, cdk solves one 8385frustrating problem with printing multi colored strings, justified strings 8386elegantly. Special formatting tags can be embedded in the strings which are 8387passed to CDK functions. For Example</P 8388><P 8389>If the string</P 8390><PRE 8391CLASS="PROGRAMLISTING" 8392>"</B/1>This line should have a yellow foreground and a blue 8393background.<!1>"</PRE 8394><P 8395>given as a parameter to newCDKLabel(), it prints the line with yellow foreground 8396and blue background. There are other tags available for justifying string, 8397embedding special drawing characters etc.. Please refer to the man page 8398cdk_display(3X) for details. The man page explains the usage with nice examples.</P 8399></DIV 8400><DIV 8401CLASS="SECT3" 8402><HR><H4 8403CLASS="SECT3" 8404><A 8405NAME="CDKCONCLUSION" 8406>19.1.3. Conclusion</A 8407></H4 8408><P 8409>All in all, CDK is a well-written package of widgets, which if used properly can 8410form a strong frame work for developing complex GUI.</P 8411></DIV 8412></DIV 8413><DIV 8414CLASS="SECT2" 8415><HR><H3 8416CLASS="SECT2" 8417><A 8418NAME="DIALOG" 8419>19.2. The dialog</A 8420></H3 8421><P 8422>Long long ago, in September 1994, when few people knew linux, Jeff Tranter wrote 8423an <A 8424HREF="http://www2.linuxjournal.com/lj-issues/issue5/2807.html" 8425TARGET="_top" 8426>article</A 8427> on dialog in Linux Journal. He starts the article with these words..</P 8428><P 8429><SPAN 8430CLASS="emphasis" 8431><I 8432CLASS="EMPHASIS" 8433>Linux is based on the Unix operating system, but also features a number of 8434unique and useful kernel features and application programs that often go beyond 8435what is available under Unix. One little-known gem is "dialog", a utility for 8436creating professional-looking dialog boxes from within shell scripts. This 8437article presents a tutorial introduction to the dialog utility, and shows 8438examples of how and where it can be used</I 8439></SPAN 8440></P 8441><P 8442> 8443As he explains, dialog is a real gem in making professional-looking dialog boxes 8444with ease. It creates a variety of dialog boxes, menus, check lists etc.. It is 8445usually installed by default. If not, you can download it from <A 8446HREF="http://invisible-island.net/dialog/" 8447TARGET="_top" 8448>Thomas Dickey</A 8449>'s site. </P 8450><P 8451>The above-mentioned article gives a very good overview of its uses and 8452capabilites. The man page has more details. It can be used in variety of 8453situations. One good example is building of linux kernel in text mode. Linux 8454kernel uses a modified version of dialog tailored for its needs. </P 8455><P 8456>dialog was initially designed to be used with shell scripts. If you want to use 8457its functionality in a c program, then you can use libdialog. The documentation 8458regarding this is sparse. Definitive reference is the dialog.h header file which 8459comes with the library. You may need to hack here and there to get the required 8460output. The source is easily customizable. I have used it on a number of 8461occasions by modifying the code.</P 8462></DIV 8463><DIV 8464CLASS="SECT2" 8465><HR><H3 8466CLASS="SECT2" 8467><A 8468NAME="PERLCURSES" 8469>19.3. Perl Curses Modules CURSES::FORM and CURSES::WIDGETS</A 8470></H3 8471><P 8472>The perl module Curses, Curses::Form and Curses::Widgets give access to curses 8473from perl. If you have curses and basic perl is installed, you can get these 8474modules from <A 8475HREF="http://www.cpan.org/modules/01modules.index.html" 8476TARGET="_top" 8477> CPAN 8478All Modules page</A 8479>. Get the three zipped modules in the Curses category. 8480Once installed you can use these modules from perl scripts like any other 8481module. For more information on perl modules see perlmod man page. The above 8482modules come with good documentation and they have some demo scripts to test the 8483functionality. Though the widgets provided are very rudimentary, these modules 8484provide good access to curses library from perl.</P 8485><P 8486>Some of my code examples are converted to perl by Anuradha Ratnaweera and they 8487are available in the <TT 8488CLASS="LITERAL" 8489>perl</TT 8490> directory.</P 8491><P 8492> 8493For more information see man pages Curses(3) , Curses::Form(3) and 8494Curses::Widgets(3). These pages are installed only when the above modules are 8495acquired and installed.</P 8496></DIV 8497></DIV 8498><DIV 8499CLASS="SECT1" 8500><HR><H2 8501CLASS="SECT1" 8502><A 8503NAME="JUSTFORFUN" 8504>20. Just For Fun !!!</A 8505></H2 8506><P 8507>This section contains few programs written by me just for fun. They don't 8508signify a better programming practice or the best way of using ncurses. They are 8509provided here so as to allow beginners to get ideas and add more programs to 8510this section. If you have written a couple of nice, simple programs in curses 8511and want them to included here, contact <A 8512HREF="mailto:[email protected]" 8513TARGET="_top" 8514>me</A 8515>.</P 8516><DIV 8517CLASS="SECT2" 8518><HR><H3 8519CLASS="SECT2" 8520><A 8521NAME="GAMEOFLIFE" 8522>20.1. The Game of Life</A 8523></H3 8524><P 8525>Game of life is a wonder of math. In 8526<A 8527HREF="http://www.math.com/students/wonders/life/life.html" 8528TARGET="_top" 8529>Paul Callahan</A 8530>'s words</P 8531><PRE 8532CLASS="PROGRAMLISTING" 8533><SPAN 8534CLASS="emphasis" 8535><I 8536CLASS="EMPHASIS" 8537>The Game of Life (or simply Life) is not a game in the conventional sense. There 8538are no players, and no winning or losing. Once the "pieces" are placed in the 8539starting position, the rules determine everything that happens later. 8540Nevertheless, Life is full of surprises! In most cases, it is impossible to look 8541at a starting position (or pattern) and see what will happen in the future. The 8542only way to find out is to follow the rules of the game.</I 8543></SPAN 8544></PRE 8545><P 8546>This program starts with a simple inverted U pattern and shows how wonderful 8547life works. There is a lot of room for improvement in the program. You can let 8548the user enter pattern of his choice or even take input from a file. You can 8549also change rules and play with a lot of variations. Search on <A 8550HREF="http://www.google.com" 8551TARGET="_top" 8552>google</A 8553> for interesting information on game 8554of life.</P 8555><P 8556><SPAN 8557CLASS="emphasis" 8558><I 8559CLASS="EMPHASIS" 8560>File Path: JustForFun/life.c</I 8561></SPAN 8562></P 8563></DIV 8564><DIV 8565CLASS="SECT2" 8566><HR><H3 8567CLASS="SECT2" 8568><A 8569NAME="MAGIC" 8570>20.2. Magic Square</A 8571></H3 8572><P 8573>Magic Square, another wonder of math, is very simple to understand but very 8574difficult to make. In a magic square sum of the numbers in each row, each column 8575is equal. Even diagnol sum can be equal. There are many variations which have 8576special properties.</P 8577><P 8578>This program creates a simple magic square of odd order.</P 8579><P 8580><SPAN 8581CLASS="emphasis" 8582><I 8583CLASS="EMPHASIS" 8584>File Path: JustForFun/magic.c</I 8585></SPAN 8586></P 8587></DIV 8588><DIV 8589CLASS="SECT2" 8590><HR><H3 8591CLASS="SECT2" 8592><A 8593NAME="HANOI" 8594>20.3. Towers of Hanoi</A 8595></H3 8596><P 8597>The famous towers of hanoi solver. The aim of the game is to move the disks on 8598the first peg to last peg, using middle peg as a temporary stay. The catch is 8599not to place a larger disk over a small disk at any time.</P 8600><P 8601><SPAN 8602CLASS="emphasis" 8603><I 8604CLASS="EMPHASIS" 8605>File Path: JustForFun/hanoi.c</I 8606></SPAN 8607></P 8608></DIV 8609><DIV 8610CLASS="SECT2" 8611><HR><H3 8612CLASS="SECT2" 8613><A 8614NAME="QUEENS" 8615>20.4. Queens Puzzle</A 8616></H3 8617><P 8618>The objective of the famous N-Queen puzzle is to put N queens on a N X N chess 8619board without attacking each other. </P 8620><P 8621>This program solves it with a simple backtracking technique.</P 8622><P 8623><SPAN 8624CLASS="emphasis" 8625><I 8626CLASS="EMPHASIS" 8627>File Path: JustForFun/queens.c</I 8628></SPAN 8629></P 8630></DIV 8631><DIV 8632CLASS="SECT2" 8633><HR><H3 8634CLASS="SECT2" 8635><A 8636NAME="SHUFFLE" 8637>20.5. Shuffle</A 8638></H3 8639><P 8640>A fun game, if you have time to kill. </P 8641><P 8642><SPAN 8643CLASS="emphasis" 8644><I 8645CLASS="EMPHASIS" 8646>File Path: JustForFun/shuffle.c</I 8647></SPAN 8648></P 8649></DIV 8650><DIV 8651CLASS="SECT2" 8652><HR><H3 8653CLASS="SECT2" 8654><A 8655NAME="TT" 8656>20.6. Typing Tutor</A 8657></H3 8658><P 8659>A simple typing tutor, I created more out of need than for ease of use. If you 8660know how to put your fingers correctly on the keyboard, but lack practice, this 8661can be helpful. </P 8662><P 8663><SPAN 8664CLASS="emphasis" 8665><I 8666CLASS="EMPHASIS" 8667>File Path: JustForFun/tt.c</I 8668></SPAN 8669></P 8670></DIV 8671></DIV 8672><DIV 8673CLASS="SECT1" 8674><HR><H2 8675CLASS="SECT1" 8676><A 8677NAME="REF" 8678>21. References</A 8679></H2 8680><P 8681></P 8682><UL 8683><LI 8684><P 8685>NCURSES man pages </P 8686></LI 8687><LI 8688><P 8689>NCURSES FAQ at <A 8690HREF="http://invisible-island.net/ncurses/ncurses.faq.html" 8691TARGET="_top" 8692>http://invisible-island.net/ncurses/ncurses.faq.html</A 8693> 8694 </P 8695></LI 8696><LI 8697><P 8698>Writing programs with NCURSES by Eric Raymond and Zeyd M. 8699Ben-Halim at 8700<A 8701HREF="http://invisible-island.net/ncurses/ncurses-intro.html" 8702TARGET="_top" 8703>http://invisible-island.net/ncurses/ncurses-intro.html</A 8704> - somewhat 8705obsolete. I was inspired by this document and the structure of this HOWTO 8706follows from the original document</P 8707></LI 8708></UL 8709></DIV 8710></DIV 8711></BODY 8712></HTML 8713>