1 // <bitset> -*- C++ -*-
2 
3 // Copyright (C) 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
4 //
5 // This file is part of the GNU ISO C++ Library.  This library is free
6 // software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the
7 // terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the
8 // Free Software Foundation; either version 2, or (at your option)
9 // any later version.
10 
11 // This library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
12 // but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
13 // MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
14 // GNU General Public License for more details.
15 
16 // You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along
17 // with this library; see the file COPYING.  If not, write to the Free
18 // Software Foundation, 59 Temple Place - Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307,
19 // USA.
20 
21 // As a special exception, you may use this file as part of a free software
22 // library without restriction.  Specifically, if other files instantiate
23 // templates or use macros or inline functions from this file, or you compile
24 // this file and link it with other files to produce an executable, this
25 // file does not by itself cause the resulting executable to be covered by
26 // the GNU General Public License.  This exception does not however
27 // invalidate any other reasons why the executable file might be covered by
28 // the GNU General Public License.
29 
30 /*
31  * Copyright (c) 1998
32  * Silicon Graphics Computer Systems, Inc.
33  *
34  * Permission to use, copy, modify, distribute and sell this software
35  * and its documentation for any purpose is hereby granted without fee,
36  * provided that the above copyright notice appear in all copies and
37  * that both that copyright notice and this permission notice appear
38  * in supporting documentation.  Silicon Graphics makes no
39  * representations about the suitability of this software for any
40  * purpose.  It is provided "as is" without express or implied warranty.
41  */
42 
43 /** @file bitset
44  *  This is a Standard C++ Library header.  You should @c #include this header
45  *  in your programs, rather than any of the "st[dl]_*.h" implementation files.
46  */
47 
48 #ifndef _GLIBCXX_BITSET
49 #define _GLIBCXX_BITSET 1
50 
51 #pragma GCC system_header
52 
53 #include <cstddef>     // For size_t
54 #include <cstring>     // For memset
55 #include <limits>      // For numeric_limits
56 #include <string>
57 #include <bits/functexcept.h>   // For invalid_argument, out_of_range,
58                                 // overflow_error
59 #include <ostream>     // For ostream (operator<<)
60 #include <istream>     // For istream (operator>>)
61 
62 #define _GLIBCXX_BITSET_BITS_PER_WORD  numeric_limits<unsigned long>::digits
63 #define _GLIBCXX_BITSET_WORDS(__n) \
64  ((__n) < 1 ? 0 : ((__n) + _GLIBCXX_BITSET_BITS_PER_WORD - 1)/_GLIBCXX_BITSET_BITS_PER_WORD)
65 
66 namespace _GLIBCXX_STD
67 {
68   /**
69    *  @if maint
70    *  Base class, general case.  It is a class inveriant that _Nw will be
71    *  nonnegative.
72    *
73    *  See documentation for bitset.
74    *  @endif
75   */
76   template<size_t _Nw>
77     struct _Base_bitset
78     {
79       typedef unsigned long _WordT;
80 
81       /// 0 is the least significant word.
82       _WordT 		_M_w[_Nw];
83 
84       _Base_bitset() { _M_do_reset(); }
85       _Base_bitset(unsigned long __val)
86       {
87 	_M_do_reset();
88 	_M_w[0] = __val;
89       }
90 
91       static size_t
92       _S_whichword(size_t __pos )
93       { return __pos / _GLIBCXX_BITSET_BITS_PER_WORD; }
94 
95       static size_t
96       _S_whichbyte(size_t __pos )
97       { return (__pos % _GLIBCXX_BITSET_BITS_PER_WORD) / __CHAR_BIT__; }
98 
99       static size_t
100       _S_whichbit(size_t __pos )
101       { return __pos % _GLIBCXX_BITSET_BITS_PER_WORD; }
102 
103       static _WordT
104       _S_maskbit(size_t __pos )
105       { return (static_cast<_WordT>(1)) << _S_whichbit(__pos); }
106 
107       _WordT&
108       _M_getword(size_t __pos)
109       { return _M_w[_S_whichword(__pos)]; }
110 
111       _WordT
112       _M_getword(size_t __pos) const
113       { return _M_w[_S_whichword(__pos)]; }
114 
115       _WordT&
116       _M_hiword() { return _M_w[_Nw - 1]; }
117 
118       _WordT
119       _M_hiword() const { return _M_w[_Nw - 1]; }
120 
121       void
122       _M_do_and(const _Base_bitset<_Nw>& __x)
123       {
124 	for (size_t __i = 0; __i < _Nw; __i++)
125 	  _M_w[__i] &= __x._M_w[__i];
126       }
127 
128       void
129       _M_do_or(const _Base_bitset<_Nw>& __x)
130       {
131 	for (size_t __i = 0; __i < _Nw; __i++)
132 	  _M_w[__i] |= __x._M_w[__i];
133       }
134 
135       void
136       _M_do_xor(const _Base_bitset<_Nw>& __x)
137       {
138 	for (size_t __i = 0; __i < _Nw; __i++)
139 	  _M_w[__i] ^= __x._M_w[__i];
140       }
141 
142       void
143       _M_do_left_shift(size_t __shift);
144 
145       void
146       _M_do_right_shift(size_t __shift);
147 
148       void
149       _M_do_flip()
150       {
151 	for (size_t __i = 0; __i < _Nw; __i++)
152 	  _M_w[__i] = ~_M_w[__i];
153       }
154 
155       void
156       _M_do_set()
157       {
158 	for (size_t __i = 0; __i < _Nw; __i++)
159 	  _M_w[__i] = ~static_cast<_WordT>(0);
160       }
161 
162       void
163       _M_do_reset() { memset(_M_w, 0, _Nw * sizeof(_WordT)); }
164 
165       bool
166       _M_is_equal(const _Base_bitset<_Nw>& __x) const
167       {
168 	for (size_t __i = 0; __i < _Nw; ++__i)
169 	  {
170 	    if (_M_w[__i] != __x._M_w[__i])
171 	      return false;
172 	  }
173 	return true;
174       }
175 
176       bool
177       _M_is_any() const
178       {
179 	for (size_t __i = 0; __i < _Nw; __i++)
180 	  {
181 	    if (_M_w[__i] != static_cast<_WordT>(0))
182 	      return true;
183 	  }
184 	return false;
185       }
186 
187       size_t
188       _M_do_count() const
189       {
190 	size_t __result = 0;
191 	for (size_t __i = 0; __i < _Nw; __i++)
192 	  __result += __builtin_popcountl(_M_w[__i]);
193 	return __result;
194       }
195 
196       unsigned long
197       _M_do_to_ulong() const;
198 
199       // find first "on" bit
200       size_t
201       _M_do_find_first(size_t __not_found) const;
202 
203       // find the next "on" bit that follows "prev"
204       size_t
205       _M_do_find_next(size_t __prev, size_t __not_found) const;
206     };
207 
208   // Definitions of non-inline functions from _Base_bitset.
209   template<size_t _Nw>
210     void
211     _Base_bitset<_Nw>::_M_do_left_shift(size_t __shift)
212     {
213       if (__builtin_expect(__shift != 0, 1))
214 	{
215 	  const size_t __wshift = __shift / _GLIBCXX_BITSET_BITS_PER_WORD;
216 	  const size_t __offset = __shift % _GLIBCXX_BITSET_BITS_PER_WORD;
217 
218 	  if (__offset == 0)
219 	    for (size_t __n = _Nw - 1; __n >= __wshift; --__n)
220 	      _M_w[__n] = _M_w[__n - __wshift];
221 	  else
222 	    {
223 	      const size_t __sub_offset = _GLIBCXX_BITSET_BITS_PER_WORD - __offset;
224 	      for (size_t __n = _Nw - 1; __n > __wshift; --__n)
225 		_M_w[__n] = (_M_w[__n - __wshift] << __offset) |
226 		  (_M_w[__n - __wshift - 1] >> __sub_offset);
227 	      _M_w[__wshift] = _M_w[0] << __offset;
228 	    }
229 
230 	  std::fill(_M_w + 0, _M_w + __wshift, static_cast<_WordT>(0));
231 	}
232     }
233 
234   template<size_t _Nw>
235     void
236     _Base_bitset<_Nw>::_M_do_right_shift(size_t __shift)
237     {
238       if (__builtin_expect(__shift != 0, 1))
239 	{
240 	  const size_t __wshift = __shift / _GLIBCXX_BITSET_BITS_PER_WORD;
241 	  const size_t __offset = __shift % _GLIBCXX_BITSET_BITS_PER_WORD;
242 	  const size_t __limit = _Nw - __wshift - 1;
243 
244 	  if (__offset == 0)
245 	    for (size_t __n = 0; __n <= __limit; ++__n)
246 	      _M_w[__n] = _M_w[__n + __wshift];
247 	  else
248 	    {
249 	      const size_t __sub_offset = _GLIBCXX_BITSET_BITS_PER_WORD - __offset;
250 	      for (size_t __n = 0; __n < __limit; ++__n)
251 		_M_w[__n] = (_M_w[__n + __wshift] >> __offset) |
252 		  (_M_w[__n + __wshift + 1] << __sub_offset);
253 	      _M_w[__limit] = _M_w[_Nw-1] >> __offset;
254 	    }
255 
256 	  std::fill(_M_w + __limit + 1, _M_w + _Nw, static_cast<_WordT>(0));
257 	}
258     }
259 
260   template<size_t _Nw>
261     unsigned long
262     _Base_bitset<_Nw>::_M_do_to_ulong() const
263     {
264       for (size_t __i = 1; __i < _Nw; ++__i)
265 	if (_M_w[__i])
266 	  __throw_overflow_error(__N("_Base_bitset::_M_do_to_ulong"));
267       return _M_w[0];
268     }
269 
270   template<size_t _Nw>
271     size_t
272     _Base_bitset<_Nw>::_M_do_find_first(size_t __not_found) const
273     {
274       for (size_t __i = 0; __i < _Nw; __i++)
275 	{
276 	  _WordT __thisword = _M_w[__i];
277 	  if (__thisword != static_cast<_WordT>(0))
278 	    return __i * _GLIBCXX_BITSET_BITS_PER_WORD
279 	      + __builtin_ctzl(__thisword);
280 	}
281       // not found, so return an indication of failure.
282       return __not_found;
283     }
284 
285   template<size_t _Nw>
286     size_t
287     _Base_bitset<_Nw>::_M_do_find_next(size_t __prev, size_t __not_found) const
288     {
289       // make bound inclusive
290       ++__prev;
291 
292       // check out of bounds
293       if (__prev >= _Nw * _GLIBCXX_BITSET_BITS_PER_WORD)
294 	return __not_found;
295 
296       // search first word
297       size_t __i = _S_whichword(__prev);
298       _WordT __thisword = _M_w[__i];
299 
300       // mask off bits below bound
301       __thisword &= (~static_cast<_WordT>(0)) << _S_whichbit(__prev);
302 
303       if (__thisword != static_cast<_WordT>(0))
304 	return __i * _GLIBCXX_BITSET_BITS_PER_WORD
305 	  + __builtin_ctzl(__thisword);
306 
307       // check subsequent words
308       __i++;
309       for ( ; __i < _Nw; __i++ )
310 	{
311 	  __thisword = _M_w[__i];
312 	  if (__thisword != static_cast<_WordT>(0))
313 	    return __i * _GLIBCXX_BITSET_BITS_PER_WORD
314 	      + __builtin_ctzl(__thisword);
315 	}
316       // not found, so return an indication of failure.
317       return __not_found;
318     } // end _M_do_find_next
319 
320 
321   /**
322    *  @if maint
323    *  Base class, specialization for a single word.
324    *
325    *  See documentation for bitset.
326    *  @endif
327   */
328   template<>
329     struct _Base_bitset<1>
330     {
331       typedef unsigned long _WordT;
332       _WordT _M_w;
333 
334       _Base_bitset( void ) : _M_w(0) {}
335       _Base_bitset(unsigned long __val) : _M_w(__val) {}
336 
337       static size_t
338       _S_whichword(size_t __pos )
339       { return __pos / _GLIBCXX_BITSET_BITS_PER_WORD; }
340 
341       static size_t
342       _S_whichbyte(size_t __pos )
343       { return (__pos % _GLIBCXX_BITSET_BITS_PER_WORD) / __CHAR_BIT__; }
344 
345       static size_t
346       _S_whichbit(size_t __pos )
347       {  return __pos % _GLIBCXX_BITSET_BITS_PER_WORD; }
348 
349       static _WordT
350       _S_maskbit(size_t __pos )
351       { return (static_cast<_WordT>(1)) << _S_whichbit(__pos); }
352 
353       _WordT&
354       _M_getword(size_t) { return _M_w; }
355 
356       _WordT
357       _M_getword(size_t) const { return _M_w; }
358 
359       _WordT&
360       _M_hiword() { return _M_w; }
361 
362       _WordT
363       _M_hiword() const { return _M_w; }
364 
365       void
366       _M_do_and(const _Base_bitset<1>& __x) { _M_w &= __x._M_w; }
367 
368       void
369       _M_do_or(const _Base_bitset<1>& __x)  { _M_w |= __x._M_w; }
370 
371       void
372       _M_do_xor(const _Base_bitset<1>& __x) { _M_w ^= __x._M_w; }
373 
374       void
375       _M_do_left_shift(size_t __shift) { _M_w <<= __shift; }
376 
377       void
378       _M_do_right_shift(size_t __shift) { _M_w >>= __shift; }
379 
380       void
381       _M_do_flip() { _M_w = ~_M_w; }
382 
383       void
384       _M_do_set() { _M_w = ~static_cast<_WordT>(0); }
385 
386       void
387       _M_do_reset() { _M_w = 0; }
388 
389       bool
390       _M_is_equal(const _Base_bitset<1>& __x) const
391       { return _M_w == __x._M_w; }
392 
393       bool
394       _M_is_any() const { return _M_w != 0; }
395 
396       size_t
397       _M_do_count() const { return __builtin_popcountl(_M_w); }
398 
399       unsigned long
400       _M_do_to_ulong() const { return _M_w; }
401 
402       size_t
403       _M_do_find_first(size_t __not_found) const
404       {
405         if (_M_w != 0)
406           return __builtin_ctzl(_M_w);
407         else
408           return __not_found;
409       }
410 
411       // find the next "on" bit that follows "prev"
412       size_t
413       _M_do_find_next(size_t __prev, size_t __not_found) const
414       {
415 	++__prev;
416 	if (__prev >= ((size_t) _GLIBCXX_BITSET_BITS_PER_WORD))
417 	  return __not_found;
418 
419 	_WordT __x = _M_w >> __prev;
420 	if (__x != 0)
421 	  return __builtin_ctzl(__x) + __prev;
422 	else
423 	  return __not_found;
424       }
425     };
426 
427 
428   /**
429    *  @if maint
430    *  Base class, specialization for no storage (zero-length %bitset).
431    *
432    *  See documentation for bitset.
433    *  @endif
434   */
435   template<>
436     struct _Base_bitset<0>
437     {
438       typedef unsigned long _WordT;
439 
440       _Base_bitset() {}
441       _Base_bitset(unsigned long) {}
442 
443       static size_t
444       _S_whichword(size_t __pos )
445       { return __pos / _GLIBCXX_BITSET_BITS_PER_WORD; }
446 
447       static size_t
448       _S_whichbyte(size_t __pos )
449       { return (__pos % _GLIBCXX_BITSET_BITS_PER_WORD) / __CHAR_BIT__; }
450 
451       static size_t
452       _S_whichbit(size_t __pos )
453       {  return __pos % _GLIBCXX_BITSET_BITS_PER_WORD; }
454 
455       static _WordT
456       _S_maskbit(size_t __pos )
457       { return (static_cast<_WordT>(1)) << _S_whichbit(__pos); }
458 
459       // This would normally give access to the data.  The bounds-checking
460       // in the bitset class will prevent the user from getting this far,
461       // but (1) it must still return an lvalue to compile, and (2) the
462       // user might call _Unchecked_set directly, in which case this /needs/
463       // to fail.  Let's not penalize zero-length users unless they actually
464       // make an unchecked call; all the memory ugliness is therefore
465       // localized to this single should-never-get-this-far function.
466       _WordT&
467       _M_getword(size_t) const
468       {
469 	__throw_out_of_range(__N("_Base_bitset::_M_getword"));
470 	return *new _WordT;
471       }
472 
473       _WordT
474       _M_hiword() const { return 0; }
475 
476       void
477       _M_do_and(const _Base_bitset<0>&) { }
478 
479       void
480       _M_do_or(const _Base_bitset<0>&)  { }
481 
482       void
483       _M_do_xor(const _Base_bitset<0>&) { }
484 
485       void
486       _M_do_left_shift(size_t) { }
487 
488       void
489       _M_do_right_shift(size_t) { }
490 
491       void
492       _M_do_flip() { }
493 
494       void
495       _M_do_set() { }
496 
497       void
498       _M_do_reset() { }
499 
500       // Are all empty bitsets equal to each other?  Are they equal to
501       // themselves?  How to compare a thing which has no state?  What is
502       // the sound of one zero-length bitset clapping?
503       bool
504       _M_is_equal(const _Base_bitset<0>&) const { return true; }
505 
506       bool
507       _M_is_any() const { return false; }
508 
509       size_t
510       _M_do_count() const { return 0; }
511 
512       unsigned long
513       _M_do_to_ulong() const { return 0; }
514 
515       // Normally "not found" is the size, but that could also be
516       // misinterpreted as an index in this corner case.  Oh well.
517       size_t
518       _M_do_find_first(size_t) const { return 0; }
519 
520       size_t
521       _M_do_find_next(size_t, size_t) const { return 0; }
522     };
523 
524 
525   // Helper class to zero out the unused high-order bits in the highest word.
526   template<size_t _Extrabits>
527     struct _Sanitize
528     {
529       static void _S_do_sanitize(unsigned long& __val)
530       { __val &= ~((~static_cast<unsigned long>(0)) << _Extrabits); }
531     };
532 
533   template<>
534     struct _Sanitize<0>
535     { static void _S_do_sanitize(unsigned long) { } };
536 
537 
538   /**
539    *  @brief  The %bitset class represents a @e fixed-size sequence of bits.
540    *
541    *  @ingroup Containers
542    *
543    *  (Note that %bitset does @e not meet the formal requirements of a
544    *  <a href="tables.html#65">container</a>.  Mainly, it lacks iterators.)
545    *
546    *  The template argument, @a Nb, may be any non-negative number,
547    *  specifying the number of bits (e.g., "0", "12", "1024*1024").
548    *
549    *  In the general unoptimized case, storage is allocated in word-sized
550    *  blocks.  Let B be the number of bits in a word, then (Nb+(B-1))/B
551    *  words will be used for storage.  B - Nb%B bits are unused.  (They are
552    *  the high-order bits in the highest word.)  It is a class invariant
553    *  that those unused bits are always zero.
554    *
555    *  If you think of %bitset as "a simple array of bits," be aware that
556    *  your mental picture is reversed:  a %bitset behaves the same way as
557    *  bits in integers do, with the bit at index 0 in the "least significant
558    *  / right-hand" position, and the bit at index Nb-1 in the "most
559    *  significant / left-hand" position.  Thus, unlike other containers, a
560    *  %bitset's index "counts from right to left," to put it very loosely.
561    *
562    *  This behavior is preserved when translating to and from strings.  For
563    *  example, the first line of the following program probably prints
564    *  "b('a') is 0001100001" on a modern ASCII system.
565    *
566    *  @code
567    *     #include <bitset>
568    *     #include <iostream>
569    *     #include <sstream>
570    *
571    *     using namespace std;
572    *
573    *     int main()
574    *     {
575    *         long         a = 'a';
576    *         bitset<10>   b(a);
577    *
578    *         cout << "b('a') is " << b << endl;
579    *
580    *         ostringstream s;
581    *         s << b;
582    *         string  str = s.str();
583    *         cout << "index 3 in the string is " << str[3] << " but\n"
584    *              << "index 3 in the bitset is " << b[3] << endl;
585    *     }
586    *  @endcode
587    *
588    *  Also see http://gcc.gnu.org/onlinedocs/libstdc++/ext/sgiexts.html#ch23
589    *  for a description of extensions.
590    *
591    *  @if maint
592    *  Most of the actual code isn't contained in %bitset<> itself, but in the
593    *  base class _Base_bitset.  The base class works with whole words, not with
594    *  individual bits.  This allows us to specialize _Base_bitset for the
595    *  important special case where the %bitset is only a single word.
596    *
597    *  Extra confusion can result due to the fact that the storage for
598    *  _Base_bitset @e is a regular array, and is indexed as such.  This is
599    *  carefully encapsulated.
600    *  @endif
601   */
602   template<size_t _Nb>
603     class bitset : private _Base_bitset<_GLIBCXX_BITSET_WORDS(_Nb)>
604   {
605   private:
606     typedef _Base_bitset<_GLIBCXX_BITSET_WORDS(_Nb)> _Base;
607     typedef unsigned long _WordT;
608 
609     void
610     _M_do_sanitize()
611     {
612       _Sanitize<_Nb%_GLIBCXX_BITSET_BITS_PER_WORD>::
613           _S_do_sanitize(this->_M_hiword());
614     }
615 
616   public:
617     /**
618      *  This encapsulates the concept of a single bit.  An instance of this
619      *  class is a proxy for an actual bit; this way the individual bit
620      *  operations are done as faster word-size bitwise instructions.
621      *
622      *  Most users will never need to use this class directly; conversions
623      *  to and from bool are automatic and should be transparent.  Overloaded
624      *  operators help to preserve the illusion.
625      *
626      *  (On a typical system, this "bit %reference" is 64 times the size of
627      *  an actual bit.  Ha.)
628     */
629     class reference
630     {
631       friend class bitset;
632 
633       _WordT *_M_wp;
634       size_t _M_bpos;
635 
636       // left undefined
637       reference();
638 
639     public:
640       reference(bitset& __b, size_t __pos)
641       {
642 	_M_wp = &__b._M_getword(__pos);
643 	_M_bpos = _Base::_S_whichbit(__pos);
644       }
645 
646       ~reference() { }
647 
648       // For b[i] = __x;
649       reference&
650       operator=(bool __x)
651       {
652 	if ( __x )
653 	  *_M_wp |= _Base::_S_maskbit(_M_bpos);
654 	else
655 	  *_M_wp &= ~_Base::_S_maskbit(_M_bpos);
656 	return *this;
657       }
658 
659       // For b[i] = b[__j];
660       reference&
661       operator=(const reference& __j)
662       {
663 	if ( (*(__j._M_wp) & _Base::_S_maskbit(__j._M_bpos)) )
664 	  *_M_wp |= _Base::_S_maskbit(_M_bpos);
665 	else
666 	  *_M_wp &= ~_Base::_S_maskbit(_M_bpos);
667 	return *this;
668       }
669 
670       // Flips the bit
671       bool
672       operator~() const
673       { return (*(_M_wp) & _Base::_S_maskbit(_M_bpos)) == 0; }
674 
675       // For __x = b[i];
676       operator bool() const
677       { return (*(_M_wp) & _Base::_S_maskbit(_M_bpos)) != 0; }
678 
679       // For b[i].flip();
680       reference&
681       flip()
682       {
683 	*_M_wp ^= _Base::_S_maskbit(_M_bpos);
684 	return *this;
685       }
686     };
687     friend class reference;
688 
689     // 23.3.5.1 constructors:
690     /// All bits set to zero.
691     bitset() { }
692 
693     /// Initial bits bitwise-copied from a single word (others set to zero).
694     bitset(unsigned long __val) : _Base(__val)
695     { _M_do_sanitize(); }
696 
697     /**
698      *  @brief  Use a subset of a string.
699      *  @param  s  A string of '0' and '1' characters.
700      *  @param  position  Index of the first character in @a s to use; defaults
701      *               to zero.
702      *  @throw  std::out_of_range  If @a pos is bigger the size of @a s.
703      *  @throw  std::invalid_argument  If a character appears in the string
704      *                                 which is neither '0' nor '1'.
705     */
706     template<class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Alloc>
707       explicit bitset(const basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Alloc>& __s,
708 		      size_t __position = 0) : _Base()
709       {
710 	if (__position > __s.size())
711 	  __throw_out_of_range(__N("bitset::bitset initial position "
712 				   "not valid"));
713 	_M_copy_from_string(__s, __position,
714 			    basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Alloc>::npos);
715       }
716 
717     /**
718      *  @brief  Use a subset of a string.
719      *  @param  s  A string of '0' and '1' characters.
720      *  @param  position  Index of the first character in @a s to use.
721      *  @param  n    The number of characters to copy.
722      *  @throw  std::out_of_range  If @a pos is bigger the size of @a s.
723      *  @throw  std::invalid_argument  If a character appears in the string
724      *                                 which is neither '0' nor '1'.
725     */
726     template<class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Alloc>
727       bitset(const basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Alloc>& __s,
728 	     size_t __position, size_t __n) : _Base()
729       {
730 	if (__position > __s.size())
731 	 __throw_out_of_range(__N("bitset::bitset initial position "
732 				  "not valid"));
733 	_M_copy_from_string(__s, __position, __n);
734       }
735 
736     // 23.3.5.2 bitset operations:
737     //@{
738     /**
739      *  @brief  Operations on bitsets.
740      *  @param  rhs  A same-sized bitset.
741      *
742      *  These should be self-explanatory.
743     */
744     bitset<_Nb>&
745     operator&=(const bitset<_Nb>& __rhs)
746     {
747       this->_M_do_and(__rhs);
748       return *this;
749     }
750 
751     bitset<_Nb>&
752     operator|=(const bitset<_Nb>& __rhs)
753     {
754       this->_M_do_or(__rhs);
755       return *this;
756     }
757 
758     bitset<_Nb>&
759     operator^=(const bitset<_Nb>& __rhs)
760     {
761       this->_M_do_xor(__rhs);
762       return *this;
763     }
764     //@}
765 
766     //@{
767     /**
768      *  @brief  Operations on bitsets.
769      *  @param  position  The number of places to shift.
770      *
771      *  These should be self-explanatory.
772     */
773     bitset<_Nb>&
774     operator<<=(size_t __position)
775     {
776       if (__builtin_expect(__position < _Nb, 1))
777         {
778           this->_M_do_left_shift(__position);
779           this->_M_do_sanitize();
780         }
781       else
782 	this->_M_do_reset();
783       return *this;
784     }
785 
786     bitset<_Nb>&
787     operator>>=(size_t __position)
788     {
789       if (__builtin_expect(__position < _Nb, 1))
790         {
791           this->_M_do_right_shift(__position);
792           this->_M_do_sanitize();
793         }
794       else
795 	this->_M_do_reset();
796       return *this;
797     }
798     //@}
799 
800     //@{
801     /**
802      *  These versions of single-bit set, reset, flip, and test are
803      *  extensions from the SGI version.  They do no range checking.
804      *  @ingroup SGIextensions
805     */
806     bitset<_Nb>&
807     _Unchecked_set(size_t __pos)
808     {
809       this->_M_getword(__pos) |= _Base::_S_maskbit(__pos);
810       return *this;
811     }
812 
813     bitset<_Nb>&
814     _Unchecked_set(size_t __pos, int __val)
815     {
816       if (__val)
817 	this->_M_getword(__pos) |= _Base::_S_maskbit(__pos);
818       else
819 	this->_M_getword(__pos) &= ~_Base::_S_maskbit(__pos);
820       return *this;
821     }
822 
823     bitset<_Nb>&
824     _Unchecked_reset(size_t __pos)
825     {
826       this->_M_getword(__pos) &= ~_Base::_S_maskbit(__pos);
827       return *this;
828     }
829 
830     bitset<_Nb>&
831     _Unchecked_flip(size_t __pos)
832     {
833       this->_M_getword(__pos) ^= _Base::_S_maskbit(__pos);
834       return *this;
835     }
836 
837     bool
838     _Unchecked_test(size_t __pos) const
839     {
840       return (this->_M_getword(__pos) & _Base::_S_maskbit(__pos))
841 	!= static_cast<_WordT>(0);
842     }
843     //@}
844 
845     // Set, reset, and flip.
846     /**
847      *  @brief Sets every bit to true.
848     */
849     bitset<_Nb>&
850     set()
851     {
852       this->_M_do_set();
853       this->_M_do_sanitize();
854       return *this;
855     }
856 
857     /**
858      *  @brief Sets a given bit to a particular value.
859      *  @param  position  The index of the bit.
860      *  @param  val  Either true or false, defaults to true.
861      *  @throw  std::out_of_range  If @a pos is bigger the size of the %set.
862     */
863     bitset<_Nb>&
864     set(size_t __position, bool __val = true)
865     {
866       if (__position >= _Nb)
867 	__throw_out_of_range(__N("bitset::set"));
868       return _Unchecked_set(__position, __val);
869     }
870 
871     /**
872      *  @brief Sets every bit to false.
873     */
874     bitset<_Nb>&
875     reset()
876     {
877       this->_M_do_reset();
878       return *this;
879     }
880 
881     /**
882      *  @brief Sets a given bit to false.
883      *  @param  position  The index of the bit.
884      *  @throw  std::out_of_range  If @a pos is bigger the size of the %set.
885      *
886      *  Same as writing @c set(pos,false).
887     */
888     bitset<_Nb>&
889     reset(size_t __position)
890     {
891       if (__position >= _Nb)
892 	__throw_out_of_range(__N("bitset::reset"));
893       return _Unchecked_reset(__position);
894     }
895 
896     /**
897      *  @brief Toggles every bit to its opposite value.
898     */
899     bitset<_Nb>&
900     flip()
901     {
902       this->_M_do_flip();
903       this->_M_do_sanitize();
904       return *this;
905     }
906 
907     /**
908      *  @brief Toggles a given bit to its opposite value.
909      *  @param  position  The index of the bit.
910      *  @throw  std::out_of_range  If @a pos is bigger the size of the %set.
911     */
912     bitset<_Nb>&
913     flip(size_t __position)
914     {
915       if (__position >= _Nb)
916 	__throw_out_of_range(__N("bitset::flip"));
917       return _Unchecked_flip(__position);
918     }
919 
920     /// See the no-argument flip().
921     bitset<_Nb>
922     operator~() const { return bitset<_Nb>(*this).flip(); }
923 
924     //@{
925     /**
926      *  @brief  Array-indexing support.
927      *  @param  position  Index into the %bitset.
928      *  @return  A bool for a 'const %bitset'.  For non-const bitsets, an
929      *           instance of the reference proxy class.
930      *  @note  These operators do no range checking and throw no exceptions,
931      *         as required by DR 11 to the standard.
932      *
933      *  @if maint
934      *  _GLIBCXX_RESOLVE_LIB_DEFECTS Note that this implementation already
935      *  resolves DR 11 (items 1 and 2), but does not do the range-checking
936      *  required by that DR's resolution.  -pme
937      *  The DR has since been changed:  range-checking is a precondition
938      *  (users' responsibility), and these functions must not throw.  -pme
939      *  @endif
940     */
941     reference
942     operator[](size_t __position) { return reference(*this,__position); }
943 
944     bool
945     operator[](size_t __position) const { return _Unchecked_test(__position); }
946     //@}
947 
948     /**
949      *  @brief Retuns a numerical interpretation of the %bitset.
950      *  @return  The integral equivalent of the bits.
951      *  @throw  std::overflow_error  If there are too many bits to be
952      *                               represented in an @c unsigned @c long.
953     */
954     unsigned long
955     to_ulong() const { return this->_M_do_to_ulong(); }
956 
957     /**
958      *  @brief Retuns a character interpretation of the %bitset.
959      *  @return  The string equivalent of the bits.
960      *
961      *  Note the ordering of the bits:  decreasing character positions
962      *  correspond to increasing bit positions (see the main class notes for
963      *  an example).
964      *
965      *  Also note that you must specify the string's template parameters
966      *  explicitly.  Given a bitset @c bs and a string @s:
967      *  @code
968      *     s = bs.to_string<char,char_traits<char>,allocator<char> >();
969      *  @endcode
970     */
971     template<class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Alloc>
972       basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Alloc>
973       to_string() const
974       {
975 	basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Alloc> __result;
976 	_M_copy_to_string(__result);
977 	return __result;
978       }
979 
980     // Helper functions for string operations.
981     template<class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Alloc>
982       void
983       _M_copy_from_string(const basic_string<_CharT,_Traits,_Alloc>& __s,
984                           size_t, size_t);
985 
986     template<class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Alloc>
987       void
988       _M_copy_to_string(basic_string<_CharT,_Traits,_Alloc>&) const;
989 
990     /// Returns the number of bits which are set.
991     size_t
992     count() const { return this->_M_do_count(); }
993 
994     /// Returns the total number of bits.
995     size_t
996     size() const { return _Nb; }
997 
998     //@{
999     /// These comparisons for equality/inequality are, well, @e bitwise.
1000     bool
1001     operator==(const bitset<_Nb>& __rhs) const
1002     { return this->_M_is_equal(__rhs); }
1003 
1004     bool
1005     operator!=(const bitset<_Nb>& __rhs) const
1006     { return !this->_M_is_equal(__rhs); }
1007     //@}
1008 
1009     /**
1010      *  @brief Tests the value of a bit.
1011      *  @param  position  The index of a bit.
1012      *  @return  The value at @a pos.
1013      *  @throw  std::out_of_range  If @a pos is bigger the size of the %set.
1014     */
1015     bool
1016     test(size_t __position) const
1017     {
1018       if (__position >= _Nb)
1019 	__throw_out_of_range(__N("bitset::test"));
1020       return _Unchecked_test(__position);
1021     }
1022 
1023     /**
1024      *  @brief Tests whether any of the bits are on.
1025      *  @return  True if at least one bit is set.
1026     */
1027     bool
1028     any() const { return this->_M_is_any(); }
1029 
1030     /**
1031      *  @brief Tests whether any of the bits are on.
1032      *  @return  True if none of the bits are set.
1033     */
1034     bool
1035     none() const { return !this->_M_is_any(); }
1036 
1037     //@{
1038     /// Self-explanatory.
1039     bitset<_Nb>
1040     operator<<(size_t __position) const
1041     { return bitset<_Nb>(*this) <<= __position; }
1042 
1043     bitset<_Nb>
1044     operator>>(size_t __position) const
1045     { return bitset<_Nb>(*this) >>= __position; }
1046     //@}
1047 
1048     /**
1049      *  @brief  Finds the index of the first "on" bit.
1050      *  @return  The index of the first bit set, or size() if not found.
1051      *  @ingroup SGIextensions
1052      *  @sa  _Find_next
1053     */
1054     size_t
1055     _Find_first() const
1056     { return this->_M_do_find_first(_Nb); }
1057 
1058     /**
1059      *  @brief  Finds the index of the next "on" bit after prev.
1060      *  @return  The index of the next bit set, or size() if not found.
1061      *  @param  prev  Where to start searching.
1062      *  @ingroup SGIextensions
1063      *  @sa  _Find_first
1064     */
1065     size_t
1066     _Find_next(size_t __prev ) const
1067     { return this->_M_do_find_next(__prev, _Nb); }
1068   };
1069 
1070   // Definitions of non-inline member functions.
1071   template<size_t _Nb>
1072     template<class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Alloc>
1073     void
1074     bitset<_Nb>::_M_copy_from_string(const basic_string<_CharT, _Traits,
1075 				     _Alloc>& __s, size_t __pos, size_t __n)
1076     {
1077       reset();
1078       const size_t __nbits = std::min(_Nb, std::min(__n, __s.size() - __pos));
1079       for (size_t __i = 0; __i < __nbits; ++__i)
1080 	{
1081 	  switch(__s[__pos + __nbits - __i - 1])
1082 	    {
1083 	    case '0':
1084 	      break;
1085 	    case '1':
1086 	      set(__i);
1087 	      break;
1088 	    default:
1089 	      __throw_invalid_argument(__N("bitset::_M_copy_from_string"));
1090 	    }
1091 	}
1092     }
1093 
1094   template<size_t _Nb>
1095     template<class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Alloc>
1096     void
1097     bitset<_Nb>::_M_copy_to_string(basic_string<_CharT, _Traits,
1098 				   _Alloc>& __s) const
1099     {
1100       __s.assign(_Nb, '0');
1101       for (size_t __i = 0; __i < _Nb; ++__i)
1102 	if (_Unchecked_test(__i))
1103 	  __s[_Nb - 1 - __i] = '1';
1104     }
1105 
1106   // 23.3.5.3 bitset operations:
1107   //@{
1108   /**
1109    *  @brief  Global bitwise operations on bitsets.
1110    *  @param  x  A bitset.
1111    *  @param  y  A bitset of the same size as @a x.
1112    *  @return  A new bitset.
1113    *
1114    *  These should be self-explanatory.
1115   */
1116   template<size_t _Nb>
1117     inline bitset<_Nb>
1118     operator&(const bitset<_Nb>& __x, const bitset<_Nb>& __y)
1119     {
1120       bitset<_Nb> __result(__x);
1121       __result &= __y;
1122       return __result;
1123     }
1124 
1125   template<size_t _Nb>
1126     inline bitset<_Nb>
1127     operator|(const bitset<_Nb>& __x, const bitset<_Nb>& __y)
1128     {
1129       bitset<_Nb> __result(__x);
1130       __result |= __y;
1131       return __result;
1132     }
1133 
1134   template <size_t _Nb>
1135     inline bitset<_Nb>
1136     operator^(const bitset<_Nb>& __x, const bitset<_Nb>& __y)
1137     {
1138       bitset<_Nb> __result(__x);
1139       __result ^= __y;
1140       return __result;
1141     }
1142   //@}
1143 
1144   //@{
1145   /**
1146    *  @brief Global I/O operators for bitsets.
1147    *
1148    *  Direct I/O between streams and bitsets is supported.  Output is
1149    *  straightforward.  Input will skip whitespace, only accept '0' and '1'
1150    *  characters, and will only extract as many digits as the %bitset will
1151    *  hold.
1152   */
1153   template<class _CharT, class _Traits, size_t _Nb>
1154     basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>&
1155     operator>>(basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>& __is, bitset<_Nb>& __x)
1156     {
1157       typedef typename _Traits::char_type char_type;
1158       basic_string<_CharT, _Traits> __tmp;
1159       __tmp.reserve(_Nb);
1160 
1161       ios_base::iostate __state = ios_base::goodbit;
1162       typename basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>::sentry __sentry(__is);
1163       if (__sentry)
1164 	{
1165 	  try
1166 	    {
1167 	      basic_streambuf<_CharT, _Traits>* __buf = __is.rdbuf();
1168 	      // _GLIBCXX_RESOLVE_LIB_DEFECTS
1169 	      // 303. Bitset input operator underspecified
1170 	      const char_type __zero = __is.widen('0');
1171 	      const char_type __one = __is.widen('1');
1172 	      for (size_t __i = 0; __i < _Nb; ++__i)
1173 		{
1174 		  static typename _Traits::int_type __eof = _Traits::eof();
1175 
1176 		  typename _Traits::int_type __c1 = __buf->sbumpc();
1177 		  if (_Traits::eq_int_type(__c1, __eof))
1178 		    {
1179 		      __state |= ios_base::eofbit;
1180 		      break;
1181 		    }
1182 		  else
1183 		    {
1184 		      char_type __c2 = _Traits::to_char_type(__c1);
1185 		      if (__c2 == __zero)
1186 			__tmp.push_back('0');
1187 		      else if (__c2 == __one)
1188 			__tmp.push_back('1');
1189 		      else if (_Traits::eq_int_type(__buf->sputbackc(__c2),
1190 						    __eof))
1191 			{
1192 			  __state |= ios_base::failbit;
1193 			  break;
1194 			}
1195 		    }
1196 		}
1197 	    }
1198 	  catch(...)
1199 	    { __is._M_setstate(ios_base::badbit); }
1200 	}
1201 
1202       if (__tmp.empty() && _Nb)
1203 	__state |= ios_base::failbit;
1204       else
1205 	__x._M_copy_from_string(__tmp, static_cast<size_t>(0), _Nb);
1206       if (__state)
1207 	__is.setstate(__state);
1208       return __is;
1209     }
1210 
1211   template <class _CharT, class _Traits, size_t _Nb>
1212     basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>&
1213     operator<<(basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>& __os, const bitset<_Nb>& __x)
1214     {
1215       basic_string<_CharT, _Traits> __tmp;
1216       __x._M_copy_to_string(__tmp);
1217       return __os << __tmp;
1218     }
1219   //@}
1220 } // namespace std
1221 
1222 #undef _GLIBCXX_BITSET_WORDS
1223 #undef _GLIBCXX_BITSET_BITS_PER_WORD
1224 
1225 #ifdef _GLIBCXX_DEBUG
1226 # include <debug/bitset>
1227 #endif
1228 
1229 #endif /* _GLIBCXX_BITSET */
1230